 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

123



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
252
  252  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬???EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        
  252  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  252  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Engineering Materials and their Properties
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

-1-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:1.1
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫™ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

W‫א‬‫א‬‫™ א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.1
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-2-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬1.1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.1
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
-3-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WElasticity‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPlasticity‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K ‫א‬?

‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WDuctility‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WBrittleness‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WMalleability‫ א‬K5
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬WStrength‫ א‬K6
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-4-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WStiffnessE‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬K7
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WToughness‫ א‬K8
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WResilience‫ א‬K9
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WHardness‫ א‬K10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:4.1
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬WDestructive Testing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫™ א‬
WKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Tension test‫א‬‫ א‬9
Compression test‫א‬‫ א‬9
Hardness test‫א‬‫ א‬9
Impact test‫א‬‫ א‬9
KKK‫א‬Torsion test‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

-5-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬WNondestructive Testing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫™ א‬

W‫א‬
Visual inspection ‫א‬‫ א‬9
Liquid penetrant inspection ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
Leak test ‫א‬‫ א‬9
Magnetic particles test ‫א‬‫ א‬9
Radiographic test ‫א‬‫ א‬9
Ultrasonic test‫א‬‫ א‬9
Eddy current test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:5.1
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
 

-6-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬:6.1
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:1.6.1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:2.6.1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
The American Society for Testing and Materials: A.S.T.M. ‫ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻮاد‬9

British Standards Society: B.S.S. ‫ هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬9

Deutsches Institut für Normung: D.I.N. ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬9

..‫ق‬.‫ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ م‬9

‫א‬EInternational Standards Organization ) I.S.O. ‫و ﺗﻘ ﻮم اﻟﻬﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺎت‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-7-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬:7.1
 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1960‫א‬‫א‬( SI )‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3.1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ( SI )‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
m   ( L )‫א‬
Kg ‫א‬  ( m )‫א‬
s   ( t )‫א‬
K    ( T )‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.1
 
 ( SI )‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  m2   ( A )‫א‬
m3    ( V )‫א‬
m/s   ( s )‫א‬‫א‬
 rad/s    ( ω )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m/s2   ( γ )‫א‬‫א‬
 rad/s2   ( θF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N    ( F )‫א‬
2
 N/m = Pa   ( P )‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.1

-8-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬11.1‫א‬1.1‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

W‫א‬،Elasticity‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

W‫א‬،Ductility‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

W‫א‬،Stiffness‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

-9-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WCompression Test‫א‬Tension Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5.1‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 WHardness Test‫א‬‫א‬W6.1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 WMagnetic Particle Test‫א‬‫א‬W7.1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 WUltrasonic Test‫א‬‫א‬W8.1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 

- 10 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9.1‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 Elasticity‫א‬–
 Plasticity‫א‬–
 Ductility‫א‬–
 Brittleness‫א‬–

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W10.1‫א‬
 Elasticity‫א‬–
 Plasticity‫א‬–
 Ductility‫א‬–
 Brittleness‫א‬–

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W11.1‫א‬
 Elasticity‫א‬–
 Plasticity‫א‬–
 Ductility‫א‬–
 Brittleness‫א‬–
 
17.000 cm‫א‬5 cm‫א‬‫א‬ W12.1‫א‬
 W‫א‬K16.981 cm‫א‬EF15 T
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫ א‬K4
Young's ModulusE K5
 
 
- 11 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

2
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Tensile Test
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E،F‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KKK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K6
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- 12 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ Tensile test ‫א‬‫א‬W:1.2

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:2.2
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W1.2
 
   ‫א‬ ( Universal Machine Testing ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K( loading ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ( balancing )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.2 
 
 
- 13 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬:3.2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2.2K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

 
 K‫א‬W2.2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 14 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬:4.2
 
‫א‬،
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
KFN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KσN/m2
 W‫א‬K3.2
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W3.2
 
 ‫א‬( F )‫א‬‫א‬( σF‫א‬W:1.4.2
 K( Ao )‫א‬
F
 σ = E 1.2F
Ao
 
 [N/m2][Pa]،‫א‬Wσ
 [N]،‫א‬WF
 [m2]،‫א‬‫א‬WAo
- 15 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W1.2
Km = 350 Kga = 2.5 cm‫א‬‫א‬
 KPa‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Ao = a2 = (2.5 × 10-2)2 = 6.25 × 10-4 m2 = 0.000625 m2
 
 WF‫א‬، g ≈ 10 m/s2‫א‬‫א‬
 F = m × g = 350 × 10 = 3500 N
 W‫א‬
F 3500
 σ = = = × = ×
5 2 5
56 10 N / m 56 10 Pa
Ao 6.25 × 10 -4

 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬( F )‫א‬‫א‬WEσF‫א‬‫א‬:2.4.2
WE 1.2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( Ao )‫א‬
 
F
σ= E 1.2F
Ao

 ( F )‫א‬‫א‬WEσtrF‫א‬‫א‬:3.4.2

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( Ai )‫א‬‫א‬
 
F
  σtr = E 2.2F
Ai
- 16 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬:5.2
 
‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K∆L mm‫א‬
 mmLmm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬e%‫א‬
 
E∆LFE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Ee F‫א‬W:1.5.2
 ELoF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆L
 e = E 3.2F
Lo
 
 K% [] [ mm/mm]،‫א‬We
 [mm]E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W∆L
 K[mm]،‫א‬‫א‬WLo
 K[mm]،‫א‬‫א‬WLf
 
 W Lo‫א‬‫א‬Lf‫א‬‫א‬∆L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ∆L = L f − L 0 E 4.2F
 
 W2.2
 Lo = 160 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K∆L = 50 mm
 W‫א‬
∆L 50
 e = = = 0.3125 = 0.3152 × 100 % = 31.25%
Lo 160
- 17 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬،
 
E∆LFE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬WEe F‫א‬‫א‬:2.5.2
WELoF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆L
 e = E 3.2F
Lo

‫א‬ELfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEε F‫א‬‫א‬:3.5.2
 WELoF‫א‬

⎛L ⎞
ε = ln⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟ E 5.2F
⎝ L0 ⎠
 
 WE 4.2FE 3.2F‫א‬
 
∆L Lf − Lo Lf
e= = = − 1 E 6.2F
Lo Lo Lo
 
Lf
  = e + 1 E 7.2F
L0
 
⎛L ⎞
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ε = ln⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟ (5.2)‫א‬‫א‬
⎝ L0 ⎠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ε = ln(e + 1) E 8.2F
 
 
- 18 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W3.2
 WK102 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 mm‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬E
 
 W‫א‬
L f = 102 mm L 0 = 100 mm
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
 WE 3.2F‫א‬
∆L L f − L 0 102 − 100  
e= = = = 0.02
L0 L0 100  

W‫א‬‫א‬E
 WE 5.2F‫א‬
 
⎛L ⎞ ⎛ 102 ⎞
ε = ln ⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟ = ln ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0198  
L
⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
 
 W0.02EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 8.2F‫א‬
 
  ε = ln(e + 1) = ln(0.02 + 1) = 0.0198
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE 2.2F‫א‬Homogenous deformation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F A0
σ tr = ×
Ai A0

- 19 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

A0
  σ tr = σ × E 9.2F
Ai
 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
V0 = Vf E 10.2F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  A0 × L0 = Af × Lf E 11.2F
  
A0 Lf
  = E 12.2F
Af L0
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬(12.2)(9.2)‫א‬
 
⎛L ⎞
  σ tr = σ × ⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟ E 13.2F
⎝ L0 ⎠
 
 W(7.2)‫א‬‫א‬
 
  σ tr = σ(e + 1) E 14.2F
 
 WYoung's ModulusE:6.2
 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPaEPa‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
- 20 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

σ
 E = E 15.2F
e
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:7.2
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
E–4.2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K1
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E–4.2F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W  K2

،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W  K3
   ‫א‬E–4.2FK ‫א‬
 K‫א‬WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
( Super Elastic )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100%‫א‬‫א‬

 K–4.2

- 21 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.2
 KWEF،‫א‬‫א‬WEF،WEF،WEF
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:8.2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ،‫א‬ J5،‫א‬ J4،‫א‬ J3،‫א‬ J2،‫א‬ J1
‫א‬ J10‫א‬ J9،‫א‬ J8،‫א‬‫א‬ J7،‫א‬ J6

- 22 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 5.2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5.2
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6.2
 
 W6.25.2‫א‬‫א‬

- 23 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:1.8.2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬( O )‫א‬WHook's lawProportional Limit‫א‬ K1

‫א‬E F‫א‬ ‫א‬( A )
‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
σ
σ = E × e E16.2F E = E 15.2F
e
 
 [N/m2][Pa]،‫א‬Wσ
 []،‫א‬We
 [N/m2][Pa]،Young's Modulus‫א‬WE
 
‫א‬( A )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬σP‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
σP
 E = E 17.2F
eP
 
‫א‬    ( Stiffness )  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬ F  ‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬ F K7.2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 24 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W7.2
 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬KEF–8.2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EInitial tangent modulusF‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KEF–8.2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 25 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8.2
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K9.2
 

- 26 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9.2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WElastic Limit‫א‬ K2
( B ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KσE

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WYield Stress ‫א‬ K3

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 27 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

( C )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K4
KσY

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WProof Stress‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K0.2 %‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬0.5 % 0.1 %‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬=‫א‬

Fproof
  σproof = E 18.2F
Ao
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10.2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Kσproof

- 28 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬W10.2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.8.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬WUltimate Tensile StrengthE‫א‬‫א‬F K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( D )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KσUTS
F max
  σUTS = E 19.2F
A0
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σUTS
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( D )‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 29 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬WFracture Strength‫א‬ K2
 KσF ( E )‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫ א‬K3
W( % El )‫א‬‫א‬
 
∆L Lf − L0
  % El = × 100 = × 100 = Maximum strain × 100 E 20.2F
L0 L0

 ‫א‬‫א‬WL0 
‫א‬‫א‬WLf 

 W( % RA )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

∆A Af − A 0
% RA = × 100 = × 100 E 21.2F
A0 A0
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA0 
‫א‬‫א‬WAf 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.8.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE6.2‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WEF)–11.2‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF–11.2‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 30 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF–11.2‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

   
 EFEFEF
WEF،‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W11.2
 K‫א‬WEF،‫א‬ J‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:9.2
 
 WResilience‫א‬:1.9.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEr‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1/2=‫א‬
 
1
  Er = × FP × ∆LP E 22.2F
2
 

- 31 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ur‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
1 ∆LP 1 FP ∆LP 1
  Ur = × FP × = × × = × σP × eP
2 A 0 × L0 2 A 0 L0 2
 
1
  Ur = × σP × eP E 23.2F
2
 
‫א‬12.2E‫א‬×‫א‬F1/2‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬W12.2
 
σP σP
 E = ⇒ eP = WE 17.2F‫א‬
eP E
 
 σP‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E 23.2F
 

- 32 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

1 σP 1 σP 2
  Ur = × σP × = × E 24.2F
2 E 2 E
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Hyper-elastic resilience F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Recoverable energy F    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬13.2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W13.2
 K‫א‬

- 33 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WToughness‫א‬:2.9.2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
    K  ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ T‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .14.2
 K‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬W14.2
 
14.2K  W
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬15.2K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- 34 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
F‫א‬WEFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W15.2
WEF،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬WEF،E‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬WEF،EF‫א‬
 
- 35 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬×E‫א‬‫א‬+‫א‬F1/2=‫א‬E 25.2F
 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=T‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬L[‫א‬‫א‬×E‫א‬‫א‬+‫א‬F1/2]=T‫א‬E 26.2F

 WHysteresis‫א‬:3.9.2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EF–16.2
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF–16.2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  
 EFEF
- 36 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KEFEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W16.2
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:10.2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K1
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

- 37 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W  K3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K18.217.2‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W17.2
 KEFEFEF
 

- 38 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W18.2
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:11.2
 
W‫א‬‫א‬:1.11.2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 K19.2

- 39 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W19.2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
E‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K20.2‫א‬

 

- 40 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W20.2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:2.11.2
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬21.2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 41 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W21.2

- 42 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K2
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

W
‫א‬ 9
‫א‬ 9
‫א‬ 9
‫ א‬9

 W
‫ א‬9
‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K22.2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬
 K200 GPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

- 43 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W22.2

- 44 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬E F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬9

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬1.2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 45 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬   ‫א‬    

% El E‫א‬  ‫א‬ (0.02%) σY  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
L0 = σproof
 x103  σ B
50 mm 2
[Kg/mm2] [Kg/mm2]  [Kg/mm ]
37 21 40  30    

30 21 52 35   ‫א‬

20 20 55 35   

34 20 83 51 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

12 20 152 97  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

30 19 35 21 ‫א‬  

0.50 11 18     ‫א‬

16 7 17 15 ‫א‬  

35 33 66 57    

5 11 34  33 ‫א‬  

60  11 22 69    

50 9 34 15   

28 15 38 14   

45 76 13 8    

30 11 24 33    

40 21 14 21    

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.2

- 46 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K51.7 mm‫א‬50 mm‫א‬‫א‬W1.2
 W‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J1
K‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 
 W‫א‬
 We‫א‬‫א‬،E 3.2F‫א‬ J1
 Lo = 50.0 mm Lf = 51.7 mm
 
∆L Lf − Lo 51.7 − 50.0
 e = = = = 0.034 = 3.4%
Lo Lo 50.0
 
 Wε‫א‬‫א‬،E 5.2F‫א‬ J2
⎛ Lf ⎞ ⎛ 51.7 ⎞
  ε = ln⎜ ⎟ = ln⎜ ⎟ = 0.0334 = 3.34%
⎝ L0 ⎠ ⎝ 50.0 ⎠
 
 WE 8.2F‫א‬
  ε = ln(e + 1) = ln(0.034 + 1) = 0.0334 = 3.34%
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.2
T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDo = 20 mm‫א‬Lo = 100 mm
 Wmm‫א‬‫א‬
 
10.0 11.5 12.5 12.0 11.0 8.5 7.5 7.5 3.75 TEF‫א‬
32 29 24 18 12 4.0 1.4 0.12 0.06 mmEF‫א‬

- 47 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬  J

‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬  J
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 WAo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
π × D 2 π × 20 2
  A0 = = = 314 mm 2
4 4
- 48 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WσY‫א‬،E 1.2F‫א‬  J

F 7500
  σY = = = 23.95 Kg / mm 2
Ao 314
 
W σUTS‫א‬،E 19.2F‫א‬  J

Fmax 12500
σUTS = = = 39.90 Kg / mm 2
Ao 314
 
We %‫א‬‫ א‬ J

32
e%= × 100 = 32 %
100
WE‫א‬،E 15.2F‫א‬  J

σP
 E = ‫א‬E =‫א‬L‫א‬E‫א‬F
eP
 
3750 0.06
  σP = = 11.94 Kg / mm 2  eP = = 0.0006 
314 100
 
11.94
 E = = 19900 Kg / mm 2 
0.0006

1
Ur = × σP × eP WUr‫א‬،E 23.2F‫א‬  J
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬eP‫א‬σP
 
1 1 7500 0.12
  Ur = × σP × eP = × × = 0.0143 Kg.mm / mm 3 = 143 × 10 -6 J / mm 3
2 2 314 100

،E 26.2F‫א‬  J
‫א‬L[‫א‬‫א‬×E‫א‬‫א‬+‫א‬F1/2]=WT‫א‬
 
- 49 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

1
× ( 7500 + 12500 ) × 32
 T = 2 = 10.1911 Kg.mm / mm3 = 101911 × 10-6 J / mm 3
314 x 100
 
K5 cm
 ‫א‬1 cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.2
‫א‬mm‫א‬‫א‬Kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
1150 1100 1000 900 800 600 400 200 0  KgEF‫א‬
0.270 0.160 0.105 0.083 0.072 0.054 0.036 0.018 0.000 mmEF‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.2%  J
‫א‬  J

‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 
- 50 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 ∆Lproof = 0.2 % × Lo = (0.2 / 100 ) × 50 = 0.1 mm 

 
 Fproof = 1130 Kg W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Wσproof‫א‬
 WA0‫א‬‫א‬
π × 10 2
  A0 = = 78.5 mm 2
4
 
Fproof 1130
σproof = = = 14.8 Kg / mm 2
Ao 78.5

 L‫א‬E‫א‬FWE‫א‬،E 15.2F‫א‬  J

 
σ F Lo 200 50
 E = = × = × = 7077 Kg / mm 2
e Ao ∆L 78.5 0.018

WE 23.2F‫א‬  J

‫א‬L[E‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1/2]=Ur ‫א‬
 
1
× 800 × 0.072
  Ur = 2 = 0.00734 Kg / mm 2
78.5 × 50
 
 
 

- 51 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬8.21.2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eσ−eFE‫א‬−‫א‬FW1.2
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬−‫א‬FW2.2
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 EF‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 
 WYoung's ModulusEW3.2
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Hook's LawW4.2
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 EF‫א‬ J

- 52 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WEe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬σ‫א‬‫א‬W5.2
 E = σ / e J
 Ε = σ × e J
 Ε = σ + e J
 Ε = σ − e J
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Eσ−eFE‫א‬−‫א‬FW6.2
 Resilience‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬× J
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Eσ−eFE‫א‬−‫א‬FW7.2
 Toughness
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬× J
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8.2
 E‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

- 53 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬5 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9.2
‫א‬mm‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬25 cm
 W
 
13.750 13.500 12.500 11.250 10.000 7.500 5.000 2.500 EF‫א‬
0.8750 0.6875 0.4375 0.3125 0.2500 0.1875 0.125 0.625 EF‫א‬

 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 0.2%  J
‫א‬  J

‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬  J


- 54 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

3
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Compression Test
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 55 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:1.3
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Compression test‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.3 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
- 56 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 9
‫א‬ 9
‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬:2.3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K2.3

- 57 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:3.3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬A0‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬
 
F
 σ = E 1.3F
Ao
 
 [N/m2][Pa]،‫א‬Wσ
 [N]،‫א‬‫א‬WF
 K[m2]،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAo
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 58 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE ‫א‬
 ‫א‬F K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50
K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Kσmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F max
  σ max = E 2.3F
Ao
 
 K[N/m2][Pa]،‫א‬‫א‬Wσmax
 K[N]،‫א‬‫א‬WFmax
 K[m2]،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAo

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE ‫א‬ F K3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 60–55‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K3.3

  K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

- 59 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

F
 σ = WE 1.3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ao
 
∆L
 e = WE 3.3FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Lo
 
 K[N]،‫א‬‫א‬WF
 K[m2]،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAo
 K[mm]،‫א‬W∆L
 K[mm]،‫א‬‫א‬WLo
 
E4.3 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 

F
  σ tr = WE 3.3FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ai

∆A
  ε = ln WE 4.3FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A0
 K[N]،‫א‬‫א‬WF
 K[m2]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:Ao
 K[m2]‫א‬ WAi
 
 

- 60 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.3
- 61 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:4.3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :1.4.3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬108‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

W‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬3‫ א‬9
K‫א‬ 9
 
W‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬0.9‫ א‬9
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬5.3K‫א‬
 

- 62 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5.3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.4.3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K3
K ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:5.3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K1
 ‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫ א‬K4

- 63 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K2

 6.3
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E7.3F‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6.3

- 64 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



- 65 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬K3

K‫א‬‫א‬10

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K4
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬??‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬   E 8.3  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EαF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ αF‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8.3

- 66 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 b = 3 cm ‫א‬‫א‬W1.3
12.5 Kg / mm2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K15 T EF
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
15 T = 15000 Kg=‫א‬WF‫א‬
 12.5 Kg / mm2=‫א‬Wσ
 3 cm = 30 mm=‫א‬Wb
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Ao = a × b
 
 Wa‫א‬‫א‬
F F F 15 000
 σ = = ⇒a= = = 40 mm = 4 cm
Ao a × b σ × b 12.5 × 30
 

K27 T EF‫א‬‫א‬W2.3
 K500 Kg / cm2‫א‬15 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
 [N/m2][Pa]،‫א‬Wσ
 [N]،‫א‬‫א‬WF
 K[m2]،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAo
 

- 67 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

F F 4×F
σ = = =
Ao ⎛ D2 d2 ⎞ π × D2 − π × d2
π×⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4 4 ⎠

 
4×F 4 × 27000
⇒ d= D2 − = 15 2 − = 11.44 cm
π×σ π × 500
 
‫א‬10 cm2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K200 mm
 
27000 20250 12500 10100 2750 2700 0 KgEF‫א‬
0.700 0.450 0.275 0.205 0.138 0.055 0 mmEF‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 

 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
F
 σ = W‫א‬( 1.3 )‫א‬
Ao
 ‫א‬WF
 10 cm2‫א‬‫א‬WAo
 
∆L
 e = W‫א‬( 3.3 )‫א‬
Lo
 ‫א‬W∆L
200 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WLo
- 68 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
2700 2025 1250 1010  275 270 0 Kg/cm2‫א‬
0.00350 0.00225 0.00137 0.001025 0.00069 0.000275  0 mm/mm‫א‬

Fmax 27000
σCB = = = 2700 Kg/cm 2 W‫א‬ K2
Ao 10

- 69 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K80 T EF‫א‬‫א‬W1.3
e = 10 mm / mm‫א‬‫א‬2800 Kg / mm2‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
0.5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.3
Young’s ‫א‬K0.001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Km2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 200 GPa‫א‬ Modulus
 
25 cm20 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
14400 12600 9000 5400 1800 0  EF‫א‬
8.30 6.60 4.00 2.05 0.66  0 EL 1/100F‫א‬
27000 26000 25200 23400 21500 18000  EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 47.00 40.00 29.70 23.40  15.40 EL 1/100F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 

 

- 70 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Torsion Test
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
EKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- 71 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W :1.4
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FMt‫א‬‫א‬
e‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.4‫א‬1.4
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.4
 
Mt = P × eE 1.4F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Motor drive shaft‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKAirplane propellers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPure shear‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 72 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :2.4
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2.4
 
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.4

- 73 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬ :3.4
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K3.4‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:4.4
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Θ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Mt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K4.4EMt،ΘF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 74 -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.4

- 75 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫ א‬K1
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: qe

16 × Mte
qe = E 2.4F
π×d 3
 ‫א‬:d
Mte = M14.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:Mte 

WUltimate torsional shear strengthqmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
 
12 × Mt 12 × M2
  q max = = E 3.4F
π × d3 π × d3
 
Ultimate torsional shear strength‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wqmax
 ‫א‬:d 
Mt = M24.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:Mt 

 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
14 × Mt 14 × M3
  q max = 3
= 3
E 4.4F
π×d π×d
- 76 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Ultimate torsional shear strength‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wqmax

 ‫א‬:d 
Mt = M34.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:Mt 

 WModulus of rigidityG‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬G‫א‬
GK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬=G‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
Θ × G Mt Mt × L
= ⇒ G= E 5.4F
L J Θ×J

‫א‬Θ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬JL
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WDuctility‫ א‬K4
Θmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 
W Resilience in torsion ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 Resilience =ΣMt × Θ  = ‫א‬  E 6.4F 
 
Resilience =1/2 ×Mt × Θ  = ‫א‬  E 7.4F

- 77 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = ‫א‬  E 8.4F

 K4.4‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Modulus of Resilience =1/2Mt × Θ L ‫א‬=‫א‬ E 9.4F
 
WToughness in torsion‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،4.4‫א‬
‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ :5.4
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K5.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
45o‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 

- 78 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
EF،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5.4
 K‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.4‫א‬
 K
 

- 79 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.4

- 80 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.4
‫א‬KL = 30 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d =1 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D = 2 cm
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
53 50 45 40 35 30 25.8 20 10 0 Kg.m‫א‬‫א‬
1250 1120 750 350 100 30 3.6 2.78 1.39 0 o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 cm ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K100o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 cm5 Kg.m
 W14.7 cm4‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6.4
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 81 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6.4
 
 Mte = 25.8 Kg.mWMte‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 Θe = 3.6o= 0.0628 radE‫א‬FWΘe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
π × ( D2 - d 2 ) π × ( 2 2 - 12 )
V= × 30 = × 30 = 70.8 cm 3 WV‫א‬
4 4

- 82 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Wqe‫א‬‫א‬ K1
W1.4

16 × Mte × D 16 × 25.8 × 100 × 2

qe = = = 1750 Kg / cm 2
π×( D -d )
4 4
π × ( 2 -1 )
4 4

 ‫א‬Lqe‫א‬‫א‬ = qmWqm‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 
qe 1750
  qm = = = 583.3 Kg / cm 2
3 3
WG‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 WE 5.4F‫א‬
 
Mte × L 25.8 × 100 × 30
 G = = = 870000 Kg / cm 2 = 870 Ton / cm 2
Θe × J 0.0628 × 14.7
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 
 Modulus of Resilience =1/2Mt × Θ L ‫א‬=‫א‬E 9.4F‫א‬
 
1 1
× Θe × Mte × 0.0628 × 100 × 25.8
  Ur = 2 = 2 = 0.115 Kg.cm / cm 3
V 70.8
 
 
 

- 83 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬150 cm‫א‬W1.3
K0.3 × 104 Kg / mm2‫א‬ 4.83 Ton . m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K9 Kg / mm2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬1o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 
 
 
 

- 84 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

5
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Impact Test
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- 85 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬Impact test‫א‬‫א‬W:1.5
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.5

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W1.5
- 86 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
1.5K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2.5‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W2.5

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.5
 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WCharpy‫א‬:1.3.5
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K30 Kg m
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
4.5
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 87 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬55 × 10 × 10 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1.5K3.5‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4.5‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

  
 K‫א‬W3.5
 
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W4.5
 
- 88 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WIzod‫א‬:2.3.5
K 175 Kg.m‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 75 × 10 × 10 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K5.52 mm45o‫א‬V
 K6.5
 

 
 K‫א‬W5.5
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W6.5

- 89 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬:4.5
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE2  
 ‫א‬‫א‬WW
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E1 = E2 + W ⇒ W = E1 − E2E1.5F
 
[ Kg ]‫א‬Wm ‫א‬
g = 9.81 m/s2‫א‬‫א‬W g
[ m ]E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WHo
 [ m ]E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WH
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W = m × g × Ho − m × g × H = m × g × ( Ho − H )E2.5F
 
1 Kg.m = 9.81 J  J ( joule ) = N.m Kg.m ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:5.5
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

- 90 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫ א‬9
‫א‬ 9
‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:1.5.5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 
 W‫א‬:2.5.5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬:3.5.5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1/4‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬3
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F60o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K1.545o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 91 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬2.5‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
[ J ]  ‫א‬ [ o ]‫א‬‫א‬
     
30.0 0

33.1 30

31.3 60

35.1 90
 
56.7 120

89.8 150

85.6  180
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.5
 K0.67 mm‫א‬5 mm‫א‬
 
 [ J ] [ mm ]‫א‬
5.4  
9.5 0.17
11.3 0.34
18.6  0.68
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.5
 K0.67 mm‫א‬5 mm‫א‬

- 92 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬:4.5.5
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 7.5K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7.5
 
 
- 93 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬:6.5
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K8.5‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8.5

- 94 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬1K ‫א‬‫א‬W1.5
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 m = 30 Kg،‫א‬Wm
 g = 9.81 m/s2،‫א‬‫א‬Wg
α = 75o،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wα
 β = 40o،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wβ
R = 1.40m،O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WHo
 ‫א‬‫א‬WH
 
KRβ،α،g،mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W1
 
 
 

- 95 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
 W2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W2
 
OC = R × cos αWOCA‫א‬‫א‬

CE = HoOE = R 

 OC + CE = R ⇒ R × cos α + Ho= RW‫א‬

 Ho = R − R × cos α 

 H = R − R × cos β = ODB‫א‬‫א‬

 W = m × g × ( Ho − H ) WWE2.5F‫א‬

W = m × g × ( R − R × cos α − R + R × cos β ) 

 = m × g× ( R×cos β − R×cos α )

- 96 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W = m × g × R × (.cos β −.cos α )W‫א‬‫א‬

WW‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

W = 30 × 9.81 × 1.40 × ( cos 40ο −.cos 75ο ) = 412.02 × ( 0.7660 −.0.2588 )

 W = 209 Kg. m/s2.m = 209 N.m = 209 J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W2.5
 K135 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.7 m‫א‬1.2 m‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W = m × g × ( Ho − H ) WWE2.5F‫א‬

W 135
 m = = = 27.52 Kg W‫א‬
g × (Ho − H) 9.81 × ( 1.2 - 0.7 )
 
 
 
 

- 97 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 3.51.5
 
W‫א‬،Toughness‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.5‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.5‫א‬
 Stiffness‫א‬–
 Resilience‫א‬–
 Toughness‫א‬–
 Hardness‫א‬–
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W3.5‫א‬
W‫א‬
 Stiffness‫א‬–
 Resilience‫א‬–
 Toughness‫א‬–
 Hardness‫א‬–
 
 
- 98 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.5‫א‬
 m = 35 Kg،‫א‬Wm
 g = 9.81 m/s2،‫א‬‫א‬Wg
α = 80o،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wα
 β = 55o،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wβ
R = 1.20m،O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WR
 
‫א‬0.22%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5.5‫א‬
100 J‫א‬‫א‬0.75 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬−20 oC‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K30 Kg‫א‬
 
 

 
 

- 99 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

6
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Hardness Test
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- 100 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬Hardness test‫א‬‫א‬WW1.6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬Indentation Hardness W‫א‬ K1
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rebound HardnessW‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬Scratch HardnessW‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Wear HardnessW‫א‬ K4
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬Machinability HardnessW‫א‬ K5
 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 101 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬W2.6
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
K
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W3.6
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 3015‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 102 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
Brinell‫ א‬9
Vickers‫ א‬9
Rockwell‫ א‬9
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W4.6
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W1.6
 

- 103 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K ‫א‬ 0.5% ‫א‬‫א‬0.5%‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 K1.6
 
 WBrinell‫א‬W5.6
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W1.5.6
2.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.6‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W2.6
 KEF‫א‬

- 104 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

10 5  2 1 E mm )‫א‬

±0.0045  ±0.0040 ± 0.0035  ±0.0025 Emm )‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.6
 
 W‫א‬W2.5.6
P ( Kg )D ( mm )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d ( mm )‫א‬
 K3.6
 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬W3.6
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ( mm2 )‫א‬‫א‬L( Kg )‫א‬=

- 105 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E1.6FW‫א‬
P
Brinell Hardness Number = B.H.N. =
π× D× h

P
=
 
π × D × D/2 − ( ( D/2 ) 2 − ( d/2 ) 2 )
P
B.H.N. =
π×
D
2
× D− ( D2 − d2 )

 [ mm ] ‫א‬Wh  
 [ mm ] WD
 [ mm ]‫א‬Wd  
 [ Kg ]‫א‬WP 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ( d )‫א‬ 9
0.01 mm‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K4.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.50.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

d d
  = 0.375  = 0.25 - 0.5 E2.6F
D D

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 106 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.6
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 d / D = 0.5-0.25‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE5.6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGeometrically similarF
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5.6
- 107 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P
 ‫א‬= f = =‫א‬‫א‬E3.6F
π × d 2 /4
 
d2 P P d2 d
 2 × 2  2  2  E 3.6F
D d d D D
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
P
 ‫א‬LEF2= =E4.6F
D 2

 
 K2.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬ P
  ‫א‬
D2
160  ‫א‬‫א‬  30

  16060   ‫א‬‫א‬  10

  6020   ‫א‬–‫א‬ 5

  20  ‫א‬–‫א‬ 1

P
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W2.6
D2
 
 W‫א‬ W3.5.6
D = 10 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 108 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

P
 WP‫א‬30 ‫א‬2.6
D 2

P P
  = 30 ⇒ 2 = 30 ⇒ P = 3000 Kg
D 2
(10)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3.6
 
 ( Kg )P‫א‬  
P WD
  ‫א‬
D2 ( mm )
30 10 5 1
30 10 5 1 1
120 40 20 4 2
750 250 125 25 5
3000 1000 500 100 10
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.6
 
 W‫א‬W4.5.6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬ 9
W‫א‬
P
 h = E5.6F
π × D × ( B.H.N. )
 
 [ mm ]‫א‬W h
 [ mm ]WD 
[ Kg ]‫א‬WP 
 WB.H.N. 

- 109 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  W ‫א‬ 9
K0.01 mm
 
‫א‬‫א‬W  9
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:5.5.6
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
2.6F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EP3.6
 
15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
WE1.6F‫א‬‫א‬

- 110 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

P
B.H.N. =
  π×
D
2
× D− ( D2 − d 2 )

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10 mm‫א‬B.H.N. ( 10 / 3000 )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3000 Kg
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:6.5.6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 WVickers‫א‬:6.6
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:1.6.6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K6.6136oθ‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 111 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬W6.6
 
 W‫א‬:2.6.6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K7.6( d )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W7.6
 

- 112 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 
( mm2 )‫א‬‫א‬L( Kg )‫א‬=
 
⎛θ⎞
2 × P × sin ⎜ ⎟
Vickers Hardness Number = V.H.N. = ⎝ 2⎠
d 2

  E 6.6 F

P
V.H.N. = 1.854 ×
d2
 
 [ mm ] ‫א‬Wd W
 [ Kg ]‫א‬WP 
 
 W‫א‬:3.6.6
100 Kg 50, 30, 10, 5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 9

‫א‬‫א‬ 9

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K8.6

- 113 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8.6
 
 W‫א‬:4.6.6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K0.01 mmK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:5.6.6
 
K‫א‬ 9

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 114 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬:6.6.6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 W7.6 3.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
d1 + d2
 d = E7.6F
2
 
 WRockwell‫א‬:7.6
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬:1.7.6
‫א‬1.5875 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K9.6( Brale )‫א‬120o‫א‬
 

  
 EFEF
 W‫א‬W9.6
KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 115 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬:2.7.6
 

 150 Kg100, 60 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬

–10.6(Minor load) 10 KgFo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2

K–K11.6

K–10.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3

100, 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1(Major load) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
–K11.6– 10.6‫א‬‫א‬150 Kg60
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬E8.6FW

10 Kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10 KgK
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K–11.6E‫א‬‫א‬

 
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬W10.6
- 116 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬11.6‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬W11.6
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W:3.7.6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬4.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A 9
B 9
C 9
- 117 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
( Kg )  E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
60
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ( Brale ) A
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 100   B
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.5888 mm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 150   C
100  ( Brale )
 K‫א‬ W4.6
 
0.002 mm100‫א‬‫א‬
C130E‫א‬F30B
 
،mmh‫א‬‫א‬100
 W
 

h
Rockwell B Hardness Number = 130 −
0.002
  E9.6F
h
Rockwell C Hardness Number = 100 −
0.002
 
 
 B = 100‫א‬C
 K‫א‬A
 

- 118 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬:4.7.6
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

K‫א‬ 9

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 
 W‫א‬:5.7.6
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 9
K12.6‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W12.6
 K‫א‬W( B )‫א‬‫א‬W( A )
- 119 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:8.6
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

K‫א‬‫ א‬9

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

K‫א‬ 9

13.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5.614.6
 
 
 
 
 

- 120 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W13.6
 

 
 W‫א‬W14.6
 60 Kg1.5875 mmB:( a )
 K100 Kg1.5875 mmB:( b )
- 121 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

   3000 Kg

10 mm
‫א‬ C B A ‫א‬ ‫א‬
150  100 Kg 60 
 Kg Kg
640 57.3 … 79.8 … 2.50
533 51.3 … 76.5 495 2.75
440 44.5 … 72.8 415 3.00
372 37.9 … 69.3 352 3.25
319 32.1 … 66.3 302 3.50
276 26.6 … 63.6 262 3.75
241 20.5 … 60.8 229 4.00
202 … 93.0 58.0 202 4.25
179 … 88.0 56.0 179 4.50
159 … 83.0 53.0 159 4.75
143 … 78.0 … 143 5.00
126 … 71.0 … 128 5.25
116 … 65.0 … 116 5.50
98 … 58.0 …  105 5.75
 K،W‫א‬‫א‬W5.6
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6.6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
     0.4%  ‫א‬
    
0.93 20 48 45 70 (Kg/mm2)‫א‬
31 53 135 114 194  
0.300 0.378 0.355 0.395 0.361 L‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6.6
- 122 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K15.6‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W15.6
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
σUTS ( Kg / mm ) = Brinell Hardness Number × 0.36
2

 E10.6F
σUTS ( Ton / in. ) = Brinell Hardness Number × 0.22
2

σUTS ( Ibm / in.2 ) = Brinell Hardness Number × 500

 ‫א‬WσUTS 
 WTon  
 Win  
 WIbm  

- 123 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.6
 W‫א‬2 mm‫א‬
  K1
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 
 W‫א‬
 
 D = 5 mmWD
d = 2 mm ‫א‬Wd
 
P
= 30
D2 ‫א‬2.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 
 P = 30 × D2 = 30 × 52 = 750 Kg WP‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WB.H.N.E1.6F‫א‬

P 750
B.H.N. = = = 235
D
π× × D −
2
( D − d
2 2
) 5
(
π × × 5 − 52 − 2 2
2
)
WE10.6F‫א‬WσUTS‫א‬‫א‬ K2

σUTS = B.H.N. × 0.36 = 235 × 0.36 = 84.5 Kg / mm 2 

 
 
 
- 124 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

30 Kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.6
 W‫א‬K0.654 mm‫א‬‫א‬
  K1
K0.5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 W‫א‬
 
 P = 30 Kg‫א‬WP
 D = 0.654 mm‫א‬WD
 
WE 6.6 F‫א‬ K1
 
P 30
  V.H.N. = 1.854 × = 1. 854 × = 130
d2 0.654 2
 
W1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 6.6 F‫א‬ K2
 
P d2 0.52
  V.H.N. = 1.854 × 2 ⇒ P = V.H.N. × = 130 × = 17.5 Kg
d 1.854 1.854

- 125 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬3.61.6
 
W‫א‬،Hardness‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.6
 Stiffness‫א‬–
 Resilience‫א‬–
 Toughness‫א‬–
 Hardness‫א‬–
 
W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.6
 Stiffness‫א‬–
 Resilience‫א‬–
 Toughness‫א‬–
 Hardness‫א‬–
 
5 mm‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K150
 
100 Kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5.6
K0.93 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 126 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

7
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Nondestructive Testing
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K6
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- 127 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W:1.7
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K3
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.7
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
- 128 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E Crack HuntingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬ K4

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ EMicro FlowsF
   ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬KEMacro FlowsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  EHeat treatmentF ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KECold workingF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

- 129 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ،  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.7
 

Visual Inspection  ‫א‬‫ א‬K1

 Penetrant Inspection  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 Leak Test   ‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 Thermal Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 Magnetic Particle Test ‫א‬‫ א‬K5
 Radiography   ‫א‬‫ א‬K6
 Ultrasonic Test ‫א‬‫ א‬K7
 Eddy Current Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8
Microwave Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K9
 
 WType of defects‫א‬‫א‬:4.7
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 130 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Inherent Defects  K1

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Processing defects ‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Service defects ‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬Cracks ‫ א‬K1

 Porosity‫ א‬K2

 Tears‫ א‬K3

 Lack of bond‫א‬‫א‬EF K4

 Inclusions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،Segregation  ‫א‬‫ א‬K6

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Lack of penetration in welding‫א‬‫א‬ K7

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8

 Fatigue Defects‫א‬‫א‬ K9

- 131 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،Blow Holes   ‫א‬ K10

 K‫א‬

 FlakesK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11

 Pitting‫א‬ K12

Laps‫א‬‫א‬ K13

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.7‫א‬
 

- 132 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.7
 

- 133 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WVisual Inspection‫א‬‫א‬:5.7
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 9
KSurface porosity‫א‬‫ א‬9
.Unfilled crater 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
KSharp notch‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ –،E Shot blasting F‫א‬ ،E Sand blastingF
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،E Phototubes F‫א‬،E Photocells F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬
 .1.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬W1.7

- 134 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Converging lensF‫א‬

E ContrastF‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،
 KEBackgroundF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:6.7
 WLuminex penetrant and developer and fluorescent testing methods
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ :1.6.7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KE Acid etching F‫א‬ E Vapor degreasing F
 K‫א‬‫א‬E Sand blasting F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬:2.6.7
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E Capillaries F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
- 135 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Oil and whiting method ‫א‬‫א‬ K1

 Dye method  ‫א‬ K2
 Fluorescent method ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 Radio-active method ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 :Oil and whiting method‫א‬‫א‬:3.6.7
 

‫א‬      ،‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
 K2.7‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫ א‬W2.7   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WDye method‫א‬:4.6.7
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫?א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 136 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬E ‫א‬ F‫א‬ K4
KE talc F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K5
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 WFluorescent method‫א‬‫א‬:5.6.7
 ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ E Fluorescent F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE Ultraviolet light F‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 5 J15  
 30  
 30  
 15  
 30  
 30  
 30  
 60 
 60  
 10  ‫א‬‫א‬
 30  ‫א‬‫א‬
 15  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W2.7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،
‫א‬E Zyglo pentrexF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 137 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.7
 
 WRadio Active Method‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:6.6.7
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:7.6.7
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ELow flash pointF ،EVolatile F‫א‬ K1

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K3

K‫א‬‫א‬ K4

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K5

K‫א‬‫א‬

 Magna Flux Inspection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:7.7

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 138 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :1.7.7
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬EParamagnetic F‫א‬‫א‬ 9

 KE Diamagnetic F‫א‬‫א‬ 9

 K‫א‬‫א‬EFerromagnetic F‫א‬ 9

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬      K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :2.7.7
‫א‬3.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K4.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- 139 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 KW3.7
 
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.7
 
 

- 140 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:3.7.7
 W‫א‬
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

K‫א‬ 9

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCircular Field
KLongitudinal Field

- 141 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.7
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.7

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.7

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.7

- 142 -
  252  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬

1- Harmer E. Davis, George Earl Troxell and George F. W. Hauck "The Testing of
Engineering Materials", Mc Graw-Hill, Inc., Fourth Edition, 1982.

2- William D. Callister, Jr, "Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering – An

Introduction", John Willey & Sons, Inc., 5th Edition, 2001.

‫א‬?‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬K-3
 K،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬?‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬K-4
 K،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬،?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?،K ‫א‬K-5
 K،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
12 .KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
13 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.2
13 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:2.2
1 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
2 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:1.1
2 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.1
3 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.1
5 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:4.1
6 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:5.1
7 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:6.1
7 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:1.6.1
7 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:2.6.1
8 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:7.1
9 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 
14 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:3.2
15 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:4.2
15 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.4.2
16 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKσ‫א‬‫א‬:2.4.2
16 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKσtr‫א‬‫א‬:3.4.2
17 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:5.2
17 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.5.2
18 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKe ‫א‬‫א‬:2.5.2
18 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKε ‫א‬‫א‬:3.5.2
20 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE :6.2
21 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:7.2
22 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:8.2
  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

24 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:1.8.2
29 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.8.2
30 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.8.2
31 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:9.2
31 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:1.9.2
34 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:2.9.2
36 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:3.9.2
37 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:10.2
39 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:11.2
39 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:1.11.2
40 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:2.11.2
46 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
51 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬

54 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
55 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:1.3
56 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:2.3
57 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:3.3
61 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:4.3
61 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:1.4.3
62 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.4.3
62 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:5.3
66 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
69 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 
70 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
71 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.4
72 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.4
73 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:3.4
73 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:4.4
77 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:5.4
  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

80 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
83 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

84 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
85 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.5
85 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.5
86 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.5
86 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKCharpy ‫א‬:1.3.5
88 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIzod ‫א‬:2.3.5
89 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:4.5
89 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:5.5
90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:1.5.5
90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:2.5.5
90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:3.5.5
92 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:4.5.5
93 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:6.5
94 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
97 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬

99 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
100 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.6
101 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:2.6
101 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:3.6
102 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:4.6
103 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKBrinell‫א‬:5.6
103 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:1.5.6
104 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:2.5.6
107 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:3.5.6
108 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:4.5.6
109 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:5.5.6
110 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:6.5.6
110 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKVickers‫א‬:6.6
  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

110 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:1.6.6
111 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:2.6.6
112 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:3.6.6
113 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:4.6.6
113 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:5.6.6
114 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKRockwell‫א‬:7.6
114 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:1.7.6
115 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:2.7.6
116 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:3.7.6
118 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:4.7.6
118 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:5.7.6
119 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:8.6
123 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
125 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 
126 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
127 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK:1.7
127 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.7
129 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.7
129 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:4.7
133 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:5.7
134 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:6.7
134  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:1.6.7
134  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:2.6.7
135  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:3.6.7
135  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬:4.6.7
136  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬:5.6.7
137  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:6.6.7
137  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:7.6.7
137 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:7.7
138  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:1.7.7
  252  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

138  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.7.7
139 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.7.7
141 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬

142 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 

 

 

 

 