Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to compare forces generated by impact of

jet on vanes of various shapes and also to understand how forces can affect the
change of momentum flow in the jet. The impact of jet experiment helps us to
understand how does turbines works under fluid pressure. The mechanical work
produced by using pressure of moving fluid at a high velocity jet of water from nozzle
produces force when it strikes on the plane of the surface of the plate. The forces
exerted on the surface plane will also depend on the density of fluid at specific
temperature. The force exerted on the impact will generate the momentum change
and also to determine the mass flow rate. This experiment aims at assessing the
different forces exerted by the same water jet on a variety of geometrical surfaces.

Introduction:

Impact of jets apparatus enables experiments to be carried out on the

reaction force produced on vanes when a jet of water impacts on to the vane. The
study of these reaction forces is an essential step in the subject of mechanics of
fluids which can be applied to hydraulic machinery such as the Pelton wheel and the
impulse turbine.

When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid surface the
water is deflected to flow along the surface. If friction is neglected by assuming an
inviscid fluid and it is also assumed that there are no losses due to shocks then the
magnitude of the water velocity is unchanged. The pressure exerted by the water on
the solid surface will everywhere be at right angles to the surface. Consider a jet of
water which impacts on to a target surface causing the direction of the jet to be
changed through an angle Ɵ. In the absence of friction the magnitude of the velocity
across the surface is equal to the incident velocity Vi. The impulse force exerted on
the target will be equal and opposite to the force which acts on the water to impart
the change in direction.

The momentum equation based on Newton's second law of motion states

that the algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of fluid in any
direction equal to the rate of change of the momentum in that direction.

The external forces include the component of weight of the fluid and the
forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of the control volume .

If a vertical water jet moving with a velocity 'V' made to strike a target (Vane)
which is free, to move in vertical direction, force will be exerted on the target by the
impact of the jet.

Applying the momentum equation in z-direction, force exerted by the jet on

the vane, Fz is given by :
 F= ρQ(Vz out-Vz in)

Where:

ρ :density

Q: flow rate

Vz out: velocity after impact

Vz in: velocity before impact

For any plate:

F= ρQ(V1-V2cos B).................. general case

B: the angle between the initial velocity of the jet V1 and the velocity after striking
the plate V2.

For flat plate (B=90 then cos90=0):

F= ρQV

For hemispherical plate (B=180 then cos180=-1):

Fz=ρQ(V1+V2)

V1=Q/A

Where Q=V/t

V22=V12-2gS
Apparatus:

1. Plexiglas diameter cylindrical tank.

2. 8mm diameter nozzle.
3. 5mm diameter nozzle.
4. Impact object of flat shape having a 30mm diameter.
5. Impact object of hemispherical shape having a 30mm diameter.
6. Impact object of conical shape having a 30mm diameter.
7. Nozzle distance – impact object: 20 mm.
8. Set of stainless steel weights.

Procedure:

1. Remove the cover from the equipment by unscrewing the fixing screws.
2. Screw the wished impact object to the support stem.
3. Connect the nozzle with the wished diameter to the bottom pipe.
4. Set the cover and the screw the fixing screws.
5. Adjust the pins so that the equipment is perfectly levelled.
6. Set the pointer besides the weight stem assembly to the red level.
7. Shut off the flow control valve V1 of the hydraulic bench.
8. Open the exhaust valve V2 of the volumetric tank of the hydraulic bench.
9. Switch the pump G1 and slowly open the valve V1 until you reach the wished
flow value.
10. Add weights until the plate goes back to the pointer height and take readings.
11. Take three different readings for the same plate (Flat, hemispherical or
conical), each with different flow rates.
12. Place different diameter nozzle and repeat for each plate.

Results and Calculations:

For 5mm nozzle:

Flat:

Q(m/hr) Mass(Kg) Speed V0 Speed V1 F(Theo) F(Exp) Error %

(m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)
2.5𝑥10−4 370 12.73 12.72 3.18 3.63 14.17
2.22𝑥10−4 290 11.31 11.29 2.51 2.84 13.52
1.39𝑥10−4 110 7.08 7.05 0.98 1.08 10.10

Hemispherical:

Q(m/s) Mass(Kg) Speed V0 Speed V1 F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

(m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)
0.00025 600 12.73 12.72 6.36 5.89 7.43
0.000222 510 11.31 11.29 5.01 5.00 0.18
0.000139 300 7.08 7.05 1.96 2.94 50.13
Conical:

Q(m/s) Mass(Kg) Speed V0 Speed V1 F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

(m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)
0.00025 130 12.73 12.72 0.93 1.28 36.95
0.000222 90 11.31 11.29 0.73 0.88 20.28
0.000139 40 7.08 7.05 0.29 0.39 36.68

For 8mm nozzle:

Flat:

Q(m/hr) Mass(Kg) Speed V0 Speed V1 F(Theo) F(Exp) Error %

(m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)
0.00025 120 4.97 4.93 1.23 1.18 4.56
0.000222 90 4.42 4.37 0.97 0.88 9.03
0.000139 40 2.77 2.69 0.37 0.39 4.81

Hemispherical:

Q(m/hr) Mass(Kg) Speed V0 Speed V1 F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

(m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)
0.00025 240 4.97 4.93 2.47 2.35 4.56
0.000222 190 4.42 4.37 1.94 1.86 3.98
0.000139 70 2.77 2.69 0.75 0.69 8.29

Conical:

Q(m/hr) Mass(Kg) Speed V0 Speed V1 F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

(m/s) (m/s) (N) (N)
0.00025 20 4.97 4.93 0.36 0.20 45.69
0.000222 10 4.42 4.37 0.28 0.10 65.49
0.000139 0 2.77 2.69 0.11 0.00 100.00
Discussion and Conclusion:

In this experiment we have calculated the impact force generated from the
water jet on the hemispherical and the flat plate vanes experimentally by using the
procedure mentioned above and then we calculate these forces theoretically then by
comparing these values we have found the efficiency (the slope of the linear line
that relate the actual with the theoretical force) for each vane and we found that:-

1-The efficiency of the hemispherical shape vane is less than 100 % which is
expected because the efficiency cannot be more than 100% because there are
always losses in any system. This may be resulted due to errors while performing the
experiment or recording the data.

2-It was expected that the efficiently of the cup is larger than it in the plate because
there is much losses with the plate because the water return in all directions but
with the cup it returns with on direction only , but our result was wrong due to
errors in the experiment

Sources of errors:-

a) Inaccuracy in using the stop watch.

b) There was some approximation in taking the reading of the jockey’s displacement.

c) Determination the balance of the arm wasn’t accurate so much