WESTERMANN TABLES For the Metal Trade Materials * Numerical Quantities * Forms ‘AEVISED TO INDIAN STANDARDS REVISED SECOND. EDITION Edited by Hermann Jiitz and Eduard scharkus a NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS ior Wily Eat Laie) New Dei « Bangalore «Chennai + Cochin « Guwahati + Hyderabad Jalandhar» Kolkata» Lockaom » Mumba" Rane Visit sat wowinewagepublishers comMaterials Numbers Mechani Engineering Components Metal Cutting Operations Engineering Drawings Index ‘Measures and Weights Table of Contents Section ONE Section Two Section THREE Section Four Section Five 94-127 Section Six 128-147 148-150 151Westermann Tables Materials (Classification and categories & >) S (a) [cs | Ps cater | | carn Caer aine i sore e pect General properties of materiale (Chemical elements ‘Spscific welgh—Meling pots —Co defen of Heer (berm) expansion ‘Specific weight em Meting or soli fection point c Cooficient | Sym eptinear | bot (thermal) Etemens Speci veight hen’ Meting or soi Peation *c Cooftcient of tincer (thermal) Silver Aluminium ota Barium Berytiam ism Carton Graphite Diamond Calcium Cada Ceciun Cobatt Chromium Copper ron lev Potasium anthem Lithia Magnesium Manganese Molybemim Sedim Niobium 1000 020 ‘6.000 024 000 014 0.00 012 0.000 013, 1.00 008 090 ont 2.000 029 000 013 novo a0? 0.000 017 2.000 012 0.000 008. (0.000 084 6.000 ass (0.000 026 10.000 023 1.00 «05 ‘0.000 071 0.000 007 Nicket Phosphor Lead Platinum Radia Sulphur Antimeny Seleni Silicon Tin Tanta ‘Thorium ‘Titanium Urania Vanadium Tungsten Zine Zixcoaam Merciry Chlorine Hydrogen Netivm Nivogen Neon Oxyten 1.000 013 (0.00 124 0.00 029 000 009 £0.00 06 0.000 011 0.000 037 9.000 008 ‘0.00 23 ‘0.000 007 0.000 011 0.00 009 ‘0.00 004 0.00026 ‘2.000 00sWestermann Tables Spe Weight Meing Poi —Coecnt of Thermal Expansions ‘ght por unit vome (fem ki’) Making pint (Fusion pind = “Temperature at which price mails ass eng Coefsin of linear ermal) = Incase ol or temperature ise of 1°C Materials fn length of wit ent of ‘Spovie weight rem’ Meting pons °C Morera Stel Cast tee Grey eat iron High-speed steel ‘Tungsten cube CCorstanian Ivar (2686 NO rss A onze ‘Al cast bronze Tin browe Leu teonze ‘Aealay (Al Cus MEY Malloy abit metal Plesslass 788 735 72 1475 389 81 8S a4 16 2 vs 75.01 1350,.1450 1150,.1280 = 2000 = 2000 = 1600) 1450 300 Tron and See rome steel Nickel teat Tungsten carbide Tovar Chromium ‘Constanan Hlecroo Aluminium Mageesium Gold Silver Zine Tin Lead Nickel ‘Alea at 18°C Pato 15°C Copper sulpbte Water °C o7 on Ma 10 ° Piaioom eowce Plexiglas Gas ‘ccylne a °C Carbo dioxide at °C Air ator Propane at 0°C LAT ke! 1.90 kgm 1.29 kgm’ 2.00 tg “a 6 194 8 Porealain 0.000 oF 1.000 010 0000 012 ‘3.000 006 (0000 818 1.000 oT ‘0.000 015 ‘3.00 oat (0.000 123 0.000 0% 000 on 0.000 019 1000 030 (3.00 023 0.000 038 0.000 013 ‘0.00 09 0.00 018 1.900 017 0.09 010 ‘3.00 08 ‘0.000 003 Siinkage=diffience in voture ofthe mould compared with he lume ofthe ating afer cooing, # percent Maierat Shrinkage ‘Material Gry eat om Cau steel Matleabe iron Brovce Gian metal 1% 165 Bas Copper ‘Tin ead “Zine alloys Al Me alloysWestermann Tables Spc of Dnt of on wa ek wire | Cay , canes} Non “ee a a = see | Sit ‘aw ay set | High aes sec The Stem o Destin flows ‘:Letare [1 Lever for Carbon | LawarT for Tool aces | 1, Average Ccomen i bandseiy ofa percent wit] 2 Minkowm {2 dex aumber or” | Index ume Toca | paix Cand with prefix Ter allo Yor ce tesile arbon llowing | ton loving eter. | 2. Chemical syns of te significant lens srnged stengthin | lever, denoing | denoineevetase Indasending ner of eceeage cortens wet ‘erage Carbon” | Catbon comet in hun- | 5, Alloy tending te evteg personage ofeach Santen inhunirets] gree ofa percent” | ally amen ro ee O38 tate SEIS Gwome | eg T0CrIANID Chrome swathavings | Cubon seat Tool sel Sel wih average ‘iol Stel with average ioe ‘vines saving at Frrcenages f= 0.18 | perennges fC = 020 sllestengh or | avcugeet avengeot | Baers Bean = 200 igtinn’ | 03st eaton 05086 Cason “Applesbe for | Steels with spacial | Tonite the eat Ally ae aor apne flows siete whichare | ims farmcimam | svt given tone = Hundatizedon | Sie recevothe | see symbol ae ‘ag ly Alby nde thebassofthar | sutit “Ke tied.eg 7904" | Sosa teaslesweogh | CIS ‘suse indiestean- | “Topae tp Apmapay aia gp ST thou dened alg et Pape piston iy ober ‘hemicl come ‘Add ment) | 2 pment | Ree eo me SvafPiin Coa (contr) Samia Symbols adiadng te ype of sings 1 Syl inwing the ope of sings ‘Shmbol for pecan proper 2 Average cuban ooten hun of m {Fost owing te pera 1 Symbols indicating he ype of casings 3. Chemical symbol fate significant 2. Spinto for chemalcampostn stmt ‘lemens arabe ip deeening order tbe designation of scl «Ally inn umber Sorte avrape eeentages of lying elas rapt tron Cars 68125 wt casings with | FG 1S Grey mcncings wh | $0 6072S oN | 3S Bla bem ee ‘ininum isle strength 125g? | minimum eae engin 1S | lat grghie won coings wat | son cong wih semen JCSM35—Unalloyad psi st emt | "Eade ‘cium Tense stents #0 | ene sengh 3 heen! Ings with minoumtemiesuength | FG355115— Speci gry ise | ket’ onl min conga PM Rene seis eon "Skat acing with minima cel | on gngo length cq fine casngs wah nine ele 6s 50CriV 20—Alloy st cigs | cabo peresuge= ‘Sand. | tines ee damecrof attr | secede hea win averige percentage erg icon pecestaee WA 2 Whe ea mete of C= 080; r= 1.0 = 220, 2 rn cating with iim | eae eng te ie tl cates RA ake “ASG Assia late | ABR—Abrion itt on [6Sc—cemalon ein steeteaings | “pote on casting sl rite ow easings | amps Tensile suongis are om 50 min Dia Test Bars acu4 Westermann Tables ‘aon bos ensing geil peti Felaly Treaman s0o Nimo aiy Reng gis Theat orien | Spb Sdn ees consion Conmaneouilss — | eCa cated PP Seba i nc sates | Vette comad | td node | ns oe mre Ful ki itexon contd beStalled Siren lied 1, Salles Nise naowsenciy — n-Normibed Creer nce Maro Te SiH Ar Nom ain te 15 Go a WRN PEAS ‘ria ene stented Free Ss Ope cnt Se HO Bae OE Ging ron estas aw nur | cts | renter Brag | Crap ee [in| Te lee etn va art | ete | ome estat | Min Tors @ a wa Ta] ear a aT ro » “ Pa ey Foas = ttm ot Soy | Peete ceri hn ro ® ps} 38) | Simerpat ce fo = ot ss) Mata ion castings Ts2610-1964 152107192 rietion fin hg | oversatin | eng= Seach | rdese “gmat | nesebersiain | Hae ns = 2 ny) 1 Ti aed ain BM » : 6 ve product pts wes PAt70 » s aaiio ms iyi Ps forks nd mss * a 90201 sewing machine pas wae 2 » “ae fr Pe “05% Prot | Bognion (gate [Briel pica apleins ‘See eatin Ts 18 aefor Trac mrmah | Bomon aoe | SMe | PM] Tipe aioe desenton in ben | enh 38 (8 Min css ‘s B TR | 0 | Waco ve epic arms nen ay car a 0 (hows | oe | fencing persue ond emt ee cat a uw ow | nea | treme ses 6 v ‘one | ons | High erg gnats a hgh aso Gs % @ Beko | aso. | resume peers sed incacporon Sins Bs 5 630 | tosn_| Suncatcher as ‘play te ting for high temperature sevice eel Towame | estan | ce | Sm | Mme Teapot on Sserfs gauge) 0 05% prof enh Min | rec Sie sine 7 peanaas pose) as Tapa 33 ['o2sMa | 620-030] 00-10] peer ae i a Shas | Max} 040-030 ‘stad persue ” % [banat | 090 Ma] 050-050) Remcen orcw t 3 [eats] a3sata 030-070 se 5 B—[ot0sie | 07 x} 00-070 Is | oansts | 100 mx] 130-070 Fy ar | 02siax | 040 ia) 070 Max as ich be is 35 | node | os te) 100 sn fou eleWestermann Tables Specification on Structaral and Hea weatable Sed facet” | sae so | aes sesscerw | ssn x0 om Taal ena cen ss Frode ol ype of screwed ‘0s ‘Can be sabjested son welding Standard ies of tole products made of general irra ees 1 Mamber Product 1S Xnber Case hardening tee Mision | Sea Tempera fr Cebwcion | Saas Ga. cia 9S nS M2 Data eres lomapcran Toni ce BNScaD 20Ni2Mo as onsen 20 ISNiGrI Mo INi2¢e1 Mos 16 NiCr2 Moa Foam | 90-50) | ners rng ah ne 810-840 | xs0-sH) | ugh erst eat dock ads soo.sm0 | 0-380 lame an nda hardening cs is 0966 ‘fuect woMn25 2 M2 Mois Soria, SDRC Meas SING Cras oss m3 i095 toca | fan asp | aged ee or an soto | waoata | sen tighe 0.470 | 40.480 | tip popes weWestermann Tables So har npg So] Papa sont Par | Teme Jette | ntan | connie | rap Toe ace id_|‘eatt |g | ome | tet | Powe | ra t_ |" | e ce wen | 2 [ism | sem | tera | wee fam Een won |e fimeae | soca | Seca | Seat | Reema eo wee |] age | neces | Mocca | se%e | md ca pen fot [ioe | fekn@ | Maced | 32060 | tration & men | 2 [amese | tects | "gre | i250e | eon Esa Bee |g [ites | Hes |g | see | em wear gen | [iteae | Scie | ot | Sekt | crm Shits oa | & fuse | patie | oh | geoee | Secor Bh Boe | & ftom | Sere | warng | Sea | Sint Bin: inns | gm [fees | socks | fares | scae | Sik gen [or] 2 | | ioees | Masel | toe Sea foe | [meee | imate | gt | Sie fet Sen | @ [Mews | Souam | ot | Sout Berns ew | @ [soem | snee | gt | Sune Bean | ee |e soci | gh | gem est om | & |veeme | Suir | St | se Biiow stems | Sree | sara | SE Bucs ows |] = | dei | gum | die means [ae | OS | =f ameee | Mest | Base Mos somes L_ne sve | on | mio (Coit ate carton sel es S 1519-1963 neat | ES | ST 8] ba] —poamer Tic pts Frm | eres | | “Mat | | oe | paleo patos on) condo | “it tein [ _| @Onioay | on Pane One] 6 [Sains |"Ciase | Comoran Proving | ar [a2 | oxy | Ske] ause ccroeh | Sco inurng 0: Deep [| 50 | ao] 0010 opm | san | nt wing sate | “oraat| Nene ‘oe rpg) ssa [| 05 F008) owsfarsy | mee "ear bi er deep dong cuties [ wain_| "pata Se no ee of ck pay saTore oe ‘on and pe weing—] Marie se sh a stp [ 109 | cre | alt | expan To [ne | oe Toe] tos Tcl ome | et | ae, | OSE | S| RT es conden | pptearons Kato | be a 50 | oat | OO Racer aera —| bot | aw | — | = | or] os | ang | oom [Roca foe! ta move | Ze} — | & | am] ss fe%e/ cao Nove’ | tempera Sitiom | Sea | 3, |B | tte] das [9B | now |e ter gee Sion | arse | 22 |S | ois | | 9m ons Ja sans sou | 22] uo | 2 | aa} — [90] sao pre sszom | 22 | a | > | a3] — | om] too Lesion | se] io | 2 | 0% 30 | osoWestermann Tables 7 Spring et Torte sing one ca) ma ram] cre SON e, SsS.2Moa@ oom one 0-200 | Sect ate form of Danan "alone ses ara Tr lp 15: 2507-198 Teale anni angered ema Sanam rer) 190-210 Shevas ‘oio0% oinn3s boos bio-o3s 10-035 210.035 nou S080 rey Fo-80 hose ramaactre of ping or aos ros Sri ae fore ne lve AN Tena ara vem ‘ok spins | rae eso spi D Sel gs ayn ms 15-038 \20-1@0 Suro Srews Manuacre Tene wreng | CS mex mae [seme [ Pm aso Tedior anaicg | Seve capers Troan iE Ts Saligtinw: 60 Tato atta oan ew ison ing Cuibor wie for the ma facture of wood Tews 15. 1673-1960 | sat | 017 LSS ena ‘a5 oss | ‘Ue he tc oF col tedne pees oa] Tene rem ie Tinos er Dow binoss a frat on uaeing aly gem) Tori ie face! Te "weer ve | loves woorsbn se Toa Mess as e822 eas, | set | ons |e | Pipe fre [s|s Farhigh te Ys | ot bos | Gor pe ae or a soa 19 ay Bee8 Westermann Tables ‘Cold Rd Set Srp for general enginesingpusposes 18:4030-1967 Temper | Rockwett hard. | C% | ame] se | pH | sujace —] Typicat anptictions oftripe | nese(B Scale) | max | mex | max | max | finish Min | Max no t—tird foo | — [o2s | non [ose | 0.01 | taycouseer | Coare or royh fr enamine rough and aeaveing nor—var | 70 | 90 | 0.25 | 060 | a0so | 0.020 | (Medium or | Medium or dll tor generat ard bl purpose No3-Quiner] 60 | 75 | 025 | 060 | 0050 | oor Had wot-skin | — | 65 Jos | 060 | 0050 | 040 | (Fine or | Five or bright ror eleewopiating Rolled Tight No.speat | — | ss foots | 060 | o0s0 | oo Stok for Rivet Bars 1S: 1148-1973 1s: 1149-1995 Designation | Tenule | Blongation | C% | S® | PH ‘Typical apptications of tee! arene | seman | max | max | mas bein? sa feiss | 28 | 028 | onss | 0085 | Pormanutacure of bot forged rivets for structural porposes sua 4 min 22 | 02s | ons | 0055 | High temsite set sve bas for stra purposes Free Cutting Stas Iss631-1967 Deiatin | Tonite | Boman | cw | se] me | se | rw ‘palais set serene | mn mae ine esa sry [2+ | orm fons-a20] oa 090) oost018] omy] Sustieako orcas cening vases [45s | 22 | nuo.0r8fonsaa0] 12m6 150] a10w018) oso asmmisad | so | 22 | 120-030] 025 mo) 100% 150) 0100038 0020 | Teta god machin aad osm seas | it | oas-oas| 025 mn 080% 120] 0144022 | 0000 | antsy stp beak ss28 srs | 22 | oue-04s] 040-m| 080% 120] 022%9030] 010 | (Raps macing se fee eptton wowersia | com | is | aaseas] 24mm] (30m 170] O0nw 015 | Oo | wt) Back Bars for proto of machine parts 182073-1970 Desiation | Tonite | town | cx | sim | Mew | om] ra ‘pal poten ‘ane ew mas | om | oom ‘40-070 | onss| o0ss | The epee are carton er Back ex aes | 24 | 01025 | eas0as| asoosn | o0ss| ons | naretae redaction of matin pi cw soo | 21 | aas-aas | onsa3s| oxo-o%0 | 003s} 00s | tren! sapiens poses cw sist | if | 3504s | oas-02s] o«o-090 | 0085] o0ss cas sin | as | es0.050| ocs.035] 040.090 | 005s] anss cssmiezs | rama | 12 | asoo4n | 005035] os0-a% | o0ss] aoss cos rsmin | 0 soso | onss| anss 0.0.79 | 005.035Westermann Tables 9 mbolie Designation ste!) Te Explanations Stra stools “te = Swel: 32 kfm? minim tensile stcagth © Ordinary quality 42 Umm? minima tense strength = Stand quality ‘per bearing qlity Spa its for max aed = Weldabe Fusion welding quality High ensie sce! = Fusion weldabe Rivet steels sear Rivet bars Boiler plates Gide Pate rogue wo be welde, ange or sme-ont =o" Grade 2.4 ‘Non flanging quality (low tensile) Sao Gade 2 8 dom (high ens) Heaccreatble sels cm = Carbon 30 = Average C comets 0.30% “ton 30a Tool steel a= annealed “o- C35 Mn 8 Average carbon content 0.5% Mn 2§ = Averoge manganese of 0.75%. represented Without decimal point, undedined by aba Applicable for alloying element upto 1%) Case hardening scl © Carton: «= cae catburizad 08 Carton average 0.115; Manganese average 1.38. (Average alley content moe than I" s ‘rounded to the nearest whole number, up 0.5 rounded dan; 5 and over wounded up Hor Rolle ees sssiz = Hot rll for spines Mn 9 Cola rolled sees C454 = Hondened and tempered sts Tor spines High tempenstire isi = Sati stresse springs D = Dynamic ses steals for springs Hot rolled eurbon op: p; = Ondinary:D = Drawn DD = Deep drawn sll sheet and snp EDD EDD = Extra oeep drawn Cold rolled carboo ERI igh dawn or bight sled: 32 = Precision sel sheets ound 13 descale = shot blast do RREKFT ‘= Black sheet F3 = Picked surface FY = Cold Finished F2 = Blok bse for enameling and sataniing Stel castings Cast steenaloye; 125 = Minima tensile sength 125 kfm? Grey inom casings Grey iron castings 15 = Minimum tale strength 13 ket’ Matleabe ir [BM = Black heat malleable iron catiogs castings do- Peri malleable ion casings do ‘White hear allabe ion casing. For castings tensile regs ae 30mm atest ars ° ie “ae 5142-86 “to- Sua kw “de su “te SUSS-HTW wagecnce10 Westermann Tables ‘Tool and dye steels ‘Toot and dye sels fr bot work 18748-1966 Designation cw mon | ve inet | Tpcatappcenon fect saree (ome ih me ‘Tawoavas [asa] — [025.050] s-t00] 261 | vst torexraion des roscawavaa |o30-0.0 120-140) 020-020 29] hotswagin dbs fr mscanevi — |os0-0.0] 120-140) 100-120 229 | sing oe ier, tess ‘TscsMowivan | 030-040 120-160] 020-040] 120-140] 229 | toring yes tt shear rsswiccavss [050-000] = [030090] 130150] 248 | bats inner ge ‘Tool and dye steals for cold work 1833749-1966 10 145-055 = 290 |] Goresiteegrenente 0 1050-040 = fe 20 | torpaincaon ad og 055-075 S 290 | ay wot and de atc “ont ars035| =i = 200 | inte tormet bs, 0 055.095 = 20 | ban ing, sd ter 0s 095-110) = PS 200 | ster orcold nor Ts 1as1a0] a 210 | coptect tine ‘ova 5.095 = | orsose 200 | nrene aed ener rhacass 110-125} = | zon 200 | These ewe the ioscriniage | 090-120) =i 230 | making ol sd ses miawacsa | 190-150] = | = |sseaz0 | 210 | toedeing ming rseNicrgsmean | 050-000] o2s.o3s] = 288. | stoping and sheng. rueswocigvas | 090-120] 025 max | 020-030 20 tuowscr | 100-120] = 20 ‘ont wsnegs | 045-095 — | eas 20 isc | 200-220] ‘oma | 080 ne 0 suscasas | o40-aso| =r 20 rsomvis — | es0-a%0| — | ox0-020 20 rsssantanweas| 050-0°0| 025.040] 6.12-020 0 twowacnvig | 035-045 — | eio-0as 20 rsowacavis | 045-055 — | e125 20. Steels for dye blocks for drop forgings Designaion [cw on | ms ‘Bret Tpeolapetns fone ends HB “Ame | Harden senperd To 035.085 | oso2s = 212200 | Sestordy ecko rawit — | 035.065 | orso2s = 212.20 | gee retnplaan rsenicss | 050060 | o1soas 050.080 sr | sete forap rawvicas | ostoss | oiso3s 930-100 | 030-040 ani | tongsWestermann Tables 11 ‘Castication of carbide ips aon ling wo ther ange of application Treaing direction the characenste of ‘Rang of pplication esication ‘abide | Outing ‘Material wo e machined Mochicig condone POL Si eel caning Presson turning and ie boing Caring spt: high, Feed low Si seal easing Turing adn wd ling Cats spced nigh Fee low or medion ‘Steel, sel casting, malleable east zon forming ong chips “Tring milling. Cating peed ad oes ream Plaing: wil ow feo mite ‘See. sel easing. mal RT iron forming eng tps “Taig, pls, ling. Clg 5p ‘medi 6 low. Foe mem igh even i opting condone ae unfavouate ‘ea, del casings wih and Incision or shemkage cavities Tursog, placing, sping. Cuting went tow Feed igh Rake sng: high for ‘machining under unavourabe coins nd wark on atonutic nachies Sel weal cangs of median tom ten sesh wih sand Turing plasig, spas. Cuting yp low Fev: high Rake angle ge or ‘macing ua uaavourane Sonons nd wevk oo stomate machines Turing. Caine speed: media ohh ‘Steed, sel canting, aes wah ‘manguere wed ry cat ion, Sheridan ad male poreney Turning, milling. Gating spa om Feed: mom Torna eli, planning, ating spk mei, Feod: dum or tigh Free cing sel Low ae strength ste bay ad lg alloy Torin rome tai. ring aT spac in automate machines Very hardy it on, chilled asigs of hardness op to 0 HRC one, arenes we, pas of trav tyes had hoa and Turing pression wing and boing. ling, seraping Giey cat fam of ards ae than 20 HB, lesen feeming sho chips, tempered Slee, copper als plats, ‘i, ard rte, ar ecto “Ting ling boring Fearing woaching, sping Resistance to wea Tenge Satori tal wd, Gry eat on of arn wp 20 HB, wom-feus mcta sch copper, bas, lucia, lame wed of sbsive type “Toning. miling, Phang, amine teoschg Sot gry eat on, low tele strengths, lamanted wood Torg, planing, Shplg, ling, Rake ange lrg even net watavouate ‘conden “Turing ling nang sbaping Rake | angle lrge even ner unavoube,12 Westermann Tables ios = = Senee Talia Come 1519607 rs Tec ps Frewtnatnpremiesny | eRe | ancy | mcmmsiiy — |eeean® cont Freretied woes pihcarer | rite | soss.cw | tay soou ee mama | ince Twp panera cope | aT? | op2mcu | ont sng pany |r aig ne ee bp comuctty. | OF | apasuicu | tueacnne |e a ei TOW] SHER | Bhat — Par waa Paes roi |soounm | silactanacaes | ratyee Tad lay ac] SRS | WRT | Contec nie — arse Hetoteomtay ome | Smnsus| onsen | wma Fale Taal lay oe fete! oie soe | sense | wri feral ‘ek ace ‘Aluminium ‘FIA | 99.8% Al | Tensile sirengih “May be cast, weldable. “| Signe ps Pr aia tebe camg wee dope etn Sil a ceri camaaea Forel isin ric | swat | vey disap ite om te, dines vie ao ie Ud rt and sr, py id Semi ae ep feet eens oe Alii Ao | mat | txctan, dc, | fran mr, come ty) coomctigeoaiim | peeromen oa pleWestermann Tables 13, Copper altos “a sas Prosper bronze Leal io eare | Alin tones | Sion ose Gaze ase nz GaaLre as Spstem of designation of copper alloys 1, Chemical symbol of copper 2. This s flowed by the chemical symbol ofthe next most significant element. 3. Oter significant elemets fellow in hearer of decresig percentage or when equal in alphabetical one. a Nominal or average percentage of cach alloying clement are odiated by an index number as flows and these follow the respective chemical symbol Nomina or avenge | tadex number Upto perem — | Onty te alloy symbols are wed in the descending onder of percentage content. For ‘fferentiing an alloy, he average alloy cone are expressed wpto one decimal place nd the ecital digitisuadeined by a bse 1 percent and over | Average ce nominal alloying content is ounded othe nearest whole number, for example, “ales terminating upto 05 are rounded Uowa al values terminating in 15 rounded op, Following symbols forte methods of sasting precede the designation 6G Sand cast: GK: Chil es: GD: Dye eis; GZ Coatinuons cat Note: Absence ofthese symbs indicate that the materia i in wrowaht form, Spmbol for special rune nts = syn fo gid Kimi for pry Surface finish and conden: Treatment Bright rolled or drawn 41> Annealed: d= Cold worked role or drain) 7 Bight picked Fxcrded: 58> Bright annealed U8 H = Quarter hard U2 H = Hal ard M= Machined 3411 = Tce fourth band H = ull ard ‘Example: G Cu Sn 7 Zn 5 Pb 2—Leaded tin onze snl castings with average percents of Sa = Zn=$ and Ph = 2 System of colour code for copper alloys ol bls stom Firs band Seeand band Third bond ist band gies he allay ‘Second hand in combination withthe | ‘Third band in combinton with fis s0up (0 whieh the prodict fist nd second bands ideaties the | and econd bands denies te bongs. panics prduct. paricular produc.14 Westermann Tables Caper orgie ane ‘Nomerclanre ‘Desanaon | Companion Taal . emit Tpke ations eee otoy cumamr | sesso Z| rs hr ada sein fr orgs Nava tt Tas Casio wt Tr | Besley pralecianial peparior (is: Geet ener) Z| combine wh pod rena coro Tratoare mama | BTSRS ce | Seis tide amen pera in (19 806-18 Tessas Seema int ‘Ain ore Gat NaSIOs Te | Fines wie san cceadia awed {ass 1961 Geet Nasias | tae, eae Suc os Capper enti ain Ta ron coieg isas ania age ve Is. 09-198 cosnszas | m3sas co | atte export ove eine Pisman Beas alags Gay corLo-at ry asi92 61) ate G6n040 Za | suateasiog Sings an chile aties Gras Gesto-70 be 1s: 2541985 tz) | Cueldan Za° | nmsegravty ye astigs: gh ene fs: ober) ‘ee GStomn Z| tes casi sl fer ates pins ‘Ani oe ‘Gre “ALES 103 Ge | Uren stem ny, pons os ae ares 103 rey near don crn is 305-1964) Griet | Aton ‘acs amer ded on | ‘raie S680: Met fx geal aap ol aon pe coin. P1030 cay | se tings nd pomp cases, [is 318-1069) Grae S160; Pade o ‘evdet Sra. Si for igh span ay per ees Pook o cows | Seooae. roel purpose arn tl fonder resi Pisonteo co rate v S060, Forbes ude ht oa nd ih spe. Poaze6n co asnpharbrme Peusa? | P030-050, isbn pets bony casing Seeoso o (18281969) peussio | rosso, se fren iy beaig al ae, ‘Nel spperay Noa NiokD-aRD ca | Wiad arpa pape at yale ‘singe Masse [isests1967) Nou29 Nioro-ato o Tie oes args Cirpemickomis Doin, | Chel acorns dpa papa ena iis ines 179) = so-so proces eqapnen aie harap 250 tse pe gs ch als Requrenos Gaw Caw Grae ami 0) 350) 350 Tene guna €) ; an ‘amen so 20 280 smpan OH wo =o 0 ‘Stee 8422-1967) Supplodas | Tes 5: 407-1940) ° Rode 54170-1967), . . .Westermann Tables 1S Alumialum ais Binary alloys Tereary alone Daariernary alone fie} [<:) aINe Meat AlcuMers Me aiMesire System of desiguation of alumni alloys 15:6051-1970 ‘Benoni Numi Davghaion Benen Group ber “Beet ‘Group mnter sein (wr cnFrm) 1 Mages sc Me, S) € ter lent ch NT CrP, Bi) ‘ ‘iin Unnlend Mages ‘Wrought aluminium alloys (ive ig peu) tee Semis The wrth ad i iin estes tema | eee on tT mean vale of be ercmiap ofthe maf) Ini the mio alloying een in descended Mloyngcement” | alloying ment excep or Coop 4cotaine kom when” | tc eesags ote ene ose aay porte he ptr the mca eta fed ad mde of | In lr nnd corns ed nfo Grp 6 containing She tees toe tines | ysl he en ca th pty smn the mean Mapciom penne ond of ‘oye ik wil Example Alloying elements and ther mesh percentages Designation 22450 Cu=15,Si= 10. Mg= 088 [ Casting alloys (four digit sysesn) Fai Seoul Tidal rh i ens the major | ect mem vale prensa alleying | wy he wine alloying iene i reo Be byleglemee” | ekment haved ond amc of” sessing prs ere cas fan sly pont Bxample: Allowing elements and their mean percentages Designation 2585, Gun 98; Fe 10, Me 025 Alun alle castings man, Desgaion Towle arena Z fm Chara: pia apatins TEEN | Nowa wee ay wit rete ‘Usa red sued casing ch atone timing sachin wae fea pit lvl tolig ks ayn es asst | Tach atiph pot he ocd any od tin a iy ag cercen cat at ‘and war otter centrale Posse igh stenph an poe ‘ied or dt of see prt ch aye ‘acy. found) chat oe ening am propel, type rar ky Wve ones fed and aching pope exe ‘namin ete acres ad wre ‘ote frist teed er ‘ed enfin nd elder bed ‘rus a grad ching gry ‘Cnt edly et tte shapes ‘se for sree tin raft a sone pls gost od sa teh nig fore ah upent, (God cat desis o 2 | efor mature abl epics sh erin tem rm, ae eleanr ct es16 Westermann Tables ‘taming 6) Desipnason fate Charities Fens we est in Avelabe fom Type plications FD as good wot aiy-wes | 8s ‘Stet pat xno, wis | Baling veh pling an olla frgings | set mal work tana colag ei we Ingeateely gh ph Prosig ad stots exposed o a ae ‘Sel pa Exon ate wire | Artal menor cha isn orgie fees, and ry cet Meium eng aly wits | 300 w Stet pate, were | Fors apisions sch ood aber dng | adr rnp hie, ge, cy, es i te ‘Gel ecining alloy wR Fao whe ging] Ara componsns wpeon mai | Combes igh gh wh Stet pat, exon | Suesuedcompoosn ofa ese abi gigs | aaa gore Tosi earn alloys Ronen Tp ptm ‘We mea Srastiocisrs | ant Stassitense | smo sassoiscuase | 350-30 erg pte nd il engi being nr Ta ae ‘nines antral igh oes Fornng of bearings doe dia ped sch centiial Foro psd tags ch pulp cme cote mie tore carey For sigs. ay cariage a wagon bering ‘Aly Ara Nips AAC M05 Tarde caing suas sus Sn509825 seas 5925. Sasre Se i801 Pe SASApLSTH ir 2 as ns Tore an alsa ave (Cpe ant’ so i ih ring 2 ‘sen chine soe. gc en a oc aera soldering wort peed ty orig chines, orl rztetr nas ade Farhi epee evn S112 Fes Mon. as ys “Grea pops bang ay Ter rah ip rae tearing o Alomin an lbs Stel for itd race vc of iin an aly. err prose az sy hating comes ‘ea popes. Used forth bag Gere prose rat Fre ip and mae easing Noted tt hazing oe raya ca Wht es Baca Bacazae Bauza Gos PoOSTa eat Snns 0720 For ger pogo: toch zing rhe an Forbes ikl nd nha ow lc Ul ie rig temper BA.Cune NBO GuISZaISCHONTWestermann Tables Engineering Plastics Cacia Wood] [Coal ine cyanamide sot ‘ar I I I eaibo-] [Format icacid) | dehyde =I I I Phenol tar || Methanot Melamine Melamine mas ‘oma Wood hyde resin dehyde ” I CI ae Phovolpasts “Amine fcatuloid |[ pvc sl estophane | fpolyeiny perspex | | ehlviey (@) Moulding powder | Moding (acre aici powder ay Urea formal ‘ehyderssin Aca | | Vulenized [trae names) hen ‘is | omic auicticy | Grmmieearerriemenamncs] | heamonastes (e} Rods and tubes: Witon “Thermoplasties soften at PIS Patenrene gh pes or @Comprsed work (Pavesfiodcigene gh eae ‘ema no trator | [aoe Thcy ca be Popcone ferme ad welded [Thcroset are made tan al] shining by employing best and MaTeRIAts CONFORMING. reste ding the production Gye. These materials anol be svaspaRns eaRey THE ISL Shand by maching processes The ‘atoning te LeeRTIICATION MeN ‘Methods of test for plastics Ls Wi ross Breaking Stet (ky f= BD Where W~ Load t Fate inka BB ~ Dreath of xipiee tom 1 —Distance between sport in em 1D = Thkness of test ee nergy absorbed 12.7 mm Impact strength, edgewie hy en) = Reams ST rset strength, eagewiie [Kerth ~ Wh oF noched Free nm Ansulation resistance after immersion fm water: The specimen s Imes in dstiled water far 28 hours ANer wiping dey the a re ye mapner ood may ZW nat be contro ‘Mellow index: Pasi evaded tgh ay by a ade piston under entoted eoritons ‘ftempertare. Nahe of grams exuded pe 10 minutes is determine. ‘Vicat vttning plats the tempera at which pensator of | am ezeular cross section Mil ponerate&Rermoplasiespectineno' depth of tam undera specified Toad using 8 Uniform rate of temperate is.Westermann Tables Phenole mauling materia 15513001968 ‘nnact | Cros | Surface | Tensile strength | breaking | resistivity | siren fgrem | arengih | “fog 10 | keen? tage? |_ ohm Grade | | General purpose [1 oo | 82 20 lta component for general ‘rade2 | _—_ Material D mo | 87 360) se ike switches, sockets ee ‘Grade 3 | Improved GP. 70 [92 su “Telephone mouldings rvatoria “Gnde 4 | Meu shock 70 300) ‘Toga interuptor resistant materia Grades Type Typical applications “Grade 5 | Heat resisant cy 0) Spook of ears ‘atrial, Grate [| Flecsieal om | 2 380 Spools GrideT | Low boss a 3 300 Fixe mountings Gade ® | Materia! 70 5 Parts resuiring high tensile strength Polystyrene mowing materials 1s: 2267-1972 Metefow | Vicar | trpacr | Tensite | Blongtion Types Inder | snfening | sirength | sengih Typial processing eitomin | potnn °C | tghem | dager het | 3s 8 10 368 Tejecton maling, exasion Tree | 3 7 20 230) Tnjetion moulding, tories, exision Tyres | 25 2 40 200 Tnjcction moulding, exuson, Fong Lamina pistes (paper and fabri aed) - Paper based laminates (Phenolic Resin Bounded, Thermo Sting) 1S:036- 1982 Tensile | Cross | Insulation surength | breaking | resistance igfion’ | rent | Meg ois ‘hc? ri wo | 80 1 | Mechanical paras elec properties of second importance Grate Properties Applications PD 700 | 1380 50-_[ Good mechanical and medium electra properties PS 850 | 1.000 | Very gl elecrcal properties good machining and hak punching properties Pa “300 | 700] 10000 | Exceptionally gon electcal properties, exelent hot punching ropetes Ps 300) ‘000 | ASP, bur super isang rene Fabric based laminates (Picoolic Resin Bona, Thenoo sting) 1S 2088-1962 Tensile | Crom | Impact | tasultion sirength | breaking | strength | resistance Kafe | sireneth | kgfom | Meg ois gfew 700 00 ‘Mae fom ine-weave coon abi, for eamponens eguiring fine machining ‘ on Tia Made fom motium-weave ction ii, suitable Tor sal gears et 30 For componens raging igh past stengih Grate Properties ApplicationsWestermann Tables 19 Rig PVC ats a0? 1971 Softening | Tensile strength | Dimensional change at 120°C Types Point | kaflen?. min | Extruded or | Calendered and Applications Cnn taendered | laminated ‘Type! 75 50 20 ‘General purpose Type 2 15 20 Parts equiing chemical resistance Type 20 Pars oguiring high impact seth Typed 0 = — For deep daw vacuum Frog ‘Stee bars dimensions and weight Round, square and hexagon tel ods hat alld: pete weight: Y = 7.88 gem? issrasa971 | 18:17821971 tO wart yimes"] () Examples for anand designation: ISRO 20: Round bar of 20 mm 1880 20: Square ba of sie width 20 mm20. Westermann Tables ate Te on pe mest intend ont at et weigh 8S [Steet at 18:173)-1971 ton Ta sc Rasengan leisy iin ne. lon t Pte BF a te ike yt tara i 10 rm and io sta ed WS 7Tele[ ss i i | owe | ome | oar | aaat | ores | 0992 fo | on iis | bat jaw | sao | 85 bas | a7 sas] oe | ga | 3 Sala = Som | i fm | cae | os | 02 3 aS \ aa | es | ts | wow [es | ee aa Az, | sas | to) sae] nia [er ae 3a | aa BEES | ts | oe | ee fee [ast we | a ay fem) Me [ais [ast [me | ea wt | ss ake [ios [isa fant | 226 | ase = — as | na_|aa [on we 18:1750-196) ee reco ‘Dasgation ans ample 198110025 aves wen ma ‘Soins pee Tp ale Signe SST Fone Re dew isthe nie 788 lc a ioe ts ge ee ee Saar “ee oe aed ST aoe] et | oo] ee aac IST ET ETS] BB] sepa aye me pia) se) es] a) zl st Bye) oe) sl ml a ii )2) 3) 2) 8) 8] 8) 8] alee cay Br] geWestermann Tables 1S: 808-1968 nian adard unequal nes 1S; 808-19642 Westermann Tables ‘Tee Bars 1S. 1173-1967 ‘Dens Far od of Z, em Z, cn! 0302 os 05 ats M4. ae 32 ns 78 m2 154 45 34 ia 38 43999 3 Aa 492591 2a Se 4358 69 66 wT 94 M7150 me ae 4276 9 99 3° 119 162 167 me 43 uo 73 sm ak 3 202 wid 248 m9 75 2a AT ms 75 oo 132 1043194 03229 Is 64 oaT 012 053013) 67 295Westermann Tables 23 Indian standard red el beams 15: BOR 1964 (Cisiicaton ‘Abbreviated ere Ke symbol (Indi Standard Junior Beans 1818 1B (0 Indian Stared Light Weight Beams-1SL8 LB ofr 4 (6) Indian Standard Medios Weight Beams-ISMB MB 4 (2) lad Standard Wide Flange Beaims-1SWB. we (© nian Standard Cola Scctions-4-Beams-ISHB HB (J) Provisional Ses) Desi ermine FF g | pesientin Dimensoninnm — | ae é Su) tos sw sun tae ‘swe win 3e0 | a ‘swe Sun) Se ism isu si swe Su Rew ‘sie x soos ‘su x $9.66 SMB 109 n 100 asian x 6485 Iswnie) in ta ssi 280 | 3 fon SMB 125 ie ssn 2 mas SMB) 18 teat as ISM) 130 bar isi oa IsMB(P) 195, uN SHB 10466 ‘sso 30 a rt nad Isai 23s Isa ro)Westermann Tables ie gh? (pack ile sheets) Plate thickness 2 gfe Prate | Weight thickness wom ois | aa 02 16 02 | i16 24 | 192 oon | 226 ox | 256 ose | 304 ow | 32 oss | 44s 6s | sos os | 6 oss | 704 1 5 Lis] 904 12s | 0 13s | 08 1s | on ws | as 2 15 22s | is 2s | as | 4 2 as | 36 ars | aw s 40 6 8 7 56 8 64 015 oy om 28 o2t ost 032 ox oat 04s 046 iy 065, 070 075 oa 90 Lon os ha 180 2st 359 9s 431 467 503 m4 646 Te wr os ne Ma 204Westermann Tables ‘Non-ferrous metals Round, square nd ean are ZO | & |: aeroas | Capper | Brass. | Alina [aagecsion | [toni [Magnes] Aluminium | Mageestin Kat Ket Kiln ow | oom Yoo | ons | ones cone air | o0n9 | am | orm | anne | ooso tos ‘310 | Sons | ens | mane | toms | tos owes | ons aa | oi [ams | ose | om | ane oan | om et dais | am | oat | ts ous | hse et sf ss | cam | tee tas | gue a tame fois | ose | nae 02 us ts fate fae | ae ‘Nominal Aluniniun | Magnesium | Nominat | Copper ‘Aluminium | Magnesium se ‘ati | alloy or alloy | alloy gin sx2 | 08 | nos]? — ‘oor | axs 08 ga fon | op Ee | aes ots sea foo | om | = ones | 30x10 2 0310 rox2 | os | our | oss | ore | 4oxs 0540 woxs | 027 | nas | os | onsa | done = toxs | ox | oas | ooe | oo | ax io Los woxs | oas | oas | ars | ooo | axis op woxs | on | nee | are | ose’ | 40x20 146 isx2 | 027 | 026 | aos | oass | soxs ass isx3 | oa | oax | 122 | nosy | sone 078 ies | 067 | oes | oa | oas7 | Soxi0 910 isxe | tor | no | ose | oats | Soxi3 Ly isxio | rae [ras | aos | ozs | 50x20 ra aoxs | oss | oss | a2 | 01 | ooxs axe | ia | ise | oss | oa | ome goxio | 178 | 170] asi | oa6 | oxio goxis | 267 | rss | oni | nsie | eoxts apn26 Westermann Tables Light Metal Sections ‘The weighs of Indian Standard Alominiwm sections are based on density of 27 pl. To get weigha fxr tom aluminium alloys specified in “Materia: Aluminium sections as detailed below are to be conespending wo density = 2.6 lem and 28 pcm? 18: 733-1967 | ‘oatpy the values by 963 an 1.037 respectively Dea of he sco esgnon iments in mar | Scio. | wer] Comme [Meio weron rater | mete | of gray 0 ee Teecionis ous [wsattasaas—on | as [as] aa] so} i | oe | on] az] as hf ssauranso-as | oo foo] a0] so | ue | as | om | is | os oe tsatraoxan-07 | 30] 30] as] so | 2@ | or | ao | a3 | or * af | sarranxso oa | [0] 32] x0 | am | on | tw fas] 4 ff saetsonsoiz | so fo] as] oo | eas [iz | ae [os | te wairsaxse-16 | 0] 0] 60] 50 | sm | a6 | sas for | os apete pe ele eset s:s60.1856 | asatazoxionis [> fo) 13] 40] as | om fasofaas] aw} ooo 1saLa20%10%20 | 20 w] 20] 40 | o% | ov for)aas] oa wataanesxis | 20 | 1s] 1s] 40 | ost | ors fosolesr] ats | am wwataznxisx20 | 20 | is] 20] 40 | 4 | 019 foss)ase| aw | on wsatazoxisxae | 20 | is] 30] 40 | 09 | o2r foslas| az | axe tsataxoxisx20 | @ | is! 20] so | oo | 02s fuasfass| oa | ou wsatasoxisxa0 | 0 fis} 30] so | sa | ess fumfos| oo | or watasax20x20 | 9 | 20] 20] so | 101 | o2r fossfem| as | o2 tsatasox20x30 | a | 20] 30] so | ras | 04 foss|asi| ast | oa wsataxoxa0x40| w | 20 | an | so | 1a | osi frosfass| om | 039 # isausaoxan—o4 | a ssatnoxa0-n6 | 40 sats soxs0-a | 30 saLssox30-12 | 50 ssauswixo-t1 | 60 @ wo] iss | os 20 aol 2s | as | = | 27 sofas | ao sa aofao | sofa | i2 | — | os 12 ISAL x 0-15 w] soso} solsr | is] — fins | os IALB60 0-19 wl} aoso| solr {is} — fas | as SALBOx 90-19 wo} 6olso | 6o]rm | io | — fass | x2 aLpeoxsn—24 40| soso] oo] as | 24 wa | as aLCa% 20% ALC x.20533 Ba ISALC Wx dont ISALC OAD atcsoxioxs | wo saucsoxanxs | BaLc@xanca | 6 waucooxsox | «0 waicooxsoxs | w 2] 2020] so] r63 | oa | ose | 99 2} sals0] so] 23s | as] ow | 20 2] s0}s0] 60] 27 | oss | ost | si0 x0} 40/40} so] 42s | ais] os | ox w | 4of3| rofarr | uaa} ose | aa | 60/40] ro] sas | iss 10s | sr x] sofso} ro} rar | ass) 1 | 138 | calao | ro] 6a | tar] 146 | sas wo} sofso | rol nar | ox] ts | tot vas asWestermann Tables TSS1T6I-1068- Covers the requires Tor fat Fished ‘welded (HFW). hot inihod seamless (HFS) an elec ‘esstnee or induction batt welded (ERW) plain carbon Sel tubes for suucturl purposes. Nominal bore Medium Ourside ae Watt Ihickrese watt | Weighs ameter | hiciness | kgf Wait thickness Weight etn 213 269 a7 483 03 a9 143 1399 165.1 200 26s 20 355 328 3s as 213 269 337 483 03 a9 ma3 1397 1651 206s | 122 26s | se a2s | 246 a25 | Sas 325 | 36 365 | 50 ses] 653 aos | 848 sas | 162 48s | 192 32s 405 405 405 as 34 3a 54 Las 190 299 386 617 in 79 212 am tbe fas: 267-1972] r=27 git? tr r 1S: 407-1966) Brass ube Sketit? Copper tbe tus. 5493-1965) 1 = 89 bad? Wei in kat Wal cts mn Tam] ana a9 oon am et aso 0 ee one on is om omWestermann Tables Vale faction “Aan ing BOF MEE MNT cts Ting wy amber fe anal erst meer ut ina tat + lo Frcs we nib Mkt aerate ee re np eg to ruber of dein NRE, dest ss senator x= es ee Taco a2 28 | 2 ‘oak } “nip: The poco of ing ware ge re onan steal ett | | sia ess [eR ne ae omtenapr fe id Sa a doc poa he gna THUGS HE ‘iron Te prs on “iy he esol he ed aso. Recta ern time: 2 a = Rs 41250 Taco 10 30 «10 Pini = Sear eit ine: dns Bi ee Fano atine Rae oS a racorinarer SEE it oO = gl ee Tome : ipa Re 20007 ere 100 on = 10) Pen oft eeot R30000 Te = SED Final x ao ee 3500 “ ‘Decienal point 2 plages to the right. ro eg a PN 7 Ta 7500 ee } ease = pecenage > SERA ats } a | ae saw sm Tews 0 a | sen ites ST ee -, Rae of ionrest: 3% meres = © nat ' Rc of tno Trani 30a9> Faahahime 1yor= aneWestermann Tables 29 “Measurement of plane figures Calculation of rezular pol goms ‘Th sea con be calcul fom for & ead of cicumseribed inl) or rai of icibed cl) ‘The length ofa sie canbe calcul fron on ‘The ad can he cael fom do the rau from R 0 ‘Areoa= Side = Radius Roh Radar Ff he circunsrived circle | inscribed cet wo of des =n of corners Primes | ae rines |v? rimes | Retmes | eximes | trimer | ries Rimes | times 8 Sis 10 Sides 12 Sides ‘03774 | 20000 | 05000 | 02887 2.0000 aise | 2000 | o2ori | tata | o7om | soo 237% 1arse | asi | oasor | 12361 | 09090 | ose? 0000 | 1.1517 | oso | o.sea0 bone 9511 0.9659 | 8660 Te Prhagarss Theorem The square of the hypotensei equal othe sm ofthe squares ofthe other vo sides, iypotemuse—opposte sie tosh angle 160 sides forming right angle orb one anVOF neem = fee ara = 4100 = 10.om30. Westermann Tables Rede he lac of polygon ia amber warn ay Wg Teak ectanah, eapezai 4 sam fa ube | pe irerernr es | ante ea = 5 » Diameter x Diameter (ew sans | | Coeti « Cm Limo [ oe (A= tt p= ore Tati ee ! wip ty | e ®) Swine yc SS ae 1 Ara fest Am ofl Teena Tee EEG SD] saya 1 | a 3 Se ped can’ ‘ 7 Sun$ ee horace a= 2esi8 | insta ies | | Mart Maw | A=ZxDx ‘785 = D xa [Awa Rx Frond] | 7] * ‘rte eda nod as af | aed: [Comes TD Coie) “oe tmm > team et me 3 os [ants |] aoe tomas or [ama ee] “Coca [7 eeWestermann Tables ‘Measurement of solid figures ‘Volume = Base Height, Sure ae for gute base ngesacanase For Rectangle bake A= Euler rangle se A= Selene ange bse Regular polygon of sides onde {aera aro the yng = | - raat ] vekepben oat amid ume = B82 high A= Rectangle bse = Seales ine te ty = £0"(D+25)| Lea see eaWestermann Tables Sarae ar “4 = som fal] fora ict SARA» A) ed on Frnt of Fyrom Later reo sr Ded Ane: 8 rey v= Rxn(o daw Z| sade stan? sree AeA Ay Ze u2o 2 ‘Sirace velxExo a waaeD ve vn osnien! ar ae acaH(stewe) v=axnex[r 4 vowel fay = tad C= ceumfese of Pappas hore Sse fara “ter of cc of nc oy teal tec are Aya A=OxeuD Ay=axDameds fy Ex pixanas