Exercises used in some proofs in the class

1. Let X be a normed real vector space and A ⊂ X be a convex set containing 0 in its
interior. Define
x
pA (x) = inf{t > 0 | ∈ A}.
t
Show that pA is a Minkowski functional.
2. Let X be a normed real vector space and f : X → R be a nonzero linear functional.
Show that the map f : X → R is open.
3. Let X be a normed real vector space and f : X → R be a linear functional such that
sup f (x) < +∞
x∈U
for some neighbourhood U of 0. Show that f is bounded.
The Hahn–Banach theorem
4. Let p1 , . . . , pn beP
seminorms on a vector space X. Assume f is a linear functional on
X such that |f P (x)| ≤ nk=1 pk (x) for all x ∈ X. Show that there exist linear functionals fk
such that f = nk=1 fk and |fk (x)| ≤ pk (x) for all x ∈ X and k = 1, . . . , n. Hint: consider
the space X n and its subspace consisting of the vectors (x, . . . , x), x ∈ X.
5. Let X be an infinite dimensional normed space.
(i) Construct by induction vectors xn ∈ X and linear functionals fn ∈ X ∗ such that
kxn k = kfn k = fn (xn ) = 1 for all n and fn (xm ) = 0 for all n < m.
(ii) Show that if X is complete, then there exists an injective linear map `∞ → X.
(iii)∗ Show that the vector space `∞ has a continuum of linearly independent vectors.
We thus conclude that any infinite dimensional Banach space has a continuum of linearly
independent vectors.
6. Recall (or prove yourself, or read Theorem 25.17 in [D]) that given a normed space X
and a closed subspace Y ⊂ X, the quotient space X/Y becomes a normed space with the
norm
kx + Y k = inf kx + yk.
y∈Y
(Furthermore, if X is a Banach space, then X/Y is also a Banach space.)
Now, define the annihilator of Y by
Y ⊥ = {f ∈ X ∗ | f = 0 on Y }.
Show that:
(i) Elements of Y ⊥ can be considered as linear functionals on X/Y , and elements of X ∗ /Y ⊥
can be considered as linear functionals on Y .
(ii) The identifications in (i) give the equalities
(X/Y )∗ = Y ⊥ and Y ∗ = X ∗ /Y ⊥
of normed spaces (meaning that we also have equalities of the norms).
7. Recall that c∗0 = `1 and show that any bounded functional on c0 has a unique Hahn-
Banach extension to `∞ (that is, an extension which preserves the norm of the functional).
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The Baire category theorem

8. Show that the subset D ⊂ C[a, b] of functions differentiable at at least one point is of
the first category, that is, it is a countable union of nowhere dense sets. Hint: observe that
D ⊂ ∪n Dn , where
Dn = {f : |f (x) − f (x0 )| ≤ n|x − x0 | for some x0 and all x}.
Conclude that the continuous functions that are not differentiable at any point are dense in
C[a, b].
9∗ . Let X and Y be complete metric spaces and f : X × Y → C be a function that is
continuous in each variable. Show that there exists a point of continuity for f . Conclude that
the set of points of continuity is dense in X × Y .
The open mapping theorem
10. Let X and Y be Banach spaces and T : X → Y be a bounded linear map. Show that:
(i) The map T induces an injective linear map T̄ : X/ ker T → Y , and kT̄ k = kT k.
(ii) The map T̄ defines an isomorphism X/ ker T ∼ = im T of normed spaces if and only if
the subspace im T ⊂ Y is closed.
11. Let X be a Banach space. A subspace Y ⊂ X is called complemented if there exists a
closed subspace Z ⊂ X such that X is the direct sum of Y and Z in the usual linear algebraic
sense (in other words, Y + Z = X and Y ∩ Z = 0), and then Z is called complementary to Y .
(i) If Y and Z are complementary closed subspaces, show that there is C > 0 such kyk +
kzk ≤ Cky + zk for all y ∈ Y and z ∈ Z. It follows that the projection P : X → Y of X onto
Y along Z (that is, P (y + z) = y) is a bounded linear operator.
(ii) Conversely, if there is a bounded projection P : X → Y (that is, P is a bounded
surjective linear operator and P y = y for y ∈ Y ), then ker P and Y are complementary to
each other.
The uniform boundedness principle
12. Assume X and Y are Banach spaces and T : X → Y is a linear operator such that
f ◦ T ∈ X ∗ for every f ∈ Y ∗ . Show that T is bounded.
13. Assume X and Y are Banach spaces and {Tn }n is a sequence of bounded linear operators
X → Y such that the limit T x = limn Tn x ∈ Y exists for every x ∈ X. Show that T : X → Y
is a bounded linear operator.
14. Show by induction on n that if B : X1 × · · · × Xn → Y is a map of Banach spaces that
is continuous and linear in each variable, then there exists C > 0 such that
kB(x1 , . . . , xn )k ≤ Ckx1 k . . . kxn k
for all x1 ∈ X1 ,..., xn ∈ Xn . (The case n = 2 was done in the class.)