Thailand - Pak Mun Dam - Experimental Dam Opening

Author: Amanda Suutari

Posted: May 2005

This case is a good illustration of a system crossing thresholds into new stability domains, both when a
dam is built and when it is removed. While dams are being decommissioned increasingly in the US,
experimentally reopening gates of a controversial dam in a developing country - -and studying what
happens - - is less common.

The Pak Mun Dam (PMD) was completed in 1994 by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand and
funded by the World Bank, despite opposition by 6,000 families who were displaced by the project as
well as efforts by local and foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the International
Rivers Network.

Yielding somewhat to 10 years of resistance by villagers, the government opened the gates for 1 year
and commissioned Ubon Ratchathani University to study the effects of the opening of the dam. The
study found numerous things, including:

Some 152 species of fish returned to the Mun River, 134 of which are migratory (who travel from the
Mekong to live, feed and spawn), including the appearance of the endangered Mekong Giant Catfish.

Of the 74 types of fishing gear normally used, 22 types had been made obsolete by the dam; after the
gates' opening, fishers began using these obsolete types again (fishing gear is directly related to status,
dignity and cultural pride for fisherfolk).

Villagers reported being better fed.

Vegetation along the Mun River began to recover, much of which was used for food, herbs, fish food,
gear, rope, timber, household appliances and ceremonies.

Land was being used for riverside gardens again.

The number of inter-village conflicts decreased.

Household incomes went up. In 1990, 32.7% of residents in the target area were below the poverty line;
this figure went up to 62.5% in 2000, and fell to 57.6% in 2001.

However, the Thai government has since ignored the urging of NGOs and villagers to keep the gates open
and decided to close them, and said they will continue to do so for 8 months a year.
Philippines - Marikina City - Urban Revival

Author: Amanda Suutari

Posted: May 2005

Since 1787, "Mariquina," as it was known before the entry of the US, located in metropolitan Manila, is a
2,150-hectare area bordered by mountain ranges and a river. Known for its large shoe industry, this
otherwise faceless town had been a dirty city with haphazard shantytowns lining a blackened, polluted
river, with no proper garbage disposal, and whose apathetic population was jaded by years of neglect by
authorities.

This situation began to change when incoming mayor Marides Fernando came in with a vision to revamp
the city in the model of Singapore, which has been praised for its efficient services, clean air and water,
and civic responsibility. Fernando believed in the "Broken Window Pane" theory, which describes how
citizens will become alienated from dilapidated surroundings, losing their motivation to maintain them
(and the corollary that a new sense of cooperation will develop if there is a concentrated effort to
rehabilitate them).

A Marikina City Development Authority (MCDA) was created to come up with a master plan which
ranged from services to infrastructure to environment and legislation. The initiatives include:

A riverside development plan, with a river cleanup program, public education about protecting the river,
and the creation of pathways, parks and other public places. This made the riverside safer and cleaner,
which encouraged people to spend leisure time there. There was also an economic development
strategy with the creation of a commercial area near the river, with bars, restaurants, and stores. Cultural
and historic heritage were also promoted with the preservation of a historic shrine, and a shoe museum.
Ample space has been provided for parks, playgrounds, and promenades.

A settlement office was set up to provide adequate shelter for shanty dwellers. Those living in slums by
the river were relocated to a model resettlement area. The city's ultimate goal is to have a squatter-free
city. One way to do this was under the Community Mortgage Program, which helps residents to own the
lots that they occupy.

Strict zoning regulations were enforced, which complemented the relocation of shanty dwellers. The
zoning also was aimed at illegal vendors who were seen as obstructions on pedestrian areas. At the same
time, a public market was set up, and its safety standards are being regularly tested.

A waste management program was set up, with a materials recovery facility, garbage collection services,
and enforceable anti-littering laws.

Education program and supplies fee coverage for eligible elementary and high school students.
A program to encourage payment of taxes by offering discounts on government services for those who
fully pay their taxes. The MCDA's master plan, modeled on Singapore, may seem somewhat top-down
and draconian, and the effects of its policies on relocated shanty dwellers and "illegal street vendors"
bears more investigation. Nevertheless, its vision stressed that proper services and enhanced quality of
life was possible as long as citizens cooperated and acted responsibly as well. The city has won multiple
awards, and is attracting attention from other municipalities interested in taking similar approaches in
other cities, which has contributed to a strong sense of pride of Marikina natives.
Indonesia - Bunaken National Park - Coastal Resource Management

Author: Amanda Suutari

Posted: May 2005

The site is Bunaken National Park, a series of Islands in Northern Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This
coastal resource management is based on models of mangrove community resource centers in Sri Lanka.
With degradation of the mangrove forest in the national park, Yayasan Kelola (a local NGO) and the
Mangrove Action Programme joined forces to establish the CCRC (Coastal Communities Resource
Center). This is intended as a space for coastal resources protection practitioners to gather for workshops
and seminars to promote appropriate technologies and livelihood alternatives for coastal communities,
with showcases on the following:

Improved fuel-efficient cookstoves (relying on charcoal from coconut shells, which coconut farmers tend
to throw away as waste instead of a resource), which have been found to save 10% of a fishing family's
monthly income that would be normally spent on fuel needs.

Eco-bamboo treatment facility - -this was designed to provide sustainable alternatives and supplements
to fishers' and farmers' income. Bamboo grows fast and so is easily renewable, and use of this in place of
mangroves relieves pressure on mangroves and rainforest. The bamboo is treated by environmentally-
benign borax and boric acid which keeps it insect - and rot-resistant. The bamboo has been used in
construction of the CCRC and orders are being placed for it already.

Wastewater Gardens - -this is a variation on the theme of phytoremediation (water purification using
plants).

A permaculture demonstration.

A showcase of other local materials such as the nyapah palm used for thatch.

The project is in the first phase of a two-phase plan to rehabilitate a disused shrimp pond beside CCRC,
by organizing planting by villagers and elementary schoolchildren (the remaining 10 hectares had been
unsuccessfully planted three times by local government and forestry department).

Services/benefits recovered: income and economic incentive to preserve a resource, food, fuel, waste
treatment, storm protection, water regulation, knowledge systems, education, values, sense of place,
ecotourism

It should be noted that this is still a pilot project in the early stages, so the benefits are mostly
"potential," although probably more developments have taken place since the last published report.