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Solutions To IE Irodov S Problems in General Physics Volume II Abhay Kumar Singh PDF
Solutions To IE Irodov S Problems in General Physics Volume II Abhay Kumar Singh PDF
= —_,—_ ™ 7 (2 } 0 ow o53 At displacement resonance w = V we - 2B? ~ fi, Fon 2 4ymo A CE w-2 while
a ~
max W-1 oan y, t 493 The equation of the disc is © +2Bo+apq = Ot Then as before ® = mCos (wt-a) Nn 2po where = tana = ee Tce a TRE aaa om Tago Fao] ww (®) Work performed by frictional forces r = -fN.do where N, = -216@ = ~f 2BIg?d = -22pwlg, ° = - n1gA( (9-07) +4 Bw? |? (0) The quality factor V2 xx Vo-B oVog- Ft (aes a sin @ = - Np Qq Sin XBT" 2B" (@2-o*)tana 2tna | (mw) (we-w) n a XN, ris | Seare since 0) = a? + 7 cos 2 " 2sina NE 1 [40° Poe (2 Ng cosa 2 “seme |e (@ +7 | tioete } 1 [tee ae Tm 2 2 (vez ) | tet eco] - Nm fe ap = | Atm gs, AL oP c05 a+ costa-1| = sina Nn Zsin a54 4.2 ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS 4.94 4.95 If the electron (charge of each electron = ~¢ ) are shifted by a simau distance x, a net +ve charge density (per unit area) is induced on the surface. This will result in an electric field E = nex/eg in the direction of x and a restoring force on an electron of . néx fo ° 2 Thus me = -2E* fo or getf2 00 meo This gives @, = = 1.645 x 10° st. as the plasma frequency for the problem. Since there are no sources of emf in the circuit, Ohm’s 1 law reads q_,_,u c a dt where q = change on the capacitor, J = “4 = current through the coil. Then fq dt? The solution fo this equation is F = GmC0S (Wott a) 1 +0pq = 0, o = 75. From the problem V, = & . Then I = -09C Vp sin (wot +a) and V = V,,C08 ( Wg f ~ a) Pr 2 vee = V, ago” po or vet =V2. By energy conservation Lee = constant When the P.D. across the capacitor takes its maximum value V,,, the current J must be zero. Thus "constant" = pov, Hence V? = V2 once again. a Cc5B 496 After the switch was closed, the circuit satisfies aia Lac or £4 408g = 0-9 9 = CVqcosapt where we have used the fact that when the switch is closed we must have vedavy t= Baoarno. Thus (a) 1 = Fh CV qc sin a9 t VE «i =-V, T sin aot (b) The electrical energy of the capacitor is £ 1.008" wp t and of the inductor is dL Pasin® wot. The two are equal when x wt =| At that instant the emf of the of inductance is oto = Ve c0s gt = V/V 2 497 In the oscillating circuit, let = Gm COS Mt be the change on the condenser where o -jom C is the instantaneous capacity of the.condenser (S eS area of plates) y = distance between the plates, Since the oscillation frequency increases 1 fold, the quantity 2. or OSL changes 17 fold and so does y ic. changes from yo initially to 1” yo finally. Now the PD. across the condenser is Im Ym Ve Csr = 9S cos @ t and hence the electric field between the plates is Gm E= m5 SOFThus, the charge on the plate being q,, cos w f, the force on the plate is Im cog? F _ cos’ wt Since this force is always positive and the plate is pulled slowly we can use the average force te Poss ; Gayo and work done is A = F(1?y¥0-y0) = (? “90s -— But eS 7 26,7 W the inital stored energy. Thus- A= (1-1). The equations of the L - C circuit are CV-fidt QV Sha sop eee a LE Gith= : Differentiating again RRA ga -- de 1 2 a C2 Then Die C=C che cre Iehth so L(C,+C,)14=0 or I= Iysin(at+a) I, ‘Sw C Tt G where og = 1 TCG aey (Pata) 2x (Hence T = * = 0.7 ms) At t=0,J=0soa=0 I= Ipsinaot The peak value of the current is Jy and it is related to the voltage V by the first equation LI=V-~ f ldtC,+C2) ‘ 1 ; or +L Ip cos Wot = V- ; +6; f fosineot dt (The PD. across the inductance is V at t = ° 1 crc: emit) fare Hence TCC) oc Vie == = Ss L87 499 Initially q, = CVo and q> = 0. After the switch is closed change flows and we get N+ = CVo GGG =o ) Also I = 4) = ~ 4, Thus I Livteao Hence F+of=0 of = 2, th 7 cathe The soloution of this equation subject to -4, “4 T=O0att=0 Sw is I= Ipsinagt . . to Integrating gq, = A-— cos Wot ® B+ t = B+— cos, n @ 0 Finally substituting in (1) a oy AGB - Peon yt +L Io pcos pt = 0 cy, Thus A= B= —*and CV. bo 2 ta? cy, so 41 = "(1 +08 09) cy, 42 = (1-608 wt) 4.100 The flux in the coil is @(1)-[% ¢<0 0 1>0 i : dI_% The equation of the current is. -L 9 = 9 () 2 This mean that uefa +1=0 t or with = pe 1 = Ipsin(wot+ a)58 4.101 4.102 I Putting in (1) -L Ig Wo cos (wgt+a) = - Gow [eos (wot +a) — cos a] 0 This implies cosa = 0 +. J = * Iycos wot . From Faraday’s law do al ae or integrating from t= - € to - where ¢ + 0 ® = Lip with + sign in I So, tae cs t 5 TL 008 Wot - Given V = V, e7** coswt (a) The phrase ‘peak values’ is not clear. The answer is obtained on taking |cos wt] = 1 ' mn ie t= (b) For extrema wy -0 - Booswr- wsinwt = 0 or tanwt = - B/o ie. of=nns tan? (=): The equation of the circuit is HQ. p42 ,2. Dit a 0 where Q = charge on the capacitor, This has the solution Q = Qn e7*! sin(wtt+ a) RR Veep, oe where Bear om -B,m "TE: Now 1-42.20 atr=0 dt so, 2, e-*' (- Bsin(wr+ a)+mcos(wt+a)) = 0 att=0 Thus wcosa = Bsina or a= tan? 2 Qm Qm Now V_ = Gand Vo = PD. att = 0 = Zt sina y, 7 oe sing = Mae = B= VI peg - Vi - ES z Vin o+p 4L59 4.103 We write -2 =T=I,e7* snot = gm I, e-*'*'®" (gm means imaginary part) Then - preter Q=eml, Brio obit ior ele ery = gm, B+ im)ePrt int B+ o aces Bsinwt+ w coswt ” B+ o - pe sin(wt+ 8) a) Vie OB ( An arbitrary constant of integration has been put equal to zero.) Thus Q. L o-Ps g nVé 7 *' sin(we+ 3) v(0) = 14 VE sind = 1, VE 2 ft C(1+ B/w) =I,e =In 4104 7 = J, 7 * sinwt BX, os VE o-Va -e T= q, q = charge on the capacitor Then gaye Ft LOL 8) ang 2 2, 7 o+ pe B Thus Wye tLe eo?! sin? aot 2 - 2Br w, = 2a oe sin’ (oes 8) ott 8 Lie e778! sin? (aot+ 8) 2c w+ Br60 4.105 4.106 4.107 Current is maximum when 4 e7* sinwt = 0 Thus - Bsinwt+ wcoswt = 0 or wn ot= 2 = tand 8 ie. otann+d W, a? in? and hence ce, te (ot) | sin | We sin?(wt+ 5) sin’28 — 4cos"d 2 -2- SL bes 4p, 4p? LCR? cr (Wy is the magnetic energy of the inductance coil and We is the electric energy of t capacitor.) Clearly Le=L,+1,,R=R,+R; Now Br=inn sore Vor = 21-05 ms nv Current decreases ¢ fold in time 1 2L teste 2L ow R 8 "RT oscillations R = =EVA- 4, - LV 42-1 = 159 oscinations Qn Rec, @ = 282, B= 55. Vv 1 Now =oVi+—>Z o we @o 422 Vv 1 14-5 4Q? @- o 1 8Q? «100% = x 100% = 05%4.109 At = 0 current through the coil = = PD. across the condenser = =~ Rer (@) Att = 0, energy stored = Wo 2 1 e 1 (eR 7 a(x 7) 2 (a (b) The current and the change stored decrease as e so energy decreases as € 2 W= Woe = 0.10 mi. suo g = = Yo, Von . Br Bp 28 28 20 z =Vit4 or e +497 of B Vrw Now W = Wye? 2 2 hs cR*) | oes (R+ rf -1RAL -1R/L Thus energy decreases 1 times in 242 Tp Vv 2 =Inn Vite QIN oc. wm 1.033 ms. 2x0 4.11 Ina leaky condenser 44. 5_1' where I= dt Now Then62 0) Q= 4.112 Given V = Vie" *' sinwt, w = Wy BT <<1 Power loss = ENe#y loss per cycle T “ 3 Cv2x 26 (energy decreases as Wy e~ 7° so loss per cycle is Wx 2BT) Thus > =F cvs x8 2
L or a2 1VE Ve Ve ; Hence O-RVE-ViE TepPs 7 100 on putting the vales. 4.113 Energy is lost across the resistance and the mean power lass is
=R = iR ER =02 mw. This power should be fed to the circuit to maintain undamped oscillations. 2 2L 4114
= as in (4.112). We get
= 5 mW.
4115 Given q = q+ 92 iG Atle
h--h--®
=Rh=t
Lh=Rh= 4.
Thus CL 93+ (41+ @) = 0
RC H+ N+ =O
Putting g) = Ae’®! g, = Beti™!
(1- w’LC)A+B=04.116
A+(1+ i@RC)B=0
A solution exists only if
(1- @LC)(1+ i@RC) =1
or iwRC- wLC-iw LRC* =0
or LRC’w-iwLC-RC =0
io-L 20
RC LC
i 1 .
= sRe* Te” ape * 1B oo
Thus Gi = (A, 00s Wot + Az sin Wp t) e~F* etc.
@p is the oscillation frequency. Oscillations are possible only if 3 > 0
ie.
We have .
Ly 1+ Rhy = Ly y+ Roh
fla
c RyLi
Il=h+h
Then differentiating we have the equations
L,CT,+R,Ch +(h+h) =0
1,C 12+ RpCh + (+h) =0
Look for a solution
I, = Ay e*', I = Ay e®
Then (14 0? L,C+ aR,C) Ay+ A, = 0
Ay + (1+ 02 L,C+ aR,C) A, = 0
This set of simultaneous equations has a nontrivial solution only if
(14 a7L,C+ aR,C)(1+ a7L,C+ aR,C)=1
wy PR HR, tat lat MC, Bit Be
This cubic equation has one zeal root which we ignore and two complex conjugate roots. We
require the condition that this pair of complex conjugate roots is identical with the roots of
the equation
a?LC+aRC+1=04.117
The general solution of this problem is not easy.We look for special cases. If Ry = Rp = 0, tha
LyL
R=0 and L=— 2. If 1, =1,=0, then
Ly
Ly+
L=0 and R =R,R/(R,+Rz) These are the quoted solution but they are misleading.
We shall give the solution for small R, , Rp . Then we put a = -B +iw when B is small
We get (1-7L,C-2iBa@L,C-Bf,C+ioR,C)
(1-07 L,C- 2ipwLl,C- Bact i@R,C)=1
(we neglect B? & BR,, BRo ). Then
Li+L
2 2 2 1 ‘2
(1- WLC) (1-0°L,C) = 1 > w? = PE
Lily
+k,
also (2BL,- Ry) (1- wL,C)+ (2BL2- RB) (1- wL,C) = 0
on R __RLz+ Rl RiL2+ Rol
This sives B= 97" F7,E(i+ la) ~*~ (ye LaF
ee ee
This is identical with w? = 7h if L
a, ,dl 1H
on StL G+ R= +
Cc ol K
For the critical case R = 2 V &
Thus LC q+ 2VIC q+q~=0 Sw
Look for a solution with q a e**
1
"VIC"
‘An independent solution is te! . Thus
q=(A+ Bt) el VE ,
At t=0q~=CVp thus A= CV)
Also at t=O0q=1=0
=a = ¥VE
0=B-A VE‘Thus finally 1-42. VE el VEe
1 VE, | vie
. gtsleve wV¢ ie
= 0, gl vie
‘The current has been defined to increase the charge..Hence the minus sign.
The current is maximum when
a Me ie (y _
a--L ( zz) ated
This gives t = VEC and the magnitude of the maximum current is
Vo fC
Mal" 2 VE:
The equation of the circuit is (I is the current)
al
Lat RI = V,,coe wt
From the theory of differential equations
I= Iptlc
where Ip is a particular integral and Ic is the complementary function (Solution of the
differential equation with the RHS = 0 ). Now
Teo = Ico 7"
and for Ip we write Ip = I, cos (@t-@)
Substituting we get
v, 7
lL, = ===, o- ten 2 SE
VR?+ wl? [
Thus Vn - RL
i, Terr tot 9) + Icoe
Ret
Now in an inductive circuit J = 0 at t= 0
because a current cannot change suddenly.
Thus
and so
RL ]
C Vn (wt- @)- cospe
"Tar aint lemon coe66
4.119
4.120
Here the equation is (Q is charge, on the capacitor)
2,242.
CTR G+ Vn coswt
A solution subject to Q = 0 at t = 0 is of the form (as in the previous problem)
2 = 0, [cos (wt- F)- cospen*C]
Substituting back
Be 008 (a G)- ORQ, sin(wt- P)
= Vq cos wt
= V, {cos F cos (wt- F) - sinGsin(wt- F)}
so Qn = CV COS F
ORQ, = V, sine
This leads to
CV, =
Qu = SS, tn P= ORC
V1+(oRC?
Hence
Vy, = 25
p22. __ [- sinc Bs SSP Re
sin
“Ve (ay
2,/4
Rs (= |
The solution given in the book satisfies J = 0 at t = 0. Then Q = 0 att = 0 but this
will not satisfy the equation at ¢ = 0. Thus I= 0, ( Equation will be satisfied with J = 0
only if Q= 0 at ¢ = 0)
Vin
With our J, (t=0)=—
R
The current lags behind the voltage by the phase angle
-1 ob
R
Now L = uy n? xa7l, 1 = length of the solenoid
Ho
@ = tan
R= O2RaN'T 44 | diameter of the wire
xb?
But 2bn=1
2 ba?
-1 Won Ina 1
Then p=tan aps? aanlgee aa
we
= tan? HZ OV
4dpn67
4121 HereV = V,,cos wt
I =1,,cos(wt+ @)
where I,
Now
1 Vn
@RC ~ (zi) ao
Thus the current is ahead of the voltage by
oe tan tole unt (#) a =
'
ao Star
Here V=IR+
Cc
or Ri+ d= V¥ ~~ opsinas am,
V C
fo
Ignoring transients, a solution has the form Vv
T= Ipsin(@t- a) ~——____L
I
OR Ip cos(wt- a) + a sin(wt- a) =-0V sinot
= = @Vo{sin(wt- a) cosa + cos(wt- a) sina}
so Rly = - Vosina
In “1
Se 77 Vosa a= n+ tan'(wRC)
4° Te
2
R *(ae)
I= Ipsin(wt- tan”! oRC-m) = - Ipsin(wt- tan~’ wRC)
t
I
Then Q=fld=Qo+ = 4 (euta)x b= £2 4 51 x 10 Ww.
4xe 3¢ ie rs
Here
2
nf. ~2¢ 1
P= 7% force aR? ane’
ae
1 e
Thus Ps £4) +.
amar (Sa) 30°
Most of the radiation occurs when the moving particle is closest to the stationary particle. In
that region, we can write
R? = b? 4 v7?
and apply the previous problem’s formula
1 2 Ff ge? dt
Thi AW «= — aren
" ater as m_) (b4v7e?)?
(the integral can be taken between + 0 with little error.)4.218
4.216
111
Now Soe . Af a8, —
(b74v72?? VS (b2 4x7)? 2vb7°
264
Hence, We eee
(4xe) 3c? mvb>”
For the semicircular path on the right
my? BeR
—— =Bev v=
R ev or mm
Thus KE. = T= $myv? = 22,
Power radiated = —1_ _2 ;
Tre 30°
Hence energy radiated = AW
2
1 2 (=) __=R B’e*R?
4x8 30> BeR 6egmc?
AW Be? 18
So ee = 2.06 x 1078.
T ~ 3ee°m?
(neglecting the change in v due to radiation, correct if AW/T <<1).
dt 3xeqm'c?
Integrating, T = Ty e~“*
3neymc?
t:
Be*
+ is (1836 )* ‘~ 10° times Jess for an electron than for a proton so electrons radiate away
their energy much faster in a magnetic field.112
4.217 P is a fixed point at a distance / from the equilibrium position of the particle. Because
4.218
1 > a, to first order in Fihe distance between P and the instantancous position of the particle
is still 1. For the first case y= 0 so t = 7/4
The corresponding retarded time is ¢' = fi
Now FU) =~ Paces ol 5-2) = - asin 2
For the second case y = @ at ¢ = 0 so at the retarded time ¢’ = — at
= F(t) =~ aces
The radiation fluxes in the two cases are proportional to (j (t’))* so
S;
21 tan? 2! © 3.06 on substitution.
y ¢
Note : The radiation received at P at time ¢ depends on the acceleration of the charge at the
retarded time.
Along the circle x = Rsinwt, y = Reoswt
where @ = 5 . If t is the parameter in x(¢),y(#) and 1 fe
1” is the observer time ihen [we>
rary EE) b~\
where we have neglected the effect of the y—-cordinate
which is of second order. The observed cordinate are Us
rr) = x(t), (0) = (1)
tren A, ey
and
a
-WZ)i-
1 CR 1
This is the observed acceleration.4.219
4.220
4.221
4.222
113
() Energy flow density of EM radiation S is proportional to the square of the y- projection
2
of the observed accéleration of the particle (i« S
t
We know that Sy (r) e 4,
7
At other angles S(r,0) « sin? 6 O=My
Thus S(7,0) = S(r)sin?® = Spsin® 6 So
Average power radiated
2,2 _ 8x
2
= Syxdnr?xs = Sor
(ane of sin?@ over whole sphere is 3)
From the previous problem.
8mSor?
at
- 5 = 2%,
8nr
So 3 Py
Thus =114
4.223
4.224
On the other band the mean Poynting flux of the incident radiation is
af 1
-3V iG EG
E = E,cos(2nvt-kx)
@) jas = ap = - 2meqvE,sin(mt-kx)
Thus Ciais rms =< hdte >”?
= V2 mepvE,_ = 0.20 mA/m
(b) = iV rs E2 as in (196). Thus = 3.3 p W/m?
For the Poynting vector we can derive as in (196)
14/8
Sse
=5V
Hence in time t (which is much longer than the time period T of the wave), the energy
reaching the ball is
aR? x 5 E2xte5W.
EZ along the direction of propagation.
Here E = E, cos kx cosot _
From div E = 0 we getE,,=0 so Em is in the y~z plane.
Also
ae - VxE = - Vcos kx x E,,cos wt
= RK E, sin kx cos wt
te FeEn ns Pcie xek
so B= sinkxsinot = B,sinkxsin ot
= Ee ee
Where | Ba | = and By 4 Ein the y-z plane,
At t=0,B = 0, E = E,coskx
=
At t= 7/4 E=0,B=B,sinkx106
4200 E = E, egskxor
4.201
o> RE, . :
He sinkxsinwt (exactly as in 199)
Ho
= ao E,x(RxE,
So Ba = 2B Fw) 1 noes sin20r
Wo 4
Thus S, = dec? sin2kxsin2or (as 1 = ee
eG CER Fee
=0
Inside the condenser the peak electrical energy W, = ; cv
= Lye wR?
2m Gg
(d = separation between the plates, R? = arca of each plate.).
V = V,,sin@ ¢, V,, is the maximum voltage
Changing electric field causes a displacement current
fae ap = &E_W COs Ot
£0 Vn
=—— cswt
a
This gives rise to a magnetic field B(r) ( at a radial distance r from the centre of the plate)
Vin
B(r)-207 = pH? jais = Won? 2 cos wt
1 r
B= 5 e0t9 05 V_C0s wt
Energy associated with this field is
2 2 R
= far oa 7 deity Sy 2m f Prdrxdx Vy cos? ot
0
Diet Rt
16 °° 0H0 Gy
Thus the maximum magnetic energy
V2 cos* wt
2 2
_ Ho 2 R212
Wy = Zee (WR AF—Ver
Wr
W,
2
i eet ok ye 15
x foMo(@RY -3( ) 5 x 10
Hence
c
‘The approximation are valid only if wR << ce.4.202
4.203
4.204
107
Here I = J,,cos w t, then the peak magnetic energy is
Wy = ALI = dL ugnti2nR2d
2 2
Changing magnetic field induces an electric field which by Faraday’s law is given by
appa .
E-2nur= -3s B-dS = xr wnl,osinot
= drignigosinot
The associated peak electric energy is
=f te r2a3> ek 2.272 2.2 aR
We J feozta*r g Coro Ly oem ad
Ww.
Hence Teng cono(ORP = E any
Again we expect the results to be valid if and only if
(*) <<1
¢
If the charge on the crestor is Q, the rate of increase of the capacitor’s energy
197) _ 20 C
"at #2) - C 7 aR???
Now electric field between the plates (inside it) is, E = ae
®
, aD_ 2
So displacement current = 57 = 2
This will lead to a magnetic field, (circuital) inside the plates. At a radial distance r
22 r
2mrHg(r) = xr?2, or Hy = od
Hence Ho (R) = 3 at the edge.
. . 5 -2.,-2
Thus inward Poynting vector = § = 52a x —8—
Total flow = 2nRdxs = 294
aR
Proved
£0
Suppose the radius of the conductor is Ry. Then the conduction current density is
. I pl
= =oE o E= -
Jeo URE Roo Re
where p = tis the resistivity.108
4.205
4.206
Inside the conductor there is a magnetic field given by
H:2nRo=I or H= at the edge
I
2mRy
:. Energy flowing in per second in a section of length ! is
2
EHx2nRyl = 2
Re
But the resistance R = 2!
xRe
Thus the energy flowing into the conductor = [?R .
Here nev = I/nR?
where R = radius of cross section of the conductor and n = charge density (per unit volume)
Also dmv? = eU or ve V 228.
™
Thus, the moving protons have a charge per unit length
7 2 Al m
nexR rT TeU*
This gives rise to an electric field at a distance r given by
L./—m
Ens aep [277
. . I
The magnetic field is H = 57 (for r>R)
Thus
2
Se Se V 5257 aially outward from the axis
edz
This is the Poynting vector.
Within the solenoid B = gn J and the rate of change of magnetic energy
d
41) 2p?) en anne
= Wty = 3 (ZH mR ‘) Hon? x R71IT
where R = radius of cross section of the solenoid / = length.
Also H = B/uy = nJ along the axis within the solenoid.
By Faraday’s law, the induced electric field is
Ey 2ur= nr? B= nr? pont
7
or Ey = ghonlr4.207
4.208
4.209
109
so at the edge Ey (R) = duo niR (circuital)
Then S, = Eo H, (radially inward)
and We = Spon FIR x22RI = pon? RIT as before.
Given p> 91
The electric field is as shown by
the dashed lines (----—>-----). "%
The magnetic field is as shown Oo O Oo
(©) emerging out of the paper.
S”= Ex H is parallel to the wires %
and towards right.
Hence source must be on the left.
The electric field (----—) and the magnetic field (H! —>) are as shown.
The electric field by Gauss’s theorem is like
A
E,=>
Integrating g=Aln 2 9
so A= (>)
ra
In 2
n
Then E~¥
nm
rin
n
Magnetic field is He = 55
The Poynting vector S is along the Z axis and non zero between the two wires
(n< 7 < 7) . The total power flux is
n
- fi tere
7, 2a in
ql nh
As in the previous problem
Vo cos wt Ip cos (wt -
= VOCs Ot gy, = cs (@t-o)
2 2nur
rh
r,
1
Hence time averaged power flux ( along the z axis ) = 5 Volo cos110
4.210
4.211
4.212
1,213,
1214
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