Battery electric vehicle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For electric vehicles other than battery powered road vehicles, see electric vehicle. For passenger
electric vehicles, see electric car. For the batteries themselves, see electric vehicle battery.

Nissan Leaf, the world's top selling highway-capable all-electric car ever, with global sales of over 150,000
units by November 2014.[1]

A battery electric vehicle (BEV) is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored
in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal
combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion.
A battery-only electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle derives all its power from its battery packs
and thus has no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include bicycles, scooters,
rail cars, forklifts, buses, trucks and cars. Since the introduction of the all-electric Nissan Leaf in
December 2010, over 600,000 highway legal plug-in electric vehicles have been sold worldwide by
September 2014, of which more than 356,000 are all-electric passenger cars and light-duty
trucks.[2] The best-selling all-electric car ever, the Nissan Leaf, has sold over 150,000 units worldwide
by November 2014.[1]

Contents
[hide]

 1 Terminology
 2 Vehicles by type
o 2.1 Rail
o 2.2 Electric bus
 2.2.1 Thunder Sky
 2.2.2 Free Tindo
 2.2.3 First electric commercial bus
 2.2.4 First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus
o 2.3 Electric trucks
o 2.4 Electric vans
o 2.5 Electric cars
o 2.6 Electric taxi
o 2.7 Special-purpose vehicles
o 2.8 Two wheels
o 2.9 Three wheels
 3 Technology
o 3.1 Motors
o 3.2 Motor controllers
 4 See also
 5 References
 6 Further reading
 7 External links

Terminology[edit]
See also: Hybrid electric vehicle, Plug-in hybrid and Plug-in electric vehicle
Vehicles using both electric motors and internal combustion engines are examples of hybrid electric
vehicles, and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles because they cannot be externally
charged (operate in charge-sustaining mode) and instead they are continually recharged with power
from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking.[3]
Hybrid vehicles with batteries that can be charged externally to displace some or all of their internal
combustion engine power and gasoline fuel are called plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and
run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs with a series powertrain are also called
range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as theChevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric
vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric
vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.[3][4]
In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy
vehicles (NEVs).[5] However, in the United States, neighborhood electric vehicles(NEVs) are battery
electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per
hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have a
maximum loaded weight of 3,000 lbs.[6]

Vehicles by type[edit]
The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion.
Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery
technology (Lithium Ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e. greater possible
acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.[7]
BEVs include automobiles, light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles.
Rail[edit]

 Battery electric railcars:

Main article: Battery electric multiple unit

 Locomotives:

Main article: Battery-electric locomotive

 Electric rail trolley:

Main article: Cater MetroTrolley

Electric bus[edit]
This section reads like a news
release and needs to
 berewritten. (July 2013)
Further information: Electric bus

A battery-electric minibus in St Helens, England

Chattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since
1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres
(1,900,000 mi), They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were
used for the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.[8][9]
Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi
Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger
battery-powered school bus, an all electric version of the Blue Bird TC/2000.[10] A similar bus was
operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April, 2004.[11]
The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi)
with the air conditioning on. They useLithium-ion batteries, and consume about 1 kW·h/mi
(0.62 kW·h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and
built by the Jinghua Coach Co. Ltd.[12] The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the
recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.[13]
In France, the bus electric phenomenon is in development, but we already can find some of them in
operation in numerous cities of France.[14] PVI, a medium company located in the Paris region, is one
of the leader of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).[15]
In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona,
California since September 2010 at Foothill Transit. The Proterra EcoRide BE35 uses lithium-
titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.[16]
In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified
School District in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The Class-A school bus was built by Trans Tech
Bus, using an electric powertrain control system developed by Motiv Power Systems, of Foster City,
CA. The bus was one of four the district ordered. The first round of SST-e buses (as they are called)
is partly funded by the AB 118 Air Quality Improvement Program administered by the California Air
Resources Board. This battery electric school bus has 4 sodium nickel batteries. The Trans
Tech/Motiv vehicle has passed all KCUSD and California Highway Patrol inspections and
certifications. Although some diesel hybrids are in use, this is the first modern electric school bus
approved for student transportation by any state.
The first all-electric school bus in the state of California pausing outside the California capitol building in
Sacramento.

The same technology is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was
supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by
Google. [17]
Thunder Sky[edit]
Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three
models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20
mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has
a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80%), and 350 km (220 mi) under full
charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.[18]
Free Tindo[edit]
Tindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made
by Designline International[19] in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solar PV system on
Adelaide's central bus station. Rides are zero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[20]
First electric commercial bus[edit]
Seoul Metropolitan Government runs the world's first commercial all-electric bus service. The bus
was developed by Hyundai Heavy Industries and Hankuk Fiber which make a lightweight body from
carbon composite material. Provided with Li-on battery and regenerative braking, the bus may run to
52 miles (84 km) in a single 30 minutes charge. The maximum speed is 62 miles per hour
(100 km/h).[21]
First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus[edit]
Proterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina,
California, is the world’s first heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-
system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90% of the available energy and
returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus
can drive by 31-35%. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600% more fuel-efficient
than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44% less carbon than CNG.[22]
Electric trucks[edit]
Main article: Electric truck
Electric vans[edit]
In March 2012 Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-
electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body
produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.[23]
Electric cars[edit]
Main article: Electric car
See also: List of production battery electric vehicles and electric car use by country
An electric car is a plug-in battery powered automobile which is propelled by electric motor(s).
Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the
lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2010 compared with carbon-based
fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still
often give relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of
time. For shorter range commuter type journeys, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical
forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.

The Tesla Model S has sold over 50,000 units worldwide by October 2014.[24]

Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing city pollution by having zero tail pipe
emissions.[25][26][27] Vehicle greenhouse gassavings depend on how the electricity is generated. With
the current U.S. energy mix, using an electric car would result in a 30% reduction in carbon
dioxide emissions.[28][29][30][31] Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted
that such emissions would decrease by 40% in the UK,[32] 19% in China,[33] and as little as 1% in
Germany.[34][35][not in citation given]
Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the auto industry[36][37] given advantages in city
pollution, less dependence on oil, and expected rise in gasoline prices.[38][39][40] World governments are
pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. The U.S. has
pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries.[41] China has announced it will
provideUS$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry.[42]
As of September 2014, more than 356,000 highway-capable all-electric passenger cars and light
utility vehicles have been sold worldwide since 2008, out of total global sales of over 600,000 plug-in
electric vehicles.[2] During 2012 pure electric car sales were led by Japan with a 28% market share of
global sales, followed by the United States with a 26% share, China with 16%, France with 11% and
Norway with 7%.[43] As of September 2014, the U.S. has the world's largest stock of all-electric cars,
with 116,031 units sold since December 2010, out of about 256,000 plug-in electric cars sold in the
country.[44]
The Nissan Leaf is the world's top selling highway-capable electric car ever,[45] with global sales of
over 150,000 units by November 2014.[1][46] The Renault-Nissan Alliance is the leading electric
vehicle manufacturer with global sales of over 200,000 all-electric vehicles delivered by November
2014.[47] Ranking second is Tesla Motors with over 52,500 electric cars sold since February 2008,
including almost 2,500 Tesla Roadsters and over 50,000 Tesla Model S delivered by October
2014.[24][48] Mitsubishi Motors is the third best selling all-electric vehicle manufacturer, with global
sales of over 37,000 all-electric vehicles between July 2009 and June 2014, including 32,000 cars of
the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family,[49] which includes the rebadged Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero sold in
Europe; and over 5.600 Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV utility vans and trucks sold in Japan.[50]
Electric taxi[edit]
The first all-electric taxi, a Nissan Leaf, is circulating in Madrid, Spain.[51][dubious – discuss]
Special-purpose vehicles[edit]
See also: Electrathon
Special-purpose vehicles come in a wide range of types, ranging from relatively common ones such
as golf carts, things like electric golf trolleys, milk floats, all-terrain vehicles,neighborhood electric
vehicles, and a wide range of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in electric-powered "in
plant" work machines.
Two wheels[edit]

 Electric motorcycles and scooters:

Main article: Electric motorcycles and scooters

 Electric bicycles:

Main article: Electric bicycles

 Segway:

Main article: Segway PT

Three wheels[edit]
Main article: Electric rickshaw

Technology[edit]
This section
requires expansion.(February 2008)

Fuel use in vehicle designs

Vehicle type Fuel used

All-petroleum vehicle Most use of petroleum

Regular hybrid electric vehicle Less use of petroleum, but non-pluginable

Plug-in hybrid vehicle Residual use of petroleum. More use of electricity

All-electric vehicle Most use of electricity

Motors[edit]
Main article: Traction motor
Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of brushed DC electric motor.
Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More
recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motortypes, as these are simpler to build
and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors or brushless AC electric
motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor
which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.
Motor controllers[edit]
Main article: Motor controller
The motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or
variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC.

See also[edit]
Sustainable development portal

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Battery-
powered vehicles.

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