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120 150 > 120 a
the web 49 slender.
since @ > 62 180 > 63 table 7
tthe web mist be checked for shear buckling as given in 4.4.4.2. Note 2
Dimensions of webs and flanges 4.4.2
Assuming stiftener spacing a > d 4.4.2.2
“o FL seth) 4.4.2.2(b)
tz hy 255 * 250 or) o
4
Since t > 28 B>78
web is O.K. for serviceability.
Assuming stiffener spacing a > 1.54 44.2.2
a & a Pt, . 265
tad Gf) oy GE) = 7.0228 6.0m 4.42.30)
Since t > 38, Gxt 13>6.
250 ‘Sas ) 0
the web is 0.K. to avoid flange buckling into the web.
a3Note: For hybrid girders, ie. those using higher grade steel for the flanges
than for the web, due account should be taken of the variation in design
strength between the components parts.
In this example Pyg 7 265 Nh
and py 7 275 Wee
For sections with slender webs (d/t 2 120e) or thin webs (d/t 2 638) and
provided the flanges are not slender three methods of design are given.
Method (a) will be used in this example.
‘The morent is assured to be resisted by the flanges alone and the wab designed
for shear only.
‘the web
= 265 Neat
1990 mm
rae
"
700 x 40 = 28000 mm
xT -«
M, = 265 x 28000 x 1990 x 10
4766 kaka
Maximum design morent M = Mg, M = 14028 atm
Since M a2 3000 > 2758
70 ae 0.75 x 2950 x 13"
321 x 10° met
For a < a2 2500 < 2758
= 15.x1950" x 13°
2500"
391 x 20° mm
‘Tey intermediate stiffeners 2 flats 100 mm x 13 mm
13x13"
nye
1047 10° am
on te wisn,
r *
Sh aN
446
4.4.6.4
44.604
4.5.1.2Buckling check on intemediate stiffener at C
Design force on the stiffener
F7V-V,
vo = 1680 Kv
V, is the sraller value of V,, for panel BC or @.
Vy, for panel @ will be the staller because a/d is the greater.
Voge * Gop
& eae 000 ee
FOr panel @ a = 200 -154
a
aa $= 150
= 275 N/a
og = 98.2 Nom
Vog = 88.2 x 1950 x 13 x 107
1475 kN
1475 ev
= 1680 - 1475 = 205 KN
Buckling resistance of the intermediate stiffener at C is P,
—————E—E —E———_———_—E CN
B23 , 520213 _ 13
- arc
_ 12
1086 x 10° mt
A = 200 x13 + 520 x13
9360 mm
: 1056 x 10"
¥
%
Sa = 33.6 mm
tg = 0.7 x 1950 = 1365 mm
= 3365
33.6
st hae
610
“2
aug
44.6.6
4.4.5.3
Table 2b
45.1.5For p, = 255 Nim, X= 40.6
B= 221 Nit
Pym PA Py 7 221 x $360 x 10"? = 2069 KN
shove Fy < Py 208 < 2069
intermediate stiffener at C is 0.K.
Note: In most cases a naminal stiffener will be 0,K. for intermediate
stiffeners without external loads
INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER AT C, D & F:
ADOPT 2 FLATS 100 mm x 13 nm GRADE 43 STEEL
stiffener at &
Intermediate stiffener subject to external load
For panel DE
275 N/a
55.2 N/m
55.1 x 1950 x 13 x 10”
1397 kN
Fy = 1082 = 1397
Fa $s negative
ie. no tension field action
-F=0
= 0
Fy, = 760 kav
Buckling resistance of load carrying stiffener at E, P,
‘Try intemediate stiffeners 2 flats 100 mn x 13 mm.
pene am
Because Ly = 0.7 L (flange assumed restrained against rotation in the plane of
the stiffener)
P,, = Pj as calculated for stiffener at C
Since Fy < Py 760 < 2069
stiffener at B is 0.K. for buckling.
2069 Yat
Minimum stiffness check is 0.K. as calculated for stiffener at C
STIFFENER AT E: ADOPT 2 FLATS 100 mm x 13 mm GRADE 43 STEEL
ant
Table 27c
4.4.6.6
Table 2ib
4.4.6.5Web check between stiffeners
Where load is applied between the stiffeners the web should be additionally
checked.
Compressive stress on the compression edge, fy, of the web should not exceed
the compressive strength for edye loading, Pys-
fog § Pog
Since the U.D.L. is the same throughout, check the largest panel only.
<2 N/a
2B
fea"
When the compression flange is restrained against rotation relative to the
vae[ 205+] <9
ct 1,79 150
Bag 28-7 Nm
Since ag < Pog aa < 30.
the web is 0.8 for all panels.
Not
(1) Size of intemediate stiffeners can be reduced but practical,
stiffener sizes have been adopted.
2) Intermediate stiffener at F could be left out.
(3) Other positions of stiffeners are possible.
FINAL GIFDER
ALL GUDE 43 STEEL
Aen sets
; ;
| | |
wos son | wo en
sino -
~®
|
=
3
Fig. 6.8
tt
ene
4.8.2.2Example 7 Column with both ends pinned
Design the colum shown in Figure 7.1 in Grade 43 steel.
Te is pin ended about both x-x and y-y axes and the load given is the factored
axdal load.
Design of compression members.
Design axial compressive load F F = 2500 kv
Béfective length 1, = L about beth axes Tg = 6000 mm
Rey 856 2 360 x OU = PL, = 3100 HN)
Width Bo = 368.3 mm
Depth between fillets = 290.2 mm
Flange thickness T =17.5 am
Web thickness to 10.7 1m
Radius of gyration re = 15.6.am
Radius of gyration By 79.39 an
‘Area of section A = 165 ow
Section classification
Here it is sufficient to show that the section is not slender.
For T2175 mm
Py = 265 Nia
%
| zs | *.
« -[w]*-
Bo.
2 10.5
Semi-conpact Limiting value of b/T
for outstand of a rolled section
is Ise, ie = 15 x 1.02 = 15.3
ao.
¢ 27
7H
a7
4.7.20)
‘Table 24
[86]
(32,33)
Table 6
Table 7
Note 3
Table 7
(32)Seni-conpact Limiting value of d/t
for web subject to compression
throughout for a rolled section
is 39e
Since b/'t < 1Se and d/t < 39
Compressive strength Pp,
39e = 39 x 1,02 = 39.8
10.5 < 15.3 and 27.1 < 39.8
$000 ao
x10? = 63.9 < 180
‘The relevant strut curve is first determined
For buckling about x-x axis, use strut curve 27(b) and
For buckling about y-y axis, use strut curve 27(c) with
eclmauiec
Since F Ay buckling about y-y axis governs due to a lower strut
carve 2110).
pe 7 220 Nit
RP, = 114% 220x10' = 2508 kN
since F 2, the section should he taten 28 having compression
Uroughout. nce, Sf alt < 3%, there Le no need to detemise & ond the
section can bo clastfied ao capact.
3 = 39x1 = 39
Since b/T < 9.5e and d/t < 3% 1.23 < 9.8 and 17.3 < 39
the section is compact.
Colums in sinple construction
Since only nominal moments are applied, the colum should satisfy the
relationship
Jn calculating Mj, the equivalent slendemass {a taken a5 Iya = 0.8 U/sy. In
milti-storey colums which aze effectively continous at their splices! the
‘Ret monent applied on any one level should be divided between the colism
Jengths above and below that level in proportion to the stiffness 1/t of each
ength, except that when the ratio of the stiftnesses does not exceed 1.5, the
manent may be divided equally,
Peplied axial load, FL = 27246320 = 1100 ew
93
Table 6
Table 7
Note 3
Table 7
Table 7
Note 1
477
477To calculate Pp.
Since T= 14.2 nm < 16 mm Py = 275 Nit
Assuming that the main beam and the secondary beams are not required to
carry more than 908 of their reduced mement capacity, then at level (2)
dixectional restraint is provided to the colum for buckling about both axes;
hence the effective lengths are:
Tex Igy = 0-85 be Igy * Igy = 0.85 x 3000 = 2550 mm
ee
ny, = $8 x 10 = 20.5 < 180
2550 ag?
dy = Bx? = 49.1 < 100
For yg = 28-5, Poy = 263 Nine?
For Ay = 49.1) Poy = 222 N/mm
Pe = 222 Nina
Ay Po 7 75.8 x 222 x 10' = 1683 ia
To calculate M,.
Total monent at level (2) fron
main bean M, = Re,
eg25
then the ment at level 2 should be divided in proportion to the stittness
T/L of each Length.
L
My, 7M EFT, Mo 7 Ste
49 owe
000
Me 7 74x 30pp 7 25 ken
My, = 49 kein
914
Table 6
4.7.21)
Table 24
4.7.3.2
4.7.3.2
Table 27
Table 27¢
(87)
4.7.6(a)
@
4.7.7ne 0"* = 28.9
For py = 275 N/smi and Ay = 28.9
By = 25 Nia!
4, = 652 x 275 x 10°
= 279 iamn
Ma 7 279-Hatn
ce oO
y
qog , a9 -
Tees +79 +0 = 0.66 40.27 = 0.93 <2
ADOPT FOR COKMN (1)-(2) 203 x 203 x 60 UC GRADE 43 SmmEL
Consider colum (2)-(3)
‘ey 203 x 203 x 60 0
Section classification
Section is the same as for colum (1)-(2) and is therefore compact.
Overall buckling check
Fe Me
Re oe tek <1
Applied axial load, Fy = 118 + 192 = 310
To calculate p,
Py = 275 N/m
Effective length
At level (3) the main beam provides directional restraint for buckling about
the x-x axis but the secondary beams do not. do so for buckling about the y-y
axis. Hence
0.70 = 0.70 x 6000
lax te Hex
Ygy = 0.051, Ty 7 0.85 x 6000
4200 sa
5100 mm
Mc Bog ¥ 10 = 46.9 < 180
$100 ig? cog gc
a, = BMG x10? = 99.3 < 100
Ford, = 46.9, pi = 240 N/m
Fork, = 98.3, poy = 128 N/mm
Re = 128 Nit OY
78.8 x 128 x 10> = 970 iav
&
&
'
95
Table 11
4.3.7.3
[ive]
47.7
ant
4.7.21)
Table 24
‘Table 24
4.7.3.2
4.7.3.2
Table 27>
Table 27¢
Ce7]‘To calculate My
‘Total moment at level (3) from
main beam M, = Re,
> 202.5 + 100 =
B+ 100 e, = 2026 + 100 = 205 am
My = 162 205 x 107 = 33 1am
Ko Mo 33 em
M725 Rie
M, = 33 kin
To calculate Mag
oem nce _
+ dag = 25 G00 10"? = 51.8
For py = 275 Wn! and Ayg = 57.8
Pp = 218 Nit
My" Se Pb My = 652 2218 x10? = 142 Jan
My © 102 wn
ave
Bee ee BY eB concer 023-0851
Hence section 0.*.
Note: Tt is possible to reduce the size of length (2)-(3) but the same
section would be used throughout to avoid any colum splice.
ADOPT FOR COUN (2)~(3) 203 x 203 x 60 UC GRADE 43 STREL
Table 11
(are) =
Pys Fys
‘Tey stiffener 2 flats 200 mx 16mm A =
Allow 12 mm cope for web/flange weld,
Gheck stiffener for buckling
75.3 < 98.8
73.3 = 65.2 _
BBB = 65.2 ~ 0-90
0.30 x 4066 = 1220 kav
2220
2
610 ev
610 < 643.5
1220 x 1950 3
ABT E1980 19)
238 kat
cue to bearing,
1910 ki (conpressive)
0.8 x 1910 49. 2
SE x 10° = 5956 mm
2 x 188 x 16 = 6016 ant
The effective section of the stiffener, as shown in Fig. 6.5, is in accordance
with the code.
i
ome
—-
4.4.5.4.4
4.5.4.2
45.4.2
45.14
4.5.1.5iz
Ay = effective area of stiffener Ay = 6400 + 520 x 13 = 19160 mm
i. sy %
[ 402 x 10
ry 7 [Waser | 7 845 em
Flange restrained against rotation in the plane of the stiffener
I 0.7L “ Ig 7 0.7 x 1950 = 1365 nm
Te _ 1365.
a = m3" 16.2
‘The stiffeners are compression menbers fabricated fram plate by welding.
When determining the value of p, the design strength should be reduced by
20 N/mm because the stiffener is attached to a welded section.
For design strength of 275 N/mm use 255 N/mm when using Table 27.
For py = 255 Nami, 2 = 16.2
By = 255 Wim
4 Buckling resistance of the stiffener
P= Po Ap Py = 255 x 13160 x 10” = 3956 HN
Since F,