Ideal OTTO and Diesel Cycles

AIR STANDARD ANALYSIS.

The internal combustion engine is a cyclic power producing devices.
The processes which occur in these devices are very complex, and to
study them we apply simplistic approach to carry out elementary
analysis.
One such procedure is called the Air Standard Analysis.
In an air standard cycle, two aspects are important:
a. The working substance is air and works like an ideal Gas
b. The combustion process is replaced by a heat addition process.
In practice most of these engines use Atmospheric air and the
discharge products of Combustion are at High Temperatures. Such a
system is an open system as the same fluid is not used repeatedly.
In air standard analysis , we usually complete the cycle with a heat
rejection process, which restores the fluid to its initial stste. Thus the
same fluid is used again and again and the cycle is a closed system,
and there is no exchange of mass with the surroundings.
COLD AIR STANDARD ANALYSIS
A further simplification is to assume that the specific heats of air are
constants at room temperature values.This is then called as Cold Air
Standard Analysis.

1
 AIR STANDARD OTTO CYCLE
The air standard Otto Cycle is very useful in analyzing spark-ignition
engines.
It is composed of four processes:
a. Adiabatic Compression followed by Constant volume heat
addition
b. Adiabatic Expansion followed by Constant volume heat rejection

3
Process 2-3 and Process 4-1 are Constant Volume Processes
P

Heat in
4
2 Heat out
1 v

3
T Constant Volume
Processes

2 4

1
s

2
The expansion and rejection processes are Polytropic with n = k.
The value of k = CP/CV so for air k = 1005/718 = 1.4
The compression ratio is

V1 v
r   1 a s it is a c lo se d s y ste m
V2 v2
If we apply the First Law Equation then
Q-W = U
For Process 1-2 Q  0 and so  w  u2  u1 or w  u1  u2
For Process 2-3 W  0 and so q  u3  u2
For Process 3-4 Q  0 and  w  u4  u3 or w  u3  u4
For Process 4-1 W  0 and q  u1  u4
Net Work is =(u3  u4 )  (u2  u1 )
The heat supplied is Q  u  u3  u2
wnet (u3  u4 )  (u2  u1 ) (u3  u2 )  (u4  u1 )
th   
qin u3  u2 u3  u2
wnet (u  u )
or th   1 4 1
qin u3  u2

3
If we apply cold standard air analysis then

For Process 1-2 Q  0 and  w  u or w  u1  u2  Cv (T1  T2 )

For Process 3-4 Q  0 and  w  u or w  u3  u4  Cv (T3  T4 )
Net Work is =(Cv (T3  T4 ))  (Cv (T2  T1 ))
The heat supplied is Q  u  u3  u2  Cv (T3  T2 )
wnet (u1  u2 )  (u3  u4 ) u u
th    1 4 1
qin u3  u2 u3  u2
 T4 
1
Cv (T4  T1 ) (T4  T1 ) T1  T1 
 1  1  1  
Cv (T3  T2 ) (T3  T2 ) T2  T3  1
 T2 
For Polytropic Relationships
k 1 k 1 k 1
T2  V1  T V  V 
   and 3   4    1 
T1 V2  T4 V3  V2 
T T T4 T3
so 2  3 or  so as
T1 T4 T1 T2
 T4 
1 k 1
T1  T1  1 V2  1
th  1     1 k 1
 1     1 
T2  T3  1  V1  V1  r k 1
 T2  V 
 2

Major parameter governing the efficiency of an Otto cycle are

compression ratio and value of “k”
The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle increases with increasing
compression ratio.

4
 AIR STANDARD DIESEL CYCLES

The air standard Diesel Cycle is very useful in analyzing spark-

ignition engines.
It is composed of four reversible processes:
a. Adiabatic Compression (Isentropic)
b. Constant pressure heat addition
c. Adiabatic Expansion ( Isentropic)
d. Constant volume heat rejection

Process 2-3 is a Constant Pressure

Qin Process
P
2 3
Process 4-1 is a
Constant Volume
4 Process
Qout

1 v

3
T

2 4

1
s

5
 V 3 v 3
C u t o ff r a tio  rc   C lo s e d S y s te m
V 2 v 2

V 3  V 2
% C u t o ff 
V1  V 2
The percent cut off ratio is the Fraction of the stroke during which
Heat is added .The compression ratio is defined as
V 1 v 1
r  
V 2 v 2

If w e a p p ly th e F irs t L a w E q u a tio n th e n Q -W =  U
F o r P ro c e ss 1 -2 Q  0 a n d  w   u o r w  u1  u 2
F o r P ro c e ss 2 -3 Q 23  W 23  U 3  U 2

a n d s in c e P2  P3 s o W 2  3  P (V 3  V 2 )  P3V 3  P2V 2
o r Q 2  3  U 3  U 2  P3V 3  P2V 2  H 3  H 2

q 2  3  h3  h2
F o r P ro c e ss 3 -4 Q  0 and  w   u or w  u3  u4
F o r P ro c e ss 4 -1 W 4  1  0 so q 4  1  u 1  u 4
N e t W o rk is = ( P3 v 3  P2 v 2 )  ( u 3  u 4 )  ( u 1  u 2 )
N e t W o rk is = ( h 3  h 2 )  ( u 4  u 1 )
w net (h3  h2 )  ( u 4  u1 ) u  u1
 th    1 4
q in h3  h2 h3  h2

For cold standard analysis we use constant value of Specific heats

and Polytropic relations with n = k.

6
 COMPARISION BETWEEN DIESEL AND OTTO CYCLES
Performance comparisons between the Diesel and Otto Cycles can
be made on the basis of First Law and Ideal Gas Properties.
However here we will have same compression ratio and Heat Input.
We get

3Otto

3 Diesel
T Constant
Pressure
Process

2 4 Diesel Constant
Volume
Processes
1 4 Otto
s

So if the compression ratio is the same then

 O tto   D ie se l
We see that that the Otto Cycle is more efficient as it does more work,
because it rejects less heat.
However Compression ratio of Diesel Cycle can be much higher than
Otto Cycle, so it attains better efficiency than Otto cycle.
So in Diesel Cycles , the air is compressed to high pressures , which
makes the air hot . Atomized Diesel Fuel is then injected , which burns
spontaneously because of high temperature.
Also diesel engines burn the fuel completely than petrol engine as
they operate a lower RPM , so that also improves the efficiency.
Diesel Engines are used where High Power is required at low RPM.

7
DUAL CYCLE
The dual cycle is a better description of the actual pressure variation
inthe engine. There are several differences though with the Otto and
Dieselcycle. In the dual cycle there are five processes.
Process 1-2 is an isentropic compression where there is no heat
transfer but there is work done.
Process 2-3 is a constant volume heat addition process where there is
no work done.
Process 3-4 is another heat addition process but with constant
pressure.This process is also know as the power stroke.
Process 4-5 is an isentropic expansion that finishes with the
remainder of the power stroke.
Finally, process 5-1, is a constant volume heat rejection process.
The Figure below shows the P-v and T-s diagram of the dual cycle.

Isentropic
Process

Dual
Dual
Cycle.
Cycle.

8
Since the dual cycle is composed of the same processes that the Otto
and Diesel cycle have , so the efficiency is equal to the net work done
divided by the heat input. The efficiency therefore can be expressed
as:

Or

Isentropic
Process

Dual
Dual
Cycle.
Cycle.