HOMEOSTASIS PRINCIPLE OF HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis: Process of maintaining constant physical and chemical factors within internal body environment. “Internal environment physical and chemical factors constancy maintaining process.” Internal Environment: The environment surrounding the cells which are the tissue fluids surrounding ells. External envionment: ‘The environment in whichorganisms live. ‘The physical and chemical factors (their normal levels shown in brackets) are: 1. Glucose concentration(90mg/1e0 ml) 4+ Ton concentration 2. Temperature(37°C) 5. pHlevels(735-7.45) 3. Osmotic pressure 6. Oz level (100 mmHg) Maintaining constant physical and chemical factors inthe body are regulated by homeostatic mechanisms. Homeostatic Mechanisms: The control processes that maintain the constant conditionsof the internal environment within physiological limits. Many homeostatic mechani work by Feedback systems. Allorgans are involved but the nervous and endocrine system play a major role Feedback System: A system consisting of a cycle of eventsin which Information about achange is feedback into the system and G Regulator will control the process and return it to set point Example: “Temperature change - Temperatureregulating centre in brain—» Temperature regulation (Changeas inpud (Regulator triggered) (Processactivatedor shut off s afterregulation) Signalto shht off mechanism afterjregulation Normal temperature (Set point) FIG. 1: Feedback Mechanism in Homeostatic MechanismThere are two types of feedback mechanism: 1. Positive feedback mechanism 2, Negative feedback mechanism (as inthe previous example) ‘Negative Feedback Mechanism:A feedback mechanism in which a change will set off a series of processes to dampen and reduce the stimulus. Regulatory mechanism will bring condition back tohomeostatie range. Positive Feedback Mechanism: A feedback mechanism in which a change will set off a series of processes tointensify and amplify the stimulus. However,only negative feedback mechanismis involved inhomeostasis message > Receptors —> Effectors —~ bet aheced Factor Decrease Factor No change in factor rie Norm Norm Factor Decrease message Factor Increase > Receptors —> Effeetors —7 FIG, 2: Negative Feedback Mechanism Schematic Diagram Important Terminologi 1. Stimulus: Change from ideal conditions. 2. Receptor: The cells or tissue that detects stimulusand produces mes 3. Relay: Transmission of message via nerves or hormones to effector. 4. Effector: The cells or tissue that causes response to happen. 5. A cellular, tissue of organism action due to stimulus. 6. The consequence of response on stimuluseither positive or negative, Benefits of Homeostatie Contsol 1. Organism’ life becomes less dependent on external envionment. 2. Organism can live in a wider range of habitats and in areas with variable conditions. 3. Organism canchange itsmetabolic rateaccording to requirements 4. Controlled internal environmentenables. a. More efficient and economicmetabolic reactions. b. ‘Thousands of reactionsto occursimultaneously