Introduction. In chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soap are mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing, cleaning. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye, brings about a chemical reaction as saponification. They have a polar end which is hydrophilic (water loving) and a long non-polar chain which is hydrophobic (water hating). As a consequence, they can form emulsion by suspending oil in water. Fatty end of water soluble end CH3-(CH2)n-COONa Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both.a hydrophilic end, which dissolve in water, as well as a hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve non-polar grease molecules.MICELLE. Micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecule dispersed in a liquid colloid. In an aqueous solution, molecules having polar or charged group and non-polar regions (amphiphilic molecules) form aggregate called micelle. In a micelle, polar or ionic heads form an outer shell in contact with water, while non-polar tails are sequestered in the interior. Hence, the core of micelle, being formed of long non-polar tails, resembles an oil ot gasoline drop. The number of amphiphilic molecules forming the aggregate is called aggregation number; it is a way to describe the size of the micelle.History of cleaning soap. EARLY HISTORY The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap- like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali, and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC. The Ebbers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) indicates the ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-like substance. Egyptian documents mention a soap-like substance was used in the preparation of wool for weaving. In the reign of Nab nidus (556-539 BC], a recipe for soap consisted of uhulu [ashes], cypress [oil] and sesame [seed oil] "for washing the stones for the servant girls". ANCIENT ROME The word soap, Latin for soap, first appears in Pliny the elder’s historia naturalis, which discusses the manufacture of soap from tallow and ashes, but the only use, is it is as pomade for hair. A popular belief claims soap takes its name from a supposed Mount Sapo, where animal sacrifices where supposed to have taken place.The making of soap. There are three main ingredients in plain soap, they are oil/fat, lye/alkali and water. Other ingredients may be added to give the soap a pleasant odor or color, or to improve its skin-softening qualities. Some soap is better made using soft water, and for these it is a necessary to either use rainwater or to add borax to tap water. lyes are extremely caustic. They cause burns if splashed on the skin and can cause blindness if splashed in the eyes. If drunk, they can be fatal. Care is needed while handling lyes and ‘green’ (uncured) soap. There are two types of soap: - Soft & Hard soap. Soft scap can be made using either a cold process or a hot process, but hard soap can only be made using hot process. To make any soap it is necessary to dilute the lye, mix it with the fat or oil, and stir the mixture until saponification takes place. The cold process may require several days or even months, depending upon the strength and purity of the ingredients, whereas hot process takes place within few minutes to few hours. Dispose of soap-making wastes carefully outdoors, do not put them in the drain.PROBLEMS several things may cause problem with the normal.action of soap molecules. One of these is the presence of left-over starting materials. Extra fat will make the soap feel greasy. Positively-charged ions tend to bond with negative end of the soap molecules, either precipiting the molecules completely, or interfering with the ion-dipole interactions between the soap molectiles and the water. © 14 mi Children under 5 who wash with soap can reduce their risk of pneumonia by 46% 1/3 of the worlds soap is used by the U.S 10 Billion pounds of soop are produced each year ‘The average person encounters 100 chemicals before breakfast ‘The largest soap bubble was created on October 9th, 2005 and measured 105.4 cubic feet. If you could fill it with baseballs it would hold 13.627 of them. © October 15th is Global Handwashing DayTo prepare a sample of soap and to examine its properties. EQUIPMENT’S: > 250m1 beaker. > Sodium hydroxide (20% solution) > 100ml beaker > Ethanol > Wire gauge > Saturated solution of sodium chloride > Laboratory burner > Calciuim chloride (5% solution) > Glass stirring rod > Magnesium chloride (5% solution) > Test tube and ferric chloride (5% solution) > Filter flask and Buchner funnel } Kerosene and filter paper > Phenolphthalein indicator solution > Cooking oil and graduated cylinder > Watch glass to extinguish possible ethanol flames PROCEDURE: I. Measure 20g of cooking oil into a 250ml beaker. Add 20ml of ethanol and 25m! of 20% sodium hydroxide solution. Stit the mixture in the beaker. Place the beaker on wire gauze on a ring stand and heat gently. Heat. this solution gently, keep the flame away from the top of the beaker to prevent the alcohol from catching on fire. Il. Heat until the odor disappears.Ill. Turn off the burner and allow the beaker to cool down. IV. Move it safely to bench top. V. Add 100ml of saturated sodium chloride to your soap preparation and stir the mixture thoroughly. VI. It is used to remove the soap from water, glycerol, and any excess sodium hydroxide present. VU. Filter off the soap with a vacuum filtration apparatus and wash once with ice water. VIII. Weigh your dried soap and record the weight. Properties: WASHING PROPERTIES. Take a small amount of soap and try to wash your hands with it. It should lather rather easily if soft water or use deionized water. Record your observations. EMULSIFICATION. Put 5-10 drops of kerosene in a test tube containing 10ml water and shake to mix. Emulsion or suspension of tiny oil droplets in water will be formed. Let this stand for a few minutes Prepare another test tube with the same ingredients and also add a small portion (1/2g or so) of your soap. Shake to mix. Compare the relative stability of the two emulsions. HARD WATER REACTION. Take 1g of your soap and warm it with 150ml of water in a 100m! beaker.When you have obtained a reasonably clear solution, pour about 15m into each of three test tubes. Test one of the three tubes with 10 drops of 5% CaCl solution, one with 10 drops of 5% MgCla solution and one with 10 drops of 5% FeCls solution. Let these solutions stand, then make your observations. Basicity: - Soap with free alkali can be very damaging to skin, silk, or wool. I's TEst Dissolve a small piece of your soap in 15m of ethanol and then add two drops of phenolphthalein. It the indicators turn red; the presence of free alkali is indicated. Fats and oils are hydrolyzed(split) with a high pressure to yield crude fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap in a liquid form). Fatty acid + NaOH > glycerol + sodium soap. Sodium soaps are “hard” soap. « The more saturated the oil (tropical vegetable oils such as coconut oil), the harder the soap. Fatty acid + KOH > glycerol + potassium soap Potassium soap are softer and are found in some liquid hand soap and shaving cream.The universe of different types of soap. KITCHEN SQAPS ‘They are further categorized into two: cleansers and detergents. ‘Cleansers Cleansers are often made with mild abrasives and they are formulated to eliminate heavy oil or solid particles and hard-to- remove stains. The cleansers come in many different types depending on the type of abrasives they contain. Detergents Dish detergents are made to remove tough grease and release the solid dirt particles in the foam that is produced by the detergent. ‘There are two types of dish detergents: machine dishwasher detergents and hand dishwashing detergents. LAUNDRY SOAPS Laundry soaps are formulated to eliminate grease, solid particles and organic compounds from clothes. They can be found in liquid, powder and gel forms. CLEANING SOAPS Cleaning scaps have different formulations to clean grease and soil. The difference between cleansers and cleaning soaps is that cleaning soaps don't contain harsh abrasives. PERSONAL SOAPS ‘This kind of soap is made in many forms and special formiilations for specific personal hygiene needs. One type of the personal soap is the antibacterial soap that is made to prevent bacteria’and viruses from spreading. There are also body and 9hair soaps that have a mix of ingredients that cleans both the. skin and hair. NOVELTY SOAPS: Novelty soaps are especially manufactured for the kids and include the soaps in the shapes of various items, such as a rubber ducky or the soap-on-the-rope. ‘There are made not only to clean dirt and grime, but for amusement and enjoyment as well, PERFUMED SOAPS Perfumed soaps are produced by adding'a few additional ingredients and perfume. GUEST SOAPS. Guest soaps are miniature soaps that are made and shaped into attractive shapes and they are basically designed for the use by guests either in the main bathroom or separate guest bathroom. Popular and commonly used shapes are flowers, sea shells and rounds BEAUTY. SOAPS Beauty soaps are produced to feature attractive fragrances, and ingredients fora variety of skin types. They can feature glycerin, or special oil blends. MEDICATED SOAPS Medicated soaps and original soap are very similar. Unlike original soap, medicated soap has the addition of antiseptics and disinfectants. 10GLYCERIN SOAPS Glycerin is a normally produced during the process of soap production. Soaps which include glycerin in them tend to make your skin feel moister. TRANSPARENT SOAP ‘Transparent soap uses slightly different ingredients and usually some form of alcohol to alter the process which is also conducted at higher temperatures. Not all transparent soaps are glycerin soaps. Liquid SOAPS Liquid soaps are actually very difficult to produce and many of the commercial liquid soaps are just in fact detergents. 2DID ? You KNOW > ? © 2.6 million bars of soap are. discarded daily by the hotel industry in the U.S. alone © Lack of access to WASH contributes to two of the three leading killers of children under the age of five in the world - pneumonia, which can be prevented by good handwashing and better hygiene: and diarrhea, which cones from drinking unsafe water and lack of sanitation, With good quality water, sanitation, and hygiene, children's lives can be saved © Handwashing by birth attendants before delivery reduces mortality rates by 19%, © Liquid soap was patented by the American William Sheppard in 1865, 11Biodegradable & non-biodegradable soap. BIODEGRADABLE SOAP; - A biodegradable soap is a cleaning agent that can decompose naturally over time. These soaps can help reduce environmental impact when hikers, backpackers, and campers need to bathe or clean their belongings. Depending on the formulation of soap that is purchased, it can. be used on the body, face, hair, handsjand objects such as dishes and clothes. Non-toxic soaps can be made with organic ails so as to remain environmentally friendly. Oils can be used in soap formulations not only to provide a nice fragrance, but also as part of a therapeutic bathing experience. For example, lavender and peppermint oils can help relax a tense hiker. Tree oil, eucalyptus and pumice ingredients can help soothe aching feet. Jojoba, castor and almond oils are other common oils used in soap formulations. It is important for individuals to realize that usinga biodegradable soap does not necessarily mean that the soap is safe to use around all water sources. These soaps degrade over time, but they require contact with soil to do so. If it isn't used at least 200 feet (60.96 mj from water sources, it can pollute them and make them unsuitable for other uses. 12NON - BIODEGRADABLE SOAP: - Non-biodegradable soaps are cleaning agents which cannot decompose naturally over time. This kind of soaps can be a threat to earth, it can cause:soil, water and other type of pollutions, This kind of soap feels good while using but they can cause some kind of side effects to the applied surface(skin). Normally professional and instant beauty soap are made with toxic(non- biodegradable) material. lis formulation depends upon the kind of area‘in which they are going to be used. Soaps with strong smell and constant exposure to it can even cause nervous breakdown, asthma and migraines. ‘The three harmful ingredients present in this toxic soaps are parabeans, sulfates and triclosan. Let me explain what tticlosan /triclocarban can do with us The chemicals react with chlorine in tap water to produce dioxins. Dioxins are neurotoxins that can cause cancer, nerve disorders, and immune system disorders. The chemicals are endocrine disrupters, blocking thyroid hormone metabolism and attaching to hormone receptors to block hormones. According to the EPA, the chemicals can cause developmental and reproductive toxicity. They are carcinogens. They contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria that causes infection in humans. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council (NDRC), in surveys of the American population between the ages of 6 and 65, 75 percent have residues of triclosan in their systems. 13Difference between soap and detergent. SOA There area variety of soaps: A soap is the metal-salt of a fatty acid. ‘The metal may be an alkali metal such sodium (Na) or potassium (K). These metals are found in the first column of the periodic table of the elements. Or, the metal can be an alkaline earth metal, such as calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg). These metals are found in the second column of the periodic table of the elements. A fatty acid is an organic compound most often of animal or plant origin. A fatty acid contains a long-chain aliphatic carbon skeleton (with or without branches) with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) at its end. An example of a soap is potassium palmitate: (CHls(CHa)eCOO™ Kt DETERGENT: - Detergents have some similarities. But are often of synthetic origin. They are not made insoluble by mineralized (or hard) water. Also, instead of a carboxylic acid group, a detergent contains a more highly ionic group. It may have a sulfate or a sulfonate group (- OS(O):-OH). In addition, detergents can include one or more aromatic rings. Detergents offer added properties. They can be used as surfactants and foaming agenis. 14There are even detergents that dissolve in solvents other than water, such as gasoline. These often include nitrogen in their formulation. The nitrogen compound often includes a ring as part of its structure. Such compounds are not only detergents, but dispersants. An example of a detergentis sodium lauryl sulfate: SOAP. AND. DETERGENT PROPERTIES IN HARD WATER. The most important difference between a soap and detergent is their behavior in water. A big drawback of washing with soap is that it forms a scum in hard-water, which is not easy to clean and is known to tum laundry into a hue. Soaps form a scum in hard water, which is not easy to rinse away and is known to turn laundry, a grayish hue. The insoluble film that soap leaves can leave a residue on the laundry same like as would see in a shower stall where hard water is present. On the other hand, detergents react less to minerals in water hence does not leave this residue. In case you are living in an area, where the water is soft, a soap will work satisfactorily, but even then a gradual build-up of calcium and magnesium ions (also called 'curd’) will be left on the fabric. Another important difference between soaps and detergents is the sensitivity of soaps to acidic conditions. On putting a soaplinto an acidic (pH<4.5), it protonates the carboxylate group. 15Experiment. OBJECTIVE: - To compare the foaming capacity of various soaps. REQUIREMENTS: - Five 100ml conical flasks Five test tubes & stand 100ml measuring cylinder Weighing machine and stop watch Five different soap samples Distilled water & tap water DAAFONE PROCEDURE: - i. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them 1,2,3,4 & 5. Put 16ml of water in each flask and add 8g of soap. ii. Warm the contents to get a solution. iii. Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of water. Repeat the process for each soap solution in different test tube. iv. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for a minute. Do the same for all test tube and with equal force. v. Start the timer immediately and notice the repeat of disappearance of 2mm of forth. 16OBSERVATIONS: - The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the experiment. Observation table RESULT: - The cleaning capacity of the soap taken is in the order: Savion > Dettol > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux Savion is the winner... From this experiment, we can infer that Savion has the highest forming capacity, in other words, highest cleaning capacity. 47CONCLUSION. In conclusion, soap is a: substance, water soluble sodium salts of fatty acid, that is used to remove dirt and grimes from a surface. Its molecules have a long hydrocarbon chain that has.a negative charged head. Its non-polar hydrocarbon chain dosent interact with water molecules that form micelles. The soap micelles repeal each other and stay dispersed in water. New micelles form that having soiling molecules in the center. The dirt gets attached to them and can be rinsed away. From this project we concluded that, since soap is started to consumed it has changed our lives drastically. We should say thanks’ to soap’s...because without soaps this world would literally would not be exist. 18Bibliography. This project would be nearly incomplete if | have not used the information given in the following websites. My special thanks for the uploader of information on these websites. If considered, | have used everything that google shows me...... Everything encircles here.. Google India wo The free encyclopedia a’ WIKIPEDIA ‘meritnation.com Answers.com 19