7 110914PresoMaster E PDF

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
Guidelines for Haitian Masonry

Housing
Build Change Post-Earthquake
Housing Reconstruction Technical
Assistance Program, Haiti
Build Change
Degenkolb Engineers
Mark Sinclair, Principal, S.E.
April-May, 2011
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
• Introduction
• Course Summary
• Background
• Applicable Haitian Building Types
• Building Performance in January 2010 Earthquake
• Building Evaluation and Retrofit
• Standards and Principles
• Seismic Performance Levels
• Proposed Rapid Evaluation Procedure
• Example and Spreadsheet Tool
• Checklist
• Review Plans and Details
• Future Development
• Wall Testing Facility
• Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Degenkolb Engineers
• Founded in 1940. 170+ professional and technical staff
San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Oakland, San Diego, Seattle
• Full Range of Seismic and Structural Engineering

Services
Innovative structural engineering, while promoting seismic

safety worldwide
M.T.P.T.C.
Degenkolb Engineers
• Experts in seismic program
development and code research
• FEMA 310 / ASCE 31
• FEMA 356 / ASCE 41
• FEMA 2000 Report to Congress
• UBC / IBC / ASCE-7 / CBC
• ACI-318
• SAC Moment Frame Guidelines
• AISC Seismic Guidelines
• Concrete and Masonry Construction
Guidelines
Innovative structural engineering,
while promoting seismic safety worldwide
M.T.P.T.C.
“…the difference International Earthquake
Reconnaissance
between reading a
Mexico City, 1957
report and seeing Caracas, Venezuela , 1967
Philippines, 1968
it – there is no Philippines, 1970
Managua, Nicaragua, 1972
comparison. No Guatemala, 1976
Friuli, Italy, 1976
matter how much Mindanao, Philippines, 1976
Argentina, 1977
you read the El Asnam, Algeria, 1980
Mexico City, 1985
reports, the impact Armenia, USSR, 1988
Mazanillo, Mexico, 1995
doesn’t really Guam, 1995
Kobe, Japan, 1995
strike you until Puebla, Mexico, 1999
Kocaeli, Turkey, 1999
you’ve seen the Chi-Chi, Taiwan , 1999
Gujarat, India, 2001
damage.” Edgecumb, New Zealand, 2001
Padang, Indonesia, 2004
L’Aquila, Italy, 2009
Henry J. Degenkolb Sumatra, Indonesia, 2009
Port Au Prince, Haiti, 2010
Concepcion, Chile, 2010
Darfield, New Zealand, 2010
Christchurch, New Zealand, 2011
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
• Introduction
• Course Summary
• Pre-Test
• Background
• Checklist
• Class Exercise
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In Plane and Out of Plane Stress
2006 Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures

by Concrete Masonry Association of California and Nevada
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Infill vs. Confined Masonry
Credit: Confined Masonry Design Manual: April 2010 Draft
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Structural Systems:
Unreinforced (URM), Infill (IM) and Confined Masonry (CM)
Confined Wall
• Larger beams and columns • Small beams and columns

• Gaps at top and sides • Concrete confines masonry
• Tends to fail out of plane faster • Physical “strut and tie” system
• Independent gravity support • Wall carries gravity load
Credit: Confined Masonry Design

Manual: April 2010 Draft
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Infill Masonry
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Infill Masonry
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Infill Masonry – Failure Sequence
Credit: Confined Masonry Design

Manual: April 2010 Draft
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Confined
Masonry
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Confined
Masonry
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CM Behavior – In-Plane, Solid
27 k
For Reference:
As x Fy
2#4 = 16k
15 k 31 k 4#4 = 32k
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CM Behavior – In-Plane, Door
18 k
For Reference:
As x Fy
2#4 = 16k
25 k 18 k 4#4 = 32k
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CM Behavior, In-Plane - Window
9k 9k
For Reference:
As x Fy
9k 13 k 9 k 13 k
2#4 = 16k
4#4 = 32k
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CM Behavior, In-Plane - Door
9k 9k
For Reference:
As x Fy
2#4 = 16k
16 k 18 k 4#4 = 32k
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CM - Failure Sequence
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In-plane shear failure of poorly confined masonry construction,
2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake (M. Astroza)
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In-plane shear failure due to poorly confinement around window opening, 2001 El
Salvador Earthquake, (EERI, 2001)
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URM and CM - Out of Plane Behavior
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Common Construction Types – URM
ADD PIC OF URM

ORPHANAGE
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URM – Clay Brick
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Material
Problems
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What Worked? – Critical Wall Density
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Low Wall
Density
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What Worked? – Plastered & Paint?
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What Worked? – Pharmacy Building
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What worked? – Digicel Building
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What Worked? - Floor Systems
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What Worked? - Parts of Downtown
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Downtown Commercial Buildings
Did not collapse,

potentially salvageable
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Outline
• Introduction
• Course Summary
• Pre-Test
• Background
• Checklist
• Class Exercise
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Evaluation/Retrofit vs. New Design
New Design
• You have a blank slate
• New materials give you control of ductility
• Better construction quality control
Evaluation and Retrofit Design

• You have what you have
• Existing materials have varying ductility
• Maximize the use of the existing building
• Minimize cost and disruption
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Evaluation/Retrofit Procedure Goals
• Informed by experience
• Reasonable match to performance in January 2010
• Same procedure for evaluation and retrofit
• Deficiencies determined by initial evaluation
inform potential retrofit techniques
• Based on rational engineering principles
• Reflective of the local resources and
construction techniques.
• Expandable to other construction types
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Seismic Performance Levels
Building Damage
(Joe’s Bar) State?
Earthquake Occurs
0.6
Acceleration (g's)
0.3
1989 Loma Prieta - Corralitos (128 deg.)
+
0
-0.3
-0.6
=
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (Seconds)
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Higher Performance / Less Loss
Backup utility services maintain

Operational
functions. Very little damage.
Damage
The building remains safe to occupy; Immediate
Control
any repairs are minor. Occupancy
Range
Structure remains stable and has significant Life Safety

reserve capacity; hazardous nonstructural Limited
damage is controlled. Safety
Collapse Range
The building remains standing, but only
barely; any other damage or loss is Prevention
acceptable.
Lower Performance / More Loss
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Operational
Damage
Immediate
Control
Occupancy
Range
Life Safety
Limited
Safety
Collapse Range
Prevention
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ASCE-31 Evaluation Process
focus is on passing buildings
Tier 1 – Screen for ID Potential Deficiencies
• Select performance level, determine seismicity and
model building type
• Check for Benchmark Building
• Complete Checklists - Geologic, Structural, Non-
Structural
• Perform required evaluation
Tier 2 – Evaluate Deficiencies

• Follow Chapter 4 requirements
Tier 3 – Detailed Evaluation

• Follow Provisions for Seismic Rehabilitation Design
or New Building Design using .75 factor
• We follow ASCE 41
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ASCE 31
Checklist
limited calculations
apply judgment
identify deficiencies
use as a basis for describing
expected damage
covers multiple performance
levels
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ASCE 31
Checklist
limited calculations
apply judgment
identify deficiencies
use as a basis for describing
expected damage
covers multiple performance
levels
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Inelastic Structural Response
Elastic Response
V = CSaW
Pseudo Lateral Force
C
m
SaW Yield Capacity, or

Force
QCE
Inelastic
Structural
Response
Expected
Displacement Maximum
Displacement
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Unreinforced Masonry
Unreinforced
Masonry
V=CSaW
m=1.25
Force
Δy 1.25Δy Δ
Displacement
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Confined Masonry
Confined Masonry
V=CSaW
m=2.5
Force
Δy 2.5Δy Δ
Displacement
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Confined Masonry
Unreinforced Masonry
V=CSaW
m=1.25
Force
m=2.5
Δy 1.25Δy 2.5Δy Δ
Displacement
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Capacity-Based Design
● Designate specific elements

to yield, which are called
deformation-controlled
elements
● Every other element should

not yield, rupture, or fail,
those are called force-
controlled elements
● Structure dissipates seismic energy through controlled

yielding
● No brittle failures occur which could lead to instability
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Acceptance Criteria
• Deformation-Controlled Actions
• m QCE ≥ QUD
• Evaluate using m-factors which vary
based on component and material type
• Force-Controlled Actions
• QCL ≥ QUF
• Evaluate for max force that can be
delivered to component
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Existing Building Codes vs.
New Building Codes
• ‘m’ factors versus ‘R’ factors
• ‘m’ can vary by direction, floor, and component.
• ‘R’ is single value for the whole building.
• Use expected material strengths instead of
nominal (+10% to +50%).
• No strength reduction factors (Φ = 1.0)
• Can accommodate non-compliant systems,
e.g. URM
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Outline
• Introduction
• Course Summary
• Pre-Test
• Background
• Checklist
• Map Based Screening
• Class Exercise
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Evaluation Proceedure
Identify Building
•Locate on Map
•Determine Hazard Parameters
Visit Site
•Draw Plan
•Identify Building Type (CM, IM, or URM)
•Identify Lateral Walls Retrofit
Specific
deficiencies
Complete Deficiency
Identification
Checklist Yes
Yes
•Includes Wall Area
Percentage Check Retrofit
YES Possible Using
Do Deficiencies Yes Manual?
Exist?
No NO No NO
Building is Life-
Perform additional
Safe. Repair if
evaluation or suggest
necessary
building replacement
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Evaluation Process
• Identify building or evaluation
• Locate on map
• Determine seismic hazard parameters, and other available
• Visit site, document existing conditions
• Draw Plan
• Identify Building Type (CM or URM), assume URM if unsure
• Identify Lateral Walls
• Complete checklist
• Including evaluation spreadsheet
• Identify suitable retrofit schemes
• Review with owner
• Develop retrofit alternatives
• Approximate scope and cost
• Select preferred scheme
• Include repair scope
• Develop construction documents
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation Requirements
• Single site visit for Engineer / Evaluator
• Aim to complete in one site visit
• Entire checklist, generate recommendations, estimate costs,
and select preferred option with owner during single visit
• Electronic tools, Spreadsheet, tables, forms
• Complete access to building required
• Calculator, tape measure and camera needed, sketch
plans, take photos, etc
• Engineer / evaluator requirements
• Must have completed required training
• Demonstrate ability to make engineering judgments
M.T.P.T.C.
Creating As-Built Plans/Elevations
1. Start with a grid and approximate scale (i.e. 2cm = 1m). The plan
doesn’t have to be drawn exactly to scale, but use it as a guide.
2. Fill in the title block with the following:

a) Title (describing floor plan and level)
b) Name and phone number of homeowner
c) Sheet number (E for existing, R for retrofit)
d) Project number (ie CVM000X)
e) Date
f) GPS coordinates
g) Name of engineer
3. Draw the existing floor plan – remember that walls have width,
they aren’t just lines.
4. Use the correct symbols from the legend to represent the

elements of the structure.
M.T.P.T.C.
Creating As-Built Plans/Elevations
5. Add gridlines along the walls.
6. Label the front of the house.
7. Draw the dimensions of the following on the plan:

a) lengths of walls (note which side of wall dimensions are to)
b) length and locations of window and door openings
c) positions and sizes of columns
d) thickness of walls
e) lengths of overhangs and/or balconies
f) Distance to adjacent buildings
g) Wall height
h) Parapet height
8. Note any other important information, such as the slope, about

building or site next to plan
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Complete Checklist
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Complete Checklist
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Torsion
BUILDING CONFIGURATION
TORSION: Walls are located on all exterior sides of the
C NC N/A building, or within 25% of the plan dimension at the wall location,
including L-shaped and T-shaped plans.
Alternatively the estimated distance between the center of mass
and the center of rigidity shall be less than 20% of the maximum
building width in either plan dimension.
M.T.P.T.C.
URM Versus CM Walls
1.0m typ.
1.3m typ.
Columns, typ.
Unreinforced Masonry or Confined Masonry?
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(1) Identify Wall Edges
Define Wall Edges

• At exterior of building
• Around all corridors, doors and openings wider
than 1.0m
At Wall Intersections
• From opposite direction walls
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In-plane shear failure of poorly confined masonry construction, 2010 Maule, Chile
Earthquake (M. Astroza)
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(2) Identify Reinforcement Present
Locate reinforcement present in wall

• Identify boundary columns (4-bars) and trim
reinforcement (1-or-2 bars)
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(3) Identify Reinforcement Required
<4.5m <0.6m
Confined Masonry Walls

• Have reinforcement within 0.6m of all edges
• 4- bars at building edges, corridors, and doors
• 1-or-2 bars at windows
• Maximum 4.5m spacing between 4-bar columns
• Reinforcement must be developed
• Into beam or masonry wall above
• Below window opening or into
M.T.P.T.C. foundation
(4) Confirm Wall Lengths
>1.0m
Required reinforcement for Confined Masonry
Determine Wall Lengths

• Minimum wall length for lateral resistance is 1.0m
for full wall adjacent door or full height opening,
0.6m for wall adjacent to window or partial height
opening
M.T.P.T.C.
(5) Ignore Small Openings <1.0m and 10% of
Wall Area
Required reinforcement for Confined Masonry
Determine Wall Lengths

• Minimum wall length for lateral resistance is 1.0m
for full wall adjacent door or full height opening,
0.6m for wall adjacent to window or partial height
opening
M.T.P.T.C.
Default is to treat as URM
URM Walls
• Minimum required length = 0.6m adjacent to
windows or partial height openings
• Or at least 1.0m when wall is adjacent to full
height openings, both sides
• URM wall is longer than CM wall but has
lower m-factor (1.25 versus 2.5)
M.T.P.T.C.
` Default is to treat as URM
<0.6m for walls

>1.0m for walls adjacent to doors or adjacent to
full height openings, both sides. ok windows. Not
counted
URM Walls
• Minimum required length = 0.6m adjacent to windows
or partial height openings
• Or at least 1.0m when wall is adjacent to full height
openings, both sides
• URM wall is longer than CM wall but has lower m-
factor (1.25 versus 2.5)
M.T.P.T.C.
Derivation of Method
• Starting Block Compressive Strength
• Use expected strength, ‘e’ for expected
• fme = 4.8 MPa (700psi)
• f’me = 3.9 MPa (560psi)
(Depends on mortar type)
• Vme = 0.43 Mpa (62 psi) estimated from calculation/testing
• Masonry Wall Shear Strength
• Confirmed by calculations (IBC 2009, Section)
• Vcapacity = 2.9 x √ (f’m) x Aw
• Vcapacity = 0.47MPa x Aw
• Higher, use 0.43 Mpa conservative
• By testing, Cavalheiro et. Al, 2004
• Final assumption
• Vcapacity = 0.43 MPa (62 psi) x 0.55 x Aw
• No Φ factors, assume RN = 0.55, and 0.15cm block
• Area of Wall Aw = Lw x tw
M.T.P.T.C.
Derivation of Method: Continued
• Earthquake Demand
• Use starting reference values
• m=1 (no ductility)
• SDS = 1.0g
• Building Area = Ab, Number Floors = N
• Maximum tributary weight at each level
• w = 7.2kPa (150psf)
• including walls at each level)
• Use 1.5 factor for torsion and relative stiffness
• Use 1.4 Modification factor from ASCE-31
• Vdemand = 1.5 x 1.4 x w x AB x N x SDS / m
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Seismicity
Map of Haiti showing areas covered by each seismic

criteria case
(Low Hazard covers only the yellow regions;
Moderate Hazard covers the yellow and orange
regions; High Hazard covers the yellow, orange and
red regions) (based upon 2010
USGS data)
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Earthquake Acceleration
F = ma
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Pseudo Lateral Force Concept
Elastic Response
V = CSaW
Pseudo Lateral Force
C
m
SaW Yield Capacity, or

Force
QCE
Inelastic
Structural
Response
Expected
Displacement Maximum
Displacement
M.T.P.T.C.
Derivation of Method: Continued
• Earthquake Capacity
• Vcapacity = 0.43 MPa x 0.55 x Aw
• Vdemand = 1.5 x 1.4 x w x AB x N x SDS / m
• Set equal and rearrange
• Aw / AB = 1.5 x 1.4 x w x N x SDS
m x 0.43 MPa x 0.55
• Aw / AB = 1.5 x 1.4 x 7.2kPa x N x SDS
1 x 430kPa x 0.55
• Aw / AB = 6.4% x N x SDS = bPSMRequirs
• WD = 6.4% now modify using factors
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Wall Area Percentage: Required
• Calculate basic Wall Area Percentage required
bWAPRequired = Sds x N x WD (Tabulated for convenience)
Sds = Seismicity Factor: Sds = 0.5, 1.05 or 1.67
N = Number of floors
WD = Baseline area percentage = 6.4%, for 4.8 MPa (700psi) block
No. of Elevated bWAP (%)

Levels (Incl. Sds
Roof) • Then apply
0.50 1.05 1.67 modification
factors…..
3 9.6% 20.1% 32.1%
2 6.4% 13.5% 21.5%
1 3.2% 6.7% 10.7%

M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Percentage: Factors
• Calculate required Wall Area Percentage (WAP)
WAPRequired = bWAPRequired x CBCQCRCLCNCI / m
m = Seismic Force Reduction Factor

CB = Block Strength Factor (0.8 to 1.8)
CQ = Construction Quality Factor (1.0 to 1.5)
CR = Evaluation/Retrofit Factor (0.75 or 1.0)
CL = Level Factor (0.33 to 1.0)
CN = Net Area Factor (0.5 to 1.8)
CI = Importance Factor (1.0 to 1.5)
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Wall Area Factors: Ductility, ‘m’
• Seismic Force Reduction Factor, ‘m’
Vary according to block strength and structural system.
Low fm = lower ductility
URM = lower ductility than CM and IM
‘m’ factor may decrease up the building but not increase
Elastic Response
‘m’ for
Ductile
Seismic Force Reduction Factor, m
‘m’ for System
Limited Masonry System
Lateral Force
Ductile
System fm URM CM and IM
Yield
< 10 Mpa 1.25 2.5
Inelastic Capacity
Structural >= 10 Mpa 1.5 3
Response
Displacement Ductile System

Limited Ductility
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Wall Area Factors: Block, CB
Block Strength Factor, CB
• Block Strength Factor, CB
= 1.0 f’m = 4.8 MPa (700 psi) Masonry fm
= √ (555 / (51.2 + 0.724 fm )) MPa (psi)
for other block strengths, fm in psi CB Factor
1.7 (250) 1.55
• A procedure will be developed 2.8 (400) 1.28
for field estimating block
4.8 (700) 1.00
strengths in-situ
6.9 (1000) 0.85
10 (1450) 0.71
• A value of 2.8 MPa (400 psi)
may be assumed if no 11.7 (1700) 0.66
information is available
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Quality, CQ
• Construction Quality
Factor, CQ
= 1.0 average quality
= 1.5 poor quality
• See photo-guide to help determine

appropriate factor.
• Not intended to capture weak masonry,

see CB factor.
• Reduce factor by applying similar

techniques to those included in the
MTPTC Repair Manual.
M.T.P.T.C.
• Examples of CQ = 1.5
Visible rebar tree is very short,
Ongoing construction shows poor
detailing
• Selective demo to confirm

detailing.
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Retrofit, CR
• Evaluation/Retrofit Factor, CR
= 0.75 when evaluating an existing structure
= 1.0 when evaluating a proposed retrofit scheme
Operational
Damage
Immediate
Control
Occupancy
Range
New Design
Life Safety Retrofit
Limited
Safety Evaluation
Collapse Range
Prevention

M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Net Area, CN
• Net Area Factor, CN
= 1.0 for 15cm block with 50% to 60% net solid
area, including both webs and flanges
= 0.55 x Gross Area / Solid Area
• Example: If block
was solid, then
CN = 0.55
i.e. less wall is
required
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Level, CL
• Evaluation is required at each level of the building
• Level Factor, CL, required to account for different
seismic demands at building levels
• Important when there are:
• Setbacks, i.e. less weight
• Significant reductions in wall area
• Used to decide how much, if any, retrofit is required at
upper levels
• Cantilevered upper stories must be retrofit per checklist
M.T.P.T.C.
Heavy Roof
Level 1 Story 2 Story 3 Story
Building Building Building
-
3 - 0.39
-
2 0.57 0.67
1 1.00 0.86 0.79
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Light Roof
-
3 - 0.14
-
2 0.20 0.43
1 0.33 0.50 0.57
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Wall Area Factors: Importance, CI
• Importance Factor, CI
= 1.0 for the Life-Safety performance level
= 1.5 for the Immediate Occupancy performance level
• Typically most buildings are evaluated or retrofit to the

life-safety performance level.
• May be desirable to select a higher level for schools,
hospitals, etc. This requires input from MTPTC.
• Also requires additional checklist items.
• May also require an evaluation of the bracing of the
building contents.
• URM is not usually permitted for in seismically active areas,
may want to require CM/IM for Immediate Occupancy level
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
Limitations
• Applicable for concrete masonry construction
• URM, CM or IM with concrete floors/roof and lightweight roofs.
• Up to three stories for CM/IM. Does not apply for URM when:
• 3-story buildings with Sds >= 1.05g
• 2-or-3-story buildings with Sds >= 1.67g
• Minimum WAP required is 2.5%
• Applies to life-safety performance level
• Propose CI for Important Buildings
• Needs MTPTC Review
M.T.P.T.C.
Example1 – Plans and Elevation
M.T.P.T.C.
Example Building Layout
• Unreinforced Masonry Example
• 3.6m x 8.1m, two story
• Concrete floor and roof, with
second story over front patio
• 15cm block and columns
fm = 4.8 MPa (700 psi)
• Located on flat site in Port Au
Prince, Sds = 1.05g
• Calculate Wall Area Percentage

• WAPActual = Sum (tw x lt / Ar )
• WAPactual = 4.2% longitudinal

= 2.8% transverse
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Percentage: Required
• Calculate basic Wall Area Percentage required
bWAPRequired = Sds x N x WD (Tabulated for convenience)
Sds = Seismicity Factor: Sds = 0.5, 1.05 or 1.67
N = Number of floors
WD = Baseline area percentage = 6.4%, for 4.8 MPa (700psi) block
No. of Elevated bWAP (%)

Levels (Incl. Sds
Roof) • Then apply
0.50 1.05 1.67 modification
factors…..
3 9.6% 20.1% 32.1%
2 6.4% 13.5% 21.5%
1 3.2% 6.7% 10.7%

M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Percentage: Factors
• Calculate required Wall Area Percentage (WAP)
WAPRequired = bWAPRequired x CBCQCRCLCNCI / m
m = Seismic Force Reduction Factor

CB = Block Strength Factor (0.8 to 1.8)
CQ = Construction Quality Factor (1.0 or 1.5)
CR = Evaluation/Retrofit Factor (0.75 or 1.0)
CL = Level Factor (0.5 to 1.0)
CN = Net Area Factor (0.5 to 1.8)
CI = Importance Factor (1.0 to 1.5)
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Ductility, ‘m’
• Seismic Force Reduction Factor, ‘m’
Vary according to block strength and structural system.
Low fm = lower ductility
URM = lower ductility than CM and IM
‘m’ factor may decrease up the building but not increase
Elastic Response
‘m’ for
Ductile
Seismic Force Reduction Factor, m
‘m’ for System
Limited Masonry System
Lateral Force
Ductile
System fm URM CM and IM
Yield
< 10 Mpa 1.25 2.5
Inelastic Capacity
Structural >= 10 Mpa 1.5 3
Response
Displacement Ductile System

Limited Ductility
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Block, CB
Block Strength Factor, CB
• Block Strength Factor, CB
= 1.0 f’m = 4.8 MPa (700 psi) Masonry fm
= √ (555 / (51.2 + 0.724 fm )) MPa (psi)
for other block strengths, fm in psi CB Factor
1.7 (250) 1.55
• A procedure will be developed 2.8 (400) 1.28
for field estimating block
4.8 (700) 1.00
strengths in-situ
6.9 (1000) 0.85
10 (1450) 0.71
• A value of 2.8 MPa (400 psi)
may be assumed if no 11.7 (1700) 0.66
information is available
M.T.P.T.C.
• Construction Quality
Factor, CQ
= 1.0 average quality
= 1.5 poor quality
• See photo-guide to help determine

appropriate factor.
• Not intended to capture weak masonry,

see CB factor.
• Reduce factor by applying similar

techniques to those included in the
MTPTC Repair Manual.
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Retrofit, CR
• Evaluation/Retrofit Factor, CR
= 0.75 when evaluating an existing structure
= 1.0 when evaluating a proposed retrofit scheme
Operational
Damage
Immediate
Control
Occupancy
Range
New Design
Life Safety Retrofit
Limited
Safety Evaluation
Collapse Range
Prevention

M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Net Area, CN
• Net Area Factor, CN
= 1.0 for 15cm block with 50% to 60% net solid
area, including both webs and flanges
= 0.55 / RN where RN is the net area ratio for the
block under consideration
• Example: If block
was solid, then
CN = 0.55
i.e. less wall is
required
M.T.P.T.C.
Heavy Roof
-
3 - 0.39
-
2 0.57 0.67
1 1.00 0.86 0.79
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Importance, CI
• Importance Factor, CI
= 1.0 for the Life-Safety performance level
= 1.5 for the Immediate Occupancy performance level
• Typically most buildings are evaluated or retrofit to the

life-safety performance level.
• May be desirable to select a higher level for schools,
hospitals, etc. This requires input from MTPTC.
• Also requires additional checklist items.
• May also require an evaluation of the bracing of the
building contents.
• URM is not usually permitted for in seismically active areas,
may want to require CM/IM for Immediate Occupancy level
M.T.P.T.C.
Example: Two Story URM Evaluation
• Basic Wall Area Required
• bWAPreqd = 13.4%
• Level 1 Adjustment factors
• m = 1.25
• CB = 1.0 Block is 4.8 MPa
• CR = 0.75 Evaluation not retrofit
• CL = 0.86
• CQ = 1.5 Poor quality
• WAPreqd = 10.4%
• WAPactual = 4.2% to 2.8%
• D/C Ratio = 3.7 Transverse
= 2.5 Longitudinal
• D/C Ratio > 1.0
• Existing condition is no good
M.T.P.T.C.
Spreadsheet Tool
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
• Introduction
• Course Summary
• Pre-Test
• Background
• Checklist
• Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit Schemes: Adjust Factors
• Changing the factors:
• Test the block to improve the assumed
masonry strength (reduce CB)
• Improve masonry quality and/or concrete
detailing (reduce CQ)
• Confirm block net area (increase RN)
• Remove a upper level (reduce N and CL)
• Change the occupancy (reduce CI)
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit Schemes: URM to CM
• Changing the system
• Converting URM to CM:
• Adding new structural elements
• New walls / thicker walls
• Plaster both sides of existing walls
• Add Miyamoto concrete overlay
• For some buildings, replacement is best.
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit Schemes Details
• Details for the following
• New walls / thicker walls
• Plaster both sides of
existing walls
• Add concrete overlay
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit: Effective Area Factors
New Masonry Effective Area Factor, Km
Existing Masonry When adding new block to
New Masonry fm MPa (psi) existing lower strength block
fm 2.8 (400) 4.8 (700)
4.8 (700) 1.3 1.0
6.9 (1000) 1.5 1.2
10 (1450) 1.5 1.4
12 (1740) N/A N/A
New Plaster Effective When adding plaster to each side

Area Factor, Kp = 0.5 of existing block, max 1.5cm
thickness
New Concrete Effective When adding concrete overlay to one
side of existing block back 7.5 cm
Area Factor, Kc = 1.5
thickness
M.T.P.T.C.
New Masonry Wall Area Adjustment Factor, Km
If Km = 1.5:
=
L 1.5 x L
New Masonry Wall Additional Existing
Masonry Wall
M.T.P.T.C.
New Plaster Area Adjustment Factor, Kp
= 1.5L = L + 0.5 x L
L
Existing Masonry Wall Existing Masonry
With 2.5 cm New Plaster Wall
M.T.P.T.C.
New Reinforced Concrete Overlay Area Adjustment
Factor, Kp
=
L 2.5L = L + 1.5 x L
Existing Masonry Wall Existing Masonry
With 7.5 cm New Wall
Reinforced Concrete
Overlay
M.T.P.T.C.
Aexistingwall 0.15 × ( K m Lm + 0.5 L p + 1.5 Lc )
WAPeffective = +
Ar Ar
WAPactual WAPretrofit
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit Evaluation
• Wall Area Percentage Check

(Retrofit Section)
• Checklist Notes
M.T.P.T.C.
Example: Two Story URM Retrofit#1
• Level 1: Retrofit adjustments
• Add new 0.3m URM walls at patio and interior
• Add plaster to selected walls
• Infill patio to provide additional walls
• m = 1.25
• CR = 1.0 Retrofit not evaluation
• CQ = 1.0 Average quality (repair made)
• CL = 0.86 Average quality (repair made)
• WAPreqd = 9.2%
• WAPactual = 11.4% Transverse
= 11.0% Longitudinal
= 0.84 Longitudinal
• D/C Ratio <= 1.0 OK
M.T.P.T.C.
• Add 0.15m new wall with plaster
• m = 1.25
• CQ = 1.0 Average quality
• WAPreqd = 6.1%
= 6.2% Longitudinal
= 0.99 Longitudinal
• D/C Ratio < 1.0 Long and Trans
• Retrofit condition OK for Level 2
M.T.P.T.C.
• Add 0.15m new wall and convert to CM
• m = 2.5
• CL =0.86
• WAPreqd = 4.6%
= 7.1% Longitudinal
= 0.65 Longitudinal
Remove wall at
intersections.
Replace with Tie
Columns
M.T.P.T.C.
• Add 0.15m new wall
• m = 1.25
• CL = 0.57
• WAPreqd = 6.1%
= 6.2% Longitudinal
= 0.99 Longitudinal
M.T.P.T.C.
• Add 0.15m new wall and convert to CM
• Plaster all walls at level1
• Strengthen patio columns
• m = 2.5
• WAPreqd = 4.6%
= 6.1% Longitudinal
= 0.75 Longitudinal
Remove walls at
intersections.
Replace with Tie
Columns
M.T.P.T.C.
• Add 0.15m new wall
• m = 1.25
• WAPreqd = 6.1%
= 6.2% Longitudinal
= 0.99 Longitudinal
Remove walls at
intersections.
Replace with Tie
Columns
M.T.P.T.C.
Example - Retrofit 2
Plans
Retrofit Spreadsheet
Retrofit Costs
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
• Introduction
• Course Summary
• Pre-Test
• Background
• Checklist
• Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Future Development
• Address flexible roof systems
• Incorporate input from MTPTC and others
• Validate and test before implementation
• Monitor early applications
• Field measurement of masonry properties
• Map-based initial screening
• Wall test program
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Test Facility: Schematic
Reinforced concrete Hydraulic Ram, Hand
or steel tie-beam Pump and Gauge
R.C. Shear
Wall each
side
Reusable Confined Masonry

attachment detail Wall Specimen. Reinforced
at base of column Approximate size concrete
2.7m tall x 3m long footing
Notes:
Not shown: lateral stability bracing, guides,
gravity load mechanism, dial gauges for
deformations.
Section at Section at
Side Wall
M.T.P.T.C. Specimen
Build Change Wall Testing Facility
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
• Introduction
• Course Summary
• Pre-Test
• Background
• Checklist
• Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation and Retrofit: Exercise
• Existing CM Building
• Two story, heavy roof and
porch
• Typical 15cm block
• Port Au Prince
Sds = 1.05g
• fm = 6.9 MPa (1000 psi)
• Average masonry quality
and detailing (1.0)
• No existing damage
• Evaluate (0.75)
and design retrofit if
required
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation and Retrofit, Site Visit
• Building 2: Two story • Building 1: Two story

• Existing URM or CM Building • Existing URM or CM Building
• Red Tag, Open front • Yellow Tag, Poor masonry
• Extensive wall damage • Irregular configuration
M.T.P.T.C.
Batiment #1, Rez-de-Chaussee
M.T.P.T.C.
Batiment #2, Rez-de-Chaussee
M.T.P.T.C.
Questions and Discussion
M.T.P.T.C.

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit

Guidelines for Haitian Masonry

• Full Range of Seismic and Structural Engineering

Innovative structural engineering, while promoting seismic

2006 Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures

Credit: Confined Masonry Design Manual: April 2010 Draft

• Larger beams and columns • Small beams and columns

Credit: Confined Masonry Design

Credit: Confined Masonry Design

ADD PIC OF URM

Did not collapse,

Evaluation and Retrofit Design

Backup utility services maintain

Structure remains stable and has significant Life Safety

Lower Performance / More Loss

Tier 2 – Evaluate Deficiencies

Tier 3 – Detailed Evaluation

SaW Yield Capacity, or

● Designate specific elements

● Every other element should

● Structure dissipates seismic energy through controlled

● No brittle failures occur which could lead to instability

2. Fill in the title block with the following:

4. Use the correct symbols from the legend to represent the

6. Label the front of the house.

7. Draw the dimensions of the following on the plan:

8. Note any other important information, such as the slope, about

Unreinforced Masonry or Confined Masonry?

Define Wall Edges

Locate reinforcement present in wall

Confined Masonry Walls

Required reinforcement for Confined Masonry

Determine Wall Lengths

Required reinforcement for Confined Masonry

Determine Wall Lengths

<0.6m for walls

Map of Haiti showing areas covered by each seismic

SaW Yield Capacity, or

No. of Elevated bWAP (%)

2 6.4% 13.5% 21.5%

1 3.2% 6.7% 10.7%

m = Seismic Force Reduction Factor

Displacement Ductile System

• See photo-guide to help determine

• Not intended to capture weak masonry,

• Reduce factor by applying similar

• Selective demo to confirm

Higher Performance / Less Loss

Lower Performance / More Loss

1 1.00 0.86 0.79

1 0.33 0.50 0.57

• Typically most buildings are evaluated or retrofit to the

• Calculate Wall Area Percentage

• WAPactual = 4.2% longitudinal

No. of Elevated bWAP (%)

2 6.4% 13.5% 21.5%

1 3.2% 6.7% 10.7%

m = Seismic Force Reduction Factor

Displacement Ductile System

• See photo-guide to help determine

• Not intended to capture weak masonry,

• Reduce factor by applying similar

Higher Performance / Less Loss