=. 5 a (ee SMA aed ie StL gels A i = a bert [sivoud ASS de IS Agel Master Degree in Mechanical Engineering FIRST SEMESTER 1. Heat and Mass Transfer @hr) ‘Transient Conduction: the Lumped capacitance method, the plane wall with convection, radial systems with convection, the semi-infinite solid. Conveetion: the convection boundary layers, velocity, thermal, and concentration, ‘the convection transfer equations, boundary layer similarity and analyses, the effect of turbulence, convection in internal and external flows, Boiling and Condensation: dimensionless parameters in boiling and condensation, boiling and its correlations, forced convection boiling, condensation mechanisms, film condensation and drop wise condensation. Diffusion Mass ‘Transfer: rate equations, conservation of species, boundary and ial conditions, mass diffusion with and without chemical reactions, transient, diffusion. Hecranical Cagimeer| ig Depaitment— ‘ Faculty 2} Engineers, and Jes dot cdma Udhawmed ThmardiTrosiatt orunsleady Conduction Transient condudion is of fmpoftamag in mayty_ engineesing, agpeals For an example, ubten an engine. i glartid someting dhould elapse of pas before cady state is reaclied . whak happens duriay tis lap of time may be detyimerfal . Again, when quencing piece of etal, of ty temperature chould be brown - Ce bane Hae buster Hee tive history of Condudlive one of the Gases & be Considered 1S when tee ideal, esidtinen of tre body is gual and veslipible compares to tha exter of Conved ive resistance. - Lewhe o epadtance This systems 5 also Called humped eapacily sydeu of vegigi ble intern resistance. hacans< infernal cesislaines, is saall, cond ictivity fs 2 son, mite, Mies Gen ehOae Wigh “and vartalton in temee relure Ahrorigh tea body is weoligh bla . The measure of te infamal resistanes is done by tee Blot Ge) nuwlex udidvis tte rao of. tee Conductive te_convedfive vesislanee - ie. B= ae : when BeZZo.| tae sytem Can be assumed b be of lumped Capacity Vat acaod 4 eror Is les tan S/o aud 45. Bi becones less HU accuracy ‘wer cases]Oa Travsiout Conduction of unsteady Gas cilanee 7 or APs Condudion ~ LeLenped capacity sytem 2 weal oF eonducive regittance of afoosly is isttee system where Met compastd (5 tr eternal of Convecfive vegy nat of nasigiole vesigtance- Blot number (BO2- She rai’ ef weewtee. conductive and conve vesistance - ee he ey Me fate ins =talhh OT Oe ga, NS a OEE R when QC ZCo-}, te syton fs assumed be of humped capaccel 5 os volume of BLES The charadesisht binecur dimension of abody [ES SI auaeaarecon draracisidhic length of plane. sus foc eb -= serbody 2 oo acy liner, = t z 4 ‘ ‘ag phurceatl) i=t 4 2 4 atabe fl ae . Consider hat body of a arbitrary saps 9s shown below s- Enersy bdance ck asty inclanl requires Hats — - The rafe of loss of internal ensrsy of Mee Sol. edy mast be equal fo ree vat. ©f- ev, comedian from the body fo He surroudingy luvaee Ue eV Gp SE = has (o-Te) —O Pe is (Fe ce) 5) L put (Ty To) = S aad STD. de. avi dt 2 -evep Ie =his eo —@€ (2+ ue the temperetir Eo, = 1.-T fire of Me body at fime Dao, 1 equal ts To Ve —evce 42 = hd At rae 5) . ® oe obtal tntegrating Me above gquh we aly i e a 3 -ever | ae a ee (e3) Sy a hv . SEP aay WA heyy aS ee As 0 Gu be wriey eaet Eee ‘ev Ce Ro Uc Fourlernumber Fo (dimensfonless quantity) .—s) Cte? aud (ie =e om ee HAs @ = OxXFO —— ete -eix Fo 22's Tre ae 9 Sc eae oh ta nahin hac: Warsi oy 1)" TO Gg ae) ) _— WwW) qay=hss So —— ~ =? ste total heal transfer yale from C= 0 ts G ve i ~BixFO ‘ a= | er=V nase ae —— ate Ss Cand substitu AM v) Grom 2qey @)——> BXFP™ Byep attine Cao a8)zhas 0 : evce a eM ve = Nees surely a ee Tee See ever OSeF las a Was eu eve ert cet Wee i {his ae H pe gi Nas 22 ee hase eve os ie Rees VCP Pe NEO re As” Tihs > ‘i _BtxFo = hae je Pe ata (12) eixFo poe dhiomium steel tall bexsings (k= Sah l= 1.3xlo sh) mrealcg J sot aud ten 2, heat tieded, ty are ltaked (6 alemperdire © imeil thak ak ile alas cast of SSC- The batt bearings have & diamnder of 4m entd te Convective heat transfer coefficient, bekveen te Bearings aud oil ig Seow/™" 2K. Detailed lo J dlowiyy @ The lapot of Tie hak Hu boazites aus revialn fa ofl before Me Feu dca dyops 5 200C - (ey the total heat removed from each bea ring (cy Mctantaneors heat transfer nati Srom Hie Bearings wh placed iu the oil aud chien they reach 200C.. ection 2- Chromiuw alot batt bearinys b= sowfak de hermal cigs =, 2 1BKIO Sale Ge see, & p= SSC dia. of baat bearing, dato = 0.04" he goon fur K EA s ig Face, wheal - during th erly are LirstLe volume of tebody Vv le Haradusishe length, b= Sarg ee Pods Ve velume of bath = Ane 3 Aca sus fen ea of ube ATES charaderiste length ,L= 45 Nee 4 ft i As a are a et = seoxeet _ oot firrot ak 6xSe syste of He. uiegligible wile since @¢ CL0-1, tr lumped capacity resistance Het cdi : stoic tens ats 24st= & o ‘ noc FOS Flee — leg 0.2454= log e ee oe fepe243F = [20.75 : Jopex— Dollz ell Flege bs “Buf 2 @ a Jawehtsel- © Jacxre , axe Qt) = 30x41 X0.02 2(es0-)[I- & 2 aye Se00S-4T = 56 bj alk, Y mmctavitaneous heak taansfe © axe fick placed weil, = Sopa Ae ? (6se- (e.04 x: 2925%120-4) eny2d XS — 218.6w Ss) = tees 24w ¥) valor they 4a = has & e/when they red Bees di) =" Ase ReeS&S Krample Qz- The product Sram adiemial process is im tec form of pelle wsluich a appproaiwulaly epericenl te te mean dianeler, a= Aw. These eellels eu inittaly at 403K and vnast be Cooled t5 243K macinum before enleriag storage vessel. This proposed ts Cool Anes pelle ts the required euperai by easing them clown aligitly inclined cheome chercthey are subjeded to ates of air at 323K If He leysth of tee chamel. is hited to se Galea sig, maaciowm velocity afte pelle alons Hu chamel andtectotal heak- transfered from one pellet - teak transfer from pelle surface tte air déeam ray be Considered F + Aye UearitEiasy Preces with hd = 2 where 2 = heat transfer Coe fpicient ak Huo pellet surface. keg = thermal conductivily of ait = - Bw/mk. hee dela 2 pellet male density = 4goby |i spacficheal: Capecily Cp = 2b fea Kk f Capactarce York way, spe that ttl lumped capacthy oystam Heory applicable sao 2- The product Som adyemical process i tee Jorm 9.004 , fa 0-002" of epheriead pellets 7) d= 4un= wpe 403k Tw= 343 K “= 323K Length of charm caloulafe. 3 a ge The maximum velocity of He pellels along, te channel Yee = de basa) ean ? eat transfer from pele Sudace he all dream islinited thas 2 a, p,n0-13 w/in k epetel= ‘peeks?~ Cp= 2kjfhgk = 2X12 Tbk lag anysheaa or negligible iueoak restsloten, kis assuned tak lumped apacily Sy tory is appliable . max velocity Una ne Pian chasaderishe tength, L= volume of aspliure i. gasface eat op aspen ASS? perf rm = 13.65$ 1950-28 = aciteiscS tee a 2.28 & =~ ee @ = \e3 0-25 olelS625 3. o.22/5® S| RES “ayy = hasen(l- ee ) ory pe eeeete eae SFSKIBES) Sa ors oosiltos828)(-e" ) —— 13.65 lS x2 x R 9 & QL= Laisg/ pete Staple @3— A pleas of chromium steel of legsthy #.4-Cm (Cduisity = s7seba bi sks: aul specificheak op = 448) /ky K) with mass 1-24-b0, 1 yolted into whe eylinder aud healed te alewpadere af beo% aud uendred 1a oil at 26 chou that ti. bumped Eapaclly sy teu analysis is applicable and find te fanperalure of te Cylinder afer devin. wha Fs tu tolal hea trang during, this period 2 ya may tale ter convective heat transfer Coof aud eglinder a agora. _sdiion 2~ A piece of Atromium steel b= qedem = 04M e= 8780 byfny k= sowfm, CP MoT/kyk, w= L2Tks folled inte at solid Cylinder jejent between me oil Tos 00S ) Tye 36 ,h= axons Te 22 ofter tain. D=4KEOm phos , @)= 2 eca he F é elane of agglind er pve nel iste ae ed i ae chasaclerishe length, L cafes ata AlN Me ore | 7 % ats hr fe aigtok + 3 1.27 2 1:44.69%le ™ a eee V L=F4em = oot Ve tre LAd6Sx10 fo f= ee = eens FI x0-094 : ‘& Bre Wr = 280.X0-025 = \ oe : since, Bi ddo.l, ten tee Syste ahem, aud Hersfare ML lumped capacity sydim analysis or He le intemal resister theory is applicable. capacifan co 4 & asgumed fe be of lumped capac le cline neoligib T=? = 4x60- 249% —@IxFO © -Tw-e se Bo Te = ee exp hseeee 5 aeee 8 14.88 weer dox(222) a. Mi 3b JoleFK11-88 a. OT ae = paraé) ie 38 306 Te- 36 Le Sone a is16 fe 2 Tey = 642 $36= 176:284- © i See ee dts = Ud = b> : 2 ue Fs eee 2) aon ~eixFo t) = 16 B= 0 <1 3016 Oeecsney = ASe> My Total heat transfer rite BFS AW = WAs & endee ee 3th 240 _ 23488554 a QE)= 185-45 U- S nies era = 237.86 kj@) Exam ple3- F piece of Aluminio C@= 270s bs fit px 216 ofall, Op = 896 j/byx) having was, of 4.F8ky and initially at tempeythayeof 2900 Is suddenly fmmessed in dflutd at Isc. The Convection heat teansfer Coefficient 1 sd wpe K. Takjus Hho aluvninicm as aspler< Maview ta Sdwg mass AS tak _9 ium, estimate ts Cool tu dluminium ts doc - at tive vespuired transferred dusing tis period - (Sastiky Find also tu total heat your ase of te lunped capacity method of analysis) - goluligue- Apicce of- Aleeminitn = y/ey my = 4-48 Fe en 2708 by ft, paiufK, cp= 816 fgK, m= 446% Ga 2c Tn Be he 2awpr Taking fae aluriniom aS asp. getimate. T= 2 water ® o -w . on Tage ee aE _anf 2 see dade. lagi, l= Ay Gare 8 _ nt we ore Me ae m ae m _448 =s! Ti Coy en 29S 3 | 4B y= = 0.0FS v=/ 5905 417 pote 2 a= 54 Xo0.0tS 0.00628 a be of lumped eqpaclly, . f ec LL o-1, then tee syslem is assumed te a singe, C= Beets Lor, teacfere tur humped Capac nhod of avalygis is used -jo |S -4+ Va-aizsxte © stSu 215 loth = 2s A, _eaiesxle & loge ao eae pees © ~3.Wasxlo lec ae Total heak t s < reusher rule, wy hho S ) BixFo pr 8. NBM Hop-8 Qt)= eaeatt xo. (40-19) UE - ) ee 6412SMe Lusi ‘eoky= $568529 = 256. 6R= VY Rechandeiste levagt of plane susface b= 5 Y= 4 bt = VG ral IG et since & sry Smal, Marcfore, 1K Gar be nyfeclid Ay= 2ab aw gee 5 else pare of The diagaeristié tenth of acylin dg Le qo v= mt = 2nrl ie _ vse tee = As aftr of The chasaclesistic last a of asphalt), ae Ags attr ; rhb a rk ay Sli eiinstimments 2- Oe oO Measusenent of. Ran perdire by thermocouple Is an jn portant applicalen of tic lum peal parander analysis. the response. of athernotouple 1S defined as the tine required $07 tucctiemroenple ts alain ee Source teaperdiere- Ibis evident from ead) tak Mex laaser fhe quauiiby Ws tee faster tus eeponeatial term will approtch Zero of He wor replat ill be He Yesponse of Me tempeodtiare wneasuriitg device. This @nbe accouplidted eifleer by fnereasing, the value fh of by decreasing #e ute diameler, dens! and specific hesk- Menee, avery thin wire is recommended Sor use iM thumocoules te ensure apapid response. (especial when Hee Heoprocoup ase employed Jor measur] ring twansfeut tenperdtares - From equ(s); erere 4s @ ev cp evee - 2 hk, @exFO “ the quasi, EY CP (shidh has wil ofan) 6 ealed Tne aondant a ‘ h As fs denoted by the syabol thas, : @ be ence | Reve = hy) Gree oo) Sere cea aa nonare hee nieve = BCXFO Ye ) 2 _ TOT 2 -@ ee) and 2 = ae = See ee : acre Conetime Constant) , wchave from 44 as eo . wr ae = 0368 _ ‘eo Te Thus, Oo tetra required for tt temperstire. change te reach 36-8 of tts final vale iin response to astep charge in tam perl « 14Ju other words temperdlare difference would be reduced ly 63.2% - Thefine requirtd by ateprocouple fe ceach ite 68.2% of tur valus_of initia tevpesdure difference (Ss Called iS sensitivity - Depending upon tu type of fluid used, tue response Fines for differs sizes of thepmotonple wires usually vasy between o-o4 ts 2-S seconds. Excample) s- Athermocouple Junction of spherieal form fate be used to measure Be temperdture of 434s stream. Ned oow!e®® 5 k Cyrmocouple jundkon) = 20 w/ wae cps soot bye aad em BS bef Calculate tte followiny 3— Gy Tendlisu dion clr needed $or tug thermo Couple fe have ternal Tre constank of ne second - o Gi) Time required for te turmocouple fundion & ooh nse JENIN is initially at 28% and is placed inegas Trea which (S at 20°C Solition 2- ; “Given 2- he deo wpe? tke sow ej cpa de Py e= eee Ui) Juncker dianefer, d = ? 2 £ Glupwal tine constant) = 1S Given) The tine condant iggiven by 3— A ever . extnrxe ere ae ej a = ae Wx Atty = ese xrxder of t= Fe , 3 23.53xlo™ = © seam StF Foo = o.t06m GO. Time required Sor He jundlicn te each asc; t=? Crivens Vo= 25> Ts a2000, TH="8CBea Mle ake Le of aSpheure = £ 3. necehl® = Joo x (03539 /5) = 200235 k eo ara As i fs madi less than o- | ea capacitance mafttod Gan bese phot” Serxne Cp) 4 Tey- wb ae =e To- To eB ee y =424-868 ecp goo kook (0:2 y ea 3 .gbl= 0. 998k BN _0.498t Me= = Ino-oll43 = 4.485 —0-998%1 Example G) 2 A thermocouple jundiou fs in tee form of Som Biaeley aglere. propaities of material are * Cp= 4205s ; e- geooks/i ae, at 4oc and insefled of tee thepwocouele 5 (i) The temmocouple js taken ok Fe ct air aftir loSeconds aut kept th tillalr at 20S, Assuming the heat transfer Coefficient” i air low ind thu tem perdre attained by tee jundicn 20 seconds afer E aval hok air - Go Zand acute: : This jundticn is, initially in adieam of hot air a 30°C Hind t- @) Time Condlantsai 3 & = Ao = coches Cpe 4205 /Is2 tj ex Bom bys b=dovk Giune r= h=4o ae elosegre) 5 h= lon/et zap. ® Time Constant of tee tharwrodoaple, © i= 2 CNCe exile °xce _ ere 3 ns ie ete eido NhAs hy. wie tv 5, slerectw wet = SORE ooh X429 = 1125 (then Hepmacouple & M9H ark4o (i) The tenpercbiere adfained by te, suri, T=? Givens T=4°C) To = 39° PCs los Thetemperchare vasialion with pen that dur fag heciting Cohen dipr an gas teem oe ie y 3 ig 2 : eke : @ 2 _To- = ea 20 Te — Wo (ie) Bie) Sige ised 146 or TH 30° = & Ao °° —260K%04 Cuhen expaes se TH) - [46 +300 = 62.2 2c “the tanperdhise gafiiligy wrt coset: Toa dusiay Costing toair) (giv by 2- aft Ww. Ma) Tor any 4: where CHEE = Boook 0-004 pip eso “sh 3x10 3 Teo32 ae 0.4863 62-2-3° = 63 4+3°= 60.490 or Tey= G2-2- 20)Ko-% ex) Riuery tein glass walled suv dinar gneey- Hatooni is placed iin a sire eotk transfer coef ieienit is ss whee S, for measacia tee faady of «i, where hi ait. Consider Cylindeiead thermondes bull t Consist of mereury tenperatiore. of Pe eee eee 4onty for which k= 8.8 What aud X= ow ol6bthh ~Gilewlate tactic required ~! Jor tha temperatiore. ebage. 5 ead half. its final value. a sd ution 2 Given 3 Y= 2 = b-Sum = 0-00151; hessw/ht; b=-88 wfne x0 66 | x Ahetine Constant is_given bys t aubieee aA _ from a eS the general crilerfon for He infinite. Setdfion #6 apply ts abedy of fini thickness (lab) subjeded 6 one dimensional heak transfer IS yes (olare b= ticeness of He body) 2f{av ahetenperatiire of Hee center of gylinder or sphere of radius R under similar Conditions of heating of coling given 4 follows = mee el eo To to g ; oft 25 tee values of Jandion ats pie ond sphere susfac For ttn, &yl ind Fig) - Can be obtained from 38\ ‘ot —* ~ on t = 0.08] i 0.08} KE} 0.04 0.03 0.02} ++ 0.015| \ oo! 0.70.18020504 060810 8 & Fig: + Error integral for cylinders and spheres. yinder I purdzalion depth cefass tL locdlion of a point ohare te Penpesclire dane is within | percent of te dranye in tec sucface teuperalire - To-Ta _ 2-4 Na2= To Te : his Cosresponds ts = | B, from tutable Sor Gaussian esror Wyre 2far Thas the depth (A) & bid Her temperstaare perturbdlion at the susface has penetoeted , a= 3-6/at pendrelion thane is Hating tp taken Jor asusface pendrdhoy te be Jelt atthe degth in tee range of 4 percent. His giv ky 2- 34ee »-_Exanple@ede— Asteel ingot Clagge iv size) hedte a cniformly Bast ib hardened by. quendiing o£ io an cil path maivained af 20%. pelarutne the tensth of time required for tectemperdure ts reach 69ST at Fig. 4.17: Temperature curves for periodic variation of surface temperature, ed Oe = Oy Exp (Viner) sin lad ae 46The temperdiire excess, ak tue surface (x= 0), becomes Zere ¢ aft =o. But ak any deph tin | (4 uy dep ht, 207 2, atin feel ea would elapse before te temperdare excess S,0 becomes Zero. The times inferual bebive teetwo instant i caled te tine tay - The tac AG tag 2V arn Ab depth 26 te Tenperdiere awplifude (Sx, ‘Seg iven by 2- WH Qar Ba HP 2 { ——_— @8) Ga thes above relatins indicate tea folleuing fucks 2- Li ang. depth, x70, He amplitude (oraximewn valu.) occuss cmalter than Thak ak te surface (x= ©)- 2, The auplitude of temperature ogillalicn decredseS with increasing (Therefor, Me auplitude becomes napligibly smabt at apartiodar dept insideta sdid aud consequently asolid thier Man his patiular dep is not af any jweortance. as4ar 4s ‘asidion ia temperdture Is Concerned) . a, wlth mereising value of frawensy., Tha tay. end He ane 4. incsease in difusivity aX decreases tuting lay but ee lafe. aud is dep. Litude reduce - PS Ho auplifiid lagge - Ss. a anplitude of temperdare depends upon depth x as well AS Ree Sador [thes if (i is large, Equa) hdds goed for thin solid Yous alse - Estanple 2 2- During te periodic heating, aud Cooling, of adick bride walk, Me wall Lanperdlaye varies einuseically -The surface fampuedare cagges £70" got to Soc during 4 period of 24houss - Deepuine He time tao of tor tempercture wave Cortes cated at Zoom from PH wall suhdce - ponding, te apoint | atThe proputies of tee wall male ere e—- @=l6lo ky 2, kp =0-65 whic j Cp= 440 Ibs) & = solificn 2- Given x = 2 ae = = Boom 22-3, Cx lél0 bg? k= oes wait, ep= #4 These n= = 2.04 164/h ou Time lay AC = a: At= =] ecileer : ba 2) qi™ ane eaneD _ 26S = qgxia? abs or 0. 033"/h 7 ee ae es eCp [610x442 ee 2 wee 2. = 22h 2 | agetiyeouet Sune es AShgle Sylinder (a= aoa Sos kylinder wndferiat) turo_ctroke LC. engine operdies ok [oo reupin. Coloulate te depth cher ke tempera unave duets varidion of Sylinder temperdast is damped te 2% of ils suface value . golilicus— Givens d= scadedh ne eoxso= s4oee/h he amplitude of eagle exes , a any. depth x, Bgive by a a= Sa € see) TH a. yf ot eee, Bo (ta SS AY 004d ~ 244 or ate are: ‘ loo in cco ead alee 3 Ime-02 _y sqtxto ™ oF sqm —2449%\ 4SGp Trensio€ Condudisy witlgiven tempardiise aide ibution s— the teuperctare distribulion aE some TadlanF oP TiS, ti Soute situates Is known for tee cne dimensional transteit ea condudicn Auroush a Solid. stebnnin tenperdarg, didijbalisn my be expresed th tex form of palynomia eee an been Beoest where a,b ¢/d aude are tu enown CocSffeienks oy osing, x i iibalcn tue ote Toegstorat tresiott Reak eondudlen probleen can be solved - Lxample ev s- Thettemperaticre aideibuficn acrass alesse Conerd2 slab Soom Mick hecled from ong Side a8 messured by thermocouples approstimales te te folowins, vdticn,’ 2 3 4 t= I2e- loo 1 4 24-L + 40L-30% wherck i iy % anda i in om. Considering an area of dni, edoulafe s— & The heat erteriny aud leaving, Ae ala in unik tine 5 GD The heak enexgy stored m un it tine; Git) The rate of tanperetire Hauge a bot sides of Me slab; (iu) The poink ulture be rele of h cating x Coding, is maxiwutn . The properties for cnr aac s pa 12W Be, kalatae otfh is Soliton e- Griveng A= + wi, Le Soomm = 0-Sm, ke eae, d= ttime . wih . aes 2 i a a ote etal oe Tempura giatribatien polyional 2 ae ~Hloo fABL FOL I20% Ere de 2 ag prsor—360% d 2. ie wn unit Hae 3 O= 2? B=? A Gi) The heat eadering and tassel Heat: leaving te slab, ign FAC e-r2x8) Clee) = B20" 44“Hett Leaving the Shab, Qate= ~ east] nos a(1.2x5) (toot 48xo.St20x0.S— voxeS)| = 0-6 (tocta4+ Bo— 1s) =366 Gi) The heak eneagy stared tn anit tia 2 tafe of. heat Storage = Bin— Bok = bao- 366 =234.W Wid The vale of Fenperdliure change. a both sides] tee Slab 2 =-{i3] E83) ale db ge ae o 416 t/h 5 a LF4x lo 3(48) = 2 5 all oases = a cnn) aera (48424 0x05 ~36 0x 2) = ich oe Sok (iv) The poirct ahs vale of, healing of coating & wactinw, 8— ae] = ce ss 2 or ols di ae). ee oY ° re of piloes Fao0C= now Stee = aaa areEx a s- Adadl ball loomm indiumder and inibially ak qoot placed in air af sot fad <- Gy Tenperaliize of te atl afte 30 seconds; G0) The ree of coding, fain) after 30Seconds . 5 : - Le sabe ¢ ha 2onfte;k(deat) =4orine; elteaL) = Fe eels cpl stet)= 46° T/bye sdiition g— i 7 2¢- =420 a co 460 Jbg'c ; U-305 Given s R= 22> somm = 0-05" To 2 b ted) =4on/me; eGteat) =7800ky/si; cpéstect) = (©) Temperelaype of ball after so seconds, TE) ? 3 t ciahiz vo 4n® _@ 20.08 2 0. 0l664M dhraredlerishe tegh, Le= go a 2-23 Bict number, B= a = 90%0-01664 . 0.0. 08385 since, Bt is less than o-1, hence lumped capacitance wéthiod Cweutonian heating, oF Cooling) may be applied Jor tu edaficn of-tur problem. The tae verses temperstiire dist ibificm given (ea 4) s- —hés 2 et em eer -_ fr — co Te—Ts - 1 g _ th Us}e [22 Lualeo ool Nout, has .¢ fet : (6 lo. ol 664 ge NCE ~o-ol 2 Mo-%.e 20-44 Foo 30 ° _ac) = Suse or Te) = go pont (429 % eee Po dd the ete} cooking (2 fin) after go seconds t= Gy § ‘ dt ake 6 wired tiws The rele of cooling, means wehave find oak Se ak et our differeitiaking £4003, ¥65*>E hag 0 Now, Gere <2 =e j ee het, AU eV, «Nout, substituling, tue proper udlues inte above-equy pve have 20 1 ' dt eee oe oS a. cae Jno = —3.31xl° (3.31 xs == asast/s 4 dt = (700-82) Av dt. _ b.288xéo= — iacaste fain. or item Example 2) 2- Athin Copper plala. 20m thick is initially Jee) and dir susface (& expesed ts cool tee plate te IC. ab Sot _ one Surferce iS in Coilaek te aif ak 300 wi th water a aot Chu= loo, (ha = aowpee), Déerorine te tine. required Take te following properties of tae GppEr @ = 8800 byw; Cp= doohye aud k= 56°n) ic. Soluhion s- 7 Giveng L= 2omm= 0-02) Tox IS9Cj To= 80S; hor = foo wht ce © 3 ie < . ha 2owje’ 2; Tw= 20C3 C= seooky bit; ep=4oos/by <, k=s6owmait, Air at 30°C 4 4 Hen 20 Wim? "C) 1 SS | hea Water at 30°C. (a, = 100 Wim? "cy Se ge ce ae ——— Time raquircdts Cool te plate, t= 2 —— == 7 fot number eee = Ah) = looxlo-02/2) «200297 ‘ & B60 = As ¢ Lo-L, tu. iufemnal resisanee Can be napleded aud lumped ea pavilance mdbed may be applied for te solition of te problem - S2The baie heat transfer equ Gun be wrifen aS dq -—mep SE = h, As fey) +ha As To-%) = As a + haltt5=Te) where To and Ta are temperctiurescof walter and air respectively aud they arc nk diagging with toc fo -e@ beh &p a he [hur(ioo) + ha 09-7) of = el eptt= whe tha) - (heTo tha Te) . aw ch twas tha) — Cw er Ha Ta) GES. ao Atl Ga ec Ele Whee @ che tha ond Gx Montague 2 oe ee eo Gee eltp f° any at Wepie= -ifs.[5, a) Tw-° ele a oa [hte O1? = — eta o + [kGw- Oly te on xo Cote Re paee ci) q Tey — C q= hur tha = teo+2082 2 C= har ke theta = Loox 30 + 20X30 = 3600 = 62 = 3609 = 80 Caraga ios substituting the broper values ty Eu, weg s3Qa BBEOK-02K40° Iy fse—te ey wr Fines qo—30 120 Two infinite bodies of tupnal Conductivities by and R, thermal difusivifies o anda, are ini Fahy at-tan perebires €) and & respectively Each body has single plane angfoce. andtes-< cuchices ase placed in Coilact with each alr. Delegaine tee @onditions under uhidh tir Contacl surface remit ak aonstané tenperdure te vier | > >e- soliton 2— he. rate of hewk Slow at asuthice (x= 5) ix afven by, _ —RAAE ~ Ynee vest received by each unit area of conlacE sudface From Me body at tin put Tae tan pedir peak test by each unit art of contact sudface b He body t & is, Q=— kal &- 5) {4,0 . ste contact surface will romain a acontint temperdare (f- tb (a-ts) 2 Re a) {rat {14,7 ee ble ts) 2 bls 2) ra 1% of - bate es BIH - aD or te Bia + Rab > Et r &S= —— a phds + Bftye eestor) Hee): (ofa t+ &/1 me) Coividing numerdlor and denowindlar by /'% 2 ) : Highlights Le Condudicn of heat th undady stale refus & tec transient Cond iFions heat Slour and te tempendlia-< didrituifien at any point of ba systin th time. or whyyeln very. Continuorsly wt iy aidh Hee iutemal resi ie surface resistance 1 2. The process tance 1 assumed negligible a Comparison with Cate) ter Newtonian heating of Cooking Pes hh e pores areal cE et So To le Se where C= density, of ; ye vdume of ee body, - Ce= specifre heat of. ty. body, T/ka hee he heaktransfef coefficient ofr suhate, WS fe = Surface area of He body wi say noes 12 2.0 pH St Cy teal ISmula. = ecaht= 3k ee eae eich esiaba = eee 20.0651 B49 Cop F gesoKe. axle XG o83xle By) 3 = 45k BéxFo= enoab 25h x 4SK= (ey By -@lxFo io Weis & “5 oe eo "4 3ASKO h =s4-28 = & 6s— 28 “0ct515 0 agatt = © \ \no.Jo2427* ostsrsh ee “ noge2t = 32:68" eK Te sIS | ! C6} Asteek batt some donde on ixplaced tl calculate. woitiak cate of Cooling of tee ball donoapher’ of 3°C - a! o¢ Juin, if abn ob coolinsy gj lainule - ere Lee ha cp= 2b hy? Or dusk) j hesonfel® egheck cel aor residence - él(} _zaidion 2 riven 2 p-S2 =250m= oo , T, st 2 or = Os Tox 19°55 Toa 80% P e a sb 25.7 oo = F8co kg /M 5 ep= 28) by h= gow/w t= lmm. = 60S. The temperance variation in Hex batt Cwith respect te tine) vga eckiny intemal tema residence, fe_given By 8- = 2 , wl Eine eco a yr 2 os te ae Lofaball= 3 = 3” eect 2 322, oO S ps Be BR ie 4 coe ne esse te 4.2340 bho = 0. Stk ecpt qaoone = 2 pixro= 22> yo.o8t = 001385 za ell, 1355 Toj= 9° Snes a2 ae 2 Goa— 3° 5 > 9-0 BBS 2 Ba BtOe p30 > BEC cake of Cooling = goo 888 = alone : Tein. a [2] Agylindries! ingot loom air iag and 30cm long. passes roi mae treakmnenk Srmase chic 6 6m in lenge . The ingot ose reach afempesclare of afte fumtace ME Jarnace 9S fee See hy hich tu geot. before ik Gomes ou ingot ibaa temperatre aor. whak iS be masini speed wi Fagot choald mvve jy tee Sacer te alain Me required tamperdre PT 9° a 7 he dukive end eanuecive SUIpAce hewk transher coeff foient (5 '° we qa (Haare diffasiil of seeO =L16xle ails - Sy Combined Take k(steet) = 40 Mat on _sdufion 2- aks ZoCm= 0-3 jiTo* asec; T= BoC} eetee deloem = oly ;L= ago passiy ero MOL [Pe 5 Rist) = 40" Urose OF! fummace = oS A Wa loow! Jone 5 aisha) = lex’? wis 62® Vv aL Aarederishé length e= oT & = dt = [rac+aatxa] - at4yad eolXe3 = 0.02148" GXest ake: ere hhe = loo Xo-02!43 _ 9 036 k rs i fs et <0. 1, then falernal ermal resistance of the taget for conduchion heat flow Can be nesleded - cto The time versus temperate relaficn (s_given 4S 8— -BLXFO < -) =-47 = 16x10 C= 202S26C 2 3021437 3 eee. Oe ge eh ee ia. BEX Fo = ©. 0536X 9.025260 = 1.39 4x10 t= 13s -BixXFe == Wak 2 Tote ool 3540 = = Bont? =e eo ySonT _o.oolds4U 0.612l= @ c at —poolssh Ind =I 0-612! qe Webl2l . 36258 Le.colsSt eee Bray of Moot passing, terough He funder, Y= Sumace lenoth eet eee | = o-alésswls Fe] A tin diader old sel sper (k-2awm®) Waxed F2 Cooly Coefficiott b= own’ airflow ot 20% eesulting inter Convective piping tur folowing 2 = : G Time required to Zool te sphere Hom ssoc te eC: ; cat trewsher pata auinules ler ta dart judhercl 15 thee daraceris FeLi ioro2iny, aca eee isa 3 66ro) © ata WL = hyeod 2 leoxe-e? = pass k Rx3 lox 3 As Bi cSo, we Gmuge te lumped capacitance, syste | Thetem perefare. variation ith time issiven by e- esc co To Te i. Bok we ye aX 240 = 225 ecp \200 X 2X10 x (22 —s pixfo= 0-06 F x22 5=! sotS \ SAS Oe ee. 26— 10° _1-SetS ce 7 Tk) = ieee en at. OEE Now lek us pind @ oho te gvendata 18 2 TyeSE) Ter oF aud / ° =62e TW = 875 _exxFo gge-ise a2 B2- 085 = o.oo i Kon oes ii ee eee anata t ele poox2x'842=) . I a 6 sixlot= est2s* BixFo= ° 064 oe. 81 S782 = Bs = poo _.00628U : 0-189S=e \ 5 os stme = el89S > wolsdS = 264AS = 2 Al mindles + _—— ai 0.00628 cer aud 2oowm long ioctabey ook [i Abot Sglinder ingot of Sow diam d dipped th udder tC iS famperdture St Jrom tee furnace alk Boo OM dts air itl ite temperaliy-c JAUs & Io toSoet.. Then, if iS directly expose Find the total tine required for Me ingot te ceach te fem perctare $rom lov. Take tee Sollowing 2 2 Gow fa, T/me Boo to (thermal eonductivils of ingot c.C specific heat of ingot) = 20° 67@® (dere of ingot walertat) = goo f/m huCheak transfer Coe Shi cient in water) = 20° re c Nal heat transfer Coe Si eink tr ait) = aow/mw & Ten puature of air of watiy = 30°C saluttén 2- Ghien = 52 25" = the character she length of acylinder, ete yee aooxo0l25 = oe oA a - oa As @¢ Bless than onl fee internal toprol resisfance Can be nevlede and lumped Capacitance Heaty Gor be used. The total Tare) Can be lalate te toy calealating 2, (tine reqniees in weer and 0, Chime required im aif aud adding wich tat T= TATE LS (@ The temperature varialicy with respect be soaC hee > °-025™) L=2°e00 ool” 0:22S =o. 9012S Bt tia when Cooled ta water egiven by (eb --- [ 4) _eixFe Te ae ty a To Tw Tk a 6° at, = 2-40, SireeeeeS (Oe tee ere Fo= “ecp? : guoy zoo xe-012D a Qtxfo= o 04 164x2-4 Ye o. Wty a Os -2xFo ‘ pe wae ee LO _ ir afl, wee Eg tt (ca aa goo —3°_o-I0y mee pla v y > elt \vo-6) a Sel a aed s Naeree es rae + &) The bem mes variation with reseed totine when Cooled in air 1S atven by 2- (See Jig- dbove.) 6343) eC © 2 WT ee Sod aula ace he _20x0-012S8 = 0.00416F 6° Fo= al -0,-2-402 ece q 2 Bixte > so ATI? 40,=0-0! 8 F Ss SrerclCs. ieomilooate eta — ae seseee Ato —o.ol ls 0. l44= & aralnce Iu 0.149 é tes = Mo-42$ * ©: 0.01 xl 2 Total timelD Bg ier by 2 s ine wen ityn AAad Redae ASSES ame \yoe— ager peas A woes