Apala Desh Apali Rajyaghatana Edition 2

Amnbm Xoe
Amnbr amÁ¶KQ>Zm
S>m.° a{dZ§X Zm‘Xod hmodmi
~§YVw m àH$meZ, gmocmnya

{dVaH$ - gw{dÚm àH$meZ, gmocmnya
Amnbm Xoe Amnbr amÁ¶KQ>Zm
S>m°. a{dZ§X Zm‘Xod hmodmi
Apala Desh Apali Rajyaghatana
Dr. Ravinand Namdeo Howal
h¸$- @boIH$
rnhowal@gmail.com
àW‘ Amd¥Îmr-
{X. 26 OmZodmar, 2006, Z‘moËH«$m§Vr àH$meZ, gmobmnya
àVr-1,000
{ÛVr¶ Amd¥Îmr-
{X. 25 OmZodmar, 2018, ~§YwVm àH$meZ, gmobmnya
àVr-1,000
‘wÐH$ $-
gw{dÚm àH$meZ, 374, CÎma H$g~m, n§Om~ Vmb‘rOdi, gmobmnya.
’$moZ-0217/2722510
à‘wI {dVaH$-
gw{dÚm àH$meZ, gmobmnya.
_mo. 9403292111
qH$‘V- e§â ê$n¶o.

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àË¶oH$ Iè¶m ^maVr¶mg...
{ÛVr¶ Amd¥ÎmrMr àñVmdZm
15 Am°JñQ> 1947 amoOr {~«{Q>e bmoH$ ^maV gmoSy>Z {ZKyZ Joë`mZ§Va

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A§Y:H$ma`wJmV bmoQ>bm OmÊ¶mMm ‘moR>m YmoH$m {Z‘m©U Pmbm hmoVm. hm YmoH$m
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àgmX, nQ>ob Am{U S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶mgmaIo ^maVmVrb {X½JO
amï´>r¶ ZoVo EH$Ì Ambo hmoV.o ¶m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Eo³¶mbm S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Mo
g§{dYmZgôVrb {X. 17 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOrMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^mfU d Ë¶mVyZ
{Xgbobm Ë¶m§Mm AgmYmaU ‘wËgÔrnUm àm‘w»¶mZo H$maUr^yV R>abm hmoVm. ¶m
Eo{Vhm{gH$ ‘Zmo{‘bZmVyZ ^maVr¶ g‘mOmbm d EH§$XaM ‘mZdr OJVmbm
{‘imbobm EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ d A‘yë¶ R>odm åhUOoM ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>Zm hmo¶!
^maVr¶ g‘mO Am{U g§{dYmZ ho XmoKohr AmO g§H«$‘U H$mimVyZ
OmV AmhoV. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ XoemV bmJy hmoD$Z AmVm ASw>gï> df} CbQ>bobr
AmhoV. åhUOo gw‘mao gÎma dfmªMm àdmg ¶m g§{dYmZmÀ¶m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmImbr
AmnU Ho$bobm Amho. na§Vw, ¶m gÎma dfmªV ^maVmV g§{dYmZm~m~V hì¶m Ë¶m
à‘mUmV OZOmJ¥Vr AÚmn Pmbobr Zmhr. Vr KS>mdr, hm ¶m nwñVH$mÀ¶m
boIZm‘mJMm à‘wI hoVy H$mbhr hmoVm d AmOhr Amho.
¶m nwñVH$mMr n{hbr Amd¥Îmr 26 OmZodmar, 2006 amoOr gmobmnwamV
àH$m{eV Pmbr hmoVr. Ë¶mMr Xþgar Amd¥Îmrhr gmobmnwamVM 25 OmZodmar,
2018 amoOr àH$m{eV hmoV Amho. ‘Yë¶m H$mimV gw‘mao ~mam df} Jobobr
AmhoV. n{hbr Amd¥Îmr Iao Va Mma-nmM dfmªnyduM g§nbr hmoVr; nU BVa
ì¶mnm‘wio ¶m nwñVH$mMr Xþgar Amd¥Îmr H$mT>Uo e³¶ Pmbo ZìhVo. AmVm ‘mÌ
Vr àH$memV ¶oV Amho, ¶mMm ‘bm AWm©VM AmZ§X Amho. n{hbr Amd¥Îmr
gw‘mao Mmirg nmZm§Mr hmoVr. hr Xþgar Amd¥Îmr EH$eo ~mam nmZm§Mr Amho. ¶m
Xaå¶mZÀ¶m H$mimV ‘mPm g§{dYmZm~m~VMm Aä¶mg qH$dm A{YH$mahr
~è¶mn¡H$s dmT>bobm Amho. Ë¶mMr à{MVr hm J«§W dmMVmZm dmMH$m§Zm ¶oB©bM.
ho nwñVH$ ‘hm{dÚmb¶rZ {dÚmÏ¶mª~amo~aM gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶©H$V},
Aä¶mgH$, àmÜ¶mnH$ B. gdmªÀ¶m H$m‘mbm ¶mdo, Aem nÕVrZo ‘r {b{hbo
Amho. ^maVmMm EH$ O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$ Am{U Aä¶mgH$ ¶m ^y{‘Ho$VyZ ‘r Vo
{b{hbo Amho. Á¶m S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Zm ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMo {eënH$ma
åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo, Ë¶m S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m ‘mZ{gH$VoMr ‘bm
nwaonya AmoiI Amho d ‘mPr ñdV:Mr ‘mZ{gH$Vm Ë¶m ‘mZ{gH$VoÀ¶m AË¶§V
Odi OmUmar Amho. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m nwñVH$mV Iè¶m ^maVr¶m§gmR>r ~aoM H$mhr
{bhrbobo Amnë¶mbm AmT>iob. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZm{df¶r H$mhrhr Z OmUUmam
Omo dmMH$ ho nwñVH$ dmMob, Ë¶mbm ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr AË¶§V Mm§Jë¶m
àH$mao AmoiI Va hmoB©bM; nU Ë¶m~amo~aM ¶m nwñVH$mÀ¶m dmMZmZo Vmo
^maVr¶ g‘mOmMm EH$ A{YH$ O~m~Xma KQ>H$ åhUyZ H$m¶©aV hmoB©b, Agm
‘bm {dídmg dmQ>Vmo.
^maVmMo EH$ gmd©^m¡‘, g‘mOdmXr, Y‘©{Zanoj, bmoH$emhr, JUamÁ¶
KS>dm¶bm {ZKmboë¶m AmnU ^maVr¶m§Zr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMo àW‘ ñdV:
H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMZ Ho$bo nm{hOo; BVam§Zmhr Vo dmMÊ¶mg àd¥Îm Ho$bo nm{hOo
d Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mÀ¶m à^mdr A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r gm‘y{hH$nUo PQ>bo nm{hOo,
Ago ‘bm dmQ>Vo. ¶m Ñï>rZo ‘amR>r ^mfm dmMy eH$Umè¶m àË¶oH$ ^maVr¶
ZmJ[aH$mbm ghOVoZo d gwb^VoZo ho nwñVH$ dmMVm ¶mdo d ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMo
A§Va§J g‘OyZ KoVm ¶mdo, Aem nÕVrZo d Ë¶m hoVyZo ‘r ¶m nwñVH$mMo boIZ
Ho$bo Amho. AmnU Ë¶mMo ñdmJV H$amb, ¶mMr ‘bm ImÌr Amho.
-S>m°. a{dZ§X Zm‘Xod hmodmi

(gmobmnya, {X. 25 OmZodmar, 2018)
AZwH$« ‘{UH$m
^mJ-1 : Amnbm Xoe
àH$aU 1 - àmMrZ Am{U ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ ^maV & 1 Vo 5
q gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Ym{‘©H$ B{Vhmg
àH$aU 2 - AmYw{ZH$ ^maV & 6 Vo 19
q {~«Q>rem§Mo A{YnË¶ q 1857 Mo ~§S> d Ë¶mMo n[aUm‘
q Jmob‘oO n[afXm§Vrb KS>m‘moS>r q 1935 Mr àm§{VH$ ñdm¶ÎmVm
q 1947 Mo ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶ q ñdmV§Í¶mZ§VaMr AmìhmZo
^mJ-2 : Amnbr amÁ¶KQ>Zm
àH$aU 3 - ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr nm¶mâUr & 20 Vo 39
q dgmhVrÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mMr KmofUm(1942) q KQ>Zmg{‘VrgmR>r {ZdS>UwH$m
q KQZm{Z{‘©VrgmR>r {df¶g{‘Ë¶m q ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo JR>Z Am{U H$m¶©
q g§{dYmZmMo n{hbo, Xþgao Am{U {Vgao dmMZ q S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ¶moJXmZ
àH$aU 4 - ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr à‘wI d¡{eîQ>ço & 40 Vo 76
q 1/6 ‘mZdOmVrgmR>rMo g§{dYmZ q g§gXr` bmoH$emhr g§{dYmZ
q gd©loð> CÔoen{ÌH$m q EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd
q _yb^yV A{YH$ma q ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo Am{U ‘yb^yV H$V©ì¶o
q H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶m§Mo nañna g§~§Y q Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Mr H$m¶©nÕVr
q bmoH$godm Am¶moJ, {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJ, A.OmVr d A. O‘mVr Am¶moJ
q Am{W©H$ g§aMZm, AmUr~mUr, KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr Am{U BVa VaVyXr
q AmOdaÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m VrZ KQ>ZmXþê$ñË¶m q amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrb n[a{eîQ>o
àH$aU 5 - g§{dYmZmMo ¶emn¶e & 77 Vo 91
q amÁ`KQ>Zodarb Amjon q amÁ`KQ>ZoMr A§_b~OmdUr
q g§{dYmZ {XZmg gwédmV q S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm Bemam
àH$aU 6 - ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ Am{U bmoH$emhrMo ^{dVì¶ & 92 Vo 105
q bmoH$emhrMm B{Vhmg q bmoH$emhrMo ñdê$n
q bmoH$emhrdarb Amamon q Xmofm§Mo {ZamH$aU
q gaH$maZo H$m¶ H$amdo? q ZmJ[aH$m§Zr H$m¶ H$amdo?
g§X^© & 106
^mJ - 1 : Amnbm Xoe
àH$aU 1
àmMrZ Am{U ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ ^maV
^maV hm OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>m bmoH$emhr Xoe AgyZ ^maVr`

g§{dYmZmZwgma "^maV' AWm©V² "B§{S>¶m' ho Ë¶mMo H$m¶Xoera Zmd Amho. ^maVr¶
amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ¶m n{hë`mM H$b_mV "B§{S>`m AWm©V² ^maV hm amÁ`m§Mm g§K
Agob!' ¶m eãXm§V Amnë¶m XoemMo Zmd Am{U Ë¶mMo amOH$s¶ ñdê$n ñnîQ>
Ho$bobo Amho. AcrH$S>À¶m H$mhr eVH$m§V nmíMmÎ¶ OJVmV Amnë¶m XoemMr
"B§{S>¶m' Aer AmoiI ÑT> Pmbobr Amho. AZoH$ H$m¶Xoera d Eo{Vhm{gH$
XñVmdoOm§‘Ü¶ohr Ë¶mMm C„oI "B§{S>¶m' ¶m ZmdmZo Pmbobm Agë¶m‘wio "B§{S>¶m'
ho Zmd Amnë¶m XoemgmR>r H$m¶XoeranUo ñdrH$maÊ¶mV Ambobo Amho. ‘mÌ,
^maVr¶ àXoemV ngaboë¶m Amnë¶m ¶m I§S>àm¶ Xoembm nm¡dm©Ë¶ OJVmV
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ "^maV' ¶m ZmdmZohr AmoiIbo OmV Agë¶mZo Vr ‘yi
AmoiI OnÊ¶mgmR>r "^maV' ho Zmdhr H$m¶XoeranUo ñdrH$maÊ¶mV Ambobo
Amho. Aem [aVrZo AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mVrb Amnë¶m XoemMo Zmd ñdrH$maVmZm
ì¶dhma d ñdm{^‘mZ ¶m XmoÝhr Jmoï>tZm AË¶§V ‘hÎdnyU© Ago ñWmZ XoÊ¶mV
Ambobo Amho.
Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ B{Vhmg
^maVmV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {d{dY d§em§À`m bmoH$m§Mo AmJ_Z hmoV
Amho. J«rH$, eH$, hÿU, Hw$emU, Am`©, _moJb Ago AZoH$ àH$maMo bmoH$
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV òV am{hbo AmhoV. òWrb _yb{Zdmgr Agboë¶m
ZmJd§er` bmoH$m§er Ë`m§Mm AZoH$ df} g§Kf© hmoV am{hbm d Ë¶m‘wioM B{Vhmg
H$mimV Q>moù`m§À¶m g§Kfm©Mr EH$ g§ñH¥$Vr ^maVmV V¶ma Pmbr hmoVr.
S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m ‘Vo, ZmJd§er` bmoH$ d Ð{dS> bmoH$ ho EH$M
AmhoV. ZmJ ho Ë¶m§Mo dm§{eH$ qH$dm gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§naoVyZ Ambobo Zmd Amho,
Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 1
Va Ð{dS> ho Ë`m§Mo ^m{fH$ Zmd Amho. X{jU ^maVmV àm‘w»¶mZo Vm{‘i ^mfm
~mobbr OmVo. {VWë¶m BVa ^mfm ¶m àm‘w»¶mZo Vm{‘i ^mfoVyZ {Z‘m©U
Pmboë¶m, AWdm {VÀ¶mer {ZH$Q> g§~§Y Agboë¶m ^mfm ‘mZë¶m OmVmV.
Vm{‘iMo ê$nm§Va Xm{‘b d Xm{‘b ¶m eãXmMo ê$nm§Va hmoD$Z Ð{dS> hm eãX
~Zbm Agë¶mMo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gm§{JVbo Amho.
ZmJd§er` bmoH$m§ZmM CËVa ^maVmV Xmg qH$dm Xñ`y åhQ>bo Jobo
AgyZ, CÎma ^maVmVrb ‘moR>m àXoe Am`mªÀ`m à^mdmImbr Amë¶mZ§Va Ë¶m§Zr
Amnbr _yi ^mfm ~mobUo hiyhiy ~§X Ho$bo. Ë¶m_wio "Ð{dS> bmoH$ Ho$di
X{jUoVM AmhoV' Agm g_O AmO gd©Ì ngabobm Amho, Agohr
S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gm§{JVbo Amho. _moJb, {¼íMZ B. bmoH$ Oar EHo$H$mir
~mhoarb àXoemVyZ ^maVmV Ambobo Agbo, Var AmO ^maVmV Agbobo gd©
{¼íMZ, _wgb_mZ B. bmoH$ ho naH$s` bmoH$ ZgyZ Ë`mVrb ~hþVm§e bmooH$ ho
òWrbM _yb{Zdmgr bmoH$m§_Yrb Y_mªV[aV bmoH$ AmhoV. {edm¶ H$mhr bmoH$
Oar ~mhoê$Z Ambobo Agbo, Var Ë¶m§À¶m AZoH$ {nT>çm ¶oWoM OÝ‘boë¶m
Agë¶m‘wio AmVm ñdH$s¶-naH$s¶ Agm ôX ‘ZmV ~miJÊ¶mMr JaO qH$dm
n[apñWVr Cabobr Zmhr. gd© OmVr-Y‘mªMo, àm§V àXoem§Mo, {d{dY ^mfm
~mobUmao, {d{dY d§em§Mo bmoH$ AmVm ñdV:bm ^maVr¶ ‘mZV AmhoV.
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV ~m¡Õ d d¡{XH$ Y_m©Mm à^md Amho. ZdrZ
g§emoYZmZwgma, Am`© bmoH$ d Ë`m§Mm d¡{XH$ Y_© ^maVmV òÊ`mnydu ^maVm_Üò
_moR>çm à_mUmV ~m¡Õ Yå_ ngabobm hmoVm, hr JmoîQ> g_moa òV Amho.
\$miUrnydu ^maVmV Agboë`m d AmO nm{H$ñVmZmV Agboë`m hS>mßnm d
_moh|OmoXS>moMr CËIZZmV gmnS>bobr g§ñH¥$Vr hm `mMm g~i nwamdm R>aUma
Amho. AmO OJâ Á`m§Mo AZw`m`r ngabobo AmhoV, Vo VWmJV Jm¡V_ ~wÕ
ho òey {¼ñVmÀ`m OÝ_mÀ`m ghmeo df} AJmoXa OÝ_bo hmoVo. ~wÕm§À¶m
AmYrhr AZoH$ ~wÕ Pmbo hmoVo, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. EH$m ~wÕmZ§Va Xþgam ~wÕ
OÝ‘mbm ¶m¶bm eoH$S>mo hOmamo df} OmVmV, hm AmOdaMm AZw^d Amho.
AS>rM hOma dfmªnydu OÝ‘boë¶m Jm¡V_ ~wÕm§Z§Va OÝ‘boë¶m EH$mhr {dX²dmZ
nwê$fmbm ~m¡Õm§Zr AÚmn ~wÕmMm XOm© {Xbobm Zmhr, ¶mdê$Z n{hbm ~wÕ
Ooìhm ¶oWo OÝ‘bm Vmo H$mi n§Mdrg Vo nÞmg hOma dfmªnyduMm H$mi hmoVm,
Agm AZw‘mZ Amnë¶mbm H$mT>Vm ¶oVmo d ~m¡Õ g§ñH¥$Vr hr ^maVmVrb gdm©V
àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr hmoVr, Agm Xmdmhr AmnU H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
AmOMm qhXy Y_© hm àmMrZ ~m¡Õ Y_© d d¡{XH$ Y_© `m§À`m {_bm\$mVyZ
V`ma Pmbobm Amho, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gm§{JVbobo Amho. Ë¶m‘wioM
^maVmVrb {d{dY Ym{‘©H$ ‘Vm§‘Ü¶o ‘moR>m d¡Mm[aH$ g§Kf© Agbm, Var AZoH$
{R>H$mUr EH$‘oH$m§À¶m H$mhr Mm§Jë¶m Jmoï>tMm ñdrH$ma d AmXahr Ho$bobm
AmT>iVmo. ^maVmVbo AZoH$ qhXÿY_u¶ bmoH$ Á¶m§Zm AmXe© ‘mZVmV, Aem
ñdm‘r {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zr ~wÕm§~m~V Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo, H$s "~wÕm§À¶m öX¶mV OodT>r
H$ê$Um dgV hmoVr, {VÀ¶m EH$ ghóm§e H$ê$Um Oar ‘bm ‘mÂ¶m öX¶mV
CËnÞ H$aVm Ambr AgVr, Var ‘r ñdV:bm YÝ¶ g‘Obo AgVo!' ~wÕm§gma»¶m
¶wJnwê$fm§Mo Y‘© Am{U H$mbmVrV ‘hÎd ¶mdê$Z V‘m‘ ^maVr¶m§À¶m bjmV
¶oD$ eH$Vo.
^maVr¶ àXoemV OÝ‘ KoD$Z g§nyU© OJâ ngabobm ~m¡Õ Yå_ hm
^maVmVrb EH$_od Y‘© Amho. hm namH«$‘ àkm, erb, H$ê$Um d ‘oÎmm ¶m
VÎdm§À¶m AmMaUmX²dmao ^maVmVrb àmMrZ ~wÕ Yå‘r¶m§Zr KS>dbobm Amho.
àmMrZ H$mir Ooìhm XiUdiU d g§nH$m©Mr H$moUVrhr Mm§Jbr gmYZo
CnbãY ZìhVr, Ë`m H$mimVhr {h_mb`mgmaIo _moR>_moR>o nd©V, OJmVrb
‘moR>‘moR>r dmid§Q>o Am{U _hmgmJa Amobm§Sy>Z hm Yå_ OJâ H$gm H$m`
nmohmoMbm Agob, ¶m~m~V nmíMmÎ¶ Xoem§Vrb {dÛmZm§gh g§nyU© OJmVrb
{dX²dmZ, {dMmad§V Am{U g§emoYH$ AmOhr AmíM`© ì`ŠV H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
^maVr`m§Zm Amnë¶m ¶m à~wÕ dmaemMm {dga nS>ë¶m‘wio ^maVmMr A§VJ©V
pñWVr H$‘Omoa Pmbr d H$mhr H$mimgmR>r H$m hmoB©Zm nU OJâ ^maVmMr
Aà{Vð>m Pmbr, ho dmñVd AmnU {dgaVm H$m‘m Z¶o.
^maV hm ‘wimV ~m¡Õm§Mm Xoe Amho, Ago åhQ>bo Va H$moUmbm AmíM¶©
dmQ>y Z¶o, BVH$s ~m¡Õ Yå‘mMr ‘wio ^maVr¶ g‘mOmÀ¶m hmS>r‘mgr ê$Obobr
AmhoV. qhXÿ g‘mOmV ê$Oboë¶m g{hîUyVoÀ¶m ‘wimer ~m¡Õ na§naoVrb H$ê$Um
AgyZ AZoH$ qhXÿ ‘mZë¶m Jobëo ¶m {dX²dmZ, ‘hmË‘o Am{U g§Vm§À¶m {dMmam§VZy hr
¶m H$ê$UoMm Amnë¶mbm àË¶¶ ¶oD$ eH$Vmo. EHo$H$mir ^maVmVrb kmZ
OJmZo ñdrH$mabo, ¶mMo AZoH$ nwamdo AmVm CnbãY hmoD$ bmJbo AmhoV.
ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm d ~§YwVm hr VÎdÌ¶r ’«$mÝgÀ¶m H«$m§VrnmgyZ AmnU CMbbr,
Ago gd©gmYmaUnUo ‘mZbo OmVo. nU hr VÎdo ‘r ’«$mÝgÀ¶m B{VhmgmVyZ
Zmhr, Va ~wÕm§À¶m VÎdkmZmVyZ KoVbr AmhoV, ¶mMr ñnï> H$ënZm ^maVr¶
amÁ¶KQ>ZM o o {eënH$ma Agboë¶m S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Zr KQ>Zm g{‘VrVrb
Ë¶m§À¶m ^mfUmÛmao Amnë¶mbm {Xbobr Amho. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMm {dMma
H$aVmZm ~wÕ Yå‘mÀ¶m B{VhmgmMr MMm© Ë¶m‘wioM A{Zdm¶© R>aVo.
B. g. nyd© 217 _Üò ^maVr` {^»Iy Yå_àgmamW© MrZbm Jobo hmoVo,
Voìhm VoWrb bmoH$m§Zr ~wÕ {dMmam§Mo ñdmJV Ho$bo, B. g. nyd© 122 _Üò
^maVr` {^³Iy§Zr gmoÝ`mMr ~wÕ_yVu MrZ_Üò Zobr, H$mí¶n ‘mV§J ¶m§Zr
MrZ_Üò ‘moR>¶m n«‘mUmV ~m¡Õ Yå_mMm àgma Ho$bm, _hmamîQ´> Am{U _Ü`
àXoemÀ`m gr_mdVu ^mJmVrb a{hdmgr Agbobo H$mí`n ho Am{e`mVrb
ImoVmZ òWyZ B. g. 67 gmbr `§J-qnJ d§emVrb q_J-Q>r `m ~mXehmÀ`m
Am_§ÌUmdê$Z MrZ‘Ü¶o ~wÕ Yå_mÀ¶m àgmamgmR>r Jobo hmoVo, ¶m Am{U Aem
Jmoï>tMo Ag§»¶ XmIbo àmMrZ ^maVmÀ¶m B{VhmgmV {R>H${R>H$mUr XS>bobo
AmhoV.
^maVr¶m§À¶m {dÛÎmoMo Am{U ehmUnUmMo àVrH$ Agbobm hm ~m¡Õ
Yå_ MrZ, OnmZ, å`mZ_ma, lrb§H$m, Wm`b§S>, _bo{e`m `m§gma»`m AZoH$
Xoem§V Z§VaÀ¶m H$mimV ngabm. EdT>oM Zmhr, Va H$mob§~gmZo A_o[aH$oMm
emoY bmdÊ`mnydu ^maVmVrb ~m¡Õ {^»Iy Yå_ àgmamW© VoWo nmohmoMbo hmoVo,
Agm {ZîH$f© dm. Jmo. AmnQ>o ¶m§À¶mgma»¶m AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zrhr nwamì`m§gh
H$WZ Ho$bobm Amho. A‘o[aH$m I§S>mVë¶m EH$m XoemMo ½dmQ>o_mbm ho Zmd
Jm¡V_mb` `m eãXmMm An^«§e AgyZ ~m¡Õ {^ŠIy§À`m XaamoOÀ¶m dmnamVrb
AZoH$ dñVy VoWrb CËIZZmV gmnS>ë`m AmhoV, Agohr Ë¶m§Zr gm§{JVbo
Amho. ~wÕ Yå‘mMm hm A{^‘mZmñnX dmagm hm ^maVmVrb H$moUË¶mhr EH$m
JQ>mMm dmagm ZgyZ, gd©M ^maVr`m§gmR>r `m AË`§V A{^_mZmÀ`m JmoîQ>r
AmhoV, ho AmnU OmUbo nm{hOo d g§Hw${MV Ñï>rVyZ ¶m Jmoï>rH$S>o nmhUo ~§X
Ho$bo nm{hOo.
^maVr¶ àXoemV EHo$H$mir ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ Am{U A’$Jm{UñVmZ
¶m gd© Xoem§Zm ì¶mnyZ CaÊ¶mBVHo$ ‘moR>o gm‘«mÁ¶ g_«mQ> AemoH$mZo Cô Ho$bo
hmoVo. Am¶wî¶mÀ¶m CÎmamYm©V ¶m gd© àXoemV H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶mMm nm¶m
Ë¶m§Zr KmVbm hmoVm. AemoH$mÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va H$mhr dfmªZr Ë¶m§Mm ZmVy ~¥hÐW
hm g‘«mQ ~Zbm. Voìhm Ë¶mMm goZmnVr Agboë¶m nwî¶{_Ì e¥§JmZo {dídmgKmV
H$ê$Z ~¥hÐWmbm ‘mê$Z Q>mH$bo d Ë¶mZ§Va Amnë¶m ^maV XoemVrb hr
d¡^dembr g§ñH¥$Vr hiyhiy b`mbm Jobr d OmVr-dU© ì`dñWoÀ`m {di»`mV
gmnSy>Z hm Xoe {dH$bm§J Pmbm, hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. àmMrZ d ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ
^maVmV KS>bëo ¶m ¶m Aem Ag§»¶ {dnarV KQ>Zm§nmgyZ ~moY KoD$ZM AmYw{ZH$
H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr AZoH$ g§ajH$ VaVyXr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmV
H$ê$Z R>odboë¶m AmhoV.
‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mimV ^maV ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV nañna bT>m¶m Am{U g§Kfm©V
Jw§Vbm hmoVm. ¶m H$mimV ¶oWo AZoH$ ñWm{ZH$ gm‘«mÁ¶o Va {Z‘m©U PmbrM;
nU AZoH$ naH$s¶ eº$s¨Zrhr ^maVmda AmH«$‘Uo Ho$br. AH$amì¶m eVH$mnmgyZ
^maVmda BamU, BamH$, A’$Jm{UñVmZ B. àXoem§Vrb gÎmmYmè¶m§Zr AmH«$‘Uo
Ho$br. ¶m H$mimV ^maV A§VJ©V g§Kfm©Zo ~oOma Pmbm hmoVm. {dOoMm VwQ>dS>m,
gm‘m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s¶ gm‘§Oñ¶mMm A^md, Am{W©H$ XþX©em BË¶mXt‘wio
^maVr¶ g‘mO nwaVm {dH$bm§J Pmbm hmoVm. J«§Wàm‘mÊ¶, A{VaoH$s Y‘©dmX,
OmVrôX, gVràWm, Añn¥í¶Vm B. Zr ~oOma Pmbm hmoVm. naH$s¶ AmH«$‘H$m§Zr
¶m n[apñWVrMm nwaVm ’$m¶Xm KoVbm Am{U ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ ^maVmbm Ajae:
Û§J H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo.
rr

àH$aU 2
AmYw{ZH$ ^maV
{~«{Q>em§Mo A{YnË¶
{~«{Q>e B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrMr 31 {S>g|~a 1600 ‘Ü¶o ñWmnZm
Pmbr. {Vbm ^maVm~amo~a ì¶mnma H$aÊ¶mg {~«{Q>em§Zr nadmZJr {Xbr. gVamì¶m
eVH$mÀ¶m gwédmVrÀ¶m H$mimV ¶m H§$nZrZo ^maVmV ¶oD$Z Amnbo nm¶
amodÊ¶mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. gwê$dmVrbm Ë¶m§Zr ñWm{ZH$m§gmo~V hmoUmam g§Kf©
Q>mibm. nmoVw©JrO, S>M Am{U ’o«§$M bmoH$m§er gwê$dmVrÀ¶m H$mimV Ë¶m§Mm
g§Kf© Pmbm. ¶m VrZhr eº$s¨Mm nwaogm ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$ë¶mZ§Va {~«{Q>e ì¶mnmè¶m§Zr
Amnbm ‘moMm© ^maVmVrb ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§H$S>o didbm. ¶m H$mimV ^maVmV
ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo gÎmogmR>r g§Kf© hmoV AgV. {~«{Q>em§Zr ¶m g§Kfm©V
H$moUmMr Var EH$mMr ~mOy KoÊ¶mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. hiyhiy Ë¶m§Zm ¶mV ¶e
àmá hmoD$ bmJbo d Ë¶m§Mr gÎmm Am{U g§nÎmrhr dmT>V Jobr.
X{jU ^maVmV H$Zm©Q>H$À¶m JmXrdê$Z Pmboë¶m g§Kfm©V Ë¶m§Zr
‘moh§‘X AbrMr ~mOy KoVbr. ‘moh§‘X AbrMm {dO¶ Pmë¶mZ§Va Ë¶m§Zr
Ë¶mÀ¶mH$Sy>Z ì¶mnmar gdbVr {‘idyZ KoVë¶m. 1707 ‘Ü¶o ‘wKb ~mXehm
Am¡a§JOo~mMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmë¶mZ§Va {R>H${R>H$mUÀ¶m gwôXmam§Zr Amnbo ñdmV§Í¶
Omhra Ho$bo hmoVo. Aem doir h¡Xam~mXÀ¶m JmXrgmR>r {ZOm‘mMm ZmVy d ‘wbJm
¶m§À¶mV Pmboë¶m g§Kfm©V {~«{Q>em§Zr {ZOm‘mÀ¶m ‘wbmMr åhUOo Zm{gaO§JMr
~mOy KoD$Z ZmVy ‘wPâ’$aO§JMm nam^d Ho$bm. åh¡gyaMo Zdm~ h¡XaAbr d
Ë¶m§Mm nwÌ {Q>ny ¶m§À¶m{dê$Õhr {~«{Q>em§Zr AZoH$ ¶wÕo Ho$br d eodQ>r 1784
‘Ü¶o {Q>nMy m nam^d Ho$bm. 1761 ‘Ü¶o nm{ZnVÀ¶m {Vgè¶m bT>mB©V ‘amR>eo mhrMm
{Z:nmV Ho$bm. 1757 ‘Ü¶o {gamO CÔm¡bm ¶mMm ßbmgr‘Ü¶o nam^d H$ê$Z
Ë¶m§Zr ‘ra Om’$abm ~§JmbÀ¶m JmXrda ~gdbo. ¶m bT>mB©‘wio ~§Jmb, {~hma
Am{U Amo[agmV {~«{Q>em§Mo dM©ñd {Z‘m©U Pmbo. 1764 ‘Ü¶o ‘ra H$mgr‘
Am{U AmUIr XmoKm§À¶m g§¶wº$ ’$m¡Om§Mm ~³gma ¶oWo {~«{Q>e g¡Ý¶mZo nam^d

Ho$bm. ¶m bT>mB©Z§Va {~«{Q>e amOdQ> ^maVmV Iè¶m AWm©Zo pñWamdbr, Ago
‘mZbo OmVo.
1857 Mo ~§S> d Ë¶mMo n[aUm‘
{~«{Q>e H$mimV {¼íMZ Y‘©àMmaH$ ^maVmV ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV Kwgbo
hmoVo. Vo ‘y{V©nyOm, OmVrôX ¶m§da Q>rH$m H$aV. Ë¶m‘wio Amnbm Y‘© ^«ï> hmoVmo,
Ago H$mhr g¡{ZH$m§Zm dmQ>V Ago. 1824 ‘Ü¶o ~amH$nya ¶oWrb EH$m N>mdUrbm
A’$Jm{UñVmZ‘Ü¶o OmÊ¶mMm AmXoe XoÊ¶mV Ambm, Voìhm Vo g¡{ZH$ {~Wabo
d Ë¶m§Zr {VH$S>o OmÊ¶mg ZH$ma {Xbm. Voìhm Ë¶m§Zm godm‘wº$ H$ê$Z Ë¶m§À¶m
åhmoa³¶mbm ’$mer XoÊ¶mV Ambo. Oo g¡{ZH$ {VH$S>o Jobo, Ë¶m§n¡H$s H$mhtÀ¶m
Hw$Qw>§{~¶m§Zr d OmV^mBªZr Vo naV Amë¶mda Ë¶m§Zm Amnë¶mV KoÊ¶mg ZH$ma
{Xbm. H${UHo$‘Ü¶o hmS>m§Mr nyS> {‘giUo d EZ{’$ëS> ~§XþH$sÀ¶m H$mS>Vwgm§Zm
bmdbobo d§JU Jm¶ Am{U Sw>H$am§À¶m Ma~rnmgyZ ~Zdbobo Agë¶mÀ¶m
~mVå¶m qH$dm A’$dm§Zrhr dmVmdaU Vmnbo hmoVo. {~«{Q>e d ^maVr¶ g¡{ZH$m§Zm
{Xbm OmUmam ‘mZ, doVZ, ^Îmo, nXmoÞVr B. ‘Ü¶o ôX Ho$ë¶mZohr g¡{ZH$m§V
ZmamOr hmoVr. {~«{Q>em§Zr H$mhr g§ñWmZo Imbgm Ho$br hmoVr d O‘rZXmam§Mrhr
gÎmm {hgH$mdyZ KoVbr hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m dJm©Zo g¡{ZH$m§Vrb hm Ag§Vmoof hoê$Z
Ë¶m§Zm {~«{Q>em§{déÕ MT>mB©g àd¥Îm Ho$bo d Ë¶mVyZ 1857 Mo ~§S> Cgibo.
H$mhr bmoH$ Ago ‘mZVmV, H$s {~«{Q>e bmoH$ AmYr BWë¶m qhXr
g¡{ZH$m§Mm Y‘© ^«ï> H$ê$Z Ë¶mZ§Va BVa gdmªZmM {¼íMZ Y‘m©Mr Xrjm XoUma hmoVo
d Ë¶m‘wio {MSy>Z {X„r ¶oWrb g¡{ZH$m§Zr {~«Q>rem§{déÕ CR>md Ho$bm. CR>mdmg§~Y§ r
¶m ñnï>rH$aUmV EH$ ñnï> {dg§JVr Amho. Vr hr, H$s ^maVr¶ g¡{ZH$m§Zr ¶m
~§S>mXaå¶mZ ~hmXþaehm O’$a ¶m d¥Õ ~mXemhmMr Amnbm ZoVm åhUyZ {ZdS>
Ho$br hmoVr. qhXr g¡{ZH$m§Zm H$odi Y‘©M ß¶mam AgVm, Va Ë¶m§Zr EH$m ‘wgb‘mZmMr
{ZdS> ZoVm åhUyZ Ho$br ZgVr. {~«{Q>em§{damoYmVrb ~§S> hr ~m~ 1857 n`ªV Var
Y‘m©VrV hmoVr, ho ¶mdê$Z bjmV ¶oV.o Iao Va ¶m ~§S>mbm amOH$s¶ Am{U Ym{‘©H$
Ago XmoÝhr a§J H$maUr^yV hmoV.o nyduÀ¶m amOH$s¶ gÎmmYmè¶m§Mr gÎmm Zï>
Pmë¶m‘wio Vo ~oMZ¡ hmoV,o Va {~«{Q>em§À¶m {‘iob Ë¶mbm dmnaÊ¶mÀ¶m YmoaUm‘wio
Xm~yZ R>do boë¶m dJmªZr ‘mZ da Ho$br hmoVr d Vr da Ambobr ‘mZ nma§nm[aH$
gm‘m{OH$ d Ym{‘©H$ gÎmmYmè¶m§À¶m ‘ZmV gbV hmoVr.
AË¶§V {d{MÌ gm‘m{OH$ d Ym{‘©H$ n[apñWVrÀ¶m gmjrZo Pmboë¶m
¶m bT>mB©V Xoer g§ñWm{ZH$, O‘rZXma d g¡{ZH$ ¶m§Mm nam^d Pmë¶mZ§§Va
{~«{Q>e bmoH$ H$mhr à‘mUmV gmdY Pmbo. Ë¶m§Zr ^maVmV H$mhr aMZmË‘H$ d
g§d¡Ym{ZH$ ~Xb H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. Aem àH$maMm gdm©V ‘hÎdnyU©
~Xb åhUOo {~«{Q>e B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrÀ¶m hmVmVyZ ^maVmMm H$ma^ma H$mTy>Z
KoD$Z Vmo {~«{Q>e nmb©‘|Q>Zo Vmo ñdV:H$S>o KoVbm hm hmo`. 1858 gmbr
Jìh‘]Q> Am°’$ B§{S>¶m A°³Q> nm[aV H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. Ë¶mZwgma H§$nZrMm H$ma^ma
~aImñV H$ê$Z {~«{Q>e nmb©‘|Q>‘Ü¶o ^maV‘§Ìr ho Zdo nX {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mV
Ambo. Ë¶mbm H$ma^ma{df¶H$ g„m XoÊ¶mgmR>r n§Yam gXñ¶m§Mo EH$ B§{S>¶m
H$m¡pÝgb V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. 1773 nmgyZ {~«{Q>e nmb©‘|Q> ^maVmgmR>r
ao½¶wboqQ>J A°³Q>g² nmg H$ê$Z H§$nZrÀ¶m ^maVmVrb H$ma^mamda {Z¶§ÌU R>odV
Ago. 1857 Z§Va ‘mÌ {~«{Q>e nmb©‘|Q>Zo H$ma^ma ñdV:À¶m hmVr KoVbm.
^maVr¶m§^modVrMm {~«{Q>e ’$mg ¶mZ§VaÀ¶m H$mimV A{YH$M H$aH$MyZ Amdibm
Jobm.
Jmob‘oO n[afXm§Vrb KS>m‘moS>r
1885 gmbr ^maVr¶ H$m±J«ogMr ñWmnZm Pmë¶mZ§Va ^maVr¶ bmoH$
g§K{Q>VnUo d gZXeranUo {~«{Q>em§H$Sy>Z Amnbo h¸$ {‘idÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$ê$
bmJbo. ‘hmË‘m Jm§Ytgma»¶m ZoË¶mÀ¶m CX¶m‘wio hm g§Kf© ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV
AqhgH$ am{hbm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§gma»¶m ~w{Õ‘mZ ZoË¶m§Zr ¶m
H$mimV amOH$s¶ ñdmV§Í¶m~amo~aM gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$, Am{W©H$ B. ñdmV§Í¶m§Zmhr
‘hÎd {Xbo d H$m¶XoeranUo ^maVmV Ý¶m¶, ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm Am{U ~§YwVoMo
amÁ¶ àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. 1930, 1931 d 1932 ‘Ü¶o
^maVmV g§{dYm{ZH$ emgZ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r b§S>Z‘Ü¶o KoÊ¶mV Amboë¶m
VrZ Jmob‘oO n[afXm ¶m Ñï>rZo AË¶§V ‘hÎdmÀ¶m AmhoV. 1950 Z§Va
"^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMo {eënH$ma' åhUyZ OJmnwT>o Amboë¶m S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ¶m VrZhr n[afXm§V ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. 19 OmZodmar, 1931
amoOr Ë¶m§Zr Jmob‘oO n[afXoV Ago ‘V ‘m§S>bo hmoVo, H$s ^maVmV ¶oUmè¶m
H$mimV XoÊ¶mV ¶oUma Agbobo CÎmaXm¶r qH$dm O~m~Xma gaH$ma ho Iè¶m
AWm©Zo àm{V{Z{YH$ Agë¶m{edm¶ Ë¶mbm ‘mÝ¶Vm XoÊ¶mV ¶oD$ Z¶o. àm{V{Z{YH$
emgZmMo XmoZ à‘wI AmYmañV§^ AmhoV qH$dm AgVmV, Ago ‘Vhr Ë¶m§Zr
¶mdoir ì¶º$ Ho$bo hmoVo. Vo AmYma åhUOo-
1. ‘VXmZmMm h¸$ d
2. {d{dY dJmªZm H$m¶Xo‘§S>imV {‘imbobo à{V{Z{YËd.
¶m XmoÝhr ~m~tÀ¶m g§X^m©V S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a AË¶§V AmJ«hr hmoVo.
Jmob‘oO n[afXoV gh^mJr Pmbobo AZoH$ bmoH$ gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ‘Vm{YH$ma
XoÊ¶mg amOr ZìhVo. {ejU d Am{W©H$ g§nÞVm ¶m XmoZ Jmoï>r Á¶m§À¶mH$S>o
AmhoV, Ë¶m§ZmM ‘Vm{YH$ma XoÊ¶mMm Ë¶m§Mm à¶ËZ hmoVm. ‘Vm{YH$mamda Ago
{Z¶§ÌU KmVë¶m‘wio Ho$di gw‘mao 25 Q>¸o$ ^maVr¶m§ZmM ‘VmMm A{YH$ma
bmÛma hmoVm. ‘mÌ, Ago hmoD$ XoÊ¶mg S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a V¶ma ZìhVo. ‘¶m©{XV
‘Vm{YH$mam‘wio ^maVmVrb ^mdr emgZ gd© OZVobm O~m~Xma Z amhVm, Vo
{d{eï> dJm©erM ~m§YrbH$s ‘mZUmao {ZnOob, Aer amñV {^Vr ì¶³V H$ê$Z
gmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T> ‘Vm{YH$mamMr ‘mJUr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ¶mdoir Ho$br hmoVr.
H$moUmÀ¶mhr X¶oÀ¶m {^Ho$da Amåhr ¶mnwT>o Adb§~yZ amhÿ BpÀN>V Zmhr;
Ë¶m‘wio {~«Q>rem§Zr Oo H$mhr gÎmm§Va H$amd¶mMo, Vo ^mdr gÎmmYrem§Zm H$mhr
{d{eï> AQ>r KmbyZM H$amdo, AÝ¶Wm Aem àH$maMr AÝ¶mæ¶ ì¶dñWm
Amåhr H$Xm{n ñdrH$maUma Zmhr, Aem Ame¶mMr V§~rM S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr
¶m n[afXm§Vrb V‘m‘ CnpñWVm§Zm {Xbr hmoVr.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmV H$emH$emMm g‘mdoe Agmdm, ¶m~m~V S>m°.
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr AmR> à‘wI ‘wÔo ¶m n[afXog‘moa R>odbo hmoVo. Vo Imbrbà‘mUo-
1. ^maVmV gdmªZm g‘mZ ZmJ[aH$ËdmMm h¸$ {‘imdm. gd© àm¡T> ór-nwê$fm§Zm
‘VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Agmdm.
2. Añn¥í¶Vm H$m¶ÚmZo Zï> ìhmdr. Añn¥í¶Vm nmiUmam§Zm amOH$s¶ JwÝhoJma
R>admdo.
3. H$m¶Xo‘§S>i/H$m¶©H$mar ‘§S>imbm H$moUVmhr ôX^md‘ybH$/ôX^mdOZH$
AmXoe H$mT>Uo Ae³¶ H$amdo.
4. Añn¥í¶m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì ‘VXma g§K AgmdoV. Ë¶m§‘Ü¶o n{hbr Xhm df}
ñdV§Ì d Ë¶mZ§Va g§¶wº$ ‘VXmZ ìhmdo.

5. gaH$mar ZmoH$è¶m§V emo{fV, d§{MV d Aëng§»¶H$m§Zm amIrd OmJm
Úmì¶mV.
6. H$m¶Xo H$m¡pÝgbm§Vrb {ZU©¶ à{H«$¶oV, ~OoQ>À¶m g§X^m©V B. ôX^md H$aVm
¶oD$ Z¶o. Pmë¶mg amÁ¶nmb Am{U ìhmB©gam°¶ ¶m§À¶mH$S>o Anrb H$aÊ¶mMr
gmo¶ Agmdr.
7. H|$Ðr¶ H$m¶Xo‘§S>imV Añn¥í¶ dJm©Mm à{V{ZYr Agmdm.
8. nmobrg d bîH$ar godoV gd© OmVtZm gd© nXm§gmR>r àdoe Iwbm Agmdm.
Ë¶mV ôX^md H$ê$ Z¶o.
^maVmMo ñdmV§Í¶ Am{U ^maVmMr amOH$s¶ OS>UKS>U ¶mÑï>rZo
BVahr AZoH$ ‘hÎdnyU© ‘wÔo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Jmob‘oO n[afXm§‘Ü¶o ‘m§S>bo.
b§S>Z‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m n{hë¶m Jmob‘oO n[afXoÀ¶m nmMì¶m gÌmV ~mobVmZm
{X.20 Zmoìh|~a-1930 amoOr S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Zr "^maVmVrb ZmoH$aemhr
ñdê$nmMo emgZ hQ>dyZ VoWo bmoH$m§Zr, bmoH$m§‘m’©$V d bmoH$m§gmR>r Mmbdbobo
emgZ àñWm{nV H$aUo JaOoMo Amho', Aer ^r‘JO©Zm Ho$br hmoVr. Vr
EoH$VmZm ^ë¶m^ë¶m§À¶m A§Jmbm Km‘ ’w$Q>bm Agob, ¶mV e§H$m Zmhr.
Am‘À¶m g‘ñ¶m gmoS>dÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo AmnU {~«{Q>e bmoH$ AH$m¶©j‘ AmhmV;
Ë¶m‘wio Am‘Mm H$ma^ma AmVm Am§åhmbm Am‘À¶m nÕVrZo nmhÿ Úm, Aer
amoIR>mHo $ ^y{‘H$mhr Ë¶m§Zr ¶mdoir VoWo ‘m§S>br hmoVr. Aem àH$maMr H«$m§{VH$maH$
^y{‘H$m gZXera ‘mJm©Zo ‘m§S>VmZm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Amnë¶m
~m¡{ÕH$ Am{U Z¡{VH$ gm‘Ï¶m©Zo Jmob‘oO n[afXoVrb V‘m‘ CnpñWVm§Zm Aem
H$mhr [aVrZo à^m{dV Ho$bo, H$s n[afXoVrb ~hþVm§e CnpñWVm§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m
~hþVm§e ‘mJÊ¶m§~m~V AZwH$y bVm àX{e©V H$amdr bmJbr. Jmob‘oO n[afXm§di o r
S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zr XmIdboë¶m ¶m àIa amîQ´>^º$sZo EH$sH$S>o ‘hmË‘m Jm§YtgmaIo
Ë¶m§Mo H$Å>a amOH$s¶ {damoYH$hr ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV {XnyZ Jobo hmoV,o Va ~S>mÚ o mÀ¶m
g¶mOramd Jm¶H$dmS>m§gma»¶m Ë¶m§À¶m gwg§nÞ nmR>ram»¶m§Zm Amnbm n¡gm
gËH$maUr bmJë¶mMm ‘Zñdr AmZ§X Pmbm hmoVm. ^maVmÀ¶m AmO {XgUmè¶m
g§d¡Ym{ZH$ {dH$mgmMm nm¶m Aem àH$maÀ¶m AmOda Xþb©{jV am{hboë¶m
AZoH$ KQ>Zm Am{U àg§Jm§VyZM àm‘w»¶mZo KmVbm Jobobm Amho.

1935 Mr àm§{VH$ ñdm¶ÎmVm
Jmob‘oO n[afXoV Pmboë¶m MM}À¶m AmYmao {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo 1933
‘Ü¶o EH$ ídoVn{ÌH$m à{gÕ Ho$br. ga g°å¶wAb hmoAa ¶m§Zr 1934 ‘Ü¶o
Ë¶mAmYmao EH$ {dYo¶H$ V¶ma Ho$bo d Ë¶mAmYmao {~«{Q>e g§gXoZo VËH$mbrZ
^maVmgmR>r EH$ àm§{VH$ ñdm¶ÎmVoMm H$m¶Xm (Provincial Autonom Act)
‘§Oya Ho$bm. 1935 Mm H$m¶Xm åhUyZ hm H$m¶Xm à{gÕ Amho. ¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma
naV§Ì ^maVmV g§KamÁ¶ nÕVr bmJy H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶
gaH$mam§À¶m H$m‘m§Mr dmQ>Ur H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. 1950 À¶m ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo
ñdrH$maboë¶m g§KamÁ¶mË‘H$ nÕVrMm nm¶m BWo KmVbm Jobm. 1919À¶m
H$m¶ÚmZo amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o Oer {ÛXb nÕVr AmUbr hmoVr, VerM nÕVr ¶mdoir
H|$ÐmV bmJy H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. H|$Ðgy{MVrb H$m‘m§Mo ¶mdoir amIrd Am{U
gmonrd Ago XmoZ ^mJ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. H|$Ðm‘Ü¶o amÁ¶g^m ho d[að> g^mJ¥h
~ZdÊ¶mV Ambo d Ë¶mMr g^mgX g§»¶m 260 BVH$s R>adÊ¶mV Ambr.
H|$Ðr¶ {dYmZg^m(Z°eZb Agoåãbr) ho H${Zð> g^mJ¥h ~ZdÊ¶mV ¶oD$Z
Ë¶mMr g^mgX g§»¶m 375 BVH$s R>adÊ¶mV Ambr.
¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma amÁ¶m§Zm nydunojm A{YH$ àemgH$s¶ A{YH$ma d
ñdm¶ÎmVm XoÊ¶mV Ambr. ‘Ðmg, ‘w§~B©, ~§Jmb, CÎma àXoe, n§Om~, {~hma,
‘Ü¶ àXoe, Amgm‘, npíM‘ gr‘mdVu àXoe, Amo[agm Am{U qgY Ago
^maVmMo AH$am àm§V ~ZdÊ¶mV Ambo. {X„r, Hw$J©, ‘odmS>, AO‘oa, A§X‘mZ
Am{U {ZH$mo~ma ho ghm N>moQ>o àm§V H${‘eZaÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr R>odÊ¶mV
Ambo. amÁ¶m§V Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶o d H|$ÐmV gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV
Ambo. ¶m H$m¶ÚmVrb VaVwXrZwgma ‘w§~B©, ‘Ðmg, ~§Jmb, CÎma àXoe, {~hma,
Amgm‘ ¶m ghm àm§Vm§Zr {ÛJ¥hr {dYmZ‘§S>i ñdrH$mabo. Ë¶m§Mr Zmdo {dYmZg^m
Am{U {dYmZ n[afX Aer {ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
1947 Mo ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶
Xoe~§Yw {MÎma§OZ Xmg ¶m§À¶m ñdamÁ¶ njmZo 1934 gmbr ^maVmbm
ñd¶§{ZU©¶mMm h¸$ XoÊ¶mMr ‘mJUr Ho$br hmoVr. hm A{YH$ma àñWm{nV
hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ^>maVmVrb OZVoMr àm{V{ZYrH$ KQ>Zm n[afX V¶ma H$ê$Z Ë¶m‘m’©$V
KQ>ZoMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m Amdí¶H$Vodahr Ë¶m§Zr â {Xbm hmoVm. H$m±J«ogZohr
1934 À¶m ‘o ‘{hÝ¶mVrb A{YdoeZmV hr ‘mJUr CMbyZ Yabr. 1936
À¶m ’¡$Onya A{YdoeZmV Ë¶m§Zr 1935 À¶m H$m¶Úmbm {damoY Ho$bm d
^maVmV KQ>Zm n[afXoÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ bmoH$emhr emgZ {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m
‘mJUr Ho$br. ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr ¶m§Zrhr KQ>Zm n[afXoÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Xoemg‘moarb
amOH$s¶, e¡j{UH$ d OmVr¶ g‘ñ¶m gmoS>dë¶m OmD$ eH$Vrb, Ago ‘V
Ë¶m§À¶m dV©‘mZnÌmVyZ ì¶º$ Ho$bo. ¶m KQ>Zm n[afXoÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ
‘wñbr‘m§{damoYmV qhXÿ§Mo dM©ñd {Z‘m©U Ho$bo OmÊ¶mMr ‘wñbr‘ brJbm {^Vr
dmQ>V Agë¶mZo Ë¶m§Mm KQ>Zm n[afXoÀ¶m {Z{‘©Vrbm {damoY hmoVm. Aem
n[apñWVrV 8 Am°JñQ> 1940 amoOr {~«{Q>e ìhmB©gam°¶ {bZ{bWJmo ¶m§Zr
^maVr¶m§Zm Zdr amÁ¶KQ>Zm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr {Xbr OmB©b, Aer KmofUm
Ho$br. ‘mÌ, ‘hm¶wXY² mMm H$mi hmM {~«{Q>em§À¶m H$MmQ>¶mVyZ gwQ>Ê¶mMm H$mi
Amho, Ago ‘mZyZ ¶mZ§Va ~amo~a XmoZ dfmªZr, åhUOo 8 Am°JñQ>, 1942 amoOr
‘hmË‘m Jm§YtÀ¶m ZoVË¥ dmImbr H$m±Jgo« Zo "Mbo Omd'Mo Am§XmobZ gwê$ Ho$bo.
Aem n[apñWVrV 1945 gmbr ‘hm¶wÕ g§nyZ {~«Q>Z‘Ü¶o Zì¶mZo
{ZdS>UwH$m KoÊ¶mV Amë¶m, Voìhm {VWo ^maVmàVr ghmZw^wVr Agboë¶m ‘Oya
njmMm {dO¶ hmoD$Z ³bo‘§Q> A°Q>br gÎmoda Ambo d Ë¶m§Zr ^maVmÀ¶m
ñdmV§Í¶m~m~V {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma ^maVr¶m§ZmM Agë¶mMr KmofUm
H$arV VrZ ‘§Í¶m§Mo EH$ "H°${~ZoQ'> ^maVmV nmR>dbo. ¶m H°${~ZoQ> {‘eZÀ¶m
¶moOZoZwgma Oar KQ>Zm g{‘VrgmR>r ^maVmV {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë¶m, Var ¶m
¶moOZoZo nm{H$ñVmZMr ‘mJUr ’o$Q>mië¶m‘wio, VgoM {ZdS>UwH$sV H$m±J«ogMo
dM©ñd ñnï> Pmë¶m‘wio {~Waboë¶m ‘wñbr‘ brJZo ’$miUrMr ‘mJUr A{YH$
Vrd«nUo Ho$br d Ë¶mVyZ ^maVmV qhXþ-‘wñbr‘ X§Jo gwê$ Pmbo. Aem n[apñWVrV
gÎmm§VamMm {dMma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {~«{Q>em§Zr ‘mC§Q>~°Q>Z ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr
g{‘Vr J{R>V Ho$br d ¶m g{‘VrZo OyZ 1947 ‘Ü¶o ^maVmnwT>o ’$miUrMm
àñVmd R>odbm. hm àñVmd H$m±J«og d ‘wñbr‘ brJ ¶m XmoKm§Zrhr ñdrH$mabm.
¶mZ§Va 4 Owb¡ 1947 amoOr ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ ¶m XmoÝhr amï´>m§Zm ñdmV§Í¶
XoÊ¶mMm àñVmd {~«{Q>e nmb©‘|Q>‘Ü¶o ‘m§S>Ê¶mV Ambm. {~«{Q>e nÕVrZwgma 18
Owb¡ 1947 amoOr ¶m {dYo¶H$mg {~«{Q>e amOmMr ‘mÝ¶Vm {‘imbr d Ë¶mZwgma

15 Am°JñQ> 1947 hm ^maVmVrb gÎmm§VamMm AWm©V² ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶mMm
{Xdg {ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.
4 Owb¡ 1947 Mo ho {dYo¶H$M nwT>o "1947 Mm ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶mMm
H$m¶Xm' åhUyZ àË¶jmV Ambo. ¶m H$m¶ÚmV EH§$Xa 22 H$b‘o g‘m{dï>
H$aÊ¶mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë¶mZwgma 15 Am°JñQ>, 1947 amoOr ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ
hr XmoÝhr amï´>o ñdV§Ì Pmbr d Ë¶m§Zm dgmhVrMm XOm© {‘imbm. XmoÝhr
amÁ¶m§À¶m gr‘m§Mr {ZpíMVr hmoD$Z a°S>³br’$ Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maerZwgma
n§Om~ d ~§JmbMo {d^mOZ H$aÊ¶mMo R>adÊ¶mV Ambo. {~«{Q>e nmb©‘|Q>‘Yrb
^maV‘§Ìr d Ë¶mÀ¶m g„mJmamMo nX Zï> Pmbo. Ë¶mEodOr JìhZ©a OZab ho Zdo
nX {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z Ë¶mbm ^maVmMm VmËnwaVm emgH$ ~ZdÊ¶mV Ambo. ^maV
d nmH$ ‘Yrb OwZr {dYr‘§S>io VmËnwaVr Mmby amhVrb d ZdrZ amÁ¶KQ>ZoÀ¶m
A§‘bmZ§Va Zdr gmd©^m¡‘ {dYr‘§S>io H|$ÐmV H$m¶©aV hmoVrb; Zdr ì¶dñWm
ApñVËdmV ¶oB©n¶ªV amÁ¶nmb amÁ¶mVrb KQ>ZmË‘H$ à‘wI åhUyZ H$m‘
nmhrb; ZdrZ amï´>m§À¶m {Z{‘©VrZ§Va àemgH$s¶ godm d Ë¶m§Vrb AmajUo aX²X
hmoVrb; ‘mÌ Á¶m§Zm godm g‘má H$am¶Mr Agob, Ë¶m§Zm ZwH$gmZ ânmB©
Úmdr, Ago R>adÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶m~amo~aM ZdrZ amÁ¶KQ>Zm A§‘bmV ¶oB©n¶ªV
1935 Mm H$m¶Xm ‘mJ©Xe©H$ åhUyZ H$m¶©aV amhrb; g§ñWmZm§Zm ^maV qH$dm
nm{H$ñVmZmV gm‘rb hmoÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ amhrb; ^maVmMm g‘«mQ> hr {~«Q>re
amOmMr nXdr aX²X hmoB©b, amï´>Hw$Qw>§~mÀ¶m YVuda {~«Q>ZMo ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZer
g§~§Y amhVrb B. H$b‘o ¶m H$m¶ÚmV KmbÊ¶mV Ambr hmoVr. Aem àH$mao
1947 À¶m H$m¶ÚmZo ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ ApñVËdmV ¶oB©n¶ªVMr g§H«$‘UH$mbrZ
ì¶dñWm {Z‘m©U Ho$br.
ñdmV§Í¶mZ§VaMr AmìhmZo
^maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imbo, Var ^maVmVrb gm‘m{OH$ d Ym{‘©H$
n[a{ñWVr ‘moR>r M‘ËH$m[aH$ hmoVr. H$mën{ZH$ d Y_m©Ym[aV CÀMZrMVoda
AmYmabobr OmVrì`dñWm hr Voìhmhr ^maVmg_moarb EH$ gdm©V _moR>r g_ñ`m
~Zbobr hmoVr d AmOhr Amho. ^maVmbm EH$ amîQ´> åhUyZ Cô H$aÊ`mÀ`m
_mJm©V hr OmVr¶ ‘mZ{gH$Vm hr EH$ _moR>r Ym|S> ~Zbobr Amho. ^maVmVrb
~hþg»§ `H$m§Mm Y_© hm qhXy Y_© Amho, Ago ‘mZbo OmVo. ¶m Y‘m©da {df_VmYmar
~«m÷Ur Y_©‘VmMm A^yVnyd© à^md AmOhr nS>bb o m Amho. Ë¶m_wio OmVrôXm§Mr
hr àM§S> g_ñ`m AmnU H$m`XoeranUo ZîQ> Ho$bobr AgÿZhr, bmoH$m§À`m
_Zmdarb ¶m Y_©‘VmÀ¶m à^mdm_wio OmVrôXm§Mr g_ñ`m AOyZhr nyU©nUo
g§nbobr Zmhr. ^maVmVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Zm ^maVmVrb OmVrì`dñWoÀ`m
^`mZH$ ñdê$nmMo d Ë`m_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AË¶§V p³bï> g_ñ`m§Mo nwaogo
AmH$bZ AmOda Pmbobo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio BVŠ`m ^`§H$a Am{U {dÜd§gH$
g_ñò~m~V ^maVmVrb Ag§»` ~w{ÕOrdr bmoH$, àgma_mÜ`_o BVHo$M Zìho,
Va àmXo{eH$ Am{U _Ü`dVu gaH$maohr gmYr MMm©hr H$aVmZm Hw$R>o AmT>iV
ZmhrV.
^maVmVrb OmVrnÕVr_wio g§nyU© ^maVr` g_mO AmO \w$Q>rÀ`m
C§~aR>çmda C^m am{hbobm Amho. Ë`m_wio hr H$sS> g§n{dë`m{edm` ^maVmV
Iè`m AWm©Zo bmoH$emhr H$Yrhr AdVê$ eH$Uma Zmhr. ^maVmVrb
{ZdS>UyH$m§da Am{U BVa AZoH$ ~m~tda òWrb OmVràWoMm A{ZîQ> à^md
nS>V Amho, `m~m~V AmO Odinmg gd© g_mOmMo EH$_V Pmbobo Amho.
^maVmVrb OmVrì`dñWm Anm`H$maH$ Agbr, Var {VÀ`m H$maUm§Mo ^maVr`m§Zr
AÚmn ì`dpñWV {ZXmZ Ho$bobo Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio Vo ¶mda AmOda ¶mo½¶
Am¡fYmonMmahr H$ê$ eH$bobo ZmhrV. AmO ^maVâ OmVtÀ`m AmYmamda
Ho$bo OmUmao _VXmZ qH$dm BVa àH$maMr JQ>~mOr hr AZ¡{VH$ Agbr, Var
gÚpñWVrV Vr AZ¡g{J©H$ Zmhr, ho AmnU bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo. _mJrb
hOmamo dfmªnmgyZ ^maVmV OmVr AmYm[aV g_mOì`dñWm {Q>Hy$Z am{hbobr
Agë¶m‘wio {ZgJ©V:M {VMo H$mhr JwUY‘© ^maVr¶m§À¶m ‘mZ{gH$VoV CVabo
AmhoV. nmUr Z dmhVm AZoH$ {Xdg EImÚm S>~³¶mV gmRy>Z am{hbo, H$s VoWo
e¡dmb d BVa ObmYmar Jmoï>r {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Ë¶mMà‘mUo OmVrì¶dñWogmaIr
H$moUVrhr AàJV g§ñWm EImÚm {R>H$mUr H$moUË¶mhr H$maUmZo {Q>Hy$Z am{hbr
H$s Vr EH$ àH$maMm AdamoY {Z_m©U H$aVo d Ë¶mVyZ AZoH$ A{Zï> Jmoï>r OÝ‘
KoVmV. Aem doir nwÝhm nwÝhm Ë¶m A{Zï> Jmoï>r H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê¶mV doi d eº$s
IM© H$aÊ¶mEodOr VoWrb AdamoY Zmhrgm Ho$bm nm{hOo. nmUr dhmV am{hbo,
Va VoWo ’$mago e¡dmb {Z‘m©U hmoV Zmhr.

AmO Y_m©Mo nmR>~i {_imë`m_wio ^maVmVrb OmVrì¶dñWm AË`§V
{MdQ> ~Zbobr Amho. Vr ^maVmVrb AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Mo _yi H$maU Amho.
H$mí_ra_Yrb ~«m÷Uhr Jmoam d Mm§^mahr Jmoam AgVmo; Va _ÐmgMm ~«m÷Uhr
H$mim Am{U Mm§^mahr H$mimM AgVmo, ho gm§JyZ ^maVmVrb OmVr` `wÕ ho
dm§{eH$ `wÕ ZgyZ Vo Ho$di {dMmam§Mo `wÕ Amho, ho S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zr Amnë¶mbm
XmIdyZ {Xbobo Amho. ^maVmVrb OmVr¶ Añn¥í¶Vm AmO g§nV Amcr
Agbr, Var d¡Mm[aH$ Añn¥í¶Vm ‘mÌ AOyZ g§nbobr Zgë¶mZo gy¶m©H$S>o nmR>
{’$a{dÊ¶mMr àd¥Îmr g‘mOmV AOyZhr VJ Yê$Z am{hbobr Amho. Ë¶m‘wio
g‘ñ¶m§Mr CÎmao g‘moa AgyZhr, Vr Z ñdrH$maÊ¶mH$S>o AZoH$m§Mm H$b Pmbm
Amho. hm H$b ~Xë¶m{edm¶ ^maVmbm gd© eŠVr{Zer Cô amhVm ¶oUo
Ae³¶ Amho.
^maVmVrb àËòH$ OmVrbm AmO EH$m {dñVm[aV Hw$Qw>§~mMo ñdê$n
àmßV Pmbobo Amho. Imbrb CXmhaUmZo ho {gÕ H$aVm òB©b. g_Om, A hm
nwéf, Ë`mMr nËZr Am{U _wbo {_iyZ EH$ Hw$Qw>§~ ~ZVo. `m Hw$Qw>§~mV Oa A À`m
AmB©dS>rb Am{U ^mD$~§Xm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Va Vo EH$ {dñVm[aV Hw$Qw>§~
~ZVo. Ë`m_ÜòM Oa A À`m nËZrMo AmB©dS>rb d {VÀ`m ^mD$~§Xm§Mm
g_mdoe Ho$bm, Va Vo AmUIr {dñVm[aV Hw$Qw>§~ ~ZVo. AemM àH$mao Ë`m
ZmVodmB©H$m§Mo ZmVodmB©H$ `m Hw$Qw>§~mV {_idV Joë`mg Vo A{YH$m{YH$ {dñVm[aV
Hw$Qw>§~ ~ZV OmVo. ^maVmV XþX©¡dmZo Aem àH$maÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm {dñVma EH$m
{d{eï> n[aKmVM g§nyZ OmVmo ! AmnU {H$Vrhr XÿaXÿaÀ¶m ZmË¶mn¶ªV {dñVm[aV
H$aV Zobo, Var Amnmnë¶m OmVrÀ¶m ~mhoa ho ZmVog§~§Y ngaV ZmhrV. AmnU
hr JmoîQ> bjmV KoVbr, VaM AmOKS>rbm ^maVmVrb àË¶oH$ OmV åhUOo
O¡{dH$ Ñï>¶m ~§{XñV Agbobo OUy EH$ {dñVm[aV Hw$Qw>§~ Amho, ho Amnë`m
bjmV òVo.
EH$m Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb ì`ŠVtZm EH$_oH$m§{df`r AmnwbH$s AWdm AmnbonUm
dmQ>Uo hr Z¡g{J©H$ ~m~ Amho. Aem n[apñWVrV ñdOmVr{df`rMo ào_ åhUOo
ñdV:À`m {dñVm[aV Hw$Qw>~§ m{df`rMo AmH$f©U AWdm A{^‘mZ hr Jmoï> ñdmJVmh©
Zgbr, Var Vr ñdm^m{dH$ Amho. Xþgè¶m ~mOyZo nm{hbo Va Ago {XgVo H$s,
^maVmVrb OmVrA§VJ©V {XgUmao ào‘ ho Oar ñdm^m{dH$ ‘mZbo, Var àËòH$$
OmVrMo doJio ApñVËd hrM ‘wimV EH$ AZ¡g{J©H$ d AZ¡{VH$ JmoîQ> Amho.
ór-nwê$fm§À¶m ‘Zmo{‘bZmVyZ emar[aH$ g§nH©$ hmoD$Z OÝ‘bobo ‘yb Am{U
~iO~arÀ¶m emar[aH$ g§nH$m©VyZ OÝ‘bobo ‘ybAZm¡ag ¶m§‘Ü¶o Omo ’$aH$
AgVmo, VemM àH$maMm ’$aH$ OmVr{dahrV g‘mO d OmVrH¥$V g‘mO ¶m§‘Ü¶o
AgVmo, Ago Amnë¶mbm ‘mZVm ¶oB©b. OmVr~mhoa {ddmh H$aUmè¶m ì¶º$s¨Zm
AWdm Ë¶m§À¶m Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm Á¶m nÕVrZo AZoH$ bmoH$ ~{hîH¥$V H$aV AWdm
Ë¶m§Zm dmirV Q>mH$V Ambo AmhoV, Ë¶m§À¶mer AghH$m¶© H$aV Ambo AmhoV
AWdm Ë¶m§À¶m A{ddm{hV ZmVodmB©H$m§er d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y OmoS>Ê¶mg ZH$ma XoV
Ambo AmhoV, Ë¶mdê$Z Var OmVrH¥$V g‘mOmMo ñdê$n ho AZ¡{VH$ d AZ¡g{J©H$M
‘mZmdo bmJob.
OmVrA§VJ©V {ddmh H$aÊ¶mMr H$moUmda gº$s H$aÊ¶mV Ambr ZgVr
d Á¶m§Zm OmVr~mhoa {ddmh H$am¶Mm Agob, Ë¶m§Zm Vmo Iwemb H$ê$ XoVm
Ambm AgVm, Va AmOÀ¶mà‘mUo EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ nyU©V: A[bá Agboë¶m
OmVr ^maVmV ApñVËdmVM Amë¶m ZgË¶m. Ho$di g‘mOmVrb OmVr¶
R>oHo$Xmam§À¶m {^Vr‘wio ^maVmVrb gd© {dñVm[aV Hw$Qw>§~o hr ~§{XñV Hw$Qw>§~o
~Zbobr AmhoV. OmVrì`dñWm (åhUOoM hr ~§{XñV Hw$Qw>§~ ì`dñWm) Amho
VerM R>odyZ Ho$di OmVr¶ ‘mZ{gH$Voda Q>rH$m H$aV Joë¶m‘wioM à{V{já
{H«$¶oÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ OmVrì`dñWm A{YH$ {MdQ> ~Zbobr Amho, ¶m Jmoï>tMm
{dMmahr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo Ho$bobm Amho.
OmVtMm CëboI `mnwT>o ""OmV'' Agm H$aÊ`mEodOr ""Hw$Qw>§~''
Agm Ho$bm, d `m Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm ñdV:_Yrb AZ¡g{J©H$ Xwamdm Xya H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm
{Xbr, Va ^maVmVrb OmVrì`dñWm d {VMo Xwîn[aUm_ g§nwîQ>mV AmUUo eŠ`
Amho. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr OmVr `m amîQ´>{damoYr AmhoV d Ë`m
g§ndë`m{edm` AmnU Iè`m AWm©Zo EH$ amîQ´> ~Zy eH$Uma Zmhr, `mMr
OmUrd Amnë¶mbm H$ê$Z {Xbobr AmhoM. OmVrì`dñWm Xya H$aÊ`mMr EH$
_hÎdmMr nmàr åhUyZ OmV hm eãXM AmnU emgH$s` d BVa ì`dhmamVyZ
ZîQ> Ho$bm nm{hOo. Ë`mEodOr AmnU Hw$Qw>§~ hm eãX dmnê$ eH$Vmo. Aem
àH$mao ^maVmV gw_mao gmS>oghm hOma Hw$Qw>§~o AmhoV, d Ë`m§À`mVrb Xwamdm ZîQ>
H$aUo ho Amnbo na_ H$V©ì` Amho, Ago AmnU _mZbo nm{hOo.
^maVr` OZ_mZgmda AmOda Y_m©Mm \$ma _moR>m à^md am{hbobm
Amho. H$moUVmhr Iam Y_© Amnë`m AZw`m`m§_Üò ôX H$aV Zmhr. Vmo Amnë`m
gd©M AZw`m`m§Zm gwIg_¥ÕrÀ`m Am{U àJVrÀ`m g_mZ g§Yr XoVmo. na§Vw
^maVmV Y_m©À`m à^mdmMm AmYma KoD$Z H$mhr {hVg§~§Yr JQ>m§Zr g_mOmbm
AZoH$ A{ZîQ> JmoîQ>r {eH$dyZ Ë`m§Mo g_W©Zhr H$am`bm {eH$dbo. Ë`m_wio,
^maVmV Ag§»` g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. CXm. _Zwñ_¥Vrgma»`m J«§Wm§Zr
g_mOmV _moR>çm à_mUmda {df_Vm noabr. {VMo Xwîn[aUm_ bjmV Z KoVm
qH$dm Ë`mV ZŠH$s H$m‘ {bhrbo Amho, `mMr ehm{Zem Z H$aVm ^maVr`m§À`m
nyd©Om§Zr Aem J«§Wm§Zm Amnbo gd©loîR> J«§W _mZyZ Ë`m§Zm S>moŠ`mda KoVbo.
Ë`m_wio ^maVmVrb Ajae: eoH$S>mo {nT>çm§Vrb H$amoS>mo bmoH$m§Mr Am`wîò
åhUOo OUy ZaH$dmgM ~Zbm hmoVm, ho AmnU bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo.
S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Zr _Zwñ_¥Vr Zm‘H$ Ym{‘©H$ ‘mZë¶m Jobëo ¶m
nwñVH$mMo 1927 gmbÀ`m 25 {S>g|~a amoOr XhZ H$éZ ‘Zwñ‘¥VrVrb
{d{já, {dH¥$V, {df‘VmdmXr Am{U A‘mZdr {dMmagaUrMm {ZfoY Ho$bm d
^maVr`m§Mo bj Amnë`m g_mOì`dñWoVrb `m {dfmH$S>o doYbo. ~m~mgmho~m§À¶m
¶m H¥$Vr‘wio ^maVr` g_mOmVrb J{bÀN>nUm WmoSmgm H$‘r hmoD$ bmJbm
Agbm, Var ^maVmbm AOyZhr Iyn ‘moR>m n„m JmR>m¶Mm Amho. Amnë¶mH$S>rb
Ym{‘©H$ ‘mZë¶m Joboë¶m {dMmam§‘Yrb {df {H$Vr Ohmb ñdê$nmMo Amho,
`mMr H$ënZm òÊ`mgmR>r, ^maVr` g_mOmMm EH$ _moR>m KQ>H$ H$moUË`m
Ap½Z{Xì`mVyZ Jobm Amho, ho Amnë¶m bjmV òÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Aem J«§Wm§Zm
S>moŠ`mda KoUmam Amnbm ^maVr` g_mO {H$Vr AdZVrbm Jobobm hmoVm d
H$mhr à_mUmV AmOhr Amho, `mMr H$ënZm ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r, VgoM ^maVr`
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm, ~§YwVm d Ý¶m¶{df¶H$ VaVwXtMo Zo_Ho$ H$m`
_hÎd Amho, ho Amnë¶m bjmV òÊ`mgmR>r _Zwñ_¥VrVrb H$mhr VaVwXtH$S>o
Amnbo bj doYUo C{MV hmoB©b.
_Zwñ_¥Vr Zm‘H$ Ym{‘©H$ ‘mZbm Jobobm J«§W Agm àMma H$aVmo, H$s,
{dídmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r ~«÷mZo Ë¶mÀ¶m Vm|S>, X§S>, _m§S>çm d nm`mnmgyZ
AZwH«$_o ~«m÷U, j{Ì`, d¡í` d eyÐ `m§Zm {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho (AÜ`m`-1,
íbmoH$ H«$.31). Omo H$moUr (VWmH${WV) CÀMdJu` _mUyg doX Z dmMVm
BVa Y_©emñÌm§Mo AÜ``Z H$aVmo, Vmo {Od§VnUrM Amnë`m d§emgh eyÐ
~ZVmo (AÜ`m`-2, íbmoH$ H«$.168). Omo H$moUr doX-ñ_¥VrMm _mZ R>odUma
Zmhr, Ë`mbm gÁOZm§Zr ~{hîH¥$V Ho$bo nm{hOo, H$maU Vmo ZmpñVH$ AgVmo
(AÜ`m`-2, íbmoH$ H«$.11). {dÛmZ ~«m÷UmZo ho Y_©emñÌ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao
dmMmdo d {eî`m§Zm {eH$dmdo. BVam§Zm {eH$dy Zò(AÜ`m¶-1, íbmoH$ H«$.103).
`m n¥Ïdrda ~«m÷UM gd©loîR> åhUyZ OÝ_Vmo(AÜ`m`-1, íbmoH$ H«$.99).
Xwgè`mMo AÝZ, dñÌ B. gd© ~«m÷UmMoM AgVo (AÜ`m`-1, íbmoH$ H«$.
101). ~«m÷Um§Zr Amnbr Zmdo _m§Jë`Xe©H$, j{Ì`m§Zr ~bXe©H$, d¡í`mZo
YZg§nÎmr Xe©H$, Va eyÐm§Zr Amnbr Zmdo VwÀN>VmXe©H$ R>odbr nm{hOoV
(AÜ`m`- 2, íbmoH$ H«$. 31).
da {Xbobr CXmhaUo hr Ho$di H$mhr àm{V{Z{YH$ CXmhaUo AmhoV.
dmMH$m§Zr erVmdê$Z ^mVmMr narjm H$amdr, Aer Anojm Amho. Cnamo„o{IV
àH$maMo Hw$g§ñH$ma ^maVr`m§À`m _Zmda H$aUmao J«§W ^maVr` g_mO_ZmZo
S>moŠ`mda KoVë¶m‘wio Ë`m§À`m Hw$à^mdmImbr Amnbm Xoe OO©a Pmbm hmoVm.
¶m H$mimV ^maVâmVrb gd© gÎmm, à{Vð>m Am[U g§nÎmrMo BWë¶m amOo-
‘hmamOo, gaXma-O‘rZXma d nwamo{hVdJm©H$S>o H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbo hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶m
gÎmm d d¡^dmMr dU©Zo EoHy$Z Am{U dmMyZ naXoem§Vrb AZoH$ gÎmmH$m§jr
bmoH$m§Zm ^maVmVrb g§nËVr bwQy>Z ZoÊ¶mMm AZmda ‘moh Pmbm d Ë¶mVyZM
^maVmda AZoH$ AmH«$‘Uo Pmbr. BWë¶m amOo‘hmamOm§da d BWë¶m Xodim§da
h„o H$ê$Z AZoH$m§Zr BWbr g§nÎmr ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV bwQy>Z Zobr. naH$s¶m§Zr h„o
H$aÊ¶mnyduM Oa ¶m g§nÎmrMo nwaoem à‘mUmV {dH|$ÐrH$aU Pmbo AgVo, Va
naH$s¶m§Zm Vr bwQy>Z ZoVm Ambr ZgVr.
‘moJbm§Z§Va {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVmVrb gÎmm hñVJV Ho$br d Amnë¶m
Xoemda XrS>eo df} amÁ¶ Ho$bo. Ë¶m§Zrhr ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV g§nÎmr bwQ>br d
^maVr¶m§Mm N>ihr Ho$bm. nU {~«{Q>em§Zr Ë¶§mÀ¶m g‘VmdmXr, {dkmZdmXr
{dMmagaUr‘wio ¶oWo H$mhr ~Xbhr Ho$bo. ¶m ~Xbm§‘wio {ejU, ZmoH$è¶m,
gm‘m{OH$ XOm© ¶m§Vrb g§YtMo H$mhr à‘mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm, nU {dH|$ÐrH$aU
Pmbo. ¶m {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMo à‘mU AmUIr Iyn dmT>Uo JaOoMo hmoVo. na§Vw ¶m
H$mimV {~«{Q>e gm‘«mÁ¶ jrU hmoD$ bmJë¶m‘wio, OJâmV nmaV§Í¶m{df¶r d
gm‘«mÁ¶dmXm{damoYr dmVmdaU Vmny bmJë¶m‘wio VgoM ^maVmVyZhr {~«{Q>e
{damoYmMm gya OmoaXmanUo C‘Qy> bmJë¶m‘wio {~«{Q>em§Zm ^maVmVyZ H$mT>Vm nm¶
¿¶mdm bmJbm. 1934 ‘Ü¶o {~«{Q>em§Zr VoìhmMm ~«÷Xoe åhUOo AmVmMm
å¶mZ‘ma ^maVmnmgyZ doJim Ho$bm hmoVm. 1947 ‘Ü¶o ¶oWyZ OmÊ¶mnydu Ë`m§Zr
^maVmVyZ nm{H$ñVmZ doJim Ho$bm. ^maVmVrb qhXÿ d ‘wgb‘mZm§V {nT>¶mZ²
{nT>¶m nwaob EdT>m d¡a^md noê$Z R>odbm. ^maVmMr ’$miUr Ho$br. ho gd© H$‘r
åhUyZM H$s H$m¶; nU ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Vahr ^maVmVrb Ym{‘©H$, OmVr¶, gm§ñH¥${VH$,
Am{W©H$ B. {df‘Vm d àm§{VH$, ^m{fH$ B. AbJVm g§nÊ¶mMo Zmd ¿¶m¶bm
V¶ma Zmhr. ^maVmg‘moarb AmìhmZo Ë¶m‘wio A{YH$M JS>X ~Zbobr AmhoV.
rr

^mJ-2 : Amnbr amÁ¶KQ>Zm
àH$aU 3
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr nm¶mâUr
amÁ`KQ>Zm åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` ? `mMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg Ago gm§JVm
òVo H$s, amÁ`KQ>Zm åhUOo Aem _yb^yV {Z`_m§Mm g§M` hmo`, H$s Á`mÛmao
Ë`m amîQ´>mVrb gmd©^m¡_ gËVoMr dmQ>Ur Ho$br OmVo. hr gmd©^m¡_ gÎmm H$moUr
Am{U H$er dmnamdr `mMohr {Xem{ZX}eZ Ë`mV Ho$bobo AgVo. åhUOoM Á`m
{Z`_m§À`m AmYmao gmd©^m¡_ gËVoÀ`m H$m`m©Mr {d^mJUr Am{U A§_b~OmdUr
hmoV,o Ë`m {Z`_m§Zm amÁ`KQ>Zm Ago åhUVmV. amÁ`KQ>ZM o o XmoZ àH$ma AgVmV-
1. {b{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm Am{U 2. A{b{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm.
{b{IV amÁ`KQ>ZVo gd© qH$dm Odinmg gd© {Z`_ {b{IV
ñdê$nmV V¶ma H$ê$Z R>odbobo AgVmV; Va A{b{IV amÁ`KQ>ZoV gd© qH$dm
Odinmg gd© {Z`_ A{b{IV AgVmV. Á¶m XoemMr amÁ¶KQ>Zm A{b{IV
ñdê$nmMr AgVo, Ë¶m XoemV AZoH$ ‘hÎdnyU© {ZU©¶ ho na§nam Am{U g§H$o Vm§À¶m
AmYmao KoVbo OmVmV. Aem {R>H$mUr gÎmmYmè¶m§H$Sy>Z OZVo~m~V njnmV
Ho$bm OmÊ¶mMr ‘moR>r e³¶Vm AgVo. Á¶m {R>H$mUr Jar~-lr‘§V, ñÌr-nwê$f
Aem àH$maMo ôX^md H$aÊ¶mMr ‘mZ{gH$Vm Vrd« Agob, Aem {R>H$mUr Va
hr e³¶Vm A{YH$M JS>X ~ZVo.
OJmVë¶m à‘wI Xoem§nH¡ $s B§½b§S>Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm hr A{b{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm
Amho; Va ^maV Am{U A_o[aH$ogma»¶m Xoem§Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm hr {b{IV
amÁ`KQ>Zm Amho. {b{IV g§{dYmZmV gm§{dYm{ZH$ {Z`_ loîR> AgVmV.
A{b{IV g§{dYmZ bmJy H$aUmè¶m Xoem§à‘mUo VoWo éT>r, na§nam Am{U Mmbr[aVtMo
dM©ñd ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo OmV Zmhr. CbQ> Aem Mmbr[aVtZr {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo gd©
àH$maMo AÝ¶m¶ d njnmV Zmhrgo H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ {b{IV g§{dYmZmVrb
{Z¶‘m§Zr Ho$bobm AgVmo. ^maVr` g§{dYmZmZo Amnë`m ZmJ[aH$m§V H$moUË¶mhr
àH$maMm ôX^md Ho$bobm Zmhr. B§½b§S>_Üò VoWrb g§{dYmZmZwgma \$ŠV àm°Q>ño Q>Q§ >
n§WmMo (àmJ{VH$ qH$dm nwamoJm_r {dMmagaUrMo) bmoH$M amOnX YmaU H$ê$
eH$VmV. H°$W{bH$ n§WmMo (à{VJm_r qH$dm gZmVZr {dMmagaUrMo) bmoH$
VoWo amOnX YmaU H$é eH$V ZmhrV. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ‘mÌ ^maVmV Agm
ôX^md Ho$bobm Zmhr. ^maVr` g§{dYmZmZo Amnë`m XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m
g§X^m©V AÝ¶m¶ d njnmV Xÿa H$aÊ¶mMm Omo ’$ma ‘moR>m à¶ËZ Ho$bobm Amho,
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm qghmMm dmQ>m am{hbobm Amho.
dgmhVrÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mMr KmofUm(1942)
11 ‘mM© 1942 amoOr {~«{Q>e àYmZ‘§Ìr {dÝñQ>Z M{M©b ¶m§Zr
^maVmgmR>r dgmhVrÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mMr KmofUm Ho$br. ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mMo ñdê$n
R>adÊ¶mgmR>r ñQ>°’$moS>© {H«$ßg ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr EH$ g{‘Vr ^maVmV
nmR>dÊ¶mV Ambr. nU ¶mV EH$hr ^maVr¶ g^mgX Zmhr, ¶m H$maUmgmR>r
H$m±J«ogZo ¶m H${‘eZbm {damoY Ho$bm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ‘mÌ ¶m
H${‘eZg‘moa Amnbr ~mOy R>odÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. ^maVmVrb JmoaJar~ dJ©,
eoVH$ar d eoV‘Oya dJ©, VËH$mbrZ Añn¥í¶dJ© ¶m gdmªÀ¶m {hVmgmR>r
S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr 15 Am°JñQ>, 1936 amoOr "ñdV§Ì ‘Oya nj'
ñWmnZ Ho$bm hmoVm. ¶m njmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ ¶m H$mimV gd© emo{fV d
d§{MVm§gmR>r H$mhr g§{dYm{ZH$ h¸$ {‘idÊ¶mÀ¶m à¶ËZmV Vo hmoVo. ‘mÌ,
Vwåhr Añn¥í¶m§Mo à{V{ZYr AmhmV H$s ‘Oyam§Mo? Agm àíZ H$ê$Z ñQ>°’$moS>©
{H«$ßg ¶m§Zr gd© emo{fVm§Mr ‘moQ> ~m§YÊ¶mg d Ë¶m§À¶m dVrZo ‘mJÊ¶m ‘m§S>Ê¶mg
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm {damoY Ho$bm. Ë¶m‘wio ¶mZ§Va ZmB©bmO hmoD$Z Amnbm
"ñdV§Ì ‘Oya nj' S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm ~aImñV H$amdm bmJbm d X{bVm§À¶m
‘mJÊ¶m ‘mÝ¶ H$adyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r 1942 ‘Ü¶o "eoS>¶yëS> H$mñQ>g² ’o$S>aoeZ'Mr
ñWmnZm H$amdr bmJbr.
KQ>Zmg{‘VrgmR>r {ZdS>UwH$m (1946)
1942 Vo 1945 ¶m H$mimV g§{dYmZ {Z{‘©VrMm àíZ Xþb©{jV
am{hbm hmoVm. 1945 ‘Ü¶o {ÛVr¶ ‘hm¶wÕmMr g‘már Pmë¶mZ§Va ‘mÌ
B§½b§S>‘Ü¶o {ZdS>UwH$m KoVë¶m Joë¶m d Ë¶m‘Ü¶o M{M©b ¶m§À¶m hþOya njmMm
nam^d hmoD$Z ³bo‘§Q> A°Q>br ¶m§Mm ‘Oya nj gÎmoda Ambm. ¶m njmbm
^maVm{df¶r ghmZw^yVr hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio 15 ‘mM© 1946 amoOr A°Q>br ¶m§Zr
"ñdmV§Í¶mMm {ZU©¶ ^maVr¶m§À¶m hmVr Agob' Aer KmofUm Ho$br d Abo³Pm§S>a
h¶y‘, n°{WH$ bm°aoÝg d ñQ>°’$moS>© {H«$ßg ¶m VrZ ‘§Í¶m§Mo {eï>‘§S>i ^maVr¶
ZoË¶m§~amo~a MMm© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ^maVmV nmR>dbo. ho {eï>‘§S>i H°${~ZoQ> {‘eZ
åhUyZ à{gÕ Amho. ¶m H°${~ZoQ> {‘eZÀ¶m ¶moOZoZwgma Owb¡ 1946 ‘Ü¶o
àm§{VH$ {dYmZ‘§S>im§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ ^maVmV {ZdS>UwH$m KoÊ¶mV Amë¶m d
^maVr¶ KQ>Zmg{‘Vr {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.
H°${~ZoQ> {‘eZ ¶moOZoZwgma ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r
Owb¡-1946 ‘Ü¶o ^maVmV àm§{VH$ {dYmZ‘§S>im§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {ZdS>UyH$m
KoÊ¶mV Amë¶m. ¶m ¶moOZoZwgma g§nyU© ^maVmVyZ KQ>ZmgôgmR>r EHy$U 381
gXñ¶ {ZdSy>Z AmUmd¶mMo hmoVo. ¶m§V {~«{Q>em§À¶m A{YnË¶mImbrb ^maVr¶
àm§Vm§VyZ 292, ^maVr¶ g§ñWmZm§VyZ 89, Va H${‘eZam§À¶m A{YnË¶mImbrb
{X„r, Hy$J©, AO‘oa-‘odmS> d A§X‘mZ-{ZH$mo~ma ¶m Mma {d^mJm§VyZ {ZdSy>Z
AmUmd¶mÀ¶m Mma à{V{ZYr§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ¶m {ZdS>UwH$rV nwT>rbà‘mUo
{d{dY njm§Mo C‘oXdma {ZdSy>Z Ambo. H$m±J«og-202, ‘wñbr‘ brJ-73,
ñdV§Ì-7, EH$sH$aUdmXr ‘wñbr‘-3, ^maVr¶ {¼íMZ-2, H¥$fH$ àOm-1,
eoS>¶yëS> H$mñQ>g² ’o$S>aoeZ-1, qhXÿ ‘hmg^m-1, A±½bmo-B§{S>¶Z-1 d
H$å¶w{ZñQ>-1. ¶mdoir ^maVr¶ g§ñWmZm§‘Ü¶o {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë¶m ZìhË¶m.
Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Mo à{V{ZYr AÚmn {ZdS>bo Jobo ZìhVo. Aem pñWVrV g§{dYmZ
gôMr n{hbr ~¡R>H$ âbr.
g§{dYmZ gôMr n{hbr ~¡R>H$ 9 {S>g|~a, 1946 amoOr âbr hmoVr.
¶m ~¡R>H$sbm KQ>Zmg{‘VrMo EHy$U 207 gXñ¶ CnpñWV hmoVo. 11 {S>g|~a,
1946 amoOr g§{dYmZ gôZo S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX ¶m§Mr KQ>Zm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j
åhUyZ {ZdS> Ho$br. ‘wñbr‘ brJZo Oar {ZdS>UwH$m§V ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm, Var
{ZdS>>UyH$sZ§Va ñnï> Pmboë¶m H$m±J«ogÀ¶m à^mdmZo brJ YmñVmdbr. Ë¶m‘wio
brJZo KQ>Zmg{‘VrÀ¶m H$m‘H$mOmda ~{hîH$ma Q>mHy$Z ñdV§Ì Xoe {‘idÊ¶mÀ¶m
à¶ËZm§da bj H|$ÐrV Ho$bo. eoS>çyëS> H$mñQ>g² ’o$S>aoeZ ¶m njmH$Sy>Z g§{dYmZ
gôda {ZdSy>Z Jobobo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ho EH$‘od {dÛmZ J¥hñW hmoVo.
Ë¶m§Mm Am{U Ë¶mdoiÀ¶m H$m±J«ogMm ‘moR>m d¡Mm[aH$ {damoY Agë¶mZo H$m±J«ogZo
~m~mgmho~m§Zm C‘oXdmar {Xbr ZìhVr. {H«$ßg {‘eZMo à‘wI ñQ>°’$moS>© {H«$ßg
¶m§Zr "Vwåhr ‘Oyam§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVm, H$s Añn¥í¶ dJm©Mo?' Agm àíZ
CnpñWV H$ê$Z S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm gd©OmVr¶ JmoaJar~ dJ©, ‘Oya Am{U
H$m‘Jmam§Mo ZoVo åhUyZ ñdrH$maÊ¶mg ZH$ma {Xbm, Voìhm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm
1942 gmbr ZmBbmOmZo eoS>¶yëS> H$mñQ>g² ’o$S>aoeZ ¶m njmMr ñWmnZm
H$amdr bmJbr hmoVr. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZgôV àdoe H$aÊ¶mgmR>r S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zm
¶m "eoS>¶yëS> H$mñQ>g² ’o$S>aoeZ'Mm Cn¶moJ Pmbm.
`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma `mnwT>o hOmamo df} ^maVmMm H$ma^ma Mmbdbm
OmB©b; Ë`m_wio `m XoemVrb gd© X{bV _mJmgdJu` bmoH$m§À`m {hVmMo `m
amÁ`KQ>ZoV g§ajU H$am`Mo Agob, Va Amnë`mbm KQ>Zm g{_VrV JoboM
nm{hOo, ho ~m~mgmho~m§Zr AmoiIbo hmoVo. na§Vw, VËH$mbrZ H$m±J«og ZoË`m§er
~m~mgmho~m§Mo AZoH$ _wÔçm§~m~V _VôX Agë`mZo, _w§~B© _VXmag§KmVyZ KQ>Zm
g{_VrgmR>r Cô amhÊ`mMr BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$éZhr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm H$m±J«ogZo
{VH$sQ> ZmH$mabo d H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV Vo KQ>Zmg{_Vrda {ZdSy>Z òUma
ZmhrV, Agm à`ËZ Ho$bm. nU ~m~mgmho~hr ñdñW ~gUmam§n¡H$s {H$§dm hma
OmUmam§n¡H$s ZìhVo. eoS>¶yëS> H$mñQ>g² ’o$S>aoeZÀ¶m nmR>~imda n§. ~§Jmb
_YyZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a {ZdS>UyH$sg Cô am{hbo d VoWrb X{bV OmVrn¡H$s
~hþg§»òZo Agboë`m Mm§S>mb ~m§Ydm§À¶m d _wñbr_ brJÀ`m ghH$m`m©VyZ
KQ>Zm g{_VrV nmohmoMbo. `mH$m_r Ë`m§Zm OmoJoÝÐZmW _§S>b `m§Zr A_yë`
ghH$m`© Ho$bo.
H$m±J«og Am{U S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o ¶m H$mimV
‘moR>m KZKmoa g§Kf© gwê$ hmoVm. 1932 gmbr ‘hmË‘m Jm§YtÀ¶m Am‘aU
CnmofUmZ§Va ñdH$ï>mZo {‘idboë¶m ñdV§Ì ‘VXma g§Km§da S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr
ZmB©bmOmZo nmUr gmoS>bo hmoVo. nU Ë¶mZ§VaÀ¶m H$mimVrb H$m±J«ogÀ¶m
ì¶dhmam~m~V Vo g‘mYmZr ZìhVo. Ë¶mVM KQ>Zmg{‘VrVrb àdoem~m~V S>m°.
Am§~oS>H$am§Zm ’$ma ‘moR>m g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm hmoVm d Ë¶mjUr Var Vo Ë¶mV
{dO¶r R>abo hmoVo. gZXera _mJm©Zo _. Jm§Yr Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m H$m±Jo«gda
{_idbobm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm hm Xwgam EH$ AË`§V AgmYmaU Agm {dO`
hmoVm. g§{dYmZgôV ¶oÊ¶m~m~V ~m~mgmho~m§Mo Ü¶o¶ BWn¶ªV Var ‘¶m©{XVM
hmoVo. ¶m XoemVrb JmoaJ[a~m§À¶m ^{dVì¶mMo Ë¶m§Zm g§ajU H$am¶Mo hmoVo.
¶mnojm ‘moR>o H$mhr H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr VoWo Amnë¶mbm {‘iob, ¶mMr Ë¶m§Zm
nwgQ>erhr H$ënZm ZìhVr.
Ü¶o¶ d C{X²Xï>m§Mm R>amd
9 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr KQ>Zmg{‘VrMo H$m‘H$mO gwê$ Pmë¶mZ§Va
{X. 13 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr n§. Odmhabmb Zohê§$Zr KQ>Zmg{‘VrÀ¶m Ü¶o¶
Am{U C{X²Xï>m§Mm R>amd KQ>Zmg{‘Vrg‘moa ‘§OyargmR>r ‘m§S>bm. ¶m R>amdmVrb
à‘wI ‘wX²Xo nwT>rbà‘mUo hmoVo-
1. ñdV§Ì, gmd©^m¡‘ JUamÁ¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr
2. ‘yb^yV h¸$m§Mm g§{dYmZmV g‘mdoe
3. OZVoÀ¶m gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMm ñdrH$ma
4. ^maVr¶ g§ñWmZo Am{U àm§Vm§Zm g^mgXËd
5. Aëng§»¶m§H$ Am{U ‘mJmg àdJmªZm g§ajUo
~°. O¶H$am§Mm ñWJZ àñVmd Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm à^md
Zohê§$À¶m àñVmdmda g^mJ¥hmV MMm© gwê$ AgVmZm g§{dYmZgôg‘moa
EH$ ‘moR>r AS>MU {Z‘m©U Pmbr. Vr AS>MU ‘w§~B©VyZ KQ>Zmg{‘Vrda {ZdSy>Z
Amboë¶m ~°. O¶H$a ¶m§À¶m ñWJZ àñVmdm‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbr hmoVr. g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo
à{V{ZYr d {deofV: ‘wñbr‘ brJMo g^mgX ¶oV ZmhrV, Vmoda g§{dYmZ
gôMo H$m‘H$mO ~§X R>odmdo, Agm àñVmd ~°. O¶H$a ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>bm hmoVm. ¶m
àñVmdm‘wio g§{dYmZ gôV ‘moR>¶m qMVoMo d VUmdmMo dmVmdaU ngabo.
Aem g§^«‘mÀ¶m d A{ZpíMVVoÀ¶m dmVmdaUmV KQ>Zm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j
S>m.° amO|Ð àgmX ¶m§Zr AMmZH$nUo S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Zm g§{dYmZgôg‘moa
Amnbo ‘VàXe©Z H$aÊ¶mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm ¶m {dZ§Vr~m~V
‘moR>o AmíM¶© dmQ>bo; H$maU Zoh‘rà‘mUo Amnbm Z§~a eodQ>r bmJUma!
{H$‘mZ n§Yam-drg bmoH$ Var AmYr ~mobVrb d ‘J Amnë¶mbm g§Yr
{‘iob, Agm {dMma Ë¶m§Zr Ho$bm hmoVm. {edm¶ Ü¶o¶ Am{U C{X²Xï>m§À¶m
R>amdm~m~V d ¶m ñWJZ àñVmdm~m~V nwaogm Aä¶mg H$ê$ZM Amnbo ‘V
Ë¶m§Zm g§{dYmZgôg‘moa ‘m§S>m¶Mo hmoVo. nU KQ>Zm g{‘VrÀ¶m AÜ¶jm§ZrM
{dZ§Vr Ho$bobr Agë¶m‘wio Vo ~mobm¶bm Cô am{hbo.

AMmZH$ g‘moa Amboë¶m ¶m g§YrMm EH$ ’$m¶Xm Agm Pmbm, H$s
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Vo ^mfU AË¶§V Cñ’y$V© Ago Pmbo d Ë¶m§Mr {dÛÎmm, Xoeào‘
¶m§gma»¶m Abm¡{H$H$ JwUm§Mo Xe©Z Ë¶m {Xder ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZgôbm
AZno{jVnUo Pmbo. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZgôÀ¶m B{VhmgmVrb hm ‘hÎdnyU©
{Xdg åhUOo 17 {S>g|~a 1946 hm hmo¶! Iao Va `mH$mimV Añn¥í`dJ© d
BVa Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m g§ajUm~m~VÀ¶m ‘wX²X¶m§dê$Z H$m±J«oger namH$moQ>rMo
_VôX Agë`m_wio ~m~mgmho~ ¶mdoir H$m` ^y{_H$m KoVrb `mMm H$moUmbmM
H$mhr A§XmO ZìhVm. ^maVmVrb JmoaJar~ dJm©gmR>r ~m~mgmho~ gm§JVrb Ë`m
VaVwXr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmV KmVë¶m{edm¶ ~m~mgmho~ Zì¶m ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmbm
‘mÝ¶Vm XoUma ZmhrV d Ë`m§Mo EH$_wIr ZoV¥Ëd _mZUmam BWë¶m JmoaJar~
AZwgy{MV OmVr-O‘mVtMm dJ©hr Zì¶m amÁ`KQ>Zobm _mÝ`Vm XoUma Zmhr, ho
CKS>M hmoVo. ¶mV â åhUOo OrZm§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbrb _wñbr_ brJhr
\$miUrÀ`m _mJUrda ASy>Z ~gbobo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio H$m±J«oggh XoemVrb BVa
_hÎdnyU© ZoVo_§S>ir Am{U O~m~Xma bmoH$ H$_mbrMo AñdñW Pmbobo hmoVo.
Aem ApñWaVoÀ¶m ¶m dmVmdaUmV {X. 17 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr
S>m.° amO|Ð àgmX `m§À¶m AmdmhZmZ§Va S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Zr KQ>Zmg{‘Vrbm
AË¶§V Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ago ‘mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo. "AmO AmnU amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$
d Am{W©H$ ÑîQçm Xw^§Jbo Jobobmo Agbo, Var n[apñWVr Am{U doi òVmM
Amnë`m EH$sg H$moUrhr AS>Wim H$é eH$Uma Zmhr...! _wñbr_ brJ Oar
AmO ^maVmÀ`m \$miUrgmR>r à`ËZ H$arV Agbo, Var AI§S> ^maVM
gdmªgmR>r {hVH$a Amho, ho AmO Zm CÚm Ë`m§À`mhr bjmV òB©bM! Ë¶m‘wio
Amnë`m~amo~a gdmªZm KoD$Z OmÊ`mMr d eodQ>r EH$s hmoB©b Agm _mJ©
ñdrH$maÊ`mMr VmH$X Am{U ehmUnUm Amnë`m A§Jr Amho, ho Amnë`m
dmJUwH$sZo {gÕ H$ê$Z XmIdm!' Ago gyMH$ Am{U ‘m{‘©H$ AmdmhZ
S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ¶m {Xder KQ>Zmg{_VrÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Zm Ho$bo. Am{U~mUrÀ`m
¶m n[apñWVrV ~m~mgmho~m§Zr AË`§V g§Vw{bV Aer amîQ´>{Z_m©Ë`mMr ^y{_H$m
KoVë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Mo H$Å>a {damoYH$hr H$‘mbrMo gwImdbo.

S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§À¶m `m ^mfUmVrb Eo³¶dmXr d g‘Ýd¶dmXr ^y{_Ho$Zo
^maVmVrb ~hþVm§e ZoVo_§S>ir d Ë‘m§À`m AZw`m`m§À`mhr AmZ§Xmbm nmamdma
Cabm Zmhr. EImÚm Km`mi {g§hmà_mUo H$m±J«ogda gVV VwQy>Z nS>Umè`m
~m~mgmho~m§À`m Vm|Sy>Z ^maVr` EoŠ`m~m~VMo {dMma EoHy$Z Ë`m§À`m H$Q²>Q>a
{damoYH$m§Zmhr ~m~mgmho~m§À`m _moR>onUmMr Am{U AgmYmaU _wËgX²Xo{JarMr
ImÌr nQ>br. ^maVmVrb Odinmg gd© à_wI d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr ~m~mgmho~m§À`m `m
^mfUmda H$m¡VwH$mMm dfm©d Ho$bm. "AI§S> ^maVmMr KmofUm' `m erf©H$mImbr
`m ^mfUmda _moR>_moR>o ñdmJVna boI {b{hbo. Amnbm AmZ§X Am{U nmqR>~m
Omhra Ho$bm. AmMm`© àëhmX Ho$ed AÌ|gmaIm ~m~mgmho~m§Mm AË`§V H$Q²>Q>a
{damoYH$hr ~m~mgmho~m§À`m `m AgmYmaU ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m Xe©ZmZo BVH$m
{XnyZ Jobm, H$s "Oo hmV XJS> _mam`bm {ZKmbo hmoVo, Ë`mM hmVm§Zr AmO
Am_À`mda nwîndfm©d Ho$bm...!' Ago AË¶§V ^mdnyU© CX²Jma `m àg§Jm~m~V
Ë¶m§Zr H$mT>bo. `mnwT>o ~m~mgmho~m§À`m {damoYmV EH$ Ajahr Z {b{hÊ`mMr
enW Ë`m§Zr KoVbr.
~m~mgmho~m§À`m `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^mfUmZ§Va gmè`m XoemMm OUy ZyaM
nmbQ>bm d AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` amîQ´> {Z{_©VrÀ`m gwdU©ndm©g òWyZM Iar
gwédmV Pmbr. ‘mÌ ~m~mgmho~ ho H$mhr H$ënZm-amÁ¶mV dmhdV OmUmao ZoVo
ZìhVo. KQ>Zm g{‘Vr gXñ¶m§Zm Yra XoV AgVmZmM n§. Zohê§$À¶m R>amdmVrb
ÌwQ>r Ë`m§Zr ~oYS>H$nUo g^mgXm§Zm XmIdyZ {Xë¶m. 17 {S>g|~aÀ¶m Cnamoº$
^mfUmÀ¶m gwê$dmVrbmM "n§. Zohê§$Zr ‘m§S>bobm Ü¶o¶ d CpX²Xï>m¨Mm R>amd
{ZamemOZH$ Agë¶m'Mo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Z‘yX Ho$bo hmoVo. Vo ¶mdoir åhUmbo
hmoVo, H$s AmnU Ho$di ho H$ê$ qH$dm Vo H$ê$ Ago gm§JyZ AmVm MmbUma
Zmhr! Oo H$mhr H$am¶Mo Amho, Vo H$go H$aUma AmhmoV, hohr AmnU gm§{JVbo
nm{hOo! AmnU ñnï>nUo ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m Or{dV, {dÎm d ñdmV§Í¶mMr h‘r
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {Xbr nm{hOo. ^maVmV gm‘m{OH$ bmoH$emhr AmUm¶Mr Agob,
Va Vr H$er AmUUma, hohr ""AmnU ñnï> Ho$bo nm{hOo. ^maVmV g‘mOdmX
AmUë¶m{edm¶ åhUOo BWë¶m O{_Zr Am{U CÚmoJm§da g‘mOmMr ‘mbH$s
àñWm{nV Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ Amnë¶mbm ¶oWo g‘mOdmX AmUVm ¶oUma Zmhr!
Zohê§$Zr R>amdmV ¶mMm C„oI Ho$bobm Zmhr!''
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m ¶m ^mfUmMm Xoemda AZwHy$b n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z ¶m
H$mimV g§nyU© Xoe Oar EH$m {XeoZo {dMma H$ê$ bmJbm hmoVm, Var ¶m gdmªMm
‘wñbr‘ brJda ‘mÌ AZwHy$b n[aUm‘ Pmbm Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio ¶mZ§VaÀ¶m H$mhr
‘{hÝ¶m§V Or EH$ AË¶§V hmZrH$maH$ KQ>Zm KS>br, Vr åhUOo ^maVmMr
’$miUr hmo¶!
g§{dYmZ gôVrb {df¶g{‘Ë¶m
{S>g|~a 1946 ‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ gôZo g§{dYmZ {Z{‘©VrMo
H$m‘ gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. KQ>Zm{Z{‘©VrgmR>r àW‘V: nÞmg gXñ¶m§Mr EH$ g„mJma
g{‘Vr Zo‘Ê¶mV Ambr hmoVr. ¶m g{‘Vr‘Ü¶o S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a, n§. Zohê$,
d„^^mB© nQ>ob B. Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ¶m g{‘VrZo Amnë¶m H$m‘mÀ¶m
gmo¶rgmR>r AmUIr H$mhr g{‘Ë¶m ~Zdë¶m hmoË¶m. Ë¶mVrb Mma Cng{‘Ë¶m
Am{U AmUIr VrZ g{‘Ë¶m ‘hÎdnyU© ‘mZë¶m OmVmV. Ë¶mVrb Mma Cng{‘Ë¶m
Aem- 1) _yb^yV A{YH$ma Cng{_Vr 2) Aëng§»`m§H$ Cng{_Vr 3)CÎmanyd©
Am{Xdmgr gr_màXoe Cng{_Vr d 4) AZwgy{MV àXoe Am{U O_mVtgmR>r
Cng{_Vr. Cd©arV VrZ g{‘Ë¶m nwT>rb à‘mUo hmoË¶m- 1) g§K A{YH$ma
g{_Vr, 2) g§K g§{dYmZ g{_Vr d 3)àm§{V` g§{dYmZ g{_Vr. ¶m gmVn¡H$s
VrZ g{‘Ë¶m§da, åhUOo 1) _yb^yV A{YH$ma Cng{_Vr 2) Aëng§»`m§H$
Cng{_Vr Am{U 3) g§K g§{dYmZ g{_Vrda S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mV
Ambr hmoVr.
~m~mgmho~m§Zm ^maVr¶ KQ>Zmg{‘VrÀ¶m ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶jnX
XoÊ¶mnydu ~m~mgmho~m§Mr VrZ ‘hÎdnyU© g{‘Ë¶m§da {Z¶wº$s H$aÊ¶mV Ambr
hmoVr, hr ‘hÎdmMr ~m~ Amho. ¶m g{‘Ë¶m§da Ë¶m§Zr Ho$boë¶m H$m‘m§‘wioM
Ë¶m§À¶m AgmYmaU g§{dYmZnQw>ËdmMm n[aM¶ ^maVmVrb BVa ZoË¶m§Zm Pmbm
hmoVm. Z§VaÀ¶m H$mimV Ë¶m§Mr ‘gwXm g{‘VrÀ¶m AÜ¶jnXr Or {ZdS> Pmbr,
Ë¶m‘mJo ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV ¶m VrZ g{‘Ë¶m§da amhÿZ Ë¶m§Zr Ho$boë¶m H$m‘mMm
‘moR>m hmV hmoVm. KQ>Zmg{‘VrÀ¶m gwê$dmVrÀ¶m H$mimV g§K g§{dYmZ g{‘Vr
d àm§Vr¶ g§{dYmZ g{‘Vr Aem XmoZ ñdV§Ì g{‘Ë¶m J{R>V H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m
hmoË¶m. Ë¶mdê$Z A‘o[aHo$à‘mUo H|$Ð d amÁ¶m§Mr ñdV§Ì g§{dYmZo d ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r
Xþhao r ZmJ[aH$Ëd Aer H$mhrer gwê$dmVrÀ¶m H$mimVrb KQ>Zm g{‘Vr gXñ¶m§Mr
g§H$ënZm hmoVr, Ago {XgVo. àË¶jmV ‘mÌ EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd ñdrH$maÊ¶mV
Ambo.
‘gwXm g{‘VrMo JR>Z Am{U H$m¶©
{df¶ g{‘Ë¶m§Mo Ahdmb Amë¶mZ§Va Am°JñQ> 1947 ‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶
KQ>Zm g{‘VrZo EH$ ‘gwXm g{‘Vr Zo‘br. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmbm A§{V‘ ñdê$n
XoU,o ^maVmgmR>r H$miOrnydH© $ {d{dY H$m¶Xoera VaVwXtMm ñdrH$ma dm AñdrH$ma
H$aUo, ho ¶m g{‘VrMo H$m‘ hmoVo. ho AË¶§V {O{H$arMo d ‘hÎdnyU© H$m‘ hmoVo.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZgôZo ¶m g{‘VrMo AÜ¶jnX ‘moR>¶m {dídmgmZo S>m.° ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$am§H$S>o {Xbo. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZgôV gm‘rb Pmbobo ~hþg§»¶ gXñ¶
ho ^maVmMo ñdmV§Í¶g¡{ZH$ hmoVo. Vo ñdV: {dÛmZhr hmoVo d Xoe{hVmgmR>r
H$m¶©àdU Pmbobo amï´>r¶ ZoVohr hmoVo. ¶m gdmªZr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§da
^mdr ^maVr¶ amï´>{Z{‘©VrÀ¶m AZwf§JmZo EdT>m ‘moR>m {dídmg Q>mH$Uo hr gmYr,
gmonr qH$dm N>moQ>r Jmoï> Z¸$sM ZìhVr. ^maVr¶ à{V{ZYrgôZo Q>mH$bobr
g§{dYmZmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ ^maVmMo ^{dVì¶ KS>dÊ¶mMr hr Eo{Vhm{gH$ O~m~Xmar
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zrhr {VV³¶mM VmH$XrZo nobbr.
^maVr¶ àXoemVrb OmVr¶, Ym{‘©H$, àm§{VH$ d ^m{fH$ g§Kf©;
{d{dY amOH$s¶ eº$s¨‘Ü¶o {Z‘m©U hmoUmam gÎmm g§Kf©; OmVr¶ d b¢{JH$
{df‘Vm; Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm; ga§Om‘emhr àd¥Îmt‘wio Xoemg‘moa {Z‘m©U Pmbobo
YmoHo$; amoOJma, drO, nmUr ¶m§gma»¶m Jmoï>t‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eH$Umao g§Kf©;
Am§V[aH$ AWdm ~mhoarb geó goZm§nmgyZ CX²^dy eH$Umao YmoHo$; àmXo{eH$
AWdm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ VmH$Xt‘wio XoemÀ¶m gmd©^m¡‘ËdmnwT>o {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eH$Umar
g§H$Q>>;o OJâmVrb àJV amï´>mM § r gwê$ Agbobr dmQ>Mmb; ^maVm‘Ü¶o ñdmV§Í¶,
g‘Vm, ~§YwVm d Ý¶m¶ ¶m VÎdm§Zm ‘mÝ¶Vm XoUmè¶m àJV g‘mOmMr {Z{‘©Vr
H$aÊ¶mMr {ZH$S>, BVa Xoem§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m amÁ¶KQ>Zm§‘Ü¶o Ho$boë¶m VaVyXr d
Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m am~dÊ¶mV Ambobo ¶emn¶e- ¶m§gma»¶m AZoH$ JmoîQ>r§Mm AË`§V
gyú_ Aä¶mg d ~marH$ {dMma H$ê$Z AZoH$ ~marH$gmarH$ Vnerbm§gh
^maVmgmR>r OJmVrb gdm©V _moR>r Am{U AË¶§V {ZXm}f Aer amÁ`KQ>Zm
_gwXr g{_VrZo V`ma Ho$br.

¶m H$mimV XoemÀ¶m ’$miUrgmR>r ASy>Z ~gboë¶m ‘wñbr‘ brJMr
dmQ> Z nmhVm g§{dYmZ {Z{‘©VrMo H$m‘ Vm~S>Vmo~ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mMr ^y{‘H$m
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ gôZo KoVbr hmoVr. ¶m ^y{‘Ho$‘wio ZmamO Pmboë¶m ~°.O¶H$am§Zr
g§{dYmZ gôVrb Amnë¶m OmJoMm amOrZm‘m {Xbm hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Mr
OmJm [aº$ Pmbr hmoVr. Vo ‘w§~B©VyZ {ZdSy>Z Ambo hmoVo. g§{dYmZ gôMo
H$m‘H$mO gwê$ Pmë¶mZ§Va gw‘mao ZD$ ‘{hÝ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m ^maV XoemMr
’$miUr Pmbr d XoemMm H$mhr ^mJ nm{H$ñVmZbm XoÊ¶mV Ambm. S>m.° ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$a OoWyZ KQ>Zmg{‘Vrda {ZdSy>Z Ambo hmoVo, Vmo npíM‘ ~§Jmb‘Yrb
àXoe nm{H$ñVmZmV Jobm. ¶m KQ>Zo‘wio S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ^maVr¶
g§{dYmZgôMo gXñ¶ am{hbo ZmhrV. ‘mÌ ¶m Xaå¶mZÀ¶m H$mimV Ho$di EH$m
{d{eï> g‘yhmMm ZoVm åhUyZM S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§H$S>o nmhUmè¶m ^maVmVrb BVa
ZoË¶m§Zm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m kmZmMm, {dÛÎmoMm d Xoe^º$sMmhr nwaogm n[aM¶
Pmbm hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio ~°. O¶H$am§À¶m amOrZmå¶m‘wio [aº$ Pmboë¶m OmJoda
^maVr¶ H$m±J«ogZo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm nwÝhm EH$Xm {ZdSy>Z AmUbo d Ë¶m§Zm
g§{dYmZ gôVrb ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶jnXhr {Xbo.
’$miUr‘wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm ‘VXmag§K nm{H$ñVmZmV Joë¶mZ§Va
^maVmVrb amï´>r¶ H$m±J«ogZo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zm KQ>Zm g{‘Vrda nwÝhm
EH$Xm {ZdSy>Z AmUyZ Iao Va gdmªZm AmíM¶m©Mm EH$ Y¸$mM {Xbm hmoVm.
¶mZ§Vahr AmíM¶m©Mm AmUIr EH$ Y¸$m XoV g§{dYmZ gôZo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm
g§{dYmZ gôÀ¶m ‘gwXm g{‘VrVhr gm‘rb H$ê$Z KoVbo hmoVo. hr doJdmZ
KS>m‘moS>r EdT>¶mdaM Wm§~br Zmhr, Va ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>Zobm A§{V‘ ñdê$n
XoÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar Agboë¶m ¶m ‘gwXm g{‘VrÀ¶m AÜ¶jnXrhr ^maVr¶
H$m±J«ogZo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr {~Z{damoY {ZdS> Ho$br. hm Va ñdV: S>m°.
Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m Ñï>rZohr AmíM¶m©Mm H$ig R>abm; ho ñdV: S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§ZrM
Z‘yX H$ê$Z R>odbobo Amho. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZgôÀ¶m B{VhmgmVrb hr EH$
AË¶§V ‘hËdnyU© Aer KQ>Zm Amho. EdT>¶m doJdmZ Am{U AmíM¶©OZH$
KS>m‘moS>r g§{dYmZ gôV CnpñWV Agboë¶m BVa H$moUË¶mhr gXñ¶mÀ¶m
g§X^m©V KS>boë¶m ZmhrV. Á¶m ì¶º$sbm AmVgwÕm ¶oD$ Úm¶Mo Zmhr, Agm

M§J H$m±J«ogZo ~m§Ybm hmoVm, Ë¶mM ì¶º$sÀ¶m hmVr g§nyU© g§{dYmZ {Z{‘©VrMo
H$m‘ Ë¶m§Zr XoD$Z Q>mH$bo, hr gmYr qH$dm gmonr Jmoï> Z¸$sM Zmhr.
17 {S>g|~a 1946 Mo KQ>Zmg{‘VrVrb S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ^mfU,
Ë¶mZ§Va XoemÀ¶m ’$miUr‘wio [aº$ Pmbobr Ë¶m§Mr OmJm Am{U nwÝhm ‘gwXm
g{‘VrÀ¶m AÜ¶jnXr Pmbobr {~Z{damoY {ZdS ¶mXaå¶mZ KS>boë¶m BVa
H$mhr KS>m‘moS>rhr XoemÀ¶m Ñï>rZo AË¶§V ‘hÎdnyU© AmhoV d ¶oUmè¶m {nT>¶m§Zr
bjmV R>odÊ¶mgma»¶m AmhoV. ¶mVrb n{hbr ‘hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo g§{dYmZ
gôVrb {d{dY {df¶ g{‘Ë¶m§da amhÿZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$bobo ‘hÎdnyU©
H$m¶© hmo¶! Á¶m H°${~ZoQ> {‘eZ ¶moOZoÀ¶m AmYmao ^maVr¶ KQ>Zmg{‘VrMr
ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr hmoVr, Ë¶m H°${~ZoQ> {‘eZZo ^maVr¶m§Mo ‘yb^yV
A{YH$ma, Aëng§»¶mH$m§Mo àíZ ¶m§gma»¶m H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© {df¶m§gmR>r
{df¶ g{‘Ë¶m J{R>V H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag ^maVr¶m§Zm Ho$br hmoVr. ¶m
{e’$magrÀ¶m AmYmao 24 OmZodmar 1947 amoOr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZgôZo EH$
àñVmd nm[aV H$ê$Z Amnë¶m gXñ¶m§VyZM nÞmg OUm§Mr EH$ g„mJma
g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br hmoVr. gaXma d„^^mB© nQ>ob ho ¶m g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j
hmoVo, Va S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ ho ¶m g{‘VrMo EH$ gm‘mÝ¶ gXñ¶ hmoVo.
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶jnX XoÊ¶mnyduMr Xþgar
‘hÎdnyU© Jmoï> åhUyZ S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX ¶m§Zr ‘w§~B©Mo VoìhmMo ‘w»¶‘§Ìr lr. ~r.
Or. Ioa ¶m§Zm {X. 30 OyZ 1947 amoOr nmR>dboë¶m nÌmMr XIb AmnU
KoVbr nm{hOo. ¶m nÌmV S>m.° amO|Ð àgmX ¶m§Zr åhQ>bo hmoV,o H$s "S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zr
g§{dYmZgôV Am{U {d{dY {df¶ g{‘Ë¶m§da amhÿZ Oo H$m¶© Ho$bo Am{U
g§{dYmZ {Z{‘©VrV ¶moJXmZ {Xbo, Vo EdT>o loð> XOm©Mo Amho H$s Ë¶m§À¶m
godm§nmgyZ Am§åhr ñdV:bm d§{MV R>ody BpÀN>V Zmhr! Á¶m ~§Jmb àm§VmVyZ Vo
{Zdm©{MV Pmbo hmoVo, Ë¶m àm§VmMo {d^mOZ Pmë¶m‘wio gÜ¶m Vo g§{dYmZ gôMo
gXñ¶ am{hbo ZmhrV; na§Vw ¶oË¶m Mm¡Xm Owb¡nmgyZ gwê$ hmoUmè¶m g§{dYmZ
gôÀ¶m gÌmV Ë¶m§Zr CnpñWV ahmdo, ¶mgmR>r ‘r AmVwa Amho. ¶m Ñï>rZo
g§{dYmZgôda Ë¶m§Mo Ëd[aV {Zdm©MZ hmoUo JaOoMo Amho!'
S>m°. àgmX ¶m§À¶m ¶m nÌmZwgmaM doJdmZ hmbMmbr hmoD$Z
S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zm ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ gôda nwÝhm EH$Xm {ZdSy>Z AmUÊ¶mV
Ambo d 29 Am°JñQ>, 1947 amoOr Ë¶m§Zm ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶jnXhr ~hmb
H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶jnX XoÊ¶mnydu {XZm§H$ n§Yam Am°JñQ>
amoOr Ë¶m§Zm ^maVmÀ¶m A§V[a‘ gaH$ma‘Ü¶o H$m¶Xo‘§Ìr åhUyZhr ñWmZ XoÊ¶mV
Ambo hmoVo. amÁ¶KQ>Zobm A§{V‘ ñdê$n XoÊ¶mgmR>r ~Zdboë¶m ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo
gmV gXñ¶ hmoVo. ‘Vm‘Vm§À¶m Jb~ë¶mV Zo‘³¶m H$moUË¶m VaVyXr
ñdrH$mam¶À¶m, Ë¶m H$emÀ¶m AmYmao ñdrH$mam¶À¶m, OJâmV BVaÌ H$m¶H$m¶
VaVyXr Ho$boë¶m AmhoV, Ë¶m§Mo H$moUVo gH$mamË‘H$ AWdm ZH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘
Pmbobo AmhoV, ^maVmV H$moUË¶m VaVyXr JaOoÀ¶m AmhoV, Ë¶m§À¶m ñdrH$ma
AWdm AñdrH$mamMm Zo‘H$m H$m¶ n[aUm‘ hmoB©b, H$moUË¶m VaVyXr A{YH$
à^mdr d CnH$maH$ R>aVrb ¶m§gma»¶m àíZm§Mm AmT>mdm KoD$Z ^maVr¶
amÁ¶KQ>Zobm gd©g‘mdoeH$ Ago A§{V‘ ñdê$n XoÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ¶m g{‘Vrbm
H$am¶Mo hmoVo. gmh{OH$M ¶mgmR>r ’$ma ‘moR>¶m ì¶mnH$ ~wÕrMr Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$
H$gaVrMr JaO hmoVr. hr JaO bjmV KoD$Z Zo‘Ê¶mV Amboë¶m ‘gwXm
g{‘VrV Imbrbà‘mUo gXñ¶ KoÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo-
1. S>m°.^r‘amd am‘Or Am§~oS>H$a(AÜ¶j)
2. lr. Abm{X H¥$îUñdm‘r Aæ¶a
3. lr. EZ. Jmonmbñdm‘r Aæ¶§Jma
4. lr. Ho$. E‘. ‘wÝer
5. lr. gæ¶X ‘mohå‘X gmXþ„m
6. lr. ~r. Eb. {‘Ìm
7. lr. S>r. nr. IoVmZ
amÁ¶KQ>ZoMo àW‘ dmMZ
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm ~ZdÊ`mg XmoZ df}, AH$am _{hZo d AR>am
{Xdg åhUOoM OdiOdi VrZ df} bmJbr, ho AmVm AZoH$ bmoH$ OmUVmV.
‘mÌ ¶m H$mimV Zo‘³¶m H$m¶ KS>m‘moS>r Pmë¶m, ¶mMr ~hþVoH$m§Zm {deof
‘m{hVr Zmhr. Owb¡-1946 ‘Ü¶o {ZdS>UwH$m d 9 {S>g|~a amoOr H$m‘H$mOmg
gwê$dmV Pmë¶mZ§Va H°${~ZoQ> {_eZÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma g§{dYmZ gôZo EH$
gëbmJma g{_Vr J{R>V Ho$br hmoVr d {VZo AmUIr H$mhr g{_Ë`m {Z_m©U
Ho$ë`m hmoË¶m, ho da gm§{JVboM Amho. 29 Am°JñQ>, 1947 amoOr _gwXm
g{_VrMo JR>Z hmoD$Z S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m hmVr ‘gwÚmbm A§{V‘
ñdê$n XoÊ¶mMo H$m‘ gwê$ hmoVmM gw‘mao gmS>onmM-ghm ‘{hÝ¶m§À¶m H$mbmdYrV
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr KQ>Zm g{_VrZo àW_ KQ>ZoMm H$ÀMm
AmamIS>m ~Zdbm d \o$~«wdmar 1948 _Üò Vmo bmoH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m§gmR>r
à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. hm H$ƒm ‘gwXm ~ZdÊ¶mgmR>r g§{dYmZ gôÀ¶m
{d{dY {df¶ g{‘Ë¶m§Zr gmXa Ho$boë¶m Ahdmbm§Mm AmYma KoÊ¶mV Ambm
hmoVm. hm ‘gwXm ’o$~«wdmar 1948 ‘Ü¶o g§{dYmZgôMo AÜ¶j S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX
¶m§Zm nmR>dVmZm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© nÌ Ë¶mgmo~V
OmoS>bo hmoV.o ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>Z‘o Ü¶o g‘m{dï> H$amd¶mMo EH§$Xa Vodrg ‘hÎdnyU©
‘wÚm§{df¶r AmnU H$m¶ {ZU©¶ KoV AmhmoV, ¶mMr ‘m{hVr nÌmV XoÊ¶mV
Ambr hmoVr.
^maVr¶ g§KamÁ¶mMo dU©Z g§{dYmZ bmJy Ho$ë¶mZ§Va "amÁ¶m§Mm g§K'
åhUyZ Ho$bo OmB©b; amÁ¶nmbm§Mo àm§V, Am¶wº$m§Mo àm§V Am{U g§ñWmZo Aem
gd© KQ>H$m§Mm ¶mnwT>o "amÁ¶' ¶m EH$mM eãXmZo C„oI Ho$bm OmB©b; d§ena§naoZo
qH$dm {ZdmgmÀ¶m g§~§YmZo ^maVmer ZmVo Agboë¶m gdmªZm ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo
A{YH$ma {Xbo OmVrb; {deof n[apñWVrV X§S>m{YH$mè¶m§g‘moa ÑT>H$WZ qH$dm
9 df} A{Ydmg ¶m§gma»¶m H$mhr AQ>r nyU© H$amì¶m bmJVrb; ‘yb^yV
A{YH$mam§Mo ñdê$n ñd¡a Zgob; Ë¶m§da H$mhr {ZpíMV ‘¶m©Xm KmVë¶m OmVrb,
H$mhr VaVyXtZm VmËnwaË¶m ñdê$nmV ñW{JV H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma amï´>nVr d
amÁ¶nmbm§Zm {Xbm OmB©b; ¶m§gma»¶m H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© Jmoï>tMm C„oI ¶mV
H$aÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm.
1935 À¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma Mmby Agboë¶m YmoaUm§V H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU©
~Xb Ho$bo OmVrb; amï´>nVtZm amÁ¶gôVrb Zm‘{ZX}eZm~m~V H$mhr {deof
A{YH$ma {Xbo OmVrb; g§gX gXñ¶m§Mm Mma dfmªMm H$m¶©H$mi dmT>dyZ Vmo
nmM df} Agm Ho$bm OmB©b; {d{eï> n[apñWVrV {Zd¥Îm Ý¶m¶mYrem§Mr
VmËnwaVr {Z¶wº$s H$aVm ¶oB©b; ‘w»¶‘§Ìr d amÁ¶nmbm§Vrb g§Kf© AmQ>mo³¶mV
R>odVm ¶mdm, ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶nmbm§À¶m {ZdS>rMr n°Zb nÕVr ñdrH$mabr OmB©b;
H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo àemgZ ‘w»¶ Am¶wº$, CnamÁ¶nmb qH$dm OdiÀ¶m
amÁ¶mVrb amÁ¶nmbmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Mmbdbo OmB©b; EImXm {df¶ amï´>r¶Ñï>¶m
‘hÎdmMm ~Zbm, Va amÁ¶ {dYmZ ‘§S>imÀ¶m {dZ§VrZwgma H|$Ð gaH$ma Ë¶m
{df¶mdahr H$m¶Xm H$ê$ eHo$b; nmM df} ‘hgyb {dVaU O¡go Wo R>odyZ
Ë¶mZ§Va Xa nmM dfmªZr EH$ {dÎm Am¶moJ Zo‘bm OmB©b d Vmo {dÎm{df¶H$
{ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mg ‘XV H$aob; godm§{df¶H$ VaVyXtMo A{YH$ma amÁ¶m§H$S>o R>odbo
OmVrb; KQ>Zm Xþê$ñVrMr nÕV g§{dYmZmVM A§V^yV© Ho$br OmB©b ¶m§gma»¶mhr
‘hÎdnyU© {df¶m§Mm ¶mV g‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm.
Am°JñQ> 1947 Vo ’o$~«wdmar 1948 ¶m H$mimV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§À`m
_mJ©Xe©ZmImbr KQ>Zm g{_VrZo àW_ KQ>ZoMm H$ÀMm AmamIS>m ~Zdbm
hmoVm. Vmo \o$~«wdmar 1948 _Üò bmoH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m§gmR>r à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV
Ambm hmoVm. bmoH$m§À¶m gyMZm d à{V{H«$¶m§gmR>r hm ‘gwXm gw‘mao AmR> ‘{hZo
Iwbm R>odÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm. ¶mH$mimV XoeâmVyZ Amboë¶m gd© gyMZm§Zm
g‘moa R>do Zy Zmoìh|~a-1948 _Üò KQ>ZÀo `m H$ÀÀ`m AmamIS>çmda g§{dYmZgôV
g§{jßV MMm© Ho$br Jobr hmoVr. KQ>ZoMo àW_ dmMZ ¶m ZmdmZo hr MMm©
AmoiIbr OmVo.
amÁ¶KQ>ZoMo {ÛVr¶ dmMZ
15 Zmoìh|~a 1948 Vo 17 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1949 `m H$mimV
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVwXtMr g§{dYmZgôV H$b_mda MMm© Ho$br Jobr. `mbm
amÁ¶KQ>ZoMo {ÛVr` dmMZ Ago åhUVmV.
amÁ¶KQ>ZoMo V¥Vr¶ dmMZ
V¥Vr` dmMZmgmR>r g§{dYmZgôMo gÌ 14 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr
âbo. ¶m H$mimV g§{dYmZmÀ¶m ‘gwÚmbm A§{V‘ ñdê$n XoÊ¶mMo Oo H$m¶©
Pmbo, Ë¶mbm KQ>ZoMo V¥Vr¶ dmMZ Ago åhUVmV. ‘m gÌmÀ`m eodQ>r {X. 25
Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr g§{dYmZ gôg_moaMo
Amnbo eodQ>Mo ^mfU Ho$bo. Xwgè`m {Xder åhUOo 26 Zmoìh|~a, 1949 amoOr
^maVr` g§{dYmZ gôZo ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMm ^maVmgmR>r ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. ¶m
{XderM ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© H$b‘o XoemV bmJy Pmbr, Va
Cd©arV H$b‘o 26 OmZodmar, 1950 nmgyZ bmJy Pmbr.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ¶moJXmZ
^maVr` KQ>Zm{Z{_©VrV ~m~mgmho~m§Zr ~Omdboë`m AgmYmaU
^y{_Ho$_wio Ë`m§Zm ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma åhUyZ Jm¡a{dÊ`mV Ambo.
KQ>Zm{Z{‘©VrgmR>r gw‘mao VrZ df} A{daV H$ï> KoD$Z Xoembm EH$ gdmªJgw§Xa
g§{dYmZ XoUmè¶m S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§da ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ gôZo {X. 5
Zmoìh|~a Vo 9 Zmoìh|~a, 1948 ¶m H$mimV ewôÀN>m§Mm A^yVnyd© Agm dfm©d
Ho$bm hmoVm. n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm "AmYw{ZH$ _Zy' Ago g§~moYbo,
Va _w§~B©VyZ g§{dYmZgôda {ZdS>bo Jobobo Ho$edamd OoYo `m§Zr g§{dYmZmbm
"^r‘ñ‘¥Vr' Ago åhQ>bo. Zmoìh|~a 1949 _Üò Vo g§{dYmZ gôg‘moa åhUmbo,
H$s "_bm _m{hVr Amho, H$s Á`m _ZyZo Mma dUmªMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Ë`m
_Zy{df¶r S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À¶m ‘ZmV AmË¶§{VH$ ñdê$nmMr MrS> Amho.
Añn¥í`m§À`m EH$m {damQ >gôV _hmS> òWo Ë`m§Zr _Zwñ_¥VrMo Omhra[aË`m XhZ
Ho$bobo _mÂ`m ñ_aUmV Amho. Vo AmVm (VËH$mbrZ)Añn¥í`dJm©Mo X¡dV
~Zbobo AmhoV. Añn¥í` bmoH$ Ë`m§Zm ^r_ Ago g§~moYVmV Am{U amÁ`KQ>Zobm
^r_ñ_¥Vr Ago åhUVmV. _r ñn¥í` dJm©Vrb Agbmo, Var _rhr amÁ`KQ>Zobm
^r_ñ_¥Vr AgoM åhUUma !' g§{dYmZgôMo AÝ` EH$ gXñ` EM. Oo.
Im§S>oH$a (gr. nr. A°ÝS> ~oama) `m§Zr amÁ`KQ>Zobm "_hma H$m`Xm' Ago
g§~moYyZ "_ZyÀ`m H$m`Xçmbm _hma H$m`XçmZo hX²Xnma Ho$bo Amho. _ZydmXr
H$m`XçmÀ`m amÁ`mV ^maVmMr H$Yrhr àJVr Pmbr Zmhr, nU `m _hma
H$m`XçmÀ`m amÁ`mV ^maVmMo Z§XZdZ ~Zob!' Aer à{V{H«$`m {Xbr.
g§{dYmZgôMo AmUIr EH$ gXñ` lr. Q>r. Q>r. H¥$îUå_mMmar `m§Zr
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§À`m ¶m g§X^m©Vrb H$m`m©Mm Jm¡ad H$aVmZm nwT>rb CX²Jma
H$mT>bo- ""`m g^mJ¥hmbm `mMr OmUrd Agob, H$s `m g^mJ¥hmZo _gwXm
g{_Vrda Á`m gmV gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br hmoVr, Ë`mn¡H$s EH$mZo amOrZm_m
{Xbm, åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m OmJr Xwgè`m§Zm {Z`wŠV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. EH$m gXñ`m§Mm
_¥Ë`y Pmbm Am{U Ë¶m§Mr OmJm [aH$m_rM am{hbr. EH$ gXñ` Xya A_o[aHo$V
{ZKyZ Jobo Am{U Ë`m§Mrhr OmJm âbr JobrM Zmhr. Xwgao EH$ gXñ`
amÁ`mÀ`m amOH$maUmV ì`ñV hmoVo Am{U Ë`m‘wio Ë¶m à_mUmV ‘gwXm g{‘VrV
EH$ nmoH$ir {Z_m©U Pmbr. AmUIr EH$-XmoZ gXñ` {XëbrnmgyZ \$ma Xya
hmoVo Am{U H$Xm{MV àH¥$Vr ñdmñÏ`mÀ`m H$maUmñVd Ë`m§Zr ~¡R>H$sV ^mJ
KoVbmM Zmhr. `m gdmªMm A§{V_ n[aUm_ Agm Pmbr H$s, `m g§{dYmZmMm
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VrZ ~mOy§Zm g_wÐ, Va Mm¡Ï¶m ~mOybm {h_mb` nd©V Amho. ^maVmÀ`m CÎmaog
MrZ, Zonmi d ^yVmZ hr amîQó>, nyd}g å`mZ_ma d ~m§½bmXoe, npíM_ d
dm`ìòg nm{H$ñVmZ d A\$Jm{UñVmZ, X{jUog lrb§H$m Am{U npíM_oH$S>rb
g_wÐmV _mbXrd hr amîQ´>o AmhoV.
g§gXr` bmoH$emhr g§{dYmZ
^maVmV ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo 1950 nmgyZ g§gXr¶ bmoH$emhr nÕVr
bmJy Ho$bobr Amho. ^maVmV g§gXr` bmoH$emhr EodOr AÜ`jr` bmoH$emhr
AmUmdr, Ago H$mhr bmoH$m§Mo _V hmoVo. g§gXr` bmoH$emhrV g§gX hr gdm}ÀM
AgVo, Va AÜ¶jr` bmoH$emhrV AÜ`j hm gdm}ÀM AgVmo. g§gX hr
amîQ´>nVr, bmoH$g^m Am{U amÁ`g^m `m gdmªMr {_iyZ ~Zë`m_wio H$moUm
EH$mÀ`m hmVr gd© gÎmm H|${ÐV hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m ahmV Zmhr. `mCbQ> AÜ`jr`
bmoH$emhrV AÜ`j hm hmVmVrb gËVoMm J¡admna H$éZ Amnë`m eŠVrÀ`m
AmYmao {damoYH$m§Zm ZoñVZm~yV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. AÜ`jr` bmoH$emhr hr hþH$y _emhrV
n[ad{V©V hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mÀ`m eŠ`Vo_wio KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr AÜ`jr`
bmoH$emhr Z ñdrH$maVm g§gXr` bmoH$emhr ñdrH$mabobr Amho.
^maVmV g§gXr` bmoH$emhr Agë`m_wio ^maVmVrb H$moUË`mhr
EH$m g_yhmÀ`m hmVr gËVoMo H|$ÐrH$aU hmoUo Q>ibo Amho. ^maVmV AÜ`jr`
bmoH$emhr AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmao H$mhr bmoH$ ho AÜ`jr` bmoH$emhrÀ`m
AmSy>Z ^maVmV hþH$y _emhrMr àñWmnZm H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV AmhoV, ho ^maVr`m§Zr
H$Yrhr {dgaVm H$m_m Zò. ^maVmVrb amÁ`KQ>ZoMo AZoH$ {damoYH$ ho O_©ZrMm
Hw$à{gÕ hþHw$_ehm {hQ>ba `mbm AmXe© _mZUmao AmhoV. {hQ>baZo bmoH$emhr
_mJm©Zo O_©ZrÀ`m gÎmoV òD$Z Z§Va gÎmoMm J¡admna H$arV O_©ZrV dm§{eH$
X§Jcr KS>dë`m d Z§Va dm§{eH$ {dÛofmÀ`m bmQ>m§da Amê$T> hmoV Vmo O_©ZrMm
hþHy$_ehm ~Zbm hmoVm. BVam§Zm ^mZ Zgbo, Var ^maVr` KQ>ZmH$ma hm B{Vhmg
{dgabo ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio AmOÀ`m d `mZ§VaÀ`m {nT>çm§Zrhr Ago B{Vhmg
{dgaVm H$m_m ZòV.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZZo o gd© ^maVr`m§gmR>r AË`§V _hÎdnyU© Aem VaVyXr
H$m¶XoeranUo H$ê$Z R>odboë¶m AmhoV. B{VhmgH$mimV H$Yrhr {_imbo ZmhrV,
Ago A{YH$ma gdmªZm {‘idyZ {Xbobo AmhoV. ^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr, n§VàYmZ,
bîH$aà_wI, gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm d CÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm Ý`m`mYre, _w»`_§Ìr,
amÁ`nmb, {Oëhm{YH$mar `m§gma»`m H$moUË`mhr nXmda AmO ^maVmVrb
H$moUË¶mhr àm§V, àXoe, qH$dm Hw$Qw>§~mV OÝ‘bobr H$moUVrhr bm`H$ ì`ŠVr
~gy eHo$b, ¶mMr VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho. ‘mÌ Aem A{YH$mam§Mm dmT>Ë¶m
à‘mUmV bm^ {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r Am{U g§{dYmZmÀ¶m à^mdr A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r
gd© ^maVr`m§Zr EH$Ì ¶oD$Z PQ>Ê`mMr JaO Amho.
gd©loð> CÔoen{ÌH$m
26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr ^maVr` KQ>Zmg{_VrZo Amnbr amÁ`KQ>Zm
XoemgmR>r ñdrH$mabr. `m amÁ`KQ>ZÀo `m gwédmVrbm {VMr CX²Xeo n{ÌH$m {Xbobr
Amho. 26 Zmoìh|~a, 1949 amoOr Or CX²Xoen{ÌH$m ^maVmÀ¶m KQ>Zmg{‘VrZo
ñdrH¥$V Ho$br, Vr _yi CX²Xoen{ÌH$m Imbrbà_mUoo Amho.

""Amåhr, ^maVmMo bmoH$, ^maVmMo EH$ gmd©^m¡_ àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ`
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo Am{U ^maVmÀ`m gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm-
gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOZ¡{VH$ Ý`m`;
{dMma, CÀMma, lÕm, Y_© Am{U CnmgZm `m§Mo ñdmV§Í`;
XOm© Am{U g§Yr `m~m~VMr g_mZVm;
ì`ŠVrMr à{VîR>m Am{U amîQ´>mMr EH$mË_Vm amIUmar ~§YwVm;
`m§Mr emídVr XoÊ`mMo Am_À`m `m KQ>Zmg{_VrV, AmO Zmoìh|~a
1949 À`m gìdrgmì`m {Xder {dMmanyd©H$ R>adV AmhmoV d hr KQ>Zm
Am_À`mgmR>r V`ma, _mÝ` d ñdrH¥$V H$aV AmhmoV.''
amÁ¶KQ>ZoMr hr CX²Xoen{ÌH$m hm KQ>ZoMm AmË_m d àmU AgyZ
OJâmVrb AZoH$ KQ>ZmVÁk d {dÛmZm§Zr `m CX²Xe o n{ÌHo$Vrb d amÁ`KQ>ZVo rb
loîR> {dMmagaUrMm Am{U AmXe© VÎdm§Mm A{Ve` Jm¡ad Ho$bm Amho.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b_m§Mm AW© A{YH$ ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r d KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm
Zo_H$m H$moUVm AW© A{^àoV hmoVm, ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr¶ Ý`m`mb`m§Zm
{VMr \$ma _XV hmoVo.
¶m CÔoen{ÌHo$V gwê$dmVrbm ^maVmMo ""gmd©^m¡‘ ñdV§Ì JUamÁ¶''
~ZdÊ¶m~m~V C„oI H$aÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm. Ë`m‘Ü¶o ~§YwVm ¶m eãXmMmhr
g‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mV Ambobm ZìhVm. S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§H$S>o ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶jnX
Amë¶mZ§Va Ë¶m§Zr ¶m CÔoen{ÌHo$bm gÜ¶mMo ñdê$n àmá H$ê$Z {Xbo.
S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr KQ>Zmg{‘VrÀ¶m ho bjmV AmUyZ {Xbo hmoVo, H$s gmd©^m¡‘ ¶m
eãXmV ñdV§Ì ¶m eãXmMmhr g‘mdoe hmoV Agë¶m‘wio gmd©^m¡‘ ¶m eãXmZ§Va
nwÝhm ñdV§Ì hm eãX {b{hÊ¶mMr JaO Zmhr. ¶m ñnï>rH$aUmZ§VaM S>m°.
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr VoWo ""ñdV§Ì bmoH$emhr JUamÁ¶'' Agm C„oI H$m¶‘ Ho$bm
hmoVm. ¶m CÔoen{ÌHo$V gwê$dmVrbm ""~§YwVm'' ¶m VÎdmMmhr C„oI H$aÊ¶mMo
{Z¶moOZ ZìhVo. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr nwÝhm ¶mV nwT>mH$ma KoV ~§YwVm ¶m VËdmMm
g§{dYmZmÀ¶m àmñVm{dH$mV AmdOy©Z g‘mdoe Ho$bm. Ë¶mdoir S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a
åhUmbo, H$s ~§YwVm ¶m VÎdmMr B{VhmgH$mimV H$Yrhr ZìhVr, BVH$s JaO
Amnë¶m XoemV AmO {Z‘m©U Pmbobr Amho. Ë¶m‘wio AmnU ~§YwVm ¶m
VÎdmbm g§{dYmZmÀ¶m àmñVm{dHo$V ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ {Xbo Amho.
ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm Am{U ~§YwVm hr VrZhr VÎdo amï´>mÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$
OrdZmV ‘hÎdmMr AgVmV, ¶m~m~V S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a R>m‘ hmoVo. ¶m VrZhr
VÎdm§Mo ‘hÎd AYmoao{IV H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV, H$s "ñdmV§Í¶mA^mdr bmoH$
gmhg H$aUma ZmhrV, Va g‘VoA^mdr ‘yR>âm§Mr {‘amg ‘mOob! Am{U
~§YwVm Oa Zgob, Va ñdmV§Í¶ Am{U g‘VoMo Iao bm^ Xoembm {‘iUma
ZmhrV!' ¶m nmíd©^‘y rda ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm Am{U ~§YVw m hr VrZ VÎdo nañnam§nmgyZ
doJir H$aVm ¶oUma ZmhrV, Agm Bemam Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶mbm XoD$Z R>odbobm
Amho. ^maVr¶ àXoemV gmd©^m¡‘ bmoH$emhr JUamÁ¶ ~Z{dÊ¶mg H${Q>~Õ
hmoVmZm g§{dYmZmÀ¶m àmñVm{dHo$V Ý¶m¶ ¶m VÎdmbm gdm©{YH$ àmYmÝ¶ XoÊ¶mV
Ambo AgyZ, Ý¶m¶mZ§Va ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm d ~§YwVoMm C„oI H$aÊ¶mV Ambobm
Amho. hm àmYmÝ¶H«$‘hr {ZpíMVM ‘hÎdnyU© Amho. gd© ^maVr¶ bmoH$m§Zm
gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s¶ ¶m {VÝhr joÌm§V àmYmÝ¶H«$‘mZo Ý¶m¶ {‘idyZ
XoÊ¶mMm g§{dYmZH$mam§Mm CÔoe ¶mVyZ ñnï>nUo à{Vq~{~V Pmbm Amho.
g§{dYmZmbm Ano{jV Agbobo ^maVr¶m§Mo ñdmV§Í¶ ho T>mo~i‘mZmZo
nmM àH$maMo ñdmV§Í¶ Amho, Ago g§{dYmZmÀ¶m CÔoe n{ÌHo$dê$Z {XgVo.
{dMma, A{^ì¶º$s, {dídmg, lX²Ym Am{U CnmgZm ¶m nmM Jmoï>t~m~VMo
ñdmV§Í¶ gd© ^maVr¶m§Zm {ZpíMVnUo àmá H$ê$Z {Xbo OmB©b, Ago g§{dYmZH$mam§Zr
¶oWo R>iH$nUo Z‘yX H$ê$Z R>odbobo Amho. g‘Vm ¶m g§H$ënZo‘Ü¶o XOm© Am{U
g§YrMr g‘mZVm KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm Ano{jV Amho. ¶m gdmª~amo~aM ^maVr¶ OZVoVrb
~§YwVobmhr AË¶§V ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoÊ¶mV Ambobo AgyZ, ~§YwVm ¶m VÎdmbm
CÔoen{ÌHo$V AmdOy©Z ñWmZ {Xbo Jobobo Amho. ¶m AZwf§JmZo ì¶º$sMr à{Vð>m
amIUmè¶m d XoemMo Eo³¶ d EH$mË‘Vm A{YH$ ÑT> H$aUmè¶m ~§YwVoMmhr bm^
¶m XoemÀ¶m gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {‘idyZ {Xbm OmB©b, Ago AmídmgZ g§{dYmZH$mam§Zr
{dgmì¶m eVH$mV d Ë¶mZ§Va OÝ‘mbm ¶oUmè¶m àË¶oH$ ^maVr¶ ì¶º$sbm
Amnë¶m gdmªÀ¶m dVrZo {Xbobo Amho.
1976 À`m 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrÛmao darb _yi CX²Xoen{ÌHo$V
g_mOdmXr, Y_©{Zanoj, AI§S>Ëd Ago eãX Q>mH$V H$mhr ~Xb Ho$bo Jobo
AmhoV. ‘mÌ, Ë`mdarb 26 Zmoìh|~a, 1949 hr VmarI ‘mÌ ~Xbobr Zmhr.

¶m 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZ§Va ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr gÜ¶m ApñVËdmV Agbobr
CÔoen{ÌH$m nwT>rbà‘mUo Amho-
""Amåhr, ^maVmMo bmoH$,
^maVmMo EH$ gmd©^m¡_ g_mOdmXr Y_©{Zanoj bmoH$emhr JUamÁ`
KS>{dÊ¶mMm d Ë¶mÀ¶m gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm- gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOZ¡{VH$
Ý`m`; {dMma, A{^ì¶º$s, {dídmg, lÕm d CnmgZm `m§Mo ñdmV§Í`; XOm©Mr
d g§YrMr g_mZVm; {ZpíMVnUo àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mMm Am{U Ë¶m gdmª‘Ü¶o
ì`ŠVrMr à{VîR>m Am{U amîQ´>mMr EH$Vm Am{U EH$mË_Vm amIUmar ""~§YwVm''
àd{Y©V H$aÊ¶mMm g§H$ënnyd©H$ {ZYm©a H$ê$Z Am‘À¶m ¶m g§{dYmZgôV AmO
{XZm§H$ 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr ¶mX²dmao ho g§{dYmZ A§JrH¥$V Am{U A{Y{Z¶{‘V
H$ê$Z ñdV:àV An©U H$aV AmhmoV.'
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmÀ¶m `m CX²Xoen{ÌHo$V "Amåhr ^maVmMo bmoH$' `m
eãXmnydu "BZ X Zo_ Am°\$ Jm°S'> AWm©V² "XodmÀ`m AmXoemZo' qH$dm "XodmÀ¶m
dVrZo' Aem Ame¶mMo eãX KmbmdoV, Aer gyMZm KQ>Zmg{_VrMo EH$
gXñ` EM. ìhr. H$m_V `m§Zr KQ>Zmg{‘VrVrb H$m‘H$mOmXaå¶mZ _m§S>br
hmoVr. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§~amo~aM amo{hUrHw$_ma Mm¡Yar, E. WmZy {nëbo ¶m§gma»¶m
gXñ¶m§Zr ¶m gyMZog {damoY Ho$ë¶mZ§Vahr ¶m àíZmMm {ZH$mb bmdÊ¶mgmR>r
g§{dYmZgôV ‘VXmZ KoÊ¶mV Ambo. H$m‘Vm§Mr hr gyMZm KQ>Zmg{‘VrV
_VXmZmg Q>mH$br Jobr Voìhm Vr 41 {déX²Y 68 _Vm§Zr \o$Q>mibr Jobr. BVa
H$mhr bmoH$ VQ>ñW qH$dm AZwnpñWV am{hbo. Xodmbm Z _mZUmao bmoH$hr
^maVmV AmhoV d Xodmbm _mZÊ`m~m~V Ë¶m§À¶mda H$moUrhr H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMr
~iO~ar H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr; hmM g§Xoe KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr `mVyZ Amnë¶mbm {Xbm
Amho. d¡¶{º$H$ OrdZmV H$moUmbm ‘mZm¶Mo, H$moUmbm Z ‘mZm¶Mo, ¶mMo
ñdmV§Í¶ g§{dYmZmZo gdmªZm {XboboM Amho. Á¶m§Mm Xodmda {dídmg Zgob,
Ë¶m§À¶mda ‘mÌ Agm {dídmg R>odÊ¶mMr ~iO~ar H$moUmbm H$aVm ¶oUma
Zmhr, ho VÎd ¶mVyZ AmVm ^maVmV àñWm{nV Pmbo Amho.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZgôVrb gXñ¶m§Mo ¶m H¥$Ë¶m~Ôb AmnU A{^Z§XZ
Ho$bo nm{hOo. AmOhr ‘mZdr OJmVrb H$mhr J«§W qH$dm VÎdkmZ ho àË¶jmV
na‘oídamZoM {Z‘m©U Ho$bo Amho, Ago H$mhr bmoH$ ‘mZVmV. ‘mZdr àboI
na‘oídamÀ¶m g§H$ënZoer OmoS>bo Joë¶m‘wio Aem àH$mao Aem àboIm§‘Ü¶o
H$mbmZwê$n gwYmaUm H$aUo Ae³¶ ~Zbo Amho. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZgôVrb
gXñ¶m§Zr ‘VXmZmÛmao darb R>amd ’o$Q>mibm ZgVm, Va ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZm~m~Vhr
darbà‘mUo bmoH$^mdZm {Z‘m©U Pmbr AgVr d ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZVo H$mbmZwê$n
~Xb H$aUo Ho$di Ae³¶ R>abo AgVo!
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j åhUyZ Ho$bobr ¶m
CÔoen{ÌHo$Mr H$mQ>oH$moa {M{H$Ëgmhr AmnU bjmV KoÊ¶mgmaIr Amho. 29
Am°JñQ> 1947 amoOr ‘gwXm g{‘Vr J{R>V H$aÊ¶mnydu åhUOo OmZodmar
1947 ‘Üò g§{dYmZgôZo nm[aV Ho$boë¶m ‘yi àñVmdmZwgma g§{dYmZmÀ¶m
CÔoen{ÌHo$V ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡‘, ñdV§Ì JUamÁ¶ ~ZdÊ¶m~m~V C„oI H$aÊ¶mV
Ambobm hmoVm. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr hr eãXaMZm ~XbyZ ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡‘
bmoH$emhr JUamÁ¶ ~ZdÊ¶mMm {ZYm©a ì¶º$ Ho$bm. gmd©^m¡‘ ¶m C„oImVM
ñdmV§Í¶ g‘m{dï> hmoV Agë¶mZo gmd©^m¡‘, ñdV§Ì Agm C„oI H$aÊ¶mMr JaO
Zmhr, Ago Ë¶m§Zr gm§{JVbo. Ý¶m¶, ñdmV§Í¶ Am{U g‘Vm ¶m§À¶m OmoS>rbm
~§YwVm ho AmUIr EH$ VÎd S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ¶m n{ÌHo$V ¶m H$mimV OmoS>bo
d ^maVmV gÜ¶m gX²^md Am{U ~§YwVoMr {OVH$s Amdí¶H$Vm Amho, {VVH$s
nydu Vr H$Yrhr ZìhVr, Ago Z‘yX Ho$bo.
EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb n{hë¶mM H$b‘mZo Amnë¶m XoemÀ¶m ZmdmMr
CX²KmofUm Ho$bobr Amho. “India i. e. Bharat will be a union of States”
åhUOoM "B§{S>¶m AWm©V² ^maV hm amÁ¶m§Mm g§K Agob/Amho', Ago ¶m
H$b‘mV Z‘yX H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Amho. B§{S>¶m Am{U ^maV hr Amnë¶m XoemMr
XmoZ H$m¶Xoera Zmdo AmhoV, ho ¶mVyZ ñnï> hmoVo. Aem ¶m ^maVmV ^maVr¶
g§{dYmZmZo ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd bmJy Ho$bobo Amho.
A‘o[aHo$gma»¶m BVa ‘moR>¶m amï´>m§à‘mUo amÁ¶mMo EH$ d XoemMo Xþgao, Aer
Xþhoar ZmJ[aH$ËdmMr nÕV ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo ñdrH$mabobr Zmhr. H$m¶ÚmnwT>o
g‘mZVm d H$m¶ÚmMo g‘mZ g§ajU Ë¶m‘wio àË¶oH$ ^maVr¶mbm ^maVmV àmá
Pmbo Amho.

^maVr¶ amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Xwgè`m ^mJmVrb H$b‘ H«$. 5 Vo 11 _Üò
^maVr`m§À`m ZmJ[aH$Ëdm{df`r VaVyXr H$aÊ¶mV Amë`m AmhoV. H$b_ H«$. 5
Zwgma ^maVmV OÝ_bobr d òWoM amhUmar, Ë`mMà_mUo {OÀ`m AmB©-
d{S>bm§n¡H$s H$moUrhr ^maVmV OÝ_bo Agob Aer àËòH$ ì`ŠVr ^maVmMr
ZmJ[aH$ ‘mZbr OmVo. ^maVmV _mJrb {H$_mZ nmM dfm©nmgyZ ahmV àËòH$
ì`ŠVrhr ^maVmMr ZmJ[aH$ ‘mZbr OmVo. H$b_ H«$. 6 d 8 _Üò ñWbm§V[aV
bmoH$m§À`m VgoM ^maVmV OÝ_yZ ^maVm~mhoa ahm¶bm Joboë¶m bmoH$m§À`m
ZmJ[aH$ËdmMr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Amho. H$b_ 9 Zwgma, naH$s` Xoem§Mo
ñdoÀN>oZo ZmJ[aH$Ëd ñdrH$maUmam§Mo ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$Ëd g§nwï>mV AmUbo Jobo
Amho. H$b_ H«$. 10 Zwgma ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Mo ZmJ[aH$Ëd g§gXr` H$m`XçmÀ`m
AYrZVoZo Mmby amhVo. ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo g§nmXZ, g_mßVr d Ë¶mg~§Yr BVa
Amdí`H$ Cn~§Y H$aÊ`mMr AZÝ` gmYmaU eŠVr g§{dYmZmZwgma g§gXog
XoÊ¶mV Ambr Amho.
nydu bmoH$m§Zm ZmJ[aH$Ëd XoVmZm {ejU, {H$‘mZ g§nÎmr qH$dm AemM
H$mhr AQ>r KmVë¶m OmV AgV. Aem AQ>r nyU© H$aUmam§ZmM ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo
A{YH$ma {Xbo OmV. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mMà_mUo pñÌ`m§Zm
ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo A{YH$ma {_iV ZgV. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rÀ¶m AIoaÀ¶m H$mimVhr
gmYmaUV: Mm¡Xm Q>ŠHo$ ^maVr`m§ZmM ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo A{YH$ma {_imbo hmoVo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo _mÌ ^maVr`m§Zm ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo A{YH$ma XoVmZm Aem
H$moUË`mhr AQ>r KmbÊ¶mMo Q>miyZ gd© àm¡T> ^maVr`m§Zm _VXmZmMo Am{U
ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV. 61 ì¶m KQ>Zm Xþê$ñVrnydun`ªV EH$drg
dfmªdarb gd© ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma XoÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm.
_mOr n§VàYmZ amOrd Jm§Yr `m§À`m H$maH$sXuV ‘mÌ AR>am dfmªdarb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
_VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Jobm.
EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëdm{df`r g§{dYmZ gôV S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Ago åhUmbo
hmoV,o H$s ""^maVmV EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd Agë`m_wi,o ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ ^maVmÀ`m
H$moUË`mhr àXoemV dmñVì` H$arV Agbm, Var Ë`mbm g_mZ A{YH$ma àmßV
hmoVrb. g§{dYmZmVrb ¶m VaVyXr‘wio H$moUVohr KQ>H$amÁ` H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mbm
H$m`ÚmMo g_mZ g§ajU qH$dm H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_mZVm XoÊ`mMo ZmH$mê$ eH$Uma
Zmhr...!'' EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëdm‘wio Aem àH$mao ^maVr¶m§Zm g§nyU© Xoeâ H$moR>ohr
g§Mma H$aUo, ñWm{¶H$ hmoUo ¶m§gmaIo A{YH$ma A{YH$ gwb^VoZo Cn^moJUo
e³¶ Pmbo Amho.
Mm¡Xmì`m bmoH$gôVrb gdm©V ‘moR>m nj R>aboë¶m H$m±J«ogÀ¶m ZoË`m
lr‘Vr gmo{Z`m Jm§Yr `m§Zr H$m¶Xoera ZmJ[aH$Ëd d g§gXoVrb ~hþ_VmÀ`m BVa
gd© AQ>r nyU© H$éZhr Ho$di {damoYH$m§À`m X~mdm_wio ^maVmMo àYmZ‘§ÌrnX
ñdrH$mabo Zmhr. Vo ñdrH$mamdo AWdm Zmhr, hm dmXmMm _wX²Xm Agbm, Var
KQ>Zm loîR> H$s KQ>Zm~mø eŠVr loîR> Agm àíZ `m_wio ^maVmV {Z_m©U
Pmbobm Amho.
_yb^yV A{YH$ma
"H$moUVohr amÁ` Ë`mÀ`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {H$Vr A{YH$ma XoVo, `mdéZ
Ë`m amÁ`mMm XOm© R>aVmo', Ago à{gÕ amOH$s` {dMmad§V àm. hoam°ëS> bmñH$s
åhUVmV. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ^maVr¶ bmoH$m§Zm {OVHo$ A{YH$ma {b{IV
ñdê$nmV {‘idyZ {Xbo AmhoV, VodT>o A{YH$ma BVa H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ¶m
amÁ¶KQ>ZoZo Ë¶m XoemÀ¶m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {‘idyZ {Xbobo ZmhrV. ^maVr`m§gmR>r
_yb^yV A{YH$ma XoVmZm KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m ^mJmVrb H$b_
H«$. ~mam Vo nñVrg Aer Vã~b Mmodrg H$b_o IMu KmVbr AmhoV.
A_o[aHo$gma»`m XoemMr g§nyU© amÁ`KQ>Zm {OWo Ho$di gmV H$b_m§Mr Amho,
{VWo ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo _yb^yV A{YH$mam§gmR>rM Mmodrg H$b_o IMu
KmVbr AmhoV, `mdê$Z KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV A{YH$mam§Zm
{H$Vr H$_mbrMo _hÎd {Xbo Amho, ho bjmV òVo. g§{dYmZmZwgma, gÜ`m
^maVr`m§Zm ghm àH$maMo _yb^yV A{YH$ma {_imbo AmhoV. Vo Ago- 1.
g_VoMm A{YH$ma, 2. ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma, 3.emofUm{déÕ A{YH$ma,
4.Y_©ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma, 5. g§ñH¥$Vr d {ejUmMm A{YH$ma, Am{U
6.KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm` `moOZm§Mm A{YH$ma.
AmUIr EH$ "g§nÎmrMm A{YH$ma' hm gwÕm _yb^yV A{YH$ma åhUyZ
_yi amÁ`KQ>ZoV g_m{dîQ> Ho$bm hmoVm, nU 1978 gmbÀ`m 44 ì`m
KQ>ZmXwéñVrZwgma Vmo dJiÊ`mV òD$Z Z§Va Ë`mbm H$m`Xoera A{YH$ma åhUyZ
_mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Iao Va {~«{Q>enyd© ^maVmVrb gm‘m{OH$ Am{U
Ym{‘©H$ ì¶dñWoZo ^maVmVrb JmoaJ[a~m§À¶m dJm©bm gÎmm Am{U g§nÎmrnmgyZ
H$m¶‘M d§{MV R>odÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë¶m H$mir ~hþOZ g‘mOmMm
C„oI Ym{‘©H$ ‘mZboë¶m VÎdkmZmZwgma eyÐ Agm Ho$bm OmV Ago.
‘Zwñ‘¥Vrgma»¶m J«§Wm§‘Ü¶o ""eyÐm§Zr g§nÎmr YmaU H$ê$ Z¶o; H$maU eyÐm§Mr
g§nÎmr ~«m÷Um§Zm ~mYVo'' Ame¶mMo EH$ dMZ {b{hÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo. Aem
ñdê$nmMo BVahr AZoH$ {dMma Ë¶m d BVa AZoH$ J«§Wm§V {bhÿZ R>odÊ¶mV Ambo
hmoV.o Aem {df‘VmdmXr g§ñH$mam§À¶m Xþîn[aUm‘mnmgyZ ‘wº$ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r g§nÎmrMm
A{YH$ma hm ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma åhUyZ ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmV g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV
Ambm hmoVm. ‘mÌ g§{dYmZ bmJy Pmë¶mZ§Va Ooìhm ^maVr¶ gaH$mao A{V[aº$
O{‘Zr gaH$maO‘m H$ê$Z Ë¶m Jar~ dJmªZm {dV[aV H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$ê$
bmJbo, Voìhm XoemVrb lr‘§V d O‘rZXma dJm©Zo g§nÎmrMm A{YH$ma hm
‘yb^yV A{YH$ma Agë¶mMm ‘wÔm nwT>o H$ê$Z ¶m {dH|$ÐrH$aUmg {damoY Ho$bm.
Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Zrhr hm ‘wÔm ‘mÝ¶ Ho$ë¶m‘wio VËH$mbrZ gaH$mam§Zr hm ‘wÔm ‘yb^yV
A{YH$mam§À¶m H$b‘mVyZ ~mhoa H$mTy>Z Ë¶mg 300 ì¶m H$b‘mV g‘m{dï> Ho$bo
d Ë¶mg gm‘mÝ¶ A{YH$mamMo ñdê$n {Xbo.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb H$b_ H«$. 14 Vo 18 _Üò g_mZVoÀ`m
A{YH$mamMr VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho. `m§nH¡ $s H$b_ 14 d 15 Zwgma H$moUË`mhr
ZmJ[aH$mg ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`joÌmV H$m`XçmnwT>o g_mZVm qH$dm H$m`XçmMo g_mZ
g§ajU ZmH$mabo OmUma Zmhr; Y_©, d§e, OmV, qbJ, OÝ_ñWmZ `m qH$dm Aem
H$moUË`mhr H$maUmgmR>r H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mbm à{VHy$b hmoBb © Agm ôX^md
amÁ`mbm H$aVm òUma Zmhr; XwH$mZo, gmd©O{ZH$ CnhmaJ¥h,o hm°Q>b
o ,o H$a_UwH$sMr
ñWmZo, {dhrar, Vbmd, ñZmZKmQ>, añVo d gmd©O{ZH$ am~Ë`mÀ`m OmJm ‘m§Mm
dmna `m~m~V Ho$di Y_©, d§e, OmV, qbJ, OÝ_ñWmZ B. H$maUmdéZ H$moUË`mhr
ZmJ[aH$mbm à{V~§Y Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr; pñÌ`m d ~mbH$m§gmR>r AndmXmË_H$
VaVyX H$aÊ`mg ‘mÌ ¶mÛmao à{V~§Y Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr, B. VaVyXr Ho$ë¶m AmhoV.
KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr {H$Vr ~marH$gmarH$ Vnerbm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z amÁ`KQ>Zm {b{hbr
Amho, `mMm hm EH$ N>mQo >mgm nwamdmM _mZVm òBb
© .
^maVr` g_mOmVrb bmoH$emhr {damoYr àdmhm§À`m {dH¥$V _mZ{gH$VoMm
^maVr`m§Zm Ìmg hmoD$ Zò, `mgmR>r AZoH$ ~marH$ gmarH$ Vnerb KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr
^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoV OmJmoOmJr noabobo AmhoV. CXmhaUmXmIb g§{dYmZmVrb
gVamì¶m H$b‘mH$S>o Amnë¶mbm nmhVm ¶oB©b. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb gVamdo
H$b_ ho AË`§V Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñdê$nmMo H$b‘ AgyZ `m H$b_mZo _mJrb
hOmamo df} ^maV^y_rV Y_m©À`m ZmdmZo Mmb{dbr Jobobr Añn¥í`Vm Zm_H$
ZrM éT>r g§nwîQ>mV AmUbr Amho. eoH$S>mo doim geñÌ bT>o C^maë`m{edm`
qH$dm H$Xm{MV A_o[aHo$à_mUo amîQ´>ì`mnr dU©`wÕ hmoD$Z XoemV aŠVmMo nmQ>
dm{hë`m{edm‘ Or àWm ^maVmVyZ H$Xm{MV H$Yrhr g§nbr ZgVr, Vr Ho$di
boIUrÀ`m EH$m \$Q>H$mè`mgaer H$m¶XoeranUo ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo g§ndÊ¶mMm
à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho d Ë¶mV g§{dYmZmbm bjUr¶ åhUVm ¶oBb, BVHo$ ¶e
Ambobo Amho. eoH$S>mo dfmªMr KmVH$ ê$T>r Aem àH$mao H$m¶XoeranUo EH$m
dmŠ`mV g§ndyZ Q>mH$Umè`m KQ>ZmH$mam§Mo ¶mgmR>r OJâmVrb ‘mZdVmdmÚm§Zr
H$m¡VwH$ H$amdo VodT>o Am{U F$U _mZmdo VodT>o WmoS>oM AmhoV. Ho$di VËH$mbrZ
Añn¥í`m§Zr qH$dm Ho$di ^maVdmgr`m§ZrM Zìho, Va g§nyU© OJmVrb gd©
_mZdVmdmÚm§Zr EdT>çm EH$mM H$b_mgmR>rgwÕm KQ>ZmH$mam§g_moa JwS>Ko Q>oHy$Z
ZV_ñVH$ ìhmdo, EdT>o àM§S> H$m`© KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr `m EH$m H$b_mÛmaoM H$ê$Z
R>odbboo Amho.
"Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho d {VMo H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmVrb
AmMaU {Z{fÕ R>adÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Añn¥í`VoVyZ CX²^dUmar H$moUVrhr
{Z:g_W©Vm bmXUo hm H$m`ÚmZwgma {ejmnmÌ AnamY Amho' Ago ^maVr¶
amÁ¶KQ>Zo Z o AmVm CX² K mo { fV Ho $ bo Amho . ‘y b ^y V A{YH$mam§ À ¶m
A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r H$m¶Xo ~ZdÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma ^maVr¶ g§gXobm g§{dYmZmZwgma
{‘imbobm Agë¶mZo ^maVr¶ g§gXoZo amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb `m H$b_mZwgma 1955
gmbr ZmJar h¸$ g§ajU H$m¶Xm nm[aV Ho$bm Amho. 1975 gmbr Ë¶mMo Zmd
~XbyZ Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU H$m`Xm, Ago Ë¶mMo Zm‘m§Va Ho$bo Amho. `m
H$m`XçmVrb VaVyXrZwgma, Añn¥í`Vm nmiUo hm \$m¡OXmar JwÝhm R>adÊ¶mV
Ambobm AgyZ, Vr nmiUmè`m JwÝhoJmambm ghm _{hÝ`m§Mm H$R>moa H$mamdmg
qH$dm X§S> Aem {ejoMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho. 1989 d 2015 gmbr OmVr¶
AË¶mMmam§Mm {damoY H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AmUIr XmoZ Zdo H$m¶Xo V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV
Ambo AmhoV.
g§{dYmZmVrb AR>amì`m H$b_mZwgma goZm qH$dm {dÚm{df`H$
_mZ{deof Zgbobm H$moUVmhr {H$Vm~ amÁ` H$moUË`mhr ì`pŠVbm XoUma
Zmhr, VgoM naH$s` XoemH$Sy>Zhr Agm {H$Vm~ H$moUmhr ZmJ[aH$mbm ñdrH$maVm
òUma Zmhr, Aer VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV gaH$maH$Sy>Z
amd~hmXya, amdgmho~, {XdmU~hmXya, {XdmUgmho~, ImZgmho~ Aem nXì`m
H$mhr gaH$ma{ZîR> bmoH$m§Zm {Xë`m OmV. `m bmoH$m§Zm Ë¶mÛmao {deof _mZgÝ_mZ
d H$mhr {deofm{YH$ma {_iV. ^maVr` g_mOmVrb g_mZVobm ~mYm òD$ Zò,
åhUyZ ^maVr¶ amÁ`KQ>ZZo o hr nÕV ~§X Ho$br Amho. ñdV§Ì ^maVmV AmVm
XoemgmR>r AgmYmaU H$V¥Ë© d JmOdboë¶m ì`ŠVtZm ^maVaËZ, nX²_^yfU, nX²_{d^yfU,
AemoH$MH«$, na_draMH«$ `mgmaIo gÝ_mZ XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm Jm¡a{dbo OmVo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gd© ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {Xbobm Xwgam _yb^yV
A{YH$ma åhUOo ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma hmo`. H$b_ H«$. EH$moUrg Vo ~mdrg
`m H$b_m§_Üò `m A{YH$mamMr VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho. EH$moUrgmì`m H$b_mZwgma,
gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ^mfU d A{^ì`ŠVrMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbobo Amho. A{^ì`ŠVr
åhUOo ñdV:Mo {dMma, ^mdZm B. ì`ŠV H$aUo qH$dm g_mOmnwT>o _m§S>Uo hmo`.
`mgmR>rhr amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ñdmV§Í` {Xbobo Amho. ^mfUo H$aUo, boI
qH$dm nwñVHo$ {b{hUo, {MÌnQ, ZmQ>Ho$, XyaXe©Z _m{bH$m B. ~ZdUo, Ë`m
àgm[aV H$aUo `mgma»`m _mJm©Zo AmO AmnU Amnë`m ^mdZm, {dMma, H$bm
B. g_mOmg_moa ì`ŠV qH$dm gmXa H$ê$ eH$Vmo d H$moUrhr Ë`mbm H$m`XçmZo
à{V~§Y H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. H$m¶Xm d gm_m{OH$ gwì`dñWobm ~mYm Z AmUVm
H$moUVmhr ZmJ[aH$ Ë`mMo {dMma, Ë`mMr H$moUË`mhr {df‘mdarb _Vo ¶m‘wio
_wŠVnUo g_mOmg_moa _m§S>y eH$Vmo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mbm H$moUË`mhr Ý`m`mb`m_m\©$V
H$moUVrhr {ejm H$aVm òUma Zmhr, Aer VaVyX g§{dYmZmZo Ho$bobr Amho.
nydu Ym{_©H$ qH$dm BVa H$maUm§Imbr _wŠVnUo {dMma _m§S>Umam§Zm
Y_©Ðmohr qH$dm BVa àH$mao Amamonr R>adyZ Ë`mg {ejm {Xbr OmV Ago qH$dm
dmirVhr Q>mH$bo OmV Ago. ^maVmVrb Aem ~{hîH¥$V Pmboë`m ~§S>Imoa d
g_mO{hV¡fr bmoH$m§MmM Z§Va Añn¥í`dJ© V¶ma Pmbm hmoVm. nU AmVm Vgo
àH$ma H$m`XçmZo ~§X Ho$bo AmhoV. `m H$b_mÛmao gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm em§VVoZo d
{Z:geñÌnUo EH$Ì O_Ê`mMm, A{Yg§K qH$dm g§K ~ZdÊ`mMm, g§nyU©
^maVmV H$moR>ohr _wŠVnUo g§Mma H$aÊ`mMm, ^maVmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV
amhUo qH$dm ñWm{`H$ hmoUo ¶m§gmaIo A{YH$mahr XoÊ¶mV Ambobo AmhoV.
`m~amo~aM H$moUVmhr noem AmMaUo, {H$§dm H$moUVmhr ì`dgm`, CXr_ qH$dm
Y§Xm MmbdÊ`mMm gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm A{YH$ma {Xbobm Amho. ^maVmÀ¶m gd©
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ng§VrMm ì`dgm` H$aVm ¶oÊ`mMr H$m¶Xoera AZw_Vr XoD$Z ^maVr`
amÁ`KQ>ZoZo AmUIr EH$ AË`§V H«$m§VrH$mar nmD$b CMbbobo Amho.
doJdoJù`m OmVtVrb bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§À`m OmVrMmM nma§nm[aH$ ì`dgm`
H$aÊ`mMr nyduÀ`m g_mOaMZoVrb gŠVr ^maVr¶ amÁ`KQ>ZoZo AmVm H$mTy>Z
Q>mH$br Amho. ‘hma, ‘m§J, Mm§^ma, bmohma, gwVma, gmir, _mir, Vobr,
Hw$U~r, ‘amR>m B. gh H$moUË`mhr OmVr qH$dm Y_m©Vrb H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr
AmVm {ejH$, nÌH$ma, S>m°ŠQ>a, B§{O{Zà, dH$sb, àmÜ¶mnH$, emók qH$dm
BVa H$mhrhr ~Zy eHo$b. H$mnS> ì`dgm`, gam\$s qH$dm BVa H$moUVmhr Y§Xm
H$ê$ eHo$b. {Vbm AmVm H$moUrhr à{V~§Y H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr, Aer
ì¶dñWm ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoZo AmVm {Z‘m©U Ho$br Amho. ~oH$m¶Xoera ‘mJmªZr
AWdm MbmIrZo ór-nwê$fm§Zm ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mnmgyZ d§{MV H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ
^maVr¶ OZVoZo gm‘y{hH$nUo hmUyZ nmS>Ê¶mMr JaO AmVm {Z‘m©U Amho.
g§{dYmZmVrb {dgmì`m H$b_mZwgma- A§_bmV Agboë`m H$m`XçmMm
^§J Ho$bm, VaM ì`ŠVrbm Xmofr R>adVm òB©b; AnamY H$aVodoir ApñVËdmV
Agboë`m H$m`XçmV gwMdbobr Agob VodT>rM {ejm Xmofr ì`ŠVrbm XoVm
òB©b, Aer VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Amho. EH$m AnamYm~X²Xb EH$XmM {ejm
XoVm òB©b d ñdV: {déÕ gmjrXma hmoÊ`mMr gŠVr H$moUmdahr H$aVm òUma
Zmhr, Aem àH$maÀ¶m g§ajUmË‘H$ VaVyXrhr H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m AmhoV.
H$m`XçmZo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m nÕVr{edm` ì`ŠVrMo Or{dV qH$dm ì`ŠVrJV
ñdmV§Í` {hamdyZ KoVm òUma Zmhr AWm©V² ~oH$m`XoeranUo H$moUË¶mhr ^maVr¶
ZmJ[aH$mbm _¥Ë`yX§S> XoVm ¶oUma Zmhr qH$dm Ë¶mÀ¶mda VwéJ§dmg bmXVm ‘oUma
Zmhr, Aer VaVyX g§{dYmZmÀ¶m EH$drgmÀ`m H$b_mZo Ho$bobr Amho. `m
H$b_mVM 21(A) ho Zdo CnH$b_ 2002 gmbr 86 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrÛmao
KmbÊ¶mV Ambo AgyZ amÁ¶KQ>ZÀo `m Mm¡Ï`m ^mJmVrb {ejU{df`H$ VaVyXrV
H$mhr dmXJ«ñV ~Xb Ho$bo Jobo AmhoV. ‘m XwéñVrÛmao ghm Vo Mm¡Xm ¶m
d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§À`m _mo\$V d gŠVrÀ`m {ejUmMr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Ambr
Amho.
g§{dYmZmÀ¶m ~mdrgmì`m H$b_mZo AQ>H$ d ñWmZ~ÕVonmgyZ
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g§ajU XoÊ¶mV Ambo Amho. AQ>Ho$Mr H$maUo gm§{JVë`m{edm`
H$moUmbmhr AQ>Ho$V R>odVm òUma Zmhr; ng§VrÀ`m dH$sbm_m\©$V gëbm KoD$Z
~Mmd H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr; AQ>H$ Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVrbm
àdmgmMm doi dJiVm Mmodrg Vmgm§À`m AmV OdiÀ`m Ý`m`X§S>m{YH$mè`mg_moa
hOa H$amdo bmJob Am{U Ë`m§Zr AmXoe {Xbm, VaM ì`ŠVrbm Vwé§JmV
Q>mH$Vm òB©b; Aem VaVyXr ¶m H$b‘m§X²dmao amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m
AmhoV.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb 23 d 24 ì¶m H$b‘mÝd¶o ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
{deofV: Ë¶mVrb ~mbH$m§Zm emofUm{déÕ A{YH$ma {Xbobo AmhoV. H$b_
H«$. 23 Zwgma _mUgm§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s d doR>{~Jmar `m§Zm _ZmB© H$aÊ¶mV
Ambr Amho. Ë`mMo Cëb§KZ H$aUo hm H$m`XçmZwgma JwÝhm R>adÊ¶mV Ambm
Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`m©gmR>r Y_©, d§e, OmV dJ© Aem H$maUm§déZ ôX^md
Z H$aVm gŠVrZo gdmªH$Sy>Z godm H$éZ KoVm òB©b, Aerhr VaVyX ¶mX²dmao
H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Amho. H$b_ H«$. 24 Zwgma Mm¡Xm dfm©Imbrb ~mbH$m§Zm
H$maImÝ`mV, ImUrV qH$dm AÝ` YmoŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ZmoH$arg R>odVm òUma
Zmhr, `mMrhr VaVyX Ho$br Jobobr Amho. g§{dYmZH$mam§À¶m gõX¶VoMr ¶mVyZ
Amnë¶mbm ImÌr nQ>br nm{hOo.
gd© ^maVr`m§Zm Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma H$b_ H«$. 25 Vo 28
Zo {Xbobm Amho. Ë`mZwgma, àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm Amnmnë`m Y_m©Mo _wŠVnUo
AmMaU, àgma B. H$aVm òVmo. Ym{_©H$ qH$dm Y_m©Xm`r g§ñWm MmbdUo,
Ë`mgmR>r ñWmda qH$dm O§J_ _mb_Îmm g§nmXUo `mgmaIo A{YH$mahr `mÛmao
{Xbo Jobbo o AmhoV. {d{eîQ> Y_© dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm Ë`mMo g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$moUVmhr H$a XoÊ`mMr gŠVr ZmJ[aH$m§da H$aVm òUma Zmhr; nyU©nUo amÁ`mÀ`m
n¡emVyZ MmbUmè`m emim§_Üò Ym{_©H$ {ejU XoVm òUma Zmhr, Aem VaVyXrhr
`m H$b_m§Zr Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ym{_©H$ H$am~m~V gŠVr Z H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$éZ
amÁ`KQ>ZZo o gd©Y_u` ^maVr`m§Zm Amnmnë`m d BVa Y_m©V§ rb Ym{_©H$ nwT>mè`m§À`m
OmMmnmgyZ _wŠV Ho$bobo Amho. ‘Ü¶¶wJmV ‘moJb amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªZr ^maVmVë¶m
qhXÿ g‘mOmda {OPr¶m H$a bmXbm hmoVm. Aem àH$maMm AÝ¶m¶ nwÝhm hmoD$
Z¶o, ¶mgmR>r g§{dYmZH$mam§Zr hr VaVyX Ho$br Agmdr.
gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Ym{_©H$ A{YH$ma ho g§{dYmZmÀ`m H$b_ H«$. 29 d
30 Zwgma ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {_imbo AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§À`m
H$moUË`mhr JQ>mbm ñdV:Mr {d{^ÝZ ^mfm, {bnr qH$dm g§ñH¥$Vr OnÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Amho. _moS>r {bnr qH$dm EHo$H$mir ^maVâ àM{bV Agbobr
nmbr ^mfm ¶m§gma»¶m JmoîQ>r `mnwT>o ZîQ> hmoUma ZmhrV, `mMr H$miOr
KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr `mÛmao KoVbr Amho, Ago {XgVo. amÁ`mÀ`m Am{W©H$/VËg‘
ghmæ`mVyZ MmbUmè`m H$moUË`mhr emim, _hm{dÚmb`m§‘Ü¶o Y_©, d§e,
OmV, ^mfm ¶m§gma»¶m H$maUm§dê$Z H$moUmbmhr àdoe ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr,
¶mgmR>rhr VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho. g§{dYmZmVrb {Vgmì`m H$b_mZwgma
Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ñdV§Ì e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z MmbdÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma {Xbobm Amho.
H$b_ H«$. 32 Vo 35 Zwgma Amnmnë¶m _yb^yV A{YH$mam§À`m
g§ajUmgmR>r KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm` ‘moOÊ`mMm A{YH$ma KQ>ZoZo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {Xbobm
Amho. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mÀ`m _yb^yV A{YH$mam§da H$moUr A{VH«$_U
Ho$ë`mg Vmo ZmJ[aH$ gai gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mVhr Ë`m{déÕ XmX _mJy eH$Vmo.
EImÚm ì¶º$sZo ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mo hZZ Pmë¶m~Ôb gmÜ¶m nmoñQ>H$mS>m©Zo
Oar VH«$ma XmIb Ho$br, Var Ý¶m¶mb¶ Ë¶mMr XIb KoVo, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m _yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`
EHy$U nmM àH$mam§n¡H$s Amdí`H$ dmQ>ob Agm H$moUVmhr AmXoe g§~§{YV
AÝ`m` H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm, gaH$ma B. Zm XoD$ eH$Vo. ho{~`g H$m°n©g
AWm©V² XohmonpñWVr hm Aem AmXoemMm n{hbm àH$ma hmo`. `m AmXoem‘wio
~oH$m`XoeranUo H$moUmbm Jm`~ H$aUo, AQ>H$ H$aUo, S>m§~yZ R>odUo qH$dm VËg_
JwÝøm§nmgyZ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g§ajU {_iVo. Aem àH$maMm AO© AË`mMma Pmboë`m
ì`ŠVrMo {_Ì, ZmVbJ B. H$moUrhr Ý¶m¶mb¶mH$S>o H$ê$ eH$Vo. Vmo àmá
hmoVmM gXa ~m~r{df¶r ImÌr H$ê$Z gXa AË¶mMmaJ«ñV ì`ŠVrbm
Ý`m`mb`mg_moa Vm~S>Vmo~ hOa H$aÊ`mMr Amkm Ý`m`mb` AË¶mMma H$aUmè¶m
ì¶º$sbm XoVo. Aem ì¶º$sbm Pmbobr AQ>H$ ~oH$m`Xoera Agë`mg VËH$mi
Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mMm AmXoehr Ý`m`mb` XoD$ eH$Vo.
gdmo©ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶ H$mTy> eH$V Agbobm Aem àH$maMm Xwgam
AmXoe åhUOo _±S>°_g AWm©V² _hmXoe hmo`. `mZwgma, gaH$ma, EImXr ì`ŠVr
{H$§dm g§ñWm Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMo nmbZ H$arV Zgë`m_wio H$moUmda AÝ`m`
hmoV Agob Va Aer ~m{YV ì`ŠVr Aem àH$maMm AO© CÀM qH$dm gdm}ÀM
Ý`m`b`mH$S>o H$ê$ eH$Vo. Agm AO© Ý`m`mb`mZo _mÝ` Ho$ë`mg gXa
AÝ`m` Vm~S>Vmo~ Zmhrgo H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe Ý`m`mb` AÝ`m` H$aUmè`m
ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm qH$dm gaH$ma B. Zm XoD$ eH$Vo. CXm. \°$ŠQ>ar A°ŠQ>Zwgma XoUo
Agbobr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`m~m~V Q>mimQ>mi H$aUmè`m _mbH$mbm AmXoe
XoD$Z Vr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© g§~§{YVmbm Vm~S>Vmo~ {_iob `mMr ì`dñWm
Ý`m`mb` H$ê$ eH$Vo. Aem àH$maÀ¶m AmXoemMm {Vgam àH$ma åhUOo
àm°{h{~eZ AWm©V² à{VfoY qH$dm à{V~§Y hm hmo`. Amnë`m A{YH$majoÌm~mhoarb
IQ>bm EImXo H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb` MmbdV Agoc, Va Vmo IQ>bm VhHy$~
H$aÊ`mMm qH$dm Ë`m Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z Vmo H$mTy>Z KoÊ`m~m~VMm AO© ZmJ[aH$
CÀM qH$dm gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`m Ý`m`mb`mMr Ver
ImÌr Pmë`mg Vm~S>Vmo~ gwZmdUr ~§X H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe d[aîR> Ý`m`mb`
g§~§{YV H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb`mV XoVo.
gdmo©ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶ H$mTy> eH$V Agbobm Aem àH$maMm Mm¡Wm
AmXoe åhUOo Šdmo-dm°a§Q>mo AWm©V² A{YH$man¥ÀN>m hm hmo`. EImXr AnmÌ
ì`ŠVr H$moUVohr gaH$mar qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$nX ^yfdV Agob, Va Aem
àH$maÀ¶m AOm©Ûmao Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o A{YH$man¥ÀN>m H$aVm òVo. Ý`m`mb`mZo Vmo
AO© _mÝ` Ho$ë`mg ~oH$m`XoeranUo nX YmaU H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm Vo nX
gmoS>Ê`mMm AmXoe Ý`m`mb` XoVo. Aem àH$maMm nmMdm Am{U eodQ>Mm
AmXoe åhUOo g{e©Amoamam` AWm©V² CËàojU hm hmo`. Aem àH$maMm AO©
H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb`mV Mmby Agboë`m Á`m IQ>ë`m~m~V Ambm Agob, Vmo
IQ>bm MmbdÊ`mg H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb` Ag_W© Amho Aer d[aîR> Ý`m`mb`mMr
ImÌr Pmë`mg, gXa IQ>bm d[aîR> Ý`m`mb` ñdV:H$S>o MmbdÊ`mg KoD$

eH$Vo. Aem àH$mao ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr \$ma
_moR>r O~m~Xmar ^maVr¶ amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ^maVr¶ Ý`m`mb`m§da Q>mH$bobo Amho.
g§{dYmZmVM ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m _yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mr VaVyX {b{IV
ñdê$nmV H$éZ R>odyZ ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoZo ^maVr¶ gaH$mao, g§ñWm B. À`m ñd¡a
emgZmda A§Hw$e R>odbm Amho. ho H$aVmZmM `m A{YH$mam§Mm ^§J H$aUmam§Zm
{ejm XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMr eŠVr KQ>ZoZo g§gXog {Xbobr Amho, Va
Ë¶m§À¶m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar Ý¶m¶mb¶m§da Q>mH$br Amho. amÁ`m§Mr {dYmZ_§S>io
`m {df`m§~m~V H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. Aem àH$mao g§ajUmMr EH$ àM§S>
q^VM ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§^modVr C^méZ R>odbobr Amho.
ghOmghOr H$moUrhr H$moUË`mhr {ZanamY ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ìmg XoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr
qH$dm H$moUmbm doR>rg Yê$ eH$Uma Zmhr ¶m~m~V ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZH$ma {H$Vr
OmJê$H$ hmoVo, ¶mMr ¶mdê$Z Amnë¶mbm ImÌr nQ>Vo.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m ^mJmV, H$b_ H«$. 36 Vo 51 _Üò
amÁ`mÀ¶m YmoaUm§Mr {ZXoeH$ VÎdo AWm©V² _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ¶mV
Ambm Amho. `m_Üò ^maV gaH$ma d g§gX, àËòH$ amÁ`mMo emgZ d
{dYmZ_§S>i Am{U ^maVmÀ`m amÁ¶>joÌmVrb qH$dm gaH$mar {Z`§ÌUmImbrb
gd© ñWm{ZH$ Am{U AÝ` àm{YH$maUm§Zr H$moUË`m àH$mao Amnbr YmoaUo
am~dmdrV, `mMo _mJ©Xe©Z amÁ`KQ>ZoZo H$ê$Z R>odbobo Amho. ¶mVrb 38 ì¶m
H$b‘mZwgma, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOZ¡{VH$ Ñï>rZo Ý¶m¶nyU© g_mOì`dñWm
{Z_m©U H$ê$Z {VMo ajU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ^maVr¶ gaH$mam§da Q>mH$Ê¶mV
Ambobr Amho. ^maVr¶ bmoH$m§Mo gd©gmYmaUV: H$ë`mU gmYob Aer YmoaUo
R>adyZ Vr am~dÊ`mMm, VgoM ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yhm§À`m nmVirda CËnÝZ,
XOm©, gw{dYm Am{U g§Yr `m§À`m~m~V Agbobr {df_Vm ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r
PQy>Z à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe g§{dYmZmZo darb gdmªZm {Xbobm Amho.
g§{dYmZmVrb H$b_ H«$. 39 Zwgma ñÌr nwéfm§Zm H$m_ {_iÊ`mMm
g_mZ A{YH$ma Úmdm, Ë`m§Zm g_mZ H$m_mgmR>r g_mZ _mo~Xbm Úmdm;
^m¡{VH$ gmYZg§nÎmrMr _mbH$s d {Z`§ÌU `m§Mo A{YH$ma XoVmZm gd© g_mOmbm
gdm©{YH$ CnH$maH$ hmoB©b AemM nÕVrZo Vo ÚmdoV; ñÌr nwéf H$m_Jmam§Mo
Amamo½` d VmH$X Am{U ~mbH$m§Mo H$modio d` `m§Mm Xwén`moJ hmoD$ XoD$ Z¶o;
Am{W©H$ JaOonmoQ>r d` Am{U VmH$X `m§Zm Z nobdUmè`m ì`dgm`mV {eaUo
Ë`m§Zm ^mJ nSy> Zò; ~mbH$m§Zm {dH$mgmÀ`m n`m©ßV gw{dYm nwadmì`mV; gd©
~mbHo$ d `wdH$m§Mo Z¡{VH$ d ^m¡{VH$ CnojonmgyZ g§ajU H$amdo; Am{W©H$ d
BVa ÑîQ>rZo Xw~©b bmoH$m§Zmhr g_mZ Ý`m` {_iÊ`mMr d H$m`Xo{df`H$ _mo\$V
ghmæ` {_iÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$amdr; ho Am{U Ago {ZX}e XoÊ¶mV Ambobo
AgyZ, YmoaUo R>adVmZm qH$dm H$m¶Xo ~ZdVmZm ¶m VÎdm§Zm g‘moa R>odyZM YmoaUo
AmIbr OmdrV qH$dm H$m¶Xo ~Zdbo OmdoV, Ago {ZX}e ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo
{Xbo AmhoV.
J«m_n§Mm`VtMr gwgyÌ ì`dñWm bmdUo; X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mOmgmR>r
Amdí`H$ Vo A{YH$ma Ë`m§Zm àXmZ H$aUo; H$m_ Am{U {ejU gdmªZm
{‘iob, ho nmhUoo; ~oH$mar, dmY©Š`, AmOma Am{U {dH$bm§JVm `m§Zr nr{S>V
ì`ŠVtZm ghmæ¶ H$aUo; H$mhrhr AnamY ZgVmZm hbmIrMo {OUo Á`m§À`m
Zer~r Ambo Amho Ë¶m§Zm ghmæ` H$aUo; H$m_m~m~V Ý`mæ` d _mZdmo{MV
n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U H$aUo; pñÌ`m§Zm àgyVrH$mimV ¶mo½¶ Vo ghmæ` nwadUo
`mgma»`m O~m~Xmè`mhr KQ>ZZo o gaH$mam§da gmondboë`m AmhoV. H$m_Jmam§gmR>r
{Zdm©hdoVZ XoUo, ì`dñWmnZmV Ë`m§Mm gh^mJ KoUo `mgmR>rhr à`ËZerb
amhÊ`mMm AmXoe KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr {Xbobm Amho. g§{dYmZmVrb H$b_ H«$. 44
Zwgma ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`joÌmV gd©Ì EH$ê$n ZmJar {d{Yg§{hVm
bm^mdr `mgmR>r à`ËZerb amhÊ`mMm AmXoe gaH$mam§Zm {Xbobm Amho. _yi
g§{dYmZmVrb H$b_ H«$. 45 Zwgma gaH$ma ho `m g§{dYmZmÀ`m àma§^mnmgyZ
n{hë¶m Xhm dfmªÀ`m H$mbmdYrV (åhUOo 1960 n¶ªV) ^maVmVrb Mm¡Xm
dfmªÀ¶m AmVrb gd© ~mbH$m§gmR>r _mo\$V d gŠVrÀ¶m {ejUmMr ì¶dñWm
H$aob, Agm AmXoe KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr {Xbm hmoVm. na§Vw ^maVr¶ gaH$mam§Zr ¶m
{XeoZo ’$magm à¶ËZ Ho$bm Zmhr.
df© 2002 _Üò Pmboë`m 86 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo ‘mÌ darb
VaVyXrV ~Xb Ho$bm AgyZ, amÁ` ho gd© ~mbH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m d`mMr ghm df}
nyU© hmoB©n`ªV Ama§{^H$ ~mbg§JmonZ d {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aob, Aer VaVyX Ho$br Jobr Amho. 6 Vo 14 ¶m d¶moJQ>mVrb ~mbH$m§À¶m
{ejUmMr gaH$maZo O~m~Xmar KoVbr AgyZ, KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZ§Va Zì¶mZo KmbÊ¶mV
Amboë¶m ‘yb^yV A{YH$mam§Vrb H$b‘ H«$. 21 A Zwgma ho VÎM ‘yb^yV
A{YH$ma åhUyZ ñdrH$mabo Jobo Amho. amÁ` ho Xw~©bVa OZdJ© Am{U
{deofV: AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U OZOmVr `m§Mo {deof H$miOrnyd©H$ e¡j{UH$
d Am{W©H$ {hVg§dY©Z H$arb Am{U gm_m{OH$ AÝ`m` d gd© àH$maMo emofU
`mnmgyZ Ë`m§Mo g§ajU H$arb, Aer VaVyX ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo H$b_ H«$. 46
_Üò Ho$bobr Amho. `m~amo~aM ^maVr¶ OZVoMo nmoofU_mZ d amhUr‘mZ
gwYmaUo; gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½` gwYmaUo; H¥$fr d newg§dY©ZmMr gwgyÌ ì`dñWm
bmdUo; Xw^Ë`m OZmdam§À`m H$Îmbrg _ZmB© H$aUo; AaÊò d dÝÒrdm§gh
n`m©daUmMo g§ajU H$aUo; amîQ´>r` ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmMr ñ_maHo$, ñWmZo d dñVy
`m§Mr byQ>, {dÐÿnU, Zme, ñWbm§VaU B. nmgyZ g§ajU H$aUo; Ý`m`{d^mJ
Am{U àemgZ{d^mJ nañnam§nmgyZ doJio R>odUo; Am§VaamîQ´>r` em§VVm d
gwajoMo g§dY©Z H$aUo `m§gmaIo {ZX}e ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ^maVmVrb g§~§{YV
gËVmYmar eŠVtZm {Xbobo AmhoV.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb hr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo BVa Xoem§À`m amÁ`KQ>Zm§_YyZ
KoVbr AmhoV, Ago åhUyZ H$mhr bmoH$ ^maVr¶ amÁ`KQ>Zoda Q>rH$m H$aVmV.
Oar KoVbr, Var Xwgè`mMr Mm§Jbr JmoîQ> amÁ`KQ>ZoZo KoVbr H$s dmB©Q>, `mMm
{dMma Vo H$ê$ BpÀN>V ZmhrV. {edm` `m Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m B{VhmgmMm Aä`mghr
Oam H$ÀMmM Pmbobm Amho, EdT>o ZŠH$s! H$maU Aem _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎMm§Mr
_wio AmnU emoYy Joë`mg Vr ~wÕ d AemoH$H$mbrZ ^maVmVhr gmnS>VmV,
`mMo kmZ Am{U ^mZ `m Q>rH$mH$mam§Zm am{hbobo Zmhr. _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎMm§À`m
AmYmao ^JdmZ ~wÕ d g_«mQ> AemoH$H$mbrZ g_¥Õ, ~bembr d àJVrerb
^maVmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo à`ËZ KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Ho$bobo AmhoV. Iao nmhVm g_«mQ>
AemoH$ ¶m§Zr AmOnmgyZ gw_mao 2300 dfm©nydu H$moabobo {ebmboI d
Ë`mVrb amOmkm åhUOo Xwgao {Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ Vr EH$ àH$maMr _mJ©Xe©H$
VÎdoM AmhoV. Á¶m§Zr H$moUr Vr dmMbr AmhoV, Vmo ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb
‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§da {‘Ï¶m Amamon H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr.
g_«mQ> AemoH$mÀ`m {ebmboIm§da "amOmkm' ¶m g§koImbr H$moaÊ¶mV
Ambobr AmXe© VÎMo gmYmaUV: nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV- 1. XmB© Á`mà_mUo
Amnë`m _wbm§Mo g§JmonZ H$aVo, Ë`mà_mUo _mÂ`m àOmOZm§Mo g§JmonZ _mÂ`m
A{YH$mè`m§Zr H$amdo, 2. _mÂ`m amÁ`mV ghm _{hÝ`m§À`m AmVrc àmÊ`m§Mr
{nëbo, XyY XoUmar OZmdao, nmonQ>, _¡Zm, MH«$dmH$ `mgmaIo njr d Á`m§Mo _m§g
Imëbo OmV Zmhr, Ago àmUr B. _mé ZòV; 3. dfm©Vrb H$mhr R>am{dH$
{Xdg Var àOmOZm§Zr _mgo ImD$ ZòV 4. AmB©-d{S>bm§Mr Amkm nmim;
Ë`m§Mr godm H$am; 5. àmÊ`m§Mr hË`m H$ê$ ZH$m 6.YZg§nÎmrMm g§M` H$ê$
ZH$m; 6. g_ma§^mVrb AZmdí`H$ IM© H$_r H$am; 7. Y_©_hm`mÌm§Zr (VÎMo
bmoH$m§n¶ªV nmohmoMdÊ¶mgmR>r Zo‘boë¶m {deof A{YH$mè`m§Zr) Ho$di Amnë`mM
Zìho, Va eoOmaÀ`m amÁ`m§Vrbhr gXmMmar d JwUr bmoH$m§Mr H$miOr ¿¶mdr B.
g‘«mQ> AemoH$ ¶m§À¶m erbmboIm§da {b{hÊ¶mV Ambobr darbàH$maMr
VÎdo hr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo ZmhrV, Ago ewÕrda Agbobm H$moUrVar åhUy eHo$b
H$m`? AemoH$mÀ¶m {ebmboIm§darb darb àH$maÀ¶m amOmkm åhUOo Xwgao
{Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ Vr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎMoM AmhoV. g_«mQ> AemoH$ ¶m§Zr Amnë`m
gyMZm bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMdÊ`mgmR>r OmJmoOmJ {ebmboI {b{hÊ`m~amo~aM
Y_©_hm_mÌ `m ZmdmÀ`m {deof A{YH$mè`m§Mr Zo_UyH$hr Ho$bobr hmoVr. ho Y_©
_hm_mÌ Ho$di Amnë`mM Zìho, Va eoOmaÀ`m amÁ`m§Vrbhr "gXmMmar d
JwUr bmoH$m§Mr H$miOr KoVrb' Agohr `m {ebmboIm§da H$moê$Z R>odbo hmoVo.
¶m gd© Jmoï>r bjmV KoVë¶m, Va ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§da
qH$dm g§nyU© ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZodaM Ho$di naH$s` amÁ`KQ>Zm§Mm à^md nS>bm
Amho, Agm H$mhr {hVg§~§Yr bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Ho$bm OmUmam Amamon {ZImbg
ImoQ>m Am{U nyd©J«hXÿ{fV Amho, ho gmYma {gÕ hmoVo.
^maVr` bmoH$emhrMm _mJrb nÝZmg dfm©Mm B{Vhmg nm{hbm, Va
`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§H$S>o g_mOmVrb gËVmYmar bmoH$ Am{U gËVmYmar dJm©Zo
gmVË`mZo _moR>çm à_mUmV Xwb©j Ho$ë`mMo Vrd«VoZo ZOaoV âVo. JmoaJar~
dJmªVyZ Amboë¶m Vê$Um§Zrhr ¶mH$S>o Ajå¶ Ago Xþb©j Ho$bobo {XgVo.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ bmJy Pmë¶mZ§VaÀ¶m qH$dm ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶mZ§VaÀ¶m ‘mJrb
gw‘mao gÎma dfm©§V AOyZhr H$moQ>çmdYr ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ñdV:gmR>r em§VVoZo
amhÊ`mÀ`m bm`H$sMr Kao C^maVm Ambobr ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm {nÊ`mMo Mm§Jbo
nmUr CnbãY Pmbobo Zmhr. Mm§Jbo Am{U g‘mZ {ejU qH$dm Amamo½` `m
Va \$ma XyaÀ`m JmoîQ>r AmO ^mgV AmhoV. ^maVmVrb Am{W©H$ {df_Vm OUy
{VÀ`m Ma_gr_on`ªV nmohmoMbr Amho. EH$sH$S>o XmoZ doiÀ`m ânya Amhmambmhr
bmImo bmoH$ AmO nmaIo Pmbobo AmhoV, Va XþgarH$S>o H$mhr bmoH$m§Zr
ñdVH$S>o H$amoS>m|Mr ‘m¶m O‘dbr Amho. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr g§H$ënZm
AmOdaÀ`m gaH$mam§Zm ^maVmV AOyZ Var àË`jmV CVadVm Ambobr Zmhr.
darb gd© Jmoï>tMm AmË¶§{VH$ IoX Amnë¶mbm ¶m‘wio dmQ>bm
nm{hOo, H$s OJmVrb EH$hr amÁ`KQ>Zm AmOda H$ê$ eH$br Zmhr, EdT>çm
àM§S> à_mUmV g§ajH$ VaVyXr ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r
H$ê$Z R>odboë`m AmhoV. Ago AgVmZmhr `m VaVyXtMm bm^ gd©gmYmaU
^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV KoVm Ambobm Zmhr. ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda Oa
¶m gaVyXr g§{dYmZmV ZgË¶mM; Va ‘J Va {H$Vr ^¶mdh n[apñWVr ^maVmV
AmO Amnë¶mbm {Xgbr AgVr, ¶mMr Ho$di H$ënZmM Ho$bobr ~ar!
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎMm§_Üò AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© ~m~tMm g_mdoe
H$ê$Z Amnë`m KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr ^maVr` OZVoÀ`m Am{U ^maVr` amÁ`H$Ë`m©À`m
gX²gX²{ddoH$ ~wÕrda \$ma _moR>m {dídmg R>odbobm Amho. na§Vw ^maVr¶ OZVm
d ^maVr¶ ZoV¥Ëd ho XmoKohr AmOda KQ>ZmH$mam§À¶m H$gmoQ>rda Iao CVabobo
ZmhrV. ^maVr` OZVm Ho$di `mo½` bmoH$m§ZmM {ZdS>UyH$m§Ûmao {ZdSy>Z XoB©b
Am{U {ZdSy>Z Ambobo bmoH$hr Amnbr Zr{V_Îmm em~yV R>odyZ àm_m{UH$nUo
bmoH${hVmW© PQ>Vrb, Aer KQ>ZmH$mam§Mr Anojm hmoVr. Vr ’$bÐþn Pmbobr
Zmhr.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr gÎmm ^maVr`
g_mOmVrb Á`m dJm©bm AmOda {_imbr, Ë`m dJm©Zo Va AmOn`ªV `m
VaVyXtMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mH$S>o Ajå` Xwb©j Ho$boboM Amho; nU
bmoH$m§Zr {ZdSy>Z {Xbobo amÁ`H$V} Oa g§{dYmZmVrb bmoH$H$ë¶mUH$mar VÎdm§Mr
`mo½` àH$mao A§_b~OmdUr H$aV ZgVrb, Va nwT>rb {ZdS>UyH$sV Ë`m§Zm
OZVoZo YS>m {eH$dmdm, Aer Or gyMZm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr KQ>Zm
g{_VrVrb ^mfUmVyZ OZVobm Ho$br hmoVr, {VÀ`mH$S>ohr ^maVr¶ OZVoMo
nwaogo bj AOyZ Jobobo Zmhr. Á`m àñWm{nV bmoH$m§Zm ^maVr` g_mOmVrb
Cno{jV Am{U d§{MV KQ>H$m§àVr qH${MVhr AmË_r`Vm Zmhr, Ë`m§Mr VWmH${WV
JwUdËVm `m g_mOJQ>m§Mr àJVr gmYÊ`mÀ`m H$m_r gneob nm§Jir nS>Vo, ho
Va EìhmZm {gÕ PmboboM Amho. Ë`m_wio, Á`m dJmªZm amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVyXtMm
àË`j \$m`Xm {_iUma Amho, Ë`m dJm§©À`m Iè¶m à{V{ZYtH$S>oM AmVm Aem
VaVyXtMr A§_b~OmdUr nyU©nUo gmondyZ XoUo, hm EH$M n`m©` gÜ`mVar
`m~m~V Cabobm Amho. Á`mZo Ë`mZo ñdV: ñdV:Mm CX²Yma H$aUo d BVam§Zr
Ë¶mbm Vmo Ë`mÀ`m nÕVrZo H$ê$ XoUo AmO JaOoMo Pmbo Amho.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ V¶ma H$aVmZm àmW{_H$ {ejU, amoOJma `m§gma»`m
AZoH$ ~m~tMm _yb^yV A{YH$mam§_Üò g_mdoe H$aÊ`mMr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr
BÀN>m hmoVr. na§Vw, Ë`mdoiÀ`m H$mhr ZoË`m§À`m A{ZÀN>oVo_wio Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe
Ë`mdoir _yb^yV A{YH$mam§V H$aVm Ambm Zmhr. Aem AZoH$ ~m~r Ë`m_wioM
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§_Üò KmbÊ`mV Amë`m. na§Vw, `m _hÎMmÀ`m ~m~tMr `mo½`
àH$mao A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ¶mg AOyZhr gaH$mao V¶ma ZgVrb, Va _mÌ
Ë`m§Mm _yb^yV A{YH$mam§_Üò g_mdoe H$ê$Z `m A{YH$mam§Zm H$m`Xoera
g§ajU àmßV H$ê$Z KoUo, hm EH$M n`m©` ^maVr` OZVonwT>o {eëbH$ amhVmo.
Xþgam Cabobm n¶m©¶ åhUOo Cno{jVm§Zr, d§{MVm§Zr ¶m XoemMr gÎmmgyÌo ñdV:À¶m
hmVr KoUo hm hmo¶! ‘mÌ gÜ¶mMr n[apñWVr nmhVm OmVr-OmVrV {d^mJboë¶m
d gd© J¡agmo¶r gmogyZhr Amnë`m AmZ§XmVM ‘¾ amhÿ BpÀN>Umè¶m emo{fVm§Zm
ZOrH$À¶m H$mimV Var ho ’$mago e³¶ hmoB©b, Ago {XgV Zmhr.
_yb^yV H$V©ìò
^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoV H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m 42 ì`m XwéñVrZwgma df©
1976 ‘Ü¶o amÁ¶KQ>ZoV 51 H$ ho ZdrZ H$b‘ KmbyZ Ë`mV _yb^yV
H$V©ì`m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ, ^maVmMm amîQ´>ÜdO,
^maVmMo amîQ´>JrV `m§Mm AmXa H$aUo d amï´>r¶ godm ~OmdUo; ñdmV§Í`
bT>çmVrb CXmËV AmXemªMr OmonmgZm H$aUo; Ym{_©H$, ^m{fH$, àmXo{eH$,
dJu` ôXm§À`m ncrH$S>o OmD$Z OZVoVrb EH$monm d ^«mV¥^md dmT>rg bmdUo;
pñÌ`m§À`m à{VîR>bo m CUonUm AmUUmè`m àWm§Mm Ë`mJ H$aUo; g§{_l g§ñH¥$VrMo
OVZ H$aUo; n`m©daU g§ajU H$aUo; gOrd àmÊ`m§~X²Xb X`m~wÕr XmIdUo;
{dkmZ{ZîR> ÑpîQ>H$moZ, _mZdVmdmX, emoYH$~wÕr d gwYmaUmdmX `m§Mm {dH$mg
H$aUo; gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrMo ajU H$aUo; qhgmMmamMm {ZJ«hnyd©H$ Ë`mJ H$aUo;
ì`ŠVrJV d gm_wXm{`H$ à`ËZm§Zr Xoembm àJVrH$S>o ZoUo `m VaVyXr `m
KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrÛmao H$b_ H«$. 51 H$ _Üò KmbÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
86 dr KQ>Zm XwéñVr 2002 X²dmao `m_Üò ghm Vo Mm¡Xm d`moJQ>mVrb
~mbH$m§Mo AmB©dS>rb _wbm§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVrb, Aem
Ame¶mMr VaVyX ¶mV H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. _yi amÁ`KQ>ZVo rb ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§‘Ü¶o
_mÌ "Mm¡Xm dfm©Imbrb gd© ~mbH$m§À`m _mo\$V d gŠVrÀ`m {ejUmMr
O~m~Xmar' ^maVmVrb g§~§{YV gaH$mam§da Q>mH$bobr hmoVr, ho `m {R>H$mUr
‘hÎdnyU© Amho.
H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶m§Mo nañna g§~§Y
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo g§gXr` bmoH$emhrMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z H|$ÐemgZ
Am{U {d{dY amÁ`m§_Yrb emgZ `m§À`mgmR>r EH$gmaIm AmH¥$Vr~§Y V`ma
Ho$bobm Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo H|$Ðm_Üò amîQ´>nVr, bmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m
{_iyZ g§gX {Z‘m©U Ho$br Amho, Va àËòH$ amÁ`m_Üò amÁ`nmb, {dYmZg^m
d {dYmZn[afX {_iyZ {dYmZ_§S>i {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo Amho. H|$Ðm_Üò amîQ´>nVrbm
Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©V _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r n§VàYmZ d Ë`mMo _§Ìr_§S>i AgVo, Va
àËòH$ amÁ`mV amÁ`nmbmbm Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©V _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _w»`_§Ìr d
Ë`mMo _§Ìr_§S>i AgVo. amÁ`nmb hm amÁ`mVrb H|$Ð gaH$maMm à{V{ZYr
AgVmo. H|$Ð gaH$maMm H$ma^ma amîQ´>nVrÀ`m Zmdo MmbVmo, Va amÁ`m§Mm
H$ma^ma VoWrb amÁ`nmbmÀ`m Zmdo MmbVmo. H|$Ð gaH$mabm H$m`Xo{df`H$
~m~tda gëbm XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ _hmÝ`m`dmXr AgVmo, Va amÁ` gaH$mam§Zm
H$m`Xo{df‘H$ ~m~tda gëbm XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ _hm{YdŠVm AgVmo. Aem
àH$maMr g‘m§Va aMZm ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o {Z‘m©U
Ho$bobr Amho.
H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo A{YH$mam§Mr dmQ>Ur
Ho$bobr AgyZ H$moUË¶m {df¶mda H|$Ð gaH$maMo d H$moUË¶m {df¶m§da amÁ¶
gaH$maMo {Z¶§ÌU amhrb, ho R>adyZ {Xbobo Amho. KQ>ZmH$am§À¶m ¶m H¥$Vr‘wio
^maVmVrb A§VJ©V g§Kf© AmOda ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV Q>ibobm Amho. ‘mÌ Varhr
H$YrH$Yr g§Kf© C’$miyZ ¶oVmo, V|ìhm Ë¶mVyZ g‘OwVrZo ‘mJ© H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r
KQ>ZoZo gwMdë¶mà‘mUo H$mhr bdmX {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV. Vo hm
g§Kf© AmOda H$‘r H$aV Ambo AmhoV. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZwgma g§nU y © XoemgmR>r
AË`§V _hÎMmÀ`m Agboë`m g§ajU, naamîQ´>-ì`dhma `m§gma»`m amï´>r¶ÑîQ>çm
AË¶§V ‘hÎdnyU© Agboë¶m {df`m§da ^maVmMr g§gX H$m`Xo H$aVo, Va Ë`m
Ë`m àmXo{eH$ ^mJm§_Üò _hÎdnyU© R>aUmè`m Amamo½`, O_rZ _hgyb d BVa
ñWm{ZH$ {df`m§~m~V amÁ`m§Mr {dYmZ_§S>io Amnmnë`m amÁ`joÌmgmR>r H$m`Xo
H$aVmV. H$moUr H$moUË`m {df`mda H$m`Xo H$amdoV, `m~m~V dmX hmoD$ ZòV,
åhUyZ amÁ`KQ>ZoZo H|$Ð gyMr, amÁ`gyMr Am{U g_dVu gyMr Aem {df`m§À`m
VrZ `mÚm ~Zdboë`m AmhoV. H|$Ð gyMrVrb {df`mda \$ŠV H|$Ð gaH$ma
H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$Vo, Va amÁ`gyMrVrb {df`mda AndmXmË_H$ pñWVr gmoS>ë`mg
amÁ` {Z{d©dmXnUo H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$VmV. g_dVu gyMrVrb {df`mda XmoKohr
H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$VmV, nU nañnam§er {dg§JV H$m`Xo ~Zë`mg {dg§JVrÀ`m
ì`ßVrnwaVm H|$ÐmMm H$m`Xm à^mdr R>aVmo.
^maVr` g§gXoMr bmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m hr g^mJ¥ho {Xëbr òWo
AgyZ Ë`m§À`m g^mgXm§Zm ImgXma Ago åhUVmV. àËòH$ amÁ`m§Mr {dYmZ_§S>io
Ë`m amÁ`mÀ`m amOYmZrÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgyZ Vr {dYmZg^m d Agë`mg
{dYmZn[afX {_iyZ ~ZVmV d Ë`m§À`m gXñ`m§Zm Am_Xma åhUVmV. ^maVmV
gÜ`m {~hma, H$Zm©Q>H$, Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra, _hmamîQ´> Am{U CÎmaàXoe `m
amÁ`m§_Üò {dYmZn[afX AmhoV. amÁ`mgmR>r {dYmZn[afX ~ZdUo qH$dm Agob,
Va Vr ~aImñV H$aUo AWdm Mmby R>do Uo `m ~m~r Ë`m amÁ`mÀ`m {dYmZgôÀ`m
A{YH$maH$joV òVmV. bmoH$g^m d {dYmZgôMo gXñ` Xa nmM dfmªZr
{ZdS>bo OmVmV, Va amÁ`g^m d {dYmZn[afXm§Mo EH$ V¥Vr`m§e gXñ` Va XmoZ
dfmªZr {Zd¥ËV hmoVmV. amÁ`g^m d {dYmZn[afXm hr ñWm`r g^mJ¥ho AmhoV.
H|$ÐmV n§VàYmZ Va amÁ`mV _w»`_§Ìr `m§À`m hmVr Iar gËVm
AgVo. amîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS> g§gX d gd© amÁ`m§Mr {dYmZ_§S>io {_iyZ H$aVmV.
Va CnamîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS> \$ŠV g§gX H$aVo. bmoH$g^m d {dYmZgôbm àËòH$s
EH$ AÜ`j d EH$ CnmÜ`j AgyZ Vo Ë`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m gXñ`m§_YyZ {ZdS>bo
OmVmV. amÁ`g^m d {dYmZn[afXm§Zm àËòH$s EH$ g^mnVr d EH$ Cng^mnVr
AgVmo. CnamîQ´>nVr hm amÁ`gôMm à{gÕ g^mnVr AgVmo.

Ý`m`mb`m§Mr H$m¶©nÕVr
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZwgma gÜ¶m ^maVmgmR>r EH$ _w»` Ý`m`_yVu d
BVa Vrg Ý`m`mYre {_iyZ ~Zbobo EH$ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` {Xëbr òWo Amho.
amÁ`m§gmR>r Ë`mÀ`m amOYmZrÀ`m {R>H$mUr EH$ CÀM Ý`m`mb` Amho. ^maVmV
EHo$ar Ý`m`ì`dñWm AgyZ, Xoem§Vrb gd© Ý`m`mb`m§da gdmo©ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo
{Z`§ÌU Amho. CÀM Ý`m`mbò hr gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m A[YnË`mImbr,
Va Xwæ`_ Ý`m`mbò CÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr H$m_ H$aVmV.
KQ>ZoVrb H$b_m§À`m AWm©~m~V H$mhr dmX {Z_m©U Pmbm, Va Ë`m H$b_m§Mm
AW© ñnîQ> H$aUo, doJdoJù`m amÁ`m§_Yrb qH$dm H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$mam§_Yrb
dmX gmoS>dUo Aer H$m_o gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` H$aVo. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` d gd©
CÀM Ý`m`mbò hr A{^boI Ý`m`mbò AmhoV d Ë`m§Mm H$moUr Ad_mZ
Ho$ë`mg g§~{§ YVmbm {ejm H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ma Amho. g§gXoZo nm[aV
Ho$bobm H$m¶Xm g§{dYmZmVrb VaVyXter gwgJ§ V Zgob, Va Vmo KQ>Zm~mø åhUyZ
aÔ H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZZo o ^maVr¶ Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Zm {Xbobm Amho.
Ë¶mbm Ý¶m{¶H$ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV. B§½b§S>À¶m amÁ¶KQ>ZZo o
VoWrb Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Zm Agm A{YH$ma {Xbobm Zmhr. Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Zm A{YH$ma
XoVmZmM Ë¶m§À¶mda H$mhr ~§YZohr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo KmVbr AmhoV.
H$b‘ 143(4) Zwgma, Iwë¶m Ý¶m¶mb¶mV gwZmdUr Ho$ë¶m{edm¶
Ý¶m¶mb¶ H$moUVmhr Ý¶m¶{ZU©¶ XoUma Zmhr, Aem àH$maÀ¶m EH$m ~§YZmMmhr
Ë¶mV g‘mdoe Amho. Xoe qH$dm ì¶º$sÀ¶m ì¶mdhm[aH$ OrdZmV {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m
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1. ^maVmMm gaÝ¶m¶mYre, Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Mo ‘w»¶ Ý¶m¶mYre d ¶m
Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Vrb BVa Ý¶m¶mYre ¶m nXm§gmR>r ì¶º$s¨À¶m {e’$maer H$aUo.

2. Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘w»¶ d BVa Ý¶m¶mYrem§À¶m ~Xë¶m§~m~V
{e’$maer H$aUo.
3. {e’$mag Ho$boë¶m ì¶º$s ¶m H$m¶©j‘ Am{U àm‘m{UH$ AgVrb,
¶mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoUo.
¶m Xþê$ñVrZwgma KQ>ZoV g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m 124(H$) ¶m
H$b‘mZwgma, ^maVmÀ¶m gdm}ƒ d Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶m§À¶m ‘w»¶ d BVa
Ý¶m¶mYrem§Mr {ZdS>, Ë¶m§Mr H$m¶©nX²YVr B. À¶m {Z¶§ÌUmMo A{YH$ma d Ë¶m
AZwf§JmZo BVa {Z¶‘ V¶ma H$aÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma "amï´>r¶ Ý¶m{¶H$ {Z¶wº$s
‘§S>im'bm XoÊ¶mgmR>r g§gX H$m¶Xm H$ê$ eHo$b, Aer VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV
Ambobr Amho. ¶m KQ>Zm Xþê$ñVrZo H$b‘ 127(1) ‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$aV gdm}ƒ
Ý¶m¶mb¶mMo gÌ gwê$ R>odÊ¶mgmR>r qH$dm Mmby H$aÊ¶mgmR>r amï´>nVrÀ¶m
nyd©g§‘VrZo VXW© Ý¶m¶mYre {ZdS>Ê¶mMm gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘w»¶
Ý¶m¶mYremMm A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoD$Z Vmo "amï´>r¶ Ý¶m{¶H$ {Z¶wº$s ‘§S>im'bm
{Xbm Amho. H$b‘ 128 Zwgma, JaO nS>ë¶mg EImÚm {Zd¥Îm Ý¶m¶mYrembm
amï´>nVrÀ¶m nydg© ‘§ VrZo gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m H$m‘H$mOmgmR>r nmMmaU H$aÊ¶mMm
gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘w»¶ Ý¶m¶mYremMm A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoD$Z Vmohr
amï´>r¶ Ý¶m{¶H$ {Z¶wº$s ‘§S>imbm XoÊ¶mV Ambm Amho. Aem àH$mao gaH$mabm
Ý¶m¶nm{bHo$V hñVjon H$aVm Z ¶oÊ¶mMm g§Ho$V ¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZo B{VhmgO‘m
H$ê$Z Q>mH$bobm Amho.
99 ì¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZwgma, 217 Am{U 222 ‘Ü¶ohr ‘hËdnyU©
~Xb H$aÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV. amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrb H$b‘ H«$. 217 Zwgma Cƒ
Ý¶m¶mb¶m§À¶m Ý¶m¶mYrem§À¶m Zo‘UwH$m§~m~V A§{V‘ A{YH$ma ¶m Xþê$ñVrnydu
gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘w»¶ Ý¶m¶mYrem§Zm hmoVm. Vmo A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoD$Z
AmVm Vmohr amï´>r¶ Ý¶m{¶H$ {Z¶wº$s ‘§S>imbm XoÊ¶mV Ambm Amho. ¶m ‘§S>imÀ¶m
{e’$maerZ§VaM ¶m nXm§darb {Z¶w³Ë¶m Ho$ë¶m OmVrb, Ago Zdo ~§YZ AmVm
bmJy H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Amho. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb H$b‘ H«$. 222 Zwgma Cƒ
Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m Ý¶m¶‘yVuÀ¶m ~Xbr~m~V gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘w»¶
Ý¶m¶mYrembm Agbobo A{YH$mahr AmVm amï´>r¶ Ý¶m{¶H$ {Z¶wº$s ‘§S>imbm

XoÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV. gXa ~Xë¶m H$aÊ¶mnydu amï´>nVr AmVm ¶m ‘§S>imMm
{dMma KoVrb.
H$b‘ 224 Zwgma, Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mVrb dmT>boë¶m qH$dm WH$boë¶m
H$m‘H$mOmMm {ZnQ>mam H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {Z¶wº$ Ho$ë¶m OmUmè¶m A{V[aº$ d H$m¶m©W©
Ý¶m¶mYrem§Mr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmZmhr amï´>nVr AmVm gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ‘w»¶
Ý¶m¶mYrem EodOr amï´>r¶ Ý¶m{¶H$ {Z¶wº$s ‘§S>imMm g„m KoVrb. H$b‘
224 H$ Zwgma Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mMm ‘w»¶ Ý¶m¶mYre amï´>nVrÀ¶m nyd©g§‘VrZo
Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m ~¡R>H$sgmR>r {Zd¥Îm Ý¶m¶mYrem§Zm nmMmaU H$ê$ eH$V
Ago. AmVm hm A{YH$mahr ¶m 99 ì¶m Xþê$ñVrZo amï´>r¶ Ý¶m{¶H$ {Z¶wº$s
‘§S>imbm XoÊ¶mV Ambm Amho. XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ amÁ¶m§gmR>r gm‘mB©H$ Cƒ
Ý¶m¶mb¶ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mg§~§YmV g§~§{YV amÁ¶mÀ¶m amÁ¶nmbm§Mm {ZX}e
H$aUmao 231(2)(H$) ho CnH$b‘ ¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZo Jmibo Amho.
^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrb 100 ì¶m KQ>Zm Xþê$ñVrbm 28 ‘o 2015
amOr amï´>nVtMr ‘mÝ¶Vm {‘imbr Amho. Ë¶mÛmaoo ^maV d ~m§½bmXoemVrb H$mhr
^y^mJmÀ¶m AXbm~Xbrg H$m¶Xoera/gm§{dYm{ZH$ Ñï>rZo ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbobr
Amho. ¶m Xþê$ñVrZo Amgm‘, n. ~§Jmb, ‘oKmb¶, {Ìnwam ¶m CÎmanyd© ^maVmVrb
amÁ¶m§À¶m gr‘m§V ’o$a’$ma H$aÊ¶mV Ambm Amho. gw‘mao 17,160 EH$aMm
àXoe ~m§½bmXoemH$Sy>Z ^maVmH$So Va gw‘mao 7,110 EH$aMm ^yàXoe ^maVmH$Sy>Z
~m§½bmXoemH$S>o hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ¶m~m~VMr H$m¶©dmhr ^maV d ~m§½bmXoe gaH$ma
Xaå¶mZ 16 ‘o 1974 amoOr Pmboë¶m EH$m H$amamX²dmao H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Amho.
Ë¶m AZwf§JmZo Zwgma g§{dYmZmÀ¶m n[a{eï> EH$ ‘Ü¶ohr ~Xb H$aÊ¶mV Ambo
AmhoV.
amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrb n[a{eîQ>o
n[a{eîQ>m§Zm gm§{dYm{ZH$ n[a^mfoV AZwgyMr Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. _yi
^maVr¶ amÁ`KQ>ZoV 395 H$b_m§~amo~aM AmR> n[a{eîQ>o g_m{dîQ> hmoVr.
gÜ`m amÁ¶KQ>ZoV ~mam n[a{eîQ>o AmhoV. ¶m n[a{eï>m§Mr WmoS>³¶mV ‘m{hVr
nwT>rbà‘mUo XoVm ¶oB©b-

n{hbr AZwgyMr- `mMo XmoZ ^mJ AgyZ n{hë`m ^mJmV amÁò d
Ë`m§Mr amÁ`joÌo {Xbr AgyZ Xwgè`m ^mJmV g§K amÁ`joÌo (H|$Ðem{gV àXoe)
d Ë`m§Mr amÁ`joÌo Z_yX Ho$bobr AmhoV. gÜ`m ^maVmV EH$moUVrg amÁò d
gmV g§K amÁ`joÌo AmhoV. (28 ‘o 2015 nmgyZ bmJy Pmboë¶m 100 ì¶m
KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZo ^maV d ~m§JbmXoemVrb H$mhr ^y^mJmÀ¶m AXbm~Xbrg
H$m¶Xoera/gm§{dYm{ZH$ Ñï>rZo ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbobr Amho. ¶m Xþê$ñVrZo Amgm‘,
n. ~§Jmb, ‘oKmb¶, {Ìnwam ¶m CÎmanyd© ^maVmVrb amÁ¶m§À¶m gr‘m§V ’o$a’$ma
H$ê$Z, gw‘mao 17,160 EH$aMm àXoe ~m§½bmXoemH$Sy>Z ^maVmH$So Va gw‘mao
7,110 EH$aMm ^yàXoe ^maVmH$Sy>Z ~m§½bmXoemH$S>o hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ¶m~m~VMr
H$m¶©dmhr ^maV d ~m§½bmXoe gaH$ma Xaå¶mZ 16 ‘o 1974 amoOr Pmboë¶m
H$amamÀ¶m nmíd©^y_rda Ho$br Amho. Ë¶mZwgma g§{dYmZmÀ¶m n[a{eï> EH$
‘Ü¶ohr ~Xb Ho$bo AmhoV.)
Xwgar AZwgyMr- `m n[a{eîQ>mV amîQ—>nVr, amÁ`nmb, bmoH$g^mÜ`j
d CnmÜ`j, amÁ`gôMm g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr, amÁ`mÀ`m {dYmZgôMm
AÜ`j d CnmÜ`j, {dYmZ n[afXoMm g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr, gdm}ÀM
Ý`m`mb` d CÀM Ý`m`mb`m§Mo Ý`m`mYre Am{U ^maVmMm {Z‘§ÌH$ d
_hmboImnarjH$ `m§À`m~m~V Cn~§Y AmhoV. `m_Üò darb gdmªMo doVZ,
noÝeZ d BVa {deofm{YH$mam§~m~V VaVwXr g_m{dîQ> AmhoV.
{Vgar AZwgyMr- `m n[a{eîQ>mV g§KamÁ`mMo d amÁ`mMo _§Ìr `m§Zr
nXJ«hUmnydu KoÊ`mÀ`m nX d JmonZr`VoÀ`m enWm§Mo Am{U g§gXoÀ`m d
{dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sVrb C_oXdma d Ë`m J¥hm§Mo gXñ`, gdm}ÀM d
CÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo Ý`m`mYre, ^maVmMm {Z‘§ÌH$ d _hmboImnarjH$ `m§Zr
¿`md`mÀ`m enW d ÑT>H$WZmMo Z_wZo {Xbobo AmhoV.
Mm¡Wr AZwgyMr- `m n[a{eîQ>mV àËòH$ amÁ`mbm {_imboë`m
amÁ`gôVrb OmJm§Mr dmQ>Ur {Xbobr Amho. gÜ`m amÁ`gôV amÁ`m§À`m
233 OmJm AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s _hmamîQ—>mÀ`m EH$moUrg OmJm AmhoV. gdm©{YH$
31 OmJm CÎmaàXoemÀ`m AmhoV.
nmMdr AZwgyMr- `m n[a{eîQ>mV AZwgy{MV joÌo d AZwgy{MV
OZOmVr `m§Mo àemgZ d {Z`§ÌU `m~m~V VaVyXr AmhoV. `m joÌm§Vrb
OZOmVr gëbmJma n[afX, Ë`m§Mo H$m`Xo, BVa VaVyXr d `m ^mJmÀ`m Xwê$ñVr
`m~m~VÀ`m VaVyXr AmhoV.
ghmdr AZwgyMr- `m n[a{eîQ>mV Amgm_, _oKmb` d {Ìnwam `m
amÁ`m§Vrb d {_Pmoam_ `m g§KamÁ` joÌmVrb OZOmVr joÌm§À`m àemgZm~m~V
Cn~§Y AmhoV.
gmVdr AZwgyMr- `m n[a{eîQ>mV g§KgyMr, amÁ`gyMr d g_dVu
gyMr Aem VrZ gyMr AmhoV. _yi ‘mXrVrb g§Kgy{MV g§ajU, AUwD$Om©,
naamîQ—> ì`dhma, `wÕ d em§VVm Ago EHy$U 97 {df` AgyZ, `m {df`m§~m~V
Ho$di XoemMr g§gX(H|$Ð gaH$ma) H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$Vo. gÜ¶m ¶m§Mr g§»¶m
100 BVH$s Amho. _yi `mXrVrb amÁ`gyMrV gmd©O{ZH$ gwì`dñWm, Amamo½`,
nmobrg, H$mamJ¥ho, _mXH$ nXmW© Ago EHy$U 66 {df` AgyZ amÁ` {dYmZ_§S>i
Ë`m amÁ`m§gmR>r `m {df`m§~m~V H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$Vo. gÜ¶m ¶m ¶mXrVrb
{df¶m§Mr g§»¶m 61 BVH$s Amho. _yi `mXrVrb g_dVu gy{MV \$m¡OXmar
H$m`Xm d à{H«$`m, amÁ`mMr gwa{jVVm d gwì`dñWm, {ddmh d KQ>ñ\$moQ> Ago
47 {df` AgyZ, ‘m {df`m§~m~V amÁ` {dYmZ_§S>io d XoemMr g§gX (H|$Ð
gaH$ma) ho XmoKohr H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$VmV. gÜ¶m ¶m gy{MV 52 {df¶ AmhoV.
g_dVu gyMrVrb EH$mM {df`mda H|$Ð d amÁ¶ Aem XmoKm§Zr H$m¶Xo Ho$bo d
Ë¶mV {dg§JVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr, Va H|$ÐmMm H$m`Xm {dg§JVrÀ`m ì`mßVrnwaVm
A{YH$ à^mdr R>aVmo. H|$Ð gy{MV Zgboë`m Cd©[aV gd© {df`m§da H|$Ð gaH$ma
H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$Vo. BVa VaVwXr H$b_ 246 à_mUo bmJy hmoVmV.
AmR>dr AZwgyMr - `m n[a{eîQ>mV ^maVmVrb {d{dY amO^mfm
{Xboë`m AgyZ, gÜ`m _amR>rgh EH$yU ~mdrg amO^mfm§Mm `mV g_mdoe Amho
95 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo 15 ì`m H«$_m§H$mdarb Oria `m amO^mfoÀ`m ZmdmV
Odia Agm ~Xb Ho$bm Amho.
Zddr AZwgyMr - ¶m n[a{eîQ>mV ^maVmVrb EHy$U 284 H$m`Úm§Mr
Zmdo {Xbobr AgyZ, H$b_ 31 I À`m AYrZVoZo Ë`m§Mm A§‘b ^maVmV Mmby
R>odÊ¶mV Ambobm Amho. ‘yi ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmV Ho$di AmR> n[a{eï>o hmoVr.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ bmJy Pmë¶mZ§Va g§{dYmZmV KmbÊ¶mV Ambobo ho n{hbo

n[a{eï> hmo¶. ¶mZ§Va AmUIr VrZ n[a{eï>o ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmV Vo bmJy
Pmë¶mZ§VaÀ¶m H$mimV g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Ambobr AmhoV.
^maVr¶ g§gXoZo g§nÎmrÀ¶m g‘mZ {dVaUmgmR>r qH$dm emofU$ d
Xm[aÐçmMm A§V H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$bobo H$m¶Xo H$mhr {d{eï> bmoH$m§À¶m ‘yb^yV
h¸$m§À¶m AmS> ¶oVmV, ¶m g~~rImbr KQ>Zm~mø R>adbo OmD$ Z¶oV, ¶mgmR>r
H$mhr gwYmaUm H$m¶Úm§Mo Zmd ¶m {deof n[a{eï>mV Zm|XdyZ Ë¶m§Mo g§ajU
H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Amho. ¶m n[a{eï>mV Zmd Zm|Xdboë¶m gd© H$m¶Úm§Zm Ý¶m¶mb¶rZ
H$jo~mhoa R>odyZ AWm©V² Ë¶m§Zm {deof g§ajU XoD$Z Ë¶m§Mm A§‘b ^maVmV Mmby
R>odÊ¶mV Ambobm Amho. ¶m‘Ü¶o 1950 Mm ‘w§~B© ImoVr{Z‘y©bZ H$m¶Xm,
1950MmM ‘w§~B©Vrb naJUm d Hw$bH$Uu dVZ aÔ H$aUmam H$m¶Xm, CÎma
àXoeMm O‘rZXmar {Z‘y©bZ H$m¶Xm B. gh {d{dY amÁ¶m§À¶m {deofV: O‘rZ
gwYmaUm H$m¶Úm§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb, H$b‘ 31 I À¶m
AYrZVoZo Ë`m§Mm A§‘b ^maVmV gwê$ R>odÊ¶mV Ambobm Amho.
Xhmdr AZwgyMr - ¶m n[a{eîQ>mV ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb AZwÀN>oX
102 d 191 ‘Ü¶o H|$Ð d amÁ¶m§À¶m g^mJ¥hm§Mo gXñ¶ åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z ¶oÊ¶mg
H$mhr {d{eï> H$maUm§Imbr Xmofr ì¶º$s¨Zm à{V~§Y H$aÊ¶mV Ambm Amho.
njmVrb ’y$Q> qH$dm njm§VamÀ¶m AZwf§JmZo ¶oUmè¶m H$mhr Jmoï>r Oem H$s-
njgXñ¶ËdmMm amOrZm‘m XoUo, njmZo Omar Ho$bobm {d{eï> ‘wÚmdarb
‘VXmZm~m~VMm AmXoe Z nmiUo, {ZdSy>Z Amë¶mZ§Va Xþgè¶m njmMo gXñ¶Ëd
ñdrH$maUo, ¶m§gma»¶m H$mhr JmoîQ>t~m~VÀ¶m {Z¶‘m§Mo Vnerb ¶m n[a{eï>mV
Zm|XdÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV. ¶m Vnerbm§À¶m AmYmao njm§Vamgma»¶m {df¶m§À¶m
AZwf§JmZo ~o{eñV dV©Z H$aUmè¶m amOH$s` njm§À`m qH$dm g^mJ¥hm§À`m
gXñ`m§Zm AnmÌ Kmo{fV H$aVm ¶oVo.
AH$amdr AZwgyMr - ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb AZwÀN>oX 243 N> À¶m
AYrZVoZo Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Am{U gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶mgmR>r {d{dY ¶moOZm§Mr
AmIUr Am{U A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$maH$joVrb
EH§Xa 29 {df¶ 1992 À¶m 73 ì¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZwgma J«m‘n§Mm¶Vr,
n§Mm¶V g{‘Ë¶m d {Oëhm n[afXm§H$S>o gmondÊ¶mV Ambobo AmhoV. ¶m 29
{df¶m§Mr ¶mXr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmÀ¶m eodQ>r OmoS>Ê¶mV Amboë¶m AH$amì¶m
AZwgyMr‘Ü¶o XoÊ¶mV Ambobr Amho. ho 29 {df¶ nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV-
1.eoVr, 2. O‘rZ gwYmaUm, 3. bKw-ObqgMZ, 4. newnmbZ, S>oAar,
Hw$¸w$Q>nmbZ, 5. ‘mgo‘mar, 6. gm‘m{OH$ dZrH$aU, 7. O§JbmVrb {H$aH$moi
g§nÎmr, 8. bKwCÚmoJ Am{U AÞà{H«$¶m CÚmoJ, 9. ImXr Am{U J«m‘rU
J¥hmoÚmoJ, 10. J«m‘rU J¥h{Z‘m©U, 11. {nÊ¶mMo nmUr, 12. B§YZ Am{U
newImÚ, 13. añVo, nyb, H°$Zm°b B., 14. J«m‘rU {dÚwVrH$aU,
15.Anma§nm[aH$ D$Om©-ómoV, 16. Jar~r{Z‘y©bZ H$m¶©H«$‘, 17. àmW{‘H$,
‘mÜ¶{‘H$, Cƒ {ejU, 18. V§Ì{ejU Am{U ì¶dgm¶{ejU, 19.àm¡T>{ejU
Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU, 20. J«W§ mb¶o, 21. gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnH«$‘, 22.~mOma
Am{U OÌm, 23. Amamo½¶, BpñnVio, Amamo½¶ H|$Ðo B.Am{U Amamo½¶{ejU,
24. Hw$Qw>~§ H$ë¶mU, 25. ‘{hbm Am{U ~mbH$m§Mm {dH$mg, 26. ‘mOH$ë¶mU,
27. A. OmVr-O‘mVtgh Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Mo H$ë¶mU, 28. gaH$mar {dVaU
ì¶dñWm 29. gm‘m{OH$ g§nÎmrMo ajU.
~mamdr AZwgyMr - 1992 À¶m 73 ì¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZwgma, ^maVr¶
g§{dYmZmVrb AZwÀN>oX 243 d> À¶m AYrZVoZo, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Am{U
gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶mgmR>r {d{dY ¶moOZm§Mr AmIUr Am{U A§‘b~OmdUr
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$maH$joVrb ZJanm{bH$m§H$S>o gmondÊ¶mV Amboë¶m
18 {df¶m§Mr ¶mXr ¶m n[a{eï>mV XoÊ¶mV Ambobr Amho. ho 18 {df¶
nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV- 1. eha {Z¶moOZ , 2. O‘rZdmna Am{U B‘maVr
~m§YUo, 3.Am{W©H$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg, 4.añVo Am{U nyb, 5.J¥h,
CÚmoJ Am{U ì¶mdgm{¶H$ dmnamgmR>r nmUr, 6. Amamo½¶, Amamo½¶{ejU
Am{U KZ H$Mam ì¶dñWmnZ, 7.A¾re‘Z, 8.ehar dZrH$aU Am{U n¶m©daU,
9.A.OmVr-O‘mVtgh Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Mo g§ajU, 10.PmonS>nÅ>r {dH$mg Am{U
gwYma, 11.ehar Xm[aX²«¶{Z‘y©bZ, 12.~mJm, ‘¡XmZo d VËg‘ ehar gw{dYm,
13. gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ CnH«$‘, 14.ñ‘emZ^y‘r, 15.OZmdam§gmR>r
H$m|S>dmS>o, 16.OÝ‘ Am{U ‘¥Ë¶yMr Zm|XUr, 17. {Xdm~Îmr, ~gñWmZHo$ B. ,
18. H$ÎmbImZo.
rr

àH$aU 5
g§{dYmZmMo ¶emn¶e
amÁ`KQ>Zodarb Amjon
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zdo a Q>rH$m H$aVmZm H$mhr bmoH$ "^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zdo a
nmíMmË` {dMmam§MmM à^md Amho; B§½b§S>, A_o[aH$m, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m `mgma»`m
Xoem§À`m amÁ`KQ>Zm§Mm Ë`mda nJS>m Amho' Ago åhUVmV. Mm§Jë¶mbmhr
dmB©Q> R>adÊ¶mMm CÚmoJ Ago H$mhr bmoH$ ^maVmV gVV H$aV AmhoV. dmñV{dH$V:
H$moUË`mhr Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>tMm Z§VaÀ`m Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>rda n[aUm_ hm hmoVM
AgVmo. Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>tMm gwn[aUm_ H$mbm¡KmV ñnîQ> Pmë`mZ§Va VgmM
gwn[aUm_ KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r BVa bmoH$hr Vmo _mJ© Adb§~VmVM. `mV
dmB©Q> H$mhrM Zmhr. AJXr A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>Zodahr {~«Q>re amÁ`KQ>ZoMm
à^md nS>bobm AmhoM !
Xwgar _hÎdmMr JmoîQ> åhUOo ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm hr ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm,
~§Yy^md d Ý`m` `m VÎdm§da AmYmabobr Amho. amÁ`KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma
S>m°.Am§~oS>H$ahr `mM VÎdm§Zm gdm©{YH$ _hÎd XoUmao hmoVo. na§Vw Ë`m§Mo ho
VÎdkmZ Ë`m§Zr nmíMmË`m§H$Sy>Z CYma-CgZmdarda KoVbobo VÎdkmZ Zmhr.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ ñdV: åhUV AgV, H$s "_mÂ`m gm_m{OH$ VÎdkmZmMo dU©Z
ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm Am{U ~§Yw^md `m VrZ eãXm§V H$aVm òB©b; na§Vw, ho _mPo
VÎdkmZ _r \«|$M H«$m§VrnmgyZ KoVbo Amho, Ago H$moUmbmhr g_OVm òUma
Zmhr. _mÂ`m VÎdkmZmMr _wio hr amOH$maUmV Zìho, Va Y_m©_Üò AmhoV;
Am{U _r Vr _mÂ`m JwéH$Sy>ZM åhUOo ^JdmZ ~wÕm§H$Sy>Z KoVbobr AmhoV !'
AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zoda EH$ {ZamimM Amjon
H$mhr bmoH$m§Zr KoVbm. `m bmoH$m§Zr ^maVr¶ amÁ`KQ>Zm AmVm OwZr Pmbr
Amho Ago gm§JV {VMm \o$aAmT>mdm KoVbm nm{hOo Aer ^maVâ hÿb CR>dyZ
{Xbr. KQ>ZoMm \o$aAmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ý`m. d|H$Q>Mobæ`m `m§À`m
AÜ`jVoImbr EH$ Am`moJhr Zo_bm. `m bmoH$m§À`m dV©ZmVrb {dg§JVr

ZOaoV âÊ`mgmaIr Amho. ^maVr`m§Zm {~«{Q>em§nmgyZ ñdmV§Í` {_iÊ`mbm
Ooìhm nÝZmg df} nyU© Pmbr, Voìhm `m§Zr Ë`m ñdmV§Í`mMm gwdU©_hmoËgd
gmOam Ho$bm. na§Vw ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `m XoemVrb gd©
pñÌ`m, X{bV, Am{Xdmgr, _mJmgdJ©, H$m_Jma dJ© `m gw_mao 90% ~hþOZm§Zm
{_imboë`m ñdmV§Í`mbm Ooìhm nÝZmg df} nyU© Pmbr, V|ìhm _mÌ ^maVr`
àOmgËVmH$mMm gwdU©_hmoËgd gmOam H$amdm Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>bo Zmhr. {~«{Q>em§nmgyZ
VWmH${WV CÀMd{U©`m§Zm {_imboë`m ñdmV§Í`mMm d Ë`m§À`m {df_VmYm[aV,
éT>rdmXr, Ad¡km{ZH$, H$mb~mø g§ñH¥$VrMm H$Yrhr \o$aAmT>mdm KoVbm Zmhr.
na§Vw, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YyVm, Ý`m` d {dkmZdmXr amÁ`KQ>ZoMm _mÌm \o$a
AmT>mdm KoÊ`mn`ªV Ë`m§Mr _Ob Jobr.
^maVr`m§Zr \o$aAmT>mdm ¿`m`MmM Agob, Va Vmo BWë`m dU©dM©ñd
dmXr g§ñH¥$VrMm KoVbm nm{hOo. H$maU hr g§ñH¥$Vr {VÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZM
H$mb~mhç Pmbobr AgyZhr Ho$di H$nQ> Am{U H$mañWmZm§À`m Omoamda
^maVmV {VMo OVZ Ho$bo Jobobo Amho. 1947 gmbr ^maV {~«{Q>em§nmgyZ
ñdV§Ì Pmbm Agbm Var Vo Ë`mMo Ho$di A§eV: ñdmV§Í` hmoVo. ^maVr`m§Zm
Iao ñdmV§Í` Oa H$Yr {_imbo Agob, Va Vo 26 OmZodmar 1950 nmgyZM!
`m {XdgmnmgyZM bmoH$g§»òÀ`m nÝZmg Q>ŠHo$ BVH$s g§»`m Agboë`m
pñÌ`m§Zm nwéfm§~amo~a g_mZVm {_imbr. X{bV, _mJmgdJu`, Am{Xdmgr d
Aëng§»`H$ ‘m gd© ~hþOZm§Zm VWmH${WV CÀMd{U©`m§~amo~arMo A{YH$ma
{_imbo. H$m_Jmam§Zmhr Ë`m§Mo A{YH$ma {_imbo. Ë`m_wio 26 OmZodmar 1950
hmM ^maVr`m§Mm Iam ñdmV§Í`{XZ Amho. ^maVr` amÁ` OwZr Pmë`mMm Amamon
åhUOo {Zìdi ImoS>gminUm Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo H$b_ 368 Zwgma
KQ>ZmXwéñVrMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho. Ë`mZwgma KQ>ZoMm H$moUVmhr ^mJ A{YH$
â KmbyZ, \o$a~Xb H$ê$Z qH$dm JmiyZ Vmo XwéñV H$aÊ`mMr gmo` KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr
H$ê$Z R>odbr Amho. Ago AgVmZm g§nyU© amÁ`KQ>ZoMmM \o$aAmT>mdm KoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ åhUOo Ho$di ~m{benUmM hmo`.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZM o m AmH$ma, AmdmH$m Am{U Ame` nmhVm ^maVr`
amÁ`KQ>Zm åhUOo OUy EH$ _hmgmJaM hmo`, ho H$moUmÀ`mhr bjmV òB©b.
gmJamÀ`m nmÊ`mMo gy`m©_wio ~mînr^dZ hmoVo. Ë`mnmgyZ T>J ~ZVmV. nmD$g
nS>Vmo. nwÝhm nmUr ZÚm Am{U BVa _mJmªZr gmJamH$S>o dmhV òVo. OwZo àmUr
_aVmV. Zdo V`ma hmoVmV. AemàH$mao gmJa VmoM Agbm, Var hOmamo
dfmªnmgyZ Ë`mMo {ZË` ZyVZrH$aU hmoV Amcoco Amho. g_wÐ OwZm Pmbm Ago
H$moUmbm åhUVm òVo H$m` ? amÁ`KQ>ZoVhr Ë`mMà_mUo KQ>ZmXwéñVrMr gmo`
H$ê$Z R>odë`mZo {VÀ`m_Üò H$mbmZwén ~Xb AmnmoAmnM hmoV OmVrb.
H$mbmZwgma OwZr H$b_o ~Xbbr OmVrb d Zdr H$b_o g_m{dîQ> Ho$br
OmVrb. Aem àH$mao {VMo {ZË` ZyVZrH$aU hmoV OmB©b. Ë`m_wio amÁ`KQ>Zm
OwZr Pmbr, Ago H$moUmbmhr nÝZmgM H$m` nU nmMeo qH$dm nmMhOma
dfmªZ§Vahr åhUVm òUma Zmhr.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm \$maM _moR>r Amho, Agmhr H$mhtMm Amjon
Amho, nU bmoH$emhrMm AZw^d _mJrb eoH$S>mo dfmªV Zgboë`m ^maVmbm
^{dî`mV H$mhr AS>MUr ^mgy ZòV d noMàg§J eŠ`Vmo CX²^dyZ òV `mgmR>r
KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr àËòH$ ~m~ Vnerb d ~maH$mì`m§gh KQ>ZoV Z_yX Ho$bobr Amho.
Ë`m_wio amÁ`KQ>Zm {dñV¥V hmoUo gmh{OH$M Amho. KQ>Zmg{_VrZo KQ>Zm ~ZdÊ`mg
\$ma doi bmdbm, Agmhr Amjon H$mhr OUm§Zr KoVbm hmoVm. Vmo ImoSy>Z
H$mT>VmZm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ gôV {Xbobo CÎma ho Ë`m§À`m
A\$mQ> kmZ d {dÛÎmoMo OUy àVrH$M Amho. A_o[aHo$Mr gmV H$b_m§Mr
amÁ`KQ>Zm ~ZÊ`mg Mma _{hZo, X. Am{\«$Ho$À`m KQ>Zog EH$ df©, H°$ZS>mÀ`m
KQ>Zog XmoZ df} nmM _{hZo, Va Am°ñQ´>o{b`mMr KQ>Zm nyU© hmoÊ`mg Vã~b ZD$
df} bmJbr Ago gm§JyZ ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm ~ZÊ`mg bmJbobm doi \$ma
OmñV Zmhr, ho ~m~mgmho~m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xbo. òWyZ nwT>o àm¡T> _VXmZ nÕVrZo
{ZdS>UyH$m hmoUma AmhoV. Voìhm KQ>Zoda éîQ> AgUmè`m§Zm Oa ^maVr`
bmoH$gôV XmoZ V¥Vr`m§e ~hþ_V {_idVm Ambo Zmhr, Va Ë`m§À`m éîQ>nUmV
EHy$U OZVm gh^mJr Amho Ago åhUVm `md`mMo Zmhr, Agohr Ë`m§Zr gwZmdbo
Amho.
Aem àH$mao, ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zoda {VÀ`m {damoYH$m§Zr KoVbobm
EH$hr Amjon Agm Zmhr, H$s Omo ImoSy>Z H$mT>Vm òUma Zmhr. amÁ`KQ>Zm
{damoYH$m§À`m d¡Mm[aH$ Aàm_m{UH$nUmMm Am{U ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m
gd©loîR>ËdmMm hm EH$ nwamdmM _mZVm òB©b.
amÁ`KQ>ZoMr A§_b~OmdUr
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr~m~V \$maer g_mYmZH$maH$
pñWVr ^maVmV AOyZhr {Z_m©U Pmbr Zmhr. ^maVmV AmOda àm_w»`mZo
lr_§V dJ©M gÎmmYmar am{hë`mZo gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m {hVmMr YmoaUo à^mdrnUo d
àm_m{UH$nUo am~dbr Jobobr ZmhrV. Á`m dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zm amÁ`KQ>Zo{df`r
OmÁdë` {ZîR>m Am{U A{^_mZ dmQ>Vmo, Aem§Zm amÁ`KQ>Zm am~dÊ`mMr g§Yr
AÚmn {_imbobr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio g§{dYmZmZo {Xbobr AZoH$ ñdmV§Íò d
A{YH$ma AmOhr H$mJXmdaM am{hbo AmhoV. CXm. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo A{^ì`ŠVrMo
ñdmV§Í` bmoH$m§Zm {Xbo Agbo, Var A{^ì`ŠVrgmR>r bmJUmar g§gmYZo
~hþg§»` bmoH$m§n`ªV AmOda nwaoem à_mUmV nmohmoMbobr ZmhrV. A{^ì`ŠVr
ì`ŠVrJV nmVirda H$aVm òV Agbr, Var gm_m{OH$ nmVirda A{^ì`ŠVr
H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar gmYZg§nÎmr ~hþOZm§H$S>o n`m©ßV à_mUmV CnbãY
Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ~hþOZm§À`m d {deofV: _mJmgdJv` g_mOmÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVr
ñdmV§Í`mda _moR>çm à_mUmV _`m©Xm nS>boë`m AmhoV.
Oa KQ>Zm am~dUmaoM dmB©Q> d¥ÎmrMo AgVrb, Va EImXr KQ>Zm
{H$Vrhr CËH¥$îQ> Agbr, Var Vr Q>mH$mdyM R>aob Am{U KQ>Zm am~dUmao Oa
Mm§Jë`m d¥ÎmrMo AgVrb, Va EImXr KQ>Zm {H$Vrhr Q>mH$mdy Agbr, Var Vr
CnH$maH$M R>abo Ago S>m.° ~m~mgmho~m§Zr gm§JZy R>do bo Amho. KQ>Zm am~dÊ`mMr
g§Yr `mo½` bmoH$m§ZmM XoUo {H$Vr _hÎdmMo Amho, ho ~m~mgmho~m§À`m `m
dmŠ`mdê$Z {XgyZ òV.o Ë`m_wio Mm§Jë`m d¥ËVrÀ`m, àm_m{UH$ Am{U g_mOmgmR>r
PQ>Umè`m bmoH$m§ZmM gÎmm àmßV H$ê$Z KoVm òB©b Aer n[apñWVr OZVoZo
_VXmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Z_m©U Ho$br nm{hOo.
g§{dYmZ {XZmg gwédmg
26 Zmoìh|~a, 1949 amoOr ^maVr¶ KQ>Zmg{‘VrVrb ^maVr¶
bmoH$à{V{ZYtZr ^maVr¶ bmoH$m§À¶m dVrZo ^maVmgmR>r ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ ñdrH¥$V
Ho$bo. ¶mM {Xder g§{dYmZmVrb H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© H$b‘o- åhUOo H$b‘ H«$.
nmM, ghm, gmV, AmR>, ZD$, gmR>, VrZeo Mmodrg, VrZeo ghmgï>, VrZeo
gXþgï>, VrZeo Eo§er, VrZeo AÇ>¶mEo§er, VrZeo E³³¶mÊUd, VrZeo ã¶mÊUd,
VrZeo Í¶mÊUd d VrZeo Mm¡è¶mÊUd Aer n§Yam H$b‘o ñdV§Ì ^maVmV bmJy
Pmbr; Va Cd©[aV gd© H$b‘o 26 OmZodmar 1950 nmgyZ XoemV bmJy Pmbr.
26 Zmoìh|~a amoOr bmJy Pmbobr H$b‘o hr ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$Ëd, amï´>nVtMo
enWJ«hU, g§gX d {dYmZ ‘§S>im§À¶m {ZdS>UHy $m, g§{dYmZmVrb eãXà¶moJm§À¶m
ì¶m»¶m B. er {ZJ{S>V hmoVr.
^maVr¶m§Zr ^maVmgmR>r g§{dYmZ ñdrH$mabo, ¶m KQ>Zobm
26 Zmoìh|~a 2015 amoOr 65 df} nyU© Pmbr. Á¶m S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Zr
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ {Z{‘©VrV qghmMm dmQ>m CMbbm, Ë¶m S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Mr df©
2016 À¶m 14 E{àb amoOr ¶oUmar O¶§Vr hr Ë¶m§Mr 125 dr O¶§Vr
Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶m AZwf§JmZo ~m~mgmho~m§à{V H¥$VkVm ì¶º$ H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m hoVyZo
Am{U ^maVmV gm§{dYm{ZH$ ‘yë¶o ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV ê$O[dÊ¶mÀ¶m hoVyZo df©
2015 nmgyZ ^maVâmV 26 Zmoìh|~a hm {Xdg g§{dYmZ {XZ åhUyZ gmOam
H$aÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ ^maV gaH$maZo KoVbm Amho. gwê$dmVrMr gw‘mao 65 df} Oar
^maVm‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ {XZ Xþb©{jV am{hbm, Var df© 2015 nmgyZ ‘mÌ
Xoeâ Vmo gmOam Ho$bm OmV Amho.
26 d 27 Zmoìh|~a, 2015 amoOr ^maVr¶ g§gXoV ¶m AZwf§JmZo
g§{dYmZ{df¶H$ ‘moR>r MMm©hr KS>dÊ¶mV Ambr hmoVr. ¶m MM}Xaå¶mZ àYmZ‘§Ìr
lr. Za|Ð ‘moXr ¶m§Zr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZm~m~V H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© ‘Vo ì¶º$ Ho$bobr
AmhoV. ¶m MM} Xaå¶mZ Vo åhUmbo, H$s ""S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Am¶wî¶â ñdV:
AÝ¶m¶ d An‘mZ ghZ H$ê$Zhr Ë¶m~m~VMm H$moUVmhr H$S>dQ>nUm g§{dYmZmV
CVê$ {Xbobm Zmhr. ñdV: hbmhb nMdyZhr Vo Amnë¶mgmR>r ‘mÌ ‘mJo A‘¥V
R>odyZ Jobo AmhoV. ho g§{dYmZ ~m~mgmho~m§Zr {bhrë¶m‘wio BVa Xoem§À¶m
amÁ¶KQ>Zm§à‘mUo Vmo Amnë¶m XoemMm Ho$di H$m¶Xoera XñVmdoOM Zìho; Va
AË¶§V ‘hÎdnyU© Agm gm‘m{OH$ XñVmdoO ~Zbobm Amho.'' ""^maVr¶
g§{dYmZmnojm loð> Ago g§{dYmZ OJmV XþgarH$S>o Hw$R>ohr nhm¶bm {‘iUma
Zmhr'', Aem eãXm§V ‘hmamï´>mMo gÜ¶mMo ‘w»¶‘§Ìr lr. Xod|Ð ’$S>Udrg
¶m§Zrhr Amnë¶m ^mdZm ì¶º$ Ho$boë¶m AmhoV. àYmZ‘§Ìr d ‘w»¶‘§Í¶m§À¶m ¶m
à{V{H«$¶m nwaoem ~mob³¶m Agë¶m, Var Ë¶m§Mo {damoYH$ ¶m dº$ì¶m§H$S>o
g§e¶mZo nhmV AmhoV. hm g§e¶ g§n{dÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªZr d ZmJ[aH$m§Zr

{‘iyZ ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr à^mdr A§‘b~OmdUr H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mMr JaO
Amho.
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm Bemam
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zoda {VÀ`m {damoYH$m§Zr KoVbobm EH$hr Amjon
Agm Zmhr, H$s Omo ImoSy>Z H$mT>Vm òUma Zmhr. amÁ`KQ>Zm {damoYH$m§À`m
d¡Mm[aH$ Aàm_m{UH$nUmMm Am{U ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m gd©loîR>ËdmMm hm
EH$ nwamdmM _mZVm òB©b. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gwMdboë`m ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm,
~§Yw^md d Ý`m` `m VËdm§da AmYmabobm àJV d {dkmZdmXr g‘mO ^maVmV
{Z‘m©U H$aVmZmM XoemÀ¶m EH$Vm, AI§S>Vm d gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMo ajU H$aÊ¶mMr
A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdnyU© O~m~Xmar ^maVr¶ g‘mOYwarUm§da AmO nS>bobr Amho.
àË¶oH$ ^maVr¶mZo hr AmnbrM O~m~Xmar Amho, Ago ‘mZyZ Amnmnë¶m
Hw$dVrZwgma ¶m~m~VMo H$V©ì¶ nma nmS>bo, VaM Amnë¶m ¶m I§S>àm¶ ^maVmMo
^{dVì` gwa{jV amhUma Amho.
KQ>Zm Mm§Jbr H$s dmB©Q>, ¶m~m~VÀ¶m MM}bm CÎma XoVmZm S>m.° Am§~So >H$a
åhUVmV, H$s KQ>Zm am~dUmaoM dmB©Q> d¥ÎmrMo AgVrb, Va EImXr KQ>Zm
{H$Vrhr CËH¥$îQ> Agbr, Var Vr Q>mH$mdyM R>aob Am{U KQ>Zm am~dUmao Oa
Mm§Jë`m d¥ÎmrMo AgVrb, Va EImXr KQ>Zm {H$Vrhr Q>mH$mdy Agbr, Var Vr
CnH$maH$M R>aob! S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ho {dYmZ AmnU gVV bjmV
R>odbo nm{hOo d Mm§Jë`m d¥ËVrÀ`m, àm_m{UH$ Am{U g_mOmgmR>r PQ>Umè`m
bmoH$m§ZmM KQ>Zm am~dÊ`mMr g§Yr {‘iob, ho àmYmÝ¶H«$‘mZo nm{hbo nm{hOo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm hr ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§Y^w md d Ý`m` `m VÎdm§da AmYmabobr
Amho. ho VÎdkmZ AmnU nmíMmË`m§H$Sy>Z CYma-CgZmdarda KoVbobo VÎdkmZ
Zmhr, Va Vo ^maVmVrbM ‘hm‘mZd VWmJV ~wÕ ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z KoVbo Amho,
Ago ñnï>nUo gm§{JVbo Amho. "_mÂ`m gm_m{OH$ VÎdkmZmMo dU©Z ñdmV§Í`,
g_Vm Am{U ~§Yw^md `m VrZ eãXm§V H$aVm òB©b; na§Vw, ho _mPo VÎMkmZ
_r \«|$M H«$m§VrnmgyZ KoVbo Amho, Ago H$moUmbmhr g_OVm òUma Zmhr! _mÂ`m
VÎdkmZmMr _wio hr amOH$maUmV Zìho, Va Y_m©_Üò AmhoV; Am{U _r Vr
_mÂ`m JwéH$Sy>ZM åhUOo ^JdmZ ~wÕm§H$Sy>Z KoVbobr AmhoV!' ho Ë¶m§Mo
{dYmZ ¶m~m~V ñd¶§ñnï> Amho.
26 Zmoìh|~a, 1949 amoOr ^maVmÀ¶m KQ>Zm g{_VrZo ^maVr`
amÁ`KQ>Zm ñdrH$maÊ¶mÀ¶m EH$ {Xdg AmYr, åhUOo ewH«$dma {X. 25
Zmoìh|~a, 1949 amoOr S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Zr ^maVr¶ KQ>Zmg{_Vrg_moaMo
Ë`m§Mo eodQ>Mo ^mfU Ho$bo hmoVo. `m ^mfUmV ~m~mgmho~ åhUmbo hmoVo, H$s
"^maVr`m§Zm bmoH$emhr H$YrM _mhrV ZìhVr, Ago Zmhr; EHo$H$mir ^maV
Xoe hm AZoH$ àOmgÎmmH$m§Zr ~habobm hmoVm. EdT>oM Zìho, Va Voìhm _`m©{XV
ñdê$n Agboë¶m qH$dm bmoH$m§Zr {ZdS>boë`m amOoemømhr ^maVmV ApñVËdmV
hmoË`m; nU Ë`m A_`m©X qH$dm {Za§Hw$e H$Yrhr ZìhË`m. ^maVr` bmoH$m§Zm
g§gX qH$dm g§gXr` nÕVr H$Yrhr _m{hVr ZìhVr, Agohr Zmhr. Ë¶mdoiÀ¶m
^maVmVrb ~m¡X²Y {^»Iy g§Km§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm, Va ho ñnîQ> hmoVo, H$s
Ë`mdoiMo {^»Iy g§K åhUOo Xwgao {Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ EH$ àH$maMr g§gXM
hmoVr. AmYw{ZH$ OJmbm _m{hVr Pmbobo g§gXr` nÕVrMo {Z`_ Ë`mdoiÀ`m
{^»Iy g§Kmbm _m{hVhr hmoVo Am{U Vo {Z`_ Vo nmiVhr AgV. g^mJ¥hmVrb
~¡R>H$ ì`dñWo~m~VMo {ZA_, g§gXoVrb R>amd, g^m H$m`Xoera hmoÊ`mgmR>rMr
JUg§»`m, {d{eï> Jmoï>rgmR>r \$Vdm qH$dm ìhrn H$mT>Uo, _Vn{ÌHo$Ûmao _VXmZ
H$aUo, _V_moOUr H$aUo, qZXmì`§OH$ R>amd AmUUo, H$m¶©nÕVrV H$m`XoeranUm
AmUUo `mgmaIo bmoH$emhrVrb {Z`_ Ë`mH$mir gwÕm ~wÕm§Zr Ë¶mdoiÀ¶m
{^»Iy g§KmÀ`m ~¡R>H$m§Zm bmJy Ho$bobo hmoV,o ¶mMo gmYma {ddoMZ S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zr
¶m ^mfUmV Ho$bobo Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zdo a Ho$bm OmUmam {dXoer à^mdmMm
Amamon AË¶§V MwH$sMm Amho, ho `mdéZ {gÕ hmoVo.
amÁ¶KQ>Zm ñdXoer, H$s {dXoer hm dmX ¶mVyZ {ZH$mbmV {ZKV
Agbm, Var ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>Zm d Ë¶mVyZ à{Vq~{~V Pmbobo ^maVmMo d
àË¶oH$ ^maVr¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ Hw$R>n¶ªV A~m{YV amhrb, hm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr
¶mM ^mfUmVyZ CnpñWV Ho$bobm àíZ ‘mÌ Amnë¶mbm ghOmghOr Xþb©{jV
H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr, H$maU Ë`mH$S>o Xwb©j H$aUo, åhUOo ñdV:À¶m nm¶mda
^bm‘moR>m Ym|S>m nmSy>Z KoÊ¶mgmaIo Amho. "OmVrôXm§À`m ~wO~wOmQ>mV Amnë`m
XoemV AZoH$ amOH$s` nj d VÎdàUmë`m§Mmhr EH$M Jm|Yi CS>mbobm Amho.
Aem n[apñWVrV ^maVr` OZVm Xoemg AJ«ñWmZr _mZyZ VÎdàUmbrg
Xwæ`_ñWmZr _mZob H$s VÎdàUmbrgM XoemÀ`m S>moŠ`mda R>odrb, `mMo CÎma
_bm _mhrV Zmhr, na§V,w hr JmoîQ> {ZpíMV Amho, H$s Oa Xoemnojmhr VÎdàUmbr
loîR> _mZÊ`mV Ambr, Va nwÝhm EH$Xm Amnbo ñdmV§Í` OmB©b; Am{U nwÝhm
H$Yrhr Vo naV {_iUma Zmhr' hm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm Bemamhr AmnU ZOaoAmS>
H$aVm H$m‘m Z¶o. _moR>çmVë¶m _moR>çm _mUgmÀ`m MaUmdahr AmnU Amnbo
ñdmV§Í` An©U H$ê$ Z¶o, VgoM Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z emgZg§ñWoMm Xwén`moJ hmoB©b
EdT>r gËVm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o gmondy Z¶o ¶m~m~Vhr gmdYmZVoMm gëbm S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zr
Amnë¶mbm {Xbobm Amho.
26 OmZodmar 1950 nmgyZ ^maVmZo {dg§JV OrdZmV àdoe Ho$bm
Agë¶mMohr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Amnë¶m {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ {Xbobo Amho.
amOH$maUmV AmnU g_mZVm AmUbr Agbr, Var gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$
{df_Vm VerM Amho. nañna{damoYr VÎdm§Mm hm Ioi Oa AmUIr H$mhr H$mi
Mmby am{hbm, Va Amnbo amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` YmoŠ`mV Amë`m{edm` amhUma
Zmhr, hohr Ë`m§Zr {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ {Xbo Amho. hOmamo OmVt_Üò {d^mJbobo
AmnU EH$ amîQ´> H$go H$m` ~Zw eH$Vmo ? Agm àíZ H$éZ AmO AmnU amîQ´>
`m g§kog nmÌ Zmhr, ho {OVŠ`m bdH$a Amnë`m bjmV òB©b, VodT>o Mm§Jbo
Ago gm§JyZ OmVr{Z_y©bZmH$S>o Ë`m§Zr Amnbo bj doYbo Amho. amOH$s` gÎmoda
_yR>â bmoH$m§Mr _ŠVoXmar am{hbr AgyZ ~mH$sMo ~hþg§»` bmoH$ h_mbrM
H$aV AmhoV. Xwgè`m§À`m hþHw$_VrImbr H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm nXX{bVm§Zm AmVm
H§$Q>mim Ambobm AgyZ, Vo ñdV:M amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mg AË`§V CËgwH$
AmhoV. nXX{bVm§À`m ñdmV§Í`H$m§joMo énm§Va {_amgXmam§Zr dJ©{dJ«hmÀ`m Vw§~i
‘wX²YmV hmoD$ XoVm H$m_m Zò, Ago gm§JyZ Amnbo Ka Xw^§Jbo, Va Vmo Xw^m©½`mMm
{Xdg R>aob Agm Bemam Ë`m§Zr {Xbm Amho. Xw^§Jbobo Ka OmñV {Xdg {Q>H$md
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H$ê$Z {Xbr hmoVr.
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hr JmoîQ> AmnU H$~yb Ho$br nm{hOo, ho gm§JyZ XoemV gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr
{Z_m©U H$am, Agm g§Xoehr Ë`m§Zr {Xbm Amho. g_Vm ñdmV§Í` d ^«mV¥^md
`m§Zr ‘wŠV Agboë`m OrdZnÕVrg gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr åhUVmV. `m
{VKm§Zm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ AbJ H$aVm òUma Zmhr. g_VoA^mdr _yR>â bmoH$m§Mr
{_amg ~hþOZm§da _mOob; ñdmV§Í`mA^mdr _mUyg gmhg H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr,
Va ~§YyVoA^mdr Amnë¶mbm Iao ñdmV§Í` d Iar g_Vm AZw^dVm òUma
Zmhr; Ago gm§JV `m {VKm§Mrhr EH$mMdoir àñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMm g§Xoe Ë`m§Zr
{Xbm hmoVm.
~§YyVm hr ‘moR>r ‘hËdmMr Jmoï> Amho, hohr KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Amnë¶m
{ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ {Xbo Amho. H$moUË¶mhr g‘mOmH$S>o qH$dm XoemH$S>o AZoH$
joÌm§Vrb gmYZg§nÎmr AË¶§V ‘¶m©{XV à‘mUmV CnbãY AgVo. {VMo g‘Ý¶m¶r
nÕVrZo dmQ>n Pmë¶m{edm¶ g‘mOmV em§VVm Am{U EH$monm {Z‘m©U hmoD$
eH$V Zmhr. em§VVm Am{U Eo³¶ Zgob, Va XoemMr àJVr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
AmnU H$moUVrhr nÕVr bmJy Ho$br d {H$Vrhr à¶ËZ Ho$bm, Var ¶m g§gmYZm§Mo
AJXr {ZXm}f nÕVrZo, g‘Ý¶m¶r dmQ>n AmnU H$Yrhr H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr, hr
dñVwpñWVr Amho. {H$Vrhr à¶ËZ Ho$bo, Var Hw$R>oVar H$mhr Var H$‘VaVm Zoh‘r
amhUmaM Amho. ¶m H$‘VaVoVyZ Ag‘mYmZ, Aem§Vr, AÝ¶m¶, VH«$mar, g§Kf©
B. Jmoï>rhr CX²^dV amhUmaM AmhoV. Aem n[apñWVrV hr Aem§Vr Am{U
g§Kf© AmQ>mo³¶mV R>odÊ¶mgmR>r g_mOmÀ`m Am{U amÁ¶g§ñWoÀ¶m ‘XVrbm
{dZmgm¶mg ¶oD$ eH$Vo, Vr åhUOo Ho$di ~§YyVm!
XmoZ ^wHo$ë¶m ‘mUgm§‘Ü¶o {‘iyZ EH$M ^mH$ar XoVm ¶oUo Amnë¶mbm
e³¶ Agob, Am{U Ver Vr {Xbr, Va Vr XmoZ ‘mUgo Vr g§nyU© ^mH$ar
{‘idÊ¶mgmR>r EH$‘oH$m§À¶m Camda ~gVrb; nU Ë¶m§À¶mV ~§YyVm {Z‘m©U
Pmbobr qH$dm Ho$br Jobobr Agob, Va Vo XmoKoOU Amnmnë¶m JaOoZwgma
Amngm§VM Vr ^mH$ar AYuAYu dmQy>Z KoVrb d Ë¶m‘wio g§Kf© AmnmoAmnM
AmQ>mo³¶mV amhrb. Aem àH$mao ñdmV§Í¶ d g‘VoÀ¶m OmoS>rZo ¶oWo ~§YyVm
AdVabr, Va AZoH$ àíZ gm‘monMmamZo gwQy> eH$Vrb, hoM S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zm
¶mVyZ Amnë¶mbm gm§Jmd¶mMo Agmdo. g§{dYmZmÀ¶m CÔoen{ÌHo$V Ë¶m‘wioM
S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zr AmdOyZ© g‘mdoe Ho$boë¶m ""~§YVw m'' ¶m VÎdmMr Amnë¶mbm
¶mnwT>rb H$mimV àmYmÝ¶H«$‘mZo XIb ¿¶mdr bmJUma Amho.
S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zr 25 OmZodmar 1949 amoOr ^maVr¶ KQ>Zmg{‘Vrg‘moa
Ho$boë¶m ^mfUmVrb Ë¶m§Mo nwT>rb CX²Jmahr AË¶§V ‘hÎdmMo AmhoV. Vo Ago-
""26 OmZodmar 1950 amoOr ^maV Xoe ñdV§Ì Pmbobm Agob!(¶m dm³¶mZ§Va
g^mJ¥hmV O¶Kmof H$aÊ¶mV Ambm).. nU Ë`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMo H$m` hmoB©b?
^maVmbm Amnbo ñdmV§Í` A~m{YV amIVm òB©b H$m`? ^maV Xoe Amnbo
ñdmV§Í` nwÝhm EH$Xm J_mdob H$s H$m¶, ¶mMr e§H$m _mÂ`m _ZmV òVo. ^maV
H$Yrhr ñdV§Ì amhÿ eH$bm Zmhr, Ago _r åhUV Zmhr! nU ^maVmZo Amnbo
ñdmV§Í` ^yVH$mimV EH$Xm J_mdbobo Amho! Vmo Vo nwÝhm EH$Xm J_mdob H$s
H$m` ¶m e§Ho$_wio Ë¶mÀ`m ^{dVì`mMr _bm A{Ve` qMVm dmQ>Vo. ^maVmZo
EH$Xm Amnbo ñdmV§Í` J_mdbo hmoVo, EdT>oM Zmhr; Va ^maVmVrbM H$mhr
bmoH$m§À`m Aàm_m{UH$nUm_wio d YmoHo$~mOr_wio AmnU Vo J_mdbo hmoVo,
`mMr AmR>dU _bm gdm©{YH$ ÌñV H$aVo...! '' ~m~mgmho~m§Mm hm Bemam
ñdV§Ì ^maVmZo H$Yrhr ZOaoAmS> H$aVm H$m_m Zò; AÝ`Wm Ë`mMr O~a
qH$_V Amnë`m Xoembm _moOmdr bmJob, `mV e§H$m Zmhr.
^maVmV AOyZhr AZoH$ g‘ñ¶m Agë¶m, Var AZoH$ g‘ñ¶m§Mr
gmoS>dUyH$hr Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao Pmbobr Amho. {~«{Q>e bmoH$ ^maV gmoS>y Z Joë`mZ§Va
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d b¢{JH$ {df‘Vm, BWbm Am{W©H$ EH$mabonUm, ga§Om‘emhr àd¥ÎmtnmgyZ
Agbobo YmoHo$; amoOJma, drO, nmUr ¶m§gma»¶m Jmoï>t‘wio CX²^dy eH$Umao
g§Kf©; Am§V[aH$ AWdm ~mhoarb geó goZm§nmgyZ CX²^dy eH$Umao YmoHo$;
àmXo{eH$ AWdm Am§Vaamï´>§r¶ VmH$Xt‘wio XoemÀ¶m gmd©^m¡‘ËdmnwT>o {Z‘m©U
hmoD$ eH$Umar g§H$Q>>o; OJâmVrb àJV amï´>m§Mr gwê$ Agbobr dmQ>Mmb;
^maVmV ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm, ~§YwVm d Ý¶m¶ ¶m VËdm§da AmYmaboë¶m àJV
g‘mOmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mMr {ZH$S>; ^maVmV {d{dY amOH$s¶ eº$s¨‘Ü¶o
CX²^dy eH$Umam gÎmmg§Kf© ¶m§gma»¶m AZoH$ JmoîQ>r§Mm AË`§V gyú_ Aä¶mg
d {dMma H$ê$Z AZoH$ ~marH$gmarH$ Vnerbm§gh ^maVmgmR>r OJmVrb gdm©V
_moR>r Am{U OJmVrb gdm©{YH$ {ZXm}f amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma Ho$br.

AmO nwÝhm EH$Xm Amnë`m Hy$Q>ZrVrÛmao bmoH$m§Zm {dkmZdmXr
{dMmam§nmgyZ Xya ZoV Amnbo g§Hw${MV gm_«mÁ` ^maVâ Cô H$aÊ¶mMm à`ËZ
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{Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho. Y_© åhUOo A\y$Mr Jmoir Amho, Ago åhUUmè`m H$mb©
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ìhmdr, BVŠ`m ^`§H$a Ym{‘©H$ ñdê$nmÀ¶m Jw§Jr_Üò H$moQ>çmdYr ^maVr`
bmoH$ AmO dmdaV AmhoV. hr Jw§Jr Ë`m§Zm BVH$s gwIH$maH$ dmQ>V Amho, H$s
Ë`mVyZ OmJo H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm YŠHo$ _maUmè`m gw~wÕ bmoH$m§Zmhr Vo Amnbo
H$Q²>Q>a d¡ar g_OV AmhoV. Ë`m_wiMo ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZZo o gwMdboë`m ñdmV§Í`,
g_Vm, ~§Yy^md d Ý`m` `m VÎdm§da AmYmabobm àJV d {dkmZdmXr g‘mO
^maVmV {Z‘m©U H$aVmZmM XoemÀ¶m EH$Vm, AI§S>Vm d gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMo ajU
H$aÊ¶mMr A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdnyU© O~m~Xmar ^maVr¶ g‘mOYwarUm§da AmO nS>bb o r
Amho. àË¶oH$ ^maVr¶mZo hr AmnbrM O~m~Xmar Amho, Ago ‘mZyZ Amnmnë¶m
Hw$dVrZwgma ¶m~m~VMo H$V©ì¶ nma nmS>bo, VaM Amnë¶m ¶m I§S>àm¶ ^maVmMo
^{dVì` gwa{jV amhrb.
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{ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU Ho$ë`m_wio 1951 gmbr Agbobo gmjaVoMo
8.86% ho à_mU AmO gw_mao 70% BVHo$ Pmbo Amho. ^maV AmO
OJmVrb Xhmì`m H«$_m§H$mMo Am¡Úmo{JH$ amîQ´> ~Zbo Amho. `m{edm` ^maV hm
ghmì`m H«$_m§H$mMm AUweŠVrYmaH$ Xoe AgyZ ghmì`mM H«$_m§H$mMm A§Vami
g§emoYH$ Xoehr Amho. A_o[aHo$Zo ^maVmbm gwna H$m°åß`wQ>a XoÊ`mMo ZmH$maë`mZ§Va
^maVr` d¡km{ZH$m§Zr ñd~imda na_ ZmdmMm gwna H$m°åß`wQ>a ~Zdbm Amho.
^maVmg am°H$o Q> àjonUmgmR>r bmJUmar H«$m`moO{o ZH$ B§{OZo XoÊ`mg A_o[aHo$À`mM
X~mdmImbr a{e`mZo ZH$ma {Xë`mZ§Va ^maVr` d¡km{ZH$m§Zr ñd~imda Ë`m§Mrhr
{Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho. ^maVmÀ`m `m èmV ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm d {VZo am~dbobo
gmd©{ÌH$ {ejUmMo YmoaU `m§Mm qghmMm dmQ>m Amho. ñdmV§Í¶mnydu eoH$S>mo df}
^maVr¶ àXoemV pñÌ`m, eyÐ Am{U Añn¥í`m§Zm {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo
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{ejUmMm A{YH$ma {Xë`mZo ^maVmMr doJmZo àJVr hmoV Amho. A_o[aHo$Mr
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Amho, ho `mdê$Z Amnë`m bjmV òVo.
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g‘Vm Am{U ~§YwVm ¶m VrZ VÎdm§Mr ’$maH$V Amnë¶mbm H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr;
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Zmhr; Am{W©H$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ bmoH$emhr AmUë¶m{edm¶ Ho$di amOH$s¶
g‘VoMm Amnë¶mbm ’$m¶Xm hmoUma Zmhr; amï´>mnojm VÎdàUmbrbm loð> ‘mZbo,
Va XoemMo ñdmV§Í¶ Ymo³¶mV Amë¶m{edm¶ amhUma Zmhr; ‘moR>r gm‘«mÁ¶o d
bhmZ A§V:H$aUo EH$Ì amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV(~H©$); Xþ^§Jbobo Ka ’$ma H$mi
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Zìho BVH$s JaO AmO {Z‘m©U Pmbobr Amho.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ^maVr`m§Zm AË`§V _hËdnyU© A{YH$ma {Xbobo
AmhoV. _mJrb gw_mao AS>rM hOma dfmªÀ`m H$mimV H$Yrhr {_imbo ZmhrV,
Ago A{YH$ma amÁ`KQ>ZoZo AmO gd© ^maVr`m§Zm {Xbobo AmhoV. amîQ´>nVr,
n§VàYmZ, bîH$aà_wI, gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm d CÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm Ý`m`mYre,
_w»`_§Ìr, amÁ`nmb `m§gma»`m H$moUË`mhr nXmda AmO ^maVmVrb H$moUVmhr
bm`H$ ì`ŠVr ~gy eHo$b, Aer amÁ`KQ>ZZo o VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho. H$m`XoeranUo
H$mooUrhr Ë`m§Zm AmO `mnmgyZ amoIy eH$V Zmhr. AmVm JaO Amho, Vr Ho$di
gd©gmYmaU ^maVr`m§Zr _moR>_moR>çm _hËdmH$m§jm ~miJÊ`mMr Am{U Ë`m
gË`mV CVadÊ`mgmR>r PQ>Ê`mMrM.
gw_mao gmS>oVrZeo dfmªnydu N>ÌnVr {edam`m§Zm Vo eyÐ AmhoV, åhUyZ
amÁ`m{^foH$ ZmH$mabm Jobm hmoVm. amOfu emhÿ§Zm `mM H$maUmgmR>r doXmoŠV
_§Ìm§Mm A{YH$ma ZmH$mê$Z Ho$di nwamUmoŠV _§Ìm§MoM A{YH$mar R>adbo Jobo
hmoVo. nU ñdV§Ì ^maVmV ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Aem H$moUË`mhr A_mZdr
àWobm Wmam {Xbobm Zmhr. pñÌ`m§Zmhr AmVm nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo namH«$_
JmOdÊ`mMr g§Yr KQ>ZoZo {Xbobr Amho. B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§À`mgmaIr H$UIa
ñÌr Ho$di `m amÁ`KQ>Zo_wioM `m XoemMr n§VàYmZ ~Zy eH$br. _m`mdVr,
O`b{bVm, C_m ^maVr, gmo{Z`m Jm§Yr, {H$aU ~oXr `mgma»`m AZoH$ pñÌ`m§Mr
{dMmagaUr Am{U H$m`©joÌ doJdoJio Agbo, Var Aem gd© pñÌ`m§À`m _mJo
I§~ranUo Cä`m Agboë`m ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zo_wioM hr g§Yr Ë`m§Zm AmO àmßV
Pmbobr Amho, ho H$moUmbmhr ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr.
amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm bmJy Ho$br Amho. Y_©, d§e, OmV,
qbJ `mgma»`m H$maUm§dê$Z H$moUm~m~V AmVm AÝ`m` H$aÊ`mMr H$moUmbmhr
nadmZJr Zmhr. gd©M àm¡T>m§Zm {dZmAQ> _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma XoD$Z EH$ ì`ŠVr
EH$ _yë` ho VËd amÁ`KQ>ZoZo àñWm{nV Ho$bo Amho. ghm àH$maMr ñdmV§Íò
^maVr`m§Zm amÁ`KQ>ZoZo {_idyZ {Xbr AmhoV. OJmVrb H$m_Jma, pñÌ`m d
BWa dJmªZm Oo hŠH$ {_idÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm, Ago AZoH$
A{YH$ma KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Ë`m§Zm Am`VoM {_idyZ {Xbobo AmhoV. OJmVrb
H$m_Jma, pñÌ`m d BVa dJmªZm Oo hŠH$ {_idÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm,
Ago AZoH$ A{YH$ma KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Ë`m§Zm Am`VoM {_idyZ {Xbobo AmhoV.
Ë`m§Mo _hËd AmoiIyZ Vo Cn^moJÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr`m§Zr ñdV:bm gj_ Am{U
g§K{Q>V ~Zdbo nm{hOo.
22 Owb¡ 1947 amOr ^maVmÀ`m g§{dYmZmgôZo AemoH$MH«$m§{H$V
{Va§½`mMm ^maVr` amîQ´>ÜdO åhUyZ ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. `m ÜdOmda Ho$ear, nm§T>am
Am{U JS>X {hadm `m a§Jm§Mo VrZ nQ²>Q>o AmhoV. `mVrb _Ü`^mJr Agboë`m
nm§T>è`m nQ²>Q>`mda Ë`m nQ²>Q>`mBVŠ`mM ì`mgmMo ""Zoìhr ãë¶y'' AWm©V {Zi¶m
a§JmMo AemoH$ MH«$ AgyZ Vo g_«mQ> AemoH$mÀ`m gmaZmW òWrb qgh_wÐodéZ
KoVbobo Amho. ÜdOmdarb Ho$ear a§J hm ^maVmMo em¡`©, Y¡¶© d Ë`mJmMo àVrH$
AgyZ, nm§T>am a§J gË` Am{U em§VVoMo àVrH$ Amho. {hadm a§J hm ^maV^y_rMr
gwnrH$Vm, CËnmXH$Vm Am{U èñdrVoMo àVrH$ Amho. ÜdOmdarb {Zù`m
a§JmVrb AemoH$ MH«$m~m~V KQ>Zm g{_VrMo AÜ`j S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX Ago
åhUVmV, H$s "amîQ´>ÜdOmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Agbobo AemoH$MH«$ ho Yå_amÁ`mMo
àVrH$ Amho! Ë¶m‘wio IaonUm qH$dm gË` Am{U Y_© qH$dm gXmMma `mM `m
ÜdOmImbr ŸH$m_ H$aUmam§À`m àmW{_H$Vm Agë`m nm{hOoV. AemoH$MH«$ ho
JVr AWm©V² n[adV©Z Xe©{dVo. n[adV©Z hoM OrdZ AgyZ pñWaVm åhUOo OUy
_¥Ë`yM hmo`, ho bjmV KoD$Z ^maVmZo AmVm ~Xbmbm {damoY H$aÊ`mMr
^y{_H$m gmoSy>Z {Xbr nm{hOo. Ë¶mZo nwT>o òD$Z àJVrÀ`m {XeoZo nmD$b Q>mH$bo
nm{hOo ! Amnë¶m amï´>ÜdOmdarb AemoH$MH«$ ho em§VVmnyU© ~XbmMoM àVrH$
Amho...!' gwê$dmVrbm ¶m amï´>ÜdOm~m~V AZoH$ H$m¶Xoera {Z~ªY nmibo
OmV. 26 OmZodmar, 2002 nmgyZ ‘mÌ Kao, H$m`m©bò, H$maImZo B. {R>H$mUr
Amnbm amîQ´>ÜdO \$S>H${dÊ`m~m~VMo {Z~ªY aX²X H$aÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV.
26 Zmoìh|~a, 1949 `m {Xder ^maVr` KQ>Zm g{_VrZo ^maVr¶
ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m dVrZo ^maVmÀ¶m g§gX g^mJ¥hmV ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZM o m ^maVmgmR>r
ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. ¶m KQ>ZoÀ¶m AmXë`m {Xder åhUOo {X. 25 Zmoìh|~a,
1949 amoOr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ^maVr¶ g§gXo_Üò ^maVr¶
KQ>Zmg{_Vr g_moaMo Ë`m§Mo eodQ>Mo ^mfU Ho$bo hmoVo Am{U Ë¶m ^mfUmXaå¶mZ
^maVmÀ¶m ^yV, ^{dî¶ Am{U dV©‘mZmVrb AZoH$ ‘hÎdnyU© ‘wÚm§Zm Vm|S>
’$moS>bo hmoVo. `m ^mfUmV ~m~mgmho~ åhUmbo hmoVo, H$s "^maVr`m§Zm bmoH$emhr
H$YrM _mhrV ZìhVr, Ago Zmhr; EHo$H$mir ^maV Xoe AZoH$ àOmgÎmmH$m§Zr
~habobm hmoVm. EdT>oM Zìho, Va Voìhm _`m©{XV qH$dm bmoH$m§Zr {ZdS>boë`m
amOoemømhr hmoË`m; Ë`m A_`m©X qH$dm {Za§Hw$e H$Yrhr ZìhË`m. ^maVr`
bmoH$m§Zm g§gX qH$dm g§gXr` nÕVr H$Yrhr _m{hVr ZìhVr, Agohr Zmhr.
~m¡Õ {^»Iy g§KmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm, Va ho ñnîQ> hmoVo, H$s Ë`mdoiMo {^»Iy
g§K åhUOo Xwgao {Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ g§gXM hmoVr. AmYw{ZH$ OJmbm _m{hVr
Pmbobo g§gXr` nÕVrMo {Z`_ Ë`mdoiÀ`m {^»Iy g§Kmbm _m{hVhr hmoVo
Am{U Vo {Z`_ Vo nmiVhr AgV. g^mJ¥hmVrb ~¡R>H$ì`dñWo~m~VMo {Z`_,
g§gXoVrb R>amd, g^m H$m`Xoera hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobr JUg§»`m,
\$Vdm H$mT>Uo (ìhrn), _V_moOUr, _Vn{ÌHo$Ûmao _VXmZ H$aUo, qZXmì`§OH$
R>amd, H$m`XoeranUm `mgmaIo {Z`_ Ë`mdoir ~wÕm§Zr {^»Iy g§KmÀ`m ~¡R>H$m§Zm
bmJy Ho$bo hmoVo. ~wÕm§Zm Vo XoemVrb VËH$mbrZ {dYr_§S>imVyZ KoVbo hmoVo `mV
e§H$m Zmhr!' ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zoda Ho$di {dXoer {dMmam§Mm à^md Amho,
Agm Ho$bm OmUmam Amamon nyU©V… ImoQ>m Amho, ho `mdê$Z Amnë¶m bjmV
òVo.
rr

àH$aU 6
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ Am{U bmoH$emhrMo ^{dVì¶
bmoH$emhrMm B{Vhmg
1950 gmbr ^maVmZo ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ Am{U bmoH$emhr OrdZnÕVr
ñdrH$mabr, ¶m Jmoï>rbm AmVm gw‘mao gÎma df} CbQy>Z Jobr AmhoV. ¶m
H$mimV XoemV H$moUVo ~Xb Pmbo Am{U H$moUVo ~Xb H$am¶Mo amhÿZ Jobo,
¶mMm AmVm AmnU AmT>mdm KoVbm nm{hOo. g§{dYmZ ñdrH$maÊ¶mnydu Amnë¶m
XoemV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {ZajaVm hmoVr. Xm[aÐ¶ hmoVo. ór-nwê$f ôX^md
Am{U {df‘Vm hmoVr. AÞYmÝ¶m~m~V namdb§~Z hmoVo. OJmV à{Vð>m Z À¶m
~amo~a hmoVr. OmVrôX Am{U Añn¥í¶Vm hmoVr. Ym{‘©H$ AmKmS>rda ‘VôX
Am{U ^m§S>Uo hmoVr. ¶m Aem ApñWa ^maVmbm EH$Ì R>odyZ, Ë¶mMo A§VJ©V
g§Kf© H$‘r H$aV, Ë¶mbm ~mø AmH«$‘Um§nmgyZ gwa{jV R>odV nwT>o KoD$Z Om¶Mo
hmoVo. ho ^¶§H$a ‘moR>o AmìhmZ hmoVo d ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$m§Zr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmÀ¶m
‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Vo brb¶m nobbobo Amho. ^maV AmO ~hþVm§e joÌm§V Ho$di
ñd¶§nyU©M Pmbobm Zmhr, Va AZoH$ AmKmS>çm§da Vmo AmVm ‘hmgÎmm hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m
{XeoZo à¶ËZ H$aV Amho. ho ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ Am{U ^maVmMo ZmJ[aH$ ¶m
XmoKm§Mohr Eo{Vhm{gH$ åhUVm ¶oB©b, Ago ¶e Amho Am{U XmoKohr Ë¶mgmR>r
A{^Z§XZmg nmÌ AmhoV.
^maV Am{U ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ qH$dm ^maVr¶ bmoH$emhr ¶m§À¶m
¶emMm JwUJm¡ad H$aVmZmM H$m¶ H$am¶Mo amhÿZ Jobo Amho, ¶mH$S>ohr AmnU
bj R>odyZ gd© joÌm§V A{YH$ ¶e {‘idÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aUo ho Amnbo gdmªMo
EH$ Z¡{VH$ H$V©ì¶ Amho. bmoH$emhr hr AmVm AmOÀ¶m OmJ{VH$ amOH$s¶
n[aàoú¶mV gdm©{YH$ n[aUm‘H$maH$, à^mdr d à{Vð>mg§nÞ amÁ¶ì¶dñWm
åhUyZ nwT>o Ambobr Amho. OJâmVrb ~hþg§»¶ amï´>m§Zr AmVm bmoH$emhrMm
ñdrH$ma Ho$bobm Amho. a{e¶mgma»¶m H$å¶w{ZñQ> {dMmagaUrÀ¶m Xoembmhr
bmoH$emhrMm ñdrH$ma H$amdm bmJbobm Agë¶mZo OJâmV bmoH$emhrMm

{dO¶ Pmë¶mMo {MÌ nhm¶bm {‘iV Amho. ‘mÌ, bmoH$emhrMm {dO¶ hm
H$mhr bmoH$emhrÀ¶m {ZXm}f ñdê$nmMm nwamdm Zmhr; Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$emhr hr gd©
àH$maÀ¶m Xmofm§nmgyZ ‘wº$ Agbobr ì¶dñWm Amho, Ago H$moUmbm åhUVm
¶oUma Zmhr. Aem n[apñWVrV bmoH$emhrVrb Am{U gm§{dYm{ZH$ H$m¶©nÕVrVrb
Xmofm§Mrhr AmOdaÀ¶m AZw^dm§À¶m, Q>rHo$À¶m d VH$mªÀ¶m AmYmao {M{H$Ëgm
H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm A{YH$m{YH$ {ZXm}f ~ZdUo ho Amnë¶mgma»¶m bmoH$emhrÀ¶m
g‘W©H$m§g‘moa Cô am{hbobo gdm©V ‘hÎdmMo d H$R>rU AmìhmZ Amho, Ago
‘mZm¶bm haH$V Zmhr.
bmoH$emhr hr H$mhr AmnmoAmn {Z‘m©U Pmbobr qH$dm H$moUrVar
EH$mEH$s V¶ma H$ê$Z OmJ{VH$ qH$dm ^maVr¶ g‘mOmda bmXbobr ì¶dñWm
Zmhr. Vr OmJ{VH$ B{VhmgmV H$mimÀ¶m AmoKmV {dH${gV hmoV Jobobr,
OJâmVrb ~hþVm§e {dÛmZ qH$dm gÁOZm§Zr ñdrH$mabobr d nwañH$ma Ho$bobr
EH$ CÎm‘ ì¶dñWm Amho. àmMrZ H$mir J«rg gma»¶m Xoem§V bmoH$emhrMm
CX¶ Pmbm, Ago nmpíM‘mÎ¶ OJVmVrb AZoH$ {dÛmZ gm§JVmV. ‘mÌ,
àmMrZ ^maVmVrb AZoH$ ~m¡Õ g§Km§‘Ü¶o, {deofV: dÁOrg§Km‘Ü¶o àmMrZ
H$mimV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV bmoH$emhr àUmbrMm dmna Ho$bm OmV hmoVm, ho
AZoH$ Aä¶mgH$m§Zr ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo Amho. ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ gôV S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zr
~m¡Õ g§Km§Vrb ¶m àM{bV bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWoMm R>iH$nUo C„oI Ho$bobm
AgyZ, ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ Á¶m Cƒ ‘mZdr ‘yë¶m§da AmYmabobo Amho, Vr
ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm d ~§YwVm hr ‘yë¶o Ë¶m ì¶dñWoVyZM g§{dYmZmV KoVbr
AmhoV, Ago ñnïnUo gm§{JVbo Amho.
bmoH$emhrMo Ago H$mhr à¶moJ àmMrZ ^maVmgh d Cd©[aV OJmV
nydu Ho$bo Jobobo Agbo, Var OJâmV Ë¶m H$mimV amOoemhr AWdm
hþHw$‘emhrMmM ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV à^md am[hbobm Amho, ho H$moUrhr ZmH$maV
Zmhr. B§½b§S> hr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb bmoH$emhrMr OZZr ‘mZbr OmVo.
‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mimÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m ndm©V VoWrb Q>¶wS>a (1485 Vo 1602) d
ñQw>AQ>© (1603 Vo 1714) ¶m amOKamÊ¶m§À¶m Owby‘r gÎmobm CbWdyZ
VoWrb OZVoZo {~«Q>re nmb©‘|Q>Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br hmoVr. 1688 ‘Ü¶o ñQw>AQ>>©
KamÊ¶mÀ¶m H$ma{H$XuVM VoWo H«$m§Vr hmoD$Z {~«Q>re nmb©‘|Q ~bdmZ R>abo hmoVo.
¶wÕ d Vh H$aUo, H$a AmH$maUo, Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Mr ñWmnZm d g§MbZ H$aUo ¶m
gmaIo A{YH$ma nmb©‘|Q>Zo ñdV:H$S>o KoVbo hmoVo. Amnbo dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZ
~mobmdÊ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$ma àmá H$aVmZmM g^mgXm§gmR>r ^mfUñdmV§Í¶hr ¶m
H$mimV {~«Q>re nmb©‘|Q>Zo bmJy Ho$bo hmoVo. ho gmao H$aVmZm nmonMr Ym{‘©H$ gÎmm
ZmH$mabr hmoVr d H°$W{bH$ AWm©V à{VJm‘r/gZmVZr {dMmagaUrMr H$moUVrhr
ì¶º$s ¶mnwT>o amOnXmda ~gUma Zmhr, ¶mMr H$m¶Xoera VaVyXhr Ho$br hmoVr.
B§½b§S>‘Yrb ¶m KS>m‘moS>rMo ’«$mÝg, ñnoZ B. {R>H$mUÀ¶m OZVoZohr ñdmJV
Ho$bo d Amnmnë¶m Xoem§V H«$m§Vr H$ê$Z bmoH$emhrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br hmoVr.
1776 gmbr Wm°‘g Oo’$g©Z Am{U ghH$mè¶m§Zr V¶ma Ho$bobr
"A‘o[aH$Z ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m h¸$m§Mr gZX' A‘o[aHo$À¶m "amîQ²>r¶ à{V{ZYr gôZo'
åhUOoM A‘o[aH$Z H$m±J«ogZo VoWrb nmb©‘|Q>‘Ü¶o H$m¶Xoera[aË¶m ñdrH¥$V
Ho$br hmoVr. g‘mZVm hm ‘mZdr OJmVrb àË¶oH$ ‘mUgmMm OÝ‘{gÕ A{YH$ma
Amho; {Z‘m©Ë¶mZo àË¶oH$ ‘mZdàmÊ¶mbm OÝ‘V:M H$mhr {deof A{YH$ma
àXmZ Ho$bobo AmhoV; Or{dVmMm h¸$, ñdmV§Í¶mMm h¸$ Am{U gwImZo OrdZ
KmbdÊ¶mMm h¸$ ho Ë¶m§nH¡ $s H$mhr ‘hÎdmMo A{YH$ma AmhoV; ¶m A{YH$mam§Mr
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ImÌr {‘idyZ XoÊ¶mgmR>rM {d{dY gaH$mao ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVmV;
gÎmmYmè¶m§Zm Ë¶m§Mr gÎmm OZVoÀ¶m gh‘Vr‘wioM {‘imbobr AgVo; Ë¶m‘wio
Vr Oa OZVoÀ¶m Anojm§da Iar CVaV ZgVrb, Va Vr gaH$mao ~XbÊ¶mMm
OZVobm nyU© A{YH$ma Amho, Aem Ame¶mÀ¶m KmofUm ¶m gZXo‘YyZ H$aÊ¶mV
Amë¶m hmoË¶m. OJâmVrb bmoH$emhrÀ¶m ñWmnZobm Am{U bmoH${à¶Vobm
¶m KmofUo‘wio ‘moR>rM JVr {‘imbr hmoVr.
^maVmda Ë¶m H$mir B§J«Om§Mo amÁ¶ Agë¶m‘wio d Zohê$, Am§~oS>H$a,
àgmX, nQ>ob ¶m§À¶mgmaIo ^maVmMo amï´> r¶ ZoVo ¶wamon-A‘o[aoHo$Vrb Aem
KS>m‘moS>tÀ¶m Mm§JboM g§nH$m©V Ambobo Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶mdahr ¶m KS>m‘moS>tMm
AZwHy$b à^md nS>bm d ^maVmMr nmdbo AmnmoAmn bmoH$emhrÀ¶m {XeoZo
nS>V Jobr. ¶m H$mimV OJâmVrb AZoH$ amï´>o bmoH$emhrÀ¶m {XeoZo Jobr
Agbr, Var gd© OJM H$mhr bmoH$emhrdmXr ~Zbo ZìhVo. a{e¶m gma»¶m
‘hmgÎmm Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m à^mdmImbrb BVa AZoH$ Xoem§Zm bmoH$emhrEodOr
H$m‘Jmam§Mr AWdm d§{MVm§Mr hþHw$‘emhr {ZXmZ H$mhr H$mimgmR>r Var hdr
hmoVr. Ë¶m§Mo Ago ‘V hmoVo, H$s bmoH$emhr hr ^m§S>dbXmam§Mo {hV OnUmar
ì¶dñWm AgyZ, Var gd©gmYmaU Jar~ OZVoMo emofU H$aVo. Ë¶m‘wio OZVoZo
¶m ì¶dñWoÀ¶m {XImD$ ñdê$nmbm ~ir nSy> Z¶o. ‘m³g© d E§Oobgma»¶m
{dMmad§Vm§Zr "amÁ¶ ho l{‘H$m§À¶m emofUmMo gmYZ Amho', Ago ‘V ì¶º$
Ho$bo hmoVo. bmoH$emhr hr àm‘w»¶mZo A‘ra C‘amdm§Mo {hV OmonmgUmar ì¶dñWm
Amho, Agoohr {Z:g§{X½Y à{VnmXZ Ë¶m§Zr Ho$bo hmoVo. OJâmVrb H$m‘Jma d
l{‘H$m§Mo ‘moR>o g‘W©Z Ë¶mdoir Ë¶m§Zm àmá Pmbo hmoVo. AmOhr Amho.
bmoH$emhrÀ¶m ¶m {dH$mgmÀ¶m H$mimV bmoH$emhr d l{‘H$m§Mr
hþHw$‘emhr ¶m XmoZ nanñna{damoYr n¶m©¶m§‘wio OJmMo XmoZ d¡Mm[aH$ d bîH$ar
JQ>m§V {d^mOZ Pmbo d OJmV H$mhr H$mi ‘moR>m g§Kf© Pmbm, ho ~hþVoH$m§Zm
‘mhrV Amho. OJ ¶m ¶wÕmbm erV¶wÕ åhUyZ AmoiIVo. ¶m erV¶wÓmÀ¶m
H$mimV ^maVmZo ‘Ü¶‘‘mJu ^y{‘H$m KoV A{báVmdmX ñdrH$mabm. ^maVmZo
H$moUË¶mhr JQ>mV gm‘rb hmoÊ¶mMo Am{U AWm©VM H$moUmMohr dM©ñd
ñdrH$maÊ¶mMo A‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. H$mhr dfmªZ§Va, åhUOo 1990 À¶m XeH$mV
H$å¶w{ZñQ> AWm©V² gmå¶dmXr a{e¶mMo ~mam amï´>m§V {d^mOZ Pmë¶m‘wio d
Ë¶m§À¶mVrb H$mhr amï´>mZ§ r bmoH$emhrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë¶m‘wio OJmV bmoH$emhrMr
gaer Pmbr, Ago gd©Ì ‘mZbo OmD$ bmJbo Amho. OJmV bmoH$emhrMr
gaer Pmbr, ho {dYmZ Oar ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV gË¶ Agbo, Var Ë¶m‘wio
bmoH$emhr {ZXm}f Pmbr AWdm {VMo {ZXm}fËd {gÕ Pmbo, Ago ‘mÌ H$moUmbmhr
åhUVm ¶oUma Zmhr. bmoH$emhrVhr AZoH$ Xmof qH$dm H$‘VaVm AmhoV Am{U
Ë¶m Xÿa H$aUo ho Amnbo gdmªMo EH$ à‘wI H$V©ì¶ Amho.
bmoH$emhrMo ñdê$n
bmoH$emhrMo àm‘w»¶mZo XmoZ àH$ma gm§{JVbo OmVmV. EH$ åhUOo
àË¶j bmoH$emhr d Xþgar AàË¶j bmoH$emhr! Á¶m bmoH$emhr H$ma^mamV
qH$dm Ë¶mVrb {ZU©¶ à{H«$¶oV Ë¶m amÁ¶mVrb qH$dm XoemVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$
ñdV: ^mJ KoVmV {Vbm àË¶j bmoH$emhr åhUVmV. Á¶m bmoH$emhrV
bmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYr H$m‘H$mOmV ^mJ KoVmV, Ë¶m bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWobm AàË¶j
bmoH$emhr åhUVmV. àmMrZ H$mir J«rg ‘Ü¶o qH$dm ^maVr¶ àXoemVrb
{deofËdmZo dÁOrg§Km§V Or bmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV hmoVr, Vr àË¶j bmoH$emhr
¶m àH$mamV ‘moS>Umar hmoVr. J«rg‘Ü¶o Voìhm N>moQ>r ZJaamÁ¶o ApñVËdmV hmoVr
d Ë¶m§Mr bmoH$g§»¶m VgoM àmXo{eH$ {dñVmahr N>moQ>m hmoVm. Ë¶m H$mimV
ZmJ[aH$ËdmMm XOm©hr H$mhr ‘moO³¶m lr‘§V bmoH$m§ZmM {Xbm OmV Ago.
^maVmVrb dÁOrg§Khr AmH$ma Am{U bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m Ñï>rZo N>moQo hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio
Ë¶m H$mimV "àË¶j bmoH$emhr' am~dUo e³¶ Pmbo hmoVo. gÜ¶mÀ¶m AmYw{ZH$
H$mimV ‘mÌ ~hþVm§e Xoe qH$dm amÁ¶o hr AmH$ma Am{U bmoH$g§»¶oZo ‘moR>r
AmhoV. Ë¶mMà‘mUo OZVoVrb gdmªZmM ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo h¸$ àmá Pmë¶mZo
ZmJ[aH$m§Mr g§»¶mhr ‘moR>r Pmbr Amho. Aem H$mimV "àË¶j bmoH$emhr'
am~dUo hr ~m~ AmVm Ae³¶ qH$dm B{VhmgO‘m Pmbobr Amho. N>moQ>¶m
amÁ¶m§Mm EImXm-Xþgam AndmX dJiVm ~hþVm§e bmoH$emhr amï´>o AmVm "AàË¶j
bmoH$emhr' am~dV AmhoV.
AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhrV gd©gmYmaUo {ZdS>UHy $m KoD$Z bmoH$-à{V{ZYr
{ZdSbo Om>VmV. ho à{V{ZYr ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m dVrZo H$ma^ma nmhVmV qH$dm
{d{dY {ZU©¶ KoVmV. OZVm ñdV: {ZU©¶ KoD$ eH$V Zgë¶m‘wio ¶m nX²YVr‘Ü¶o
AmnmoAmnM H$mhr A§J^yV ‘¶m©Xm {eaVmV. Amnë¶m n«{V{ZYtMo Am{U
Amnbo gd©M ~m~VrV nyU©V: EH$‘V hmoD$ eH$V Zgë¶m‘wio Amnë¶mbm
‘mÝ¶ Zgbobo AZoH$ {ZU©¶hr Amnbo bmoH$-à{V{ZYr KoVmV. AZoH$Xm Vo
lr‘§V AWdm ~bdmZ bmoH$m§Mo hñVH$ Agë¶mà‘mUo dmJVmV. AZoH$Xm
Ë¶m§Zm gm‘m{OH$ {hVmMo ^mZ ahmV Zmhr. {ZdS>UyH$ nÕVrVrb H$m¶Xoera
à{H«$¶m H$sMH$Q>, YH$mYH$sMr d ~oâdemMr Agë¶m‘wio bmoH$godm H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m
bm¶H$sMo AZoH$ bmoH$ {ZdS>UwH$sÀ¶m [a¨JUmV CVaV ZmhrV. ‘wimV "{ZdSy>Z
¶oÊ¶mMr j‘Vm' d {ZdSy>Z Amë¶mZ§Va H$amdr bmJUmar H$m‘o H$aÊ¶mgmR>rMr
"~m¡{X²YH$ j‘Vm' qH$dm "gm‘m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s' ¶m AË¶§V {^Þ Jmoï>r AmhoV.
Aem n[apñWVrV XmoZ ZH$mamË‘H$ ~m~r ~hþVm§e {R>H$mUr g§^dVmV. n{hbr
hr, H$s {ZdSy>Z Ambobo qH$dm ¶oUmao bmoH$ gm‘m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s ‘mZUmao
AgVrbM, ¶mMr emídVr XoVm ¶oV Zmhr. Xþgar ~m~ hr, H$s ~m¡{ÕH$ j‘Vm
AgUmao qH$dm gm‘m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s ‘mZUmao bmoH$ {ZdS>UHw $sbm Cô amhVrbM
qH$dm am{hbo, Var {ZdSy>Z ¶oVrbM, ¶mMr emídVr XoVm ¶oV Zmhr. bmoH$emhr
H$ma^ma Ë¶m‘wio g§H$Q>mV gmnS>Vmo.
OmJ{VH$ bmoH$g‘yhmbm EH$sH$S>o hþHy$‘emhrÀ¶m AmoÂ¶mnmgyZ qH$dm
Ymo³¶mnmgyZ Xÿa ahm¶Mo Amho, Va XþgarH$S>o bmoH$emhr {Q>H$dm¶Mrhr Am{U
{VÀ¶mH$Sy>Z Mm§Jbo H$m‘hr H$ê$Z ¿¶m¶Mo Amho. ñdV: H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoD$Z
àË¶j bmoH$emhr am~dUohr AmVm H$moUmÀ¶m Amdm³¶mV am{hbobo Zmhr.
Aem n[apñWVrV OJâmVrb amOH$s¶ {dÛmZm§Zr ‘Ü¶‘ ‘mJ© åhUyZ bmoH$emhrMm
nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$emhr ñdrH$mabr, Var Vr H$mhr OmXÿMr
H$m§S>r Zmhr qH$dm EImXo {ZXm}f daXmZ Zmhr, ho AmnU bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo
d {VÀ¶mV gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mg Zoh‘r V¶ma am{hbo nm{hOo. AWm©V² gwYmaUoÀ¶m
ZmdmImbr {Vbm H$moUr H$‘Omoa H$aUma Zmhr, ¶m~m~Vhr gmdY am{hbo
nm{hOo. Amnë¶mbm ¶mMo ^mZ am{hbo nm{hOo, H$s Ho$di hþHy$‘emhrÀ¶m
VwbZoV "XJS>mnojm drQ> ‘D$' ¶m Ý¶m¶mZo AmnU bmoH$emhrMm ñdrH$ma qH$dm
nwañH$ma Ho$bobm Amho d Ë¶m n[apñWVrV Amnë¶mg‘moa XmoZ à‘wI AmìhmZo
C^r AmhoV. EH$, {dQ>oMo XJS>mV ê$nm§Va hmoD$ Úm¶Mo Zmhr. XmoZ, drQ> ‘O~yV
pñWVrV amhrb, ¶mMr H$miOr ¿¶m¶Mr Amho. AWm©V² bmoH$emhrMo hþH$w ‘emhrV
ê$nm§Va hmoUma Zmhr ¶mMr H$miOr ¿¶m¶Mr Amho d bmoH$emhrbm A{YH$m{YH$
{ZXm}fhr ~Zdm¶Mo Amho.
bmoH$emhrdarb Amamon
OJâmVrb AZoH$ {dÛmZm§Zr bmoH$emhrda ‘moR>o J§^ra Amamon Ho$bobo
AmhoV. ’$m°JoQ> ¶m OJà{gÕ amÁ¶emókmZo bmoH$emhrMm C„oI "AkmZr
~hþg»§ ¶mH$m§Mo emgZ' ¶m eãXm§V Ho$bobo Amho. bmoH$emhrV bmoH$m§À¶m g§»¶oMmM
VodT>m {dMma hmoVmo; nU Ë¶m§À¶m A§Jr Agboë¶m AdJwUm§Mm qH$dm Ë¶m§À¶m
Mm[aÍ¶mMm {dMma Ë¶mV Ho$bm OmV Zmhr, Ago Vmo åhUVmo. gmå¶dmXr
{dMmad§V Va bmoH$emhrbm "lr‘§Vm§Mo g§ajU H$aUmar d Ë¶m§Mo bmS> nwadUmar
ì¶dñWm'M g‘OVmV. Vo amÁ¶mbm l{‘H$m§À¶m {nidUwH$sMo gmYZM g‘OVmV.
Ë¶m§À¶m VH$m©bm AZoH$ {R>H$mUÀ¶m àË¶j n[apñWVrZo ~iH$Q>r {Xbobr
Amho. Ë¶m‘wio hm Amamon J§^ranUo KoD$Z n[apñWVrV gH$mamË‘H$ ~Xb
KS>dÊ¶mMr JaO AmO {Z‘m©U Pmbobr Amho.
bmoH$emhrda H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmao H$mhr Amamon A{Ve¶moº$ Agbo qH$dm
dmQ>bo, Var Ë¶m§Mr XIb KoÊ¶mZo n[apñWVr A{YH$ CnH$maH$M R>aUma Amho,
¶mV e§H$m Zmhr. bmoH$emhrda AmO Ho$bo OmUmao à‘wI Amamon Imbrbà‘mUo
AmhoV-
1. AmOÀ¶m bmoH$emhrV lr‘§Vm§Zm AZwHy$b YmoaUo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV am~dbr
OmV AmhoV.
2. ¶m àUmbrV amOH$s¶ njnÕVrbm Iyn ‘hÎd àmá Pmboo Amho;
3. Xoemnojm njmbm A{YH$ ‘hÎd XoUmar ‘§S>ir {Z‘m©U Pmbobr Amho;
4. ¶m ì¶dñWoV Iao amOH$s¶ {ejU XoVm ¶oV Zmhr, H$maU amOH$s¶
njm§H$Sy>Z Ho$ë¶m OmUmè¶m An-àMmambm D$V Ambobm Amho;
5. C‘oXdmam§Zm nidUo, Ë¶m§Mo IyZ H$aUo ¶m§gma»¶m A{Zï> Jmoï>r AmO
amOH$maUmV nhm¶bm {‘iV AmhoV;
6. gd©Ì ^«ï>mMma dmT>rg bmJbobm Amho;
7. bmoH$emhr emgZ ho ‘§XJVr emgZ Amho.
8. bmoH$emhrVrb MMm© Am{U ‘VôXm§‘wio doi d n¡gm ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV IM©
hmoV Amho.
9. {d{dY {df¶m§da {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mg ‘moR>m doi bmJV Amho.
10. bmoH$emhr‘Ü¶o gÎmmYmar nj R>am{dH$ H$mbm§VamZo ~XbV Agë¶mZo
YmoaUgmVË¶ ahmV Zmhr. nj ~Xbbm, H$s YmoaU ~XbVo.
Or. S>r. EM. H$mob gma»¶m {dMmad§VmMo Ago åhUUo Amho, H$s
"EH$ ‘mUyg Xþgè¶m ‘mUgmMo Iao à{V{ZYrËd H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr; Ë¶m‘wio
bmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYr {ZdS>Ê¶mnojm {d{dY CÚmoJm§Mo d ì¶dgm¶m§Mo à{V{ZYr
{ZdS>bo Jobo nm{hOoV!' BVa H$mhr Aä¶mgH$m§Mo Ago ‘V Amho, H$s bmoH$emhrV
bmoH${ejUmÀ¶m ZmdmImbr {ejUmMm XOm© KgaVmo; ~hþ‘VmgmR>r ‘Vm§Mr
OmoS>VmoS> H$amdr bmJVo; gw‘mao Vrg Q>¸o$ ‘Vo {‘idUmao njhr gÎmmYmar
hmoVmV d gw‘mao gÎma Q>¸$o$ bmoH$ Amnë¶m {damoYmV AmhoV, ¶mH$S>o Xþb©j
H$aVmV; Ago gÎmmYmar ho OZVoMo Iao à{V{ZYr AgV ZmhrV B.
Xmofm§Mo {ZamH$aU
bmoH$emhrV JwU AmhoV, Vgo Xmofhr AmhoV. ‘mÌ, bmoH$emhr~m~VMo
bjmV KoÊ¶mOmoJo dmñVd ho Amho, H$s H$m‘Jmam§Mr Agmo H$s amOmMr Agmo;
nU H$moUË¶mhr àH$maÀ¶m hþHy$‘emhrnojm bmoH$emhr hr H$‘r hmZrH$maH$
Amho. Vr {ZXm}f Amho, Ago ‘mÌ Amnë¶mbm åhUVm ¶oUma Zmhr. AmOÀ¶m
bmoH$emhrVrb AZoH$ nX²YVr ¶m {H$MH$Q>, doiImD$ d I{M©H$ AmhoV, ¶mV
e§H$m Zmhr. {ZdS>UwH$sÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ OZVoMo à{V{ZYr ~ZUo ho JmoaJar~
g‘mOm§Vrb bm¶H$ C‘oXdmam§gmR>r AmOhr Odinmg Ae³¶àm¶M ~Zbobo
Amho. Omon¶ªV ~{bð> amOH$s¶ njm§Mm d Ë¶m§Vrb ~{bð> ZoË¶m§Mm daXhñV
àmá hmoV Zmhr, Vmoda bm¶H$ bmoH$m§Zmhr bmoH$à{V{ZYr ~ZVm ¶oUo AmOÀ¶m
n[apñWVrV Var Ae³¶ ~Zbo Amho. bmoH$emhrVrb ¶m XmofmMo {ZamH$aU
H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
^maVmVrb n[apñWVr gÜ¶m Aer Amho, H$s g‘mOmVrb {eH$bobo
~hþVm§e bmoH$ AmO ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{bá ahmV AmhoV.
ñdV: amOH$maUmV CVam¶bm Vo V¶ma ZmhrV. Ë¶mVbr A{ZpíMVVm Ë¶m§Zm
ZH$mo Amho d Ë¶mVë¶m Jw§S>{Jarbmhr Vo Km~aV AmhoV. amOH$maU åhUOo
dmB©Q> Jmoï>, hr ~m~ OJâmVë¶m qH$dm {ZXmZ XoeâmVë¶m ~w{Õd§Vm§Zr
^maVr¶ g‘mOmÀ¶m ‘Zmda BV³¶m OmoaXmanUo H$moabobr Amho, H$s amOH$maU
åhUOo dmB©Q> Jmoï> qH$dm amOH$maUr ‘mUyg åhUOo dmB©Q> ‘mUyg, Aer à{V‘m
~hþVm§e {R>H$mUr AmO {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho. amOH$maUmÀ¶m gH$mamË‘H$
~mOyH$S>o g‘mOmMo ‘moR¶m à‘mUmV Xþb©j hmoV Amho. Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$emhr
ì¶dñWoV CVê$Z VoWrb Agwa{jV n[apñWVrer gm‘Zm H$aUo ^ë¶m^ë¶m
g‘mOH$maUr bmoH$m§Zmhr Ae³¶àm¶ dmQ>V Amho. ‘mÌ, gd©M bmoH$ bmoH$emhrMr
Ho$di ñVwVr H$aUmao ZmhrV qH$dm {VÀ¶mda Ho$di Q>rH$m H$ê$Z ñdñW
amhUmaohr ZmhrV, hr amOH$s¶ Aä¶mgH$m§gmR>r d bmoH$emhrÀ¶m g‘W©H$m§gmR>r
EH$ O‘oMr ~m~ Amho.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMo {eënH$ma R>aboë¶m S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
¶m§Zr bmoH$emhrVrb Xmofm§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r bmoH$emhrVrb gmV à‘wI
H$‘VaVm§H$S>o Amnbo bj doYbobo Amho. "bmoH$emhrÀ¶m ¶emgmR>r Amdí¶H$
Agboë¶m nyd©AQ>r' ¶m erf©H$mImbr Ë¶m Ë¶m§Zr ‘m§S>boë¶m AmhoV. ¶m
H$‘VaVm g‘mOmV AgVrb, Va bmoH$emhr ¶eñdr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Aem
n[apñWVrV ¶m H$‘VaVm g‘mOmÀ¶m H$‘VaVm ‘mZm¶À¶m H$s bmoH$emhrÀ¶m
H$‘VaVm ‘mZm¶À¶m, ¶m~m~V dmX hmoD$ eHo$b. ‘mÌ, ¶m gmV Jmoï>tÀ¶m
{ZamH$aUm{edm¶ H$moUVrhr bmoH$emhr {ZXm}f ~Zy eH$Uma Zmhr, ho Z¸$s!
{df‘VmdmXr g‘mOaMZm, Xþ~©b {damoYr nj, H$m¶Xm Am{U àemgZmg‘moarb
{df‘Vm, gm§{dYm{ZH$ {ZVr‘ÎmoMm A^md, ~hþ‘Vdmë¶m§Mm dM©ñddmX, gm‘m{OH$
{ZVr‘ÎmoMm A^md Am{U bmoH${Zð>oMm A^md, ¶m Ë¶m gmV Jmoï>r AmhoV, H$s
Á¶m g‘mOmV Ë¶m CnpñWV AgVrb, Ë¶m g‘mOmV bmoH$emhr A¶eñdr
hmoV, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr åhQ>bobo Amho. ‘mZdr g‘mOmVrb ¶m Xmofm§Mm
bmoH$emhr ñdV: à{VH$ma H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr d Ë¶m§À¶m CnpñWVrV Vr Amnë¶m
C{Ôï>m§‘Ü¶o g’$bhr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ¶m Xmofm§Zm Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$emhrVrb
gáXmof ‘mZÊ¶mg haH$V Zmhr.
{df‘VmdmXr g‘mOmV bmoH$emhr ¶eñdr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr, hm
{VMm n{hbm Xmof. ‘mZdr g‘mOmV {ZgJ©V:M H$mhr {df‘Vm AmhoV. Ë¶m§À¶m
OmoS>rbm OmVr¶ {df‘Vm, dU©dmXr {df‘Vm, Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm ¶m§gma»¶m
‘mZd{Z{‘©V {df‘Vmhr Imobda ê$Oboë¶m AmhoV. ¶m {df‘Vm§‘i w o bmoH$emhrbm
‘hmOZemhrMo AWdm AënOZemhrMo ñdê$n àmá hmo V o d Iè¶m
bmoH$emhrnmgyZ AmnU Xÿa amhVmo. Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$emhr ñdrH$maUmè¶m g‘mOmVrb
¶m {df‘Vm§Mo {Z‘y©bZ H$ê$Z g‘mOmV g‘Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo, ho VoWrb
"bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWobm' Xmof‘wº$ H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo Amnë¶mbm Q>mH$mdo bmJUma
Agbobo n{hbo ‘hÎdnyU© nmD$b Amho. H$moUVrhr bmoH$emhr à~b {damoYr
njmÀ¶m AZwnpñWVrV gdmªZm g‘mZ Ý¶m¶ XoÊ¶mMo Amnbo C{X²XîQ> JmRy> eH$V
Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio hm Xmof Xÿa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {damoYr ‘Vm§Mm gÝ‘mZ H$aUo d
{damoYH$m§Zmhr Amnbr ~mOy ‘m§Sy> XoUo JaOoMo R>aVo. AZoH$ bmoH$emhr Xoem§V
{damoYr nj {damoYmgmR>r {damoY H$aVmV d ñdV: gÎmoda Amë¶mda Ë¶mM Jmoï>r
H$aVmV, Á¶m§Zm Vo AmYr {damoY H$aV AgVmV! gÎmmYmar d {damoYr njm§Zr
¶mo½¶ Jmoï>tZm nmqR>~m d A¶mo½¶ Jmoï>tZm {damoY H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Mm {dídmg
H$‘mdbm, VaM bmoH$emhrVrb hm Xmof Xÿþa hmoD$ eHo$b.
AZoH$ bmoH$emhr Xoem§V àË¶j ì¶dhmamV gdm§§©Zm H$m¶Úmg‘moa
g‘mZVm d H$m¶ÚmMo g‘mZ g§ajU {‘iV Zmhr. Iao nmhVm hm hþHy$‘emhr
ì¶dñWoVrb XþJw©U Amho d Vmo Xÿa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~hþVm§e bmoH$emhr amï´>m§Zr
Amnë¶m g§{dYmZmV g‘mZVoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. ì¶dhmamV ‘mÌ ¶m ~m~r
àË¶jmV CVa{dÊ¶m~m~VMm AmJ«h {VV³¶m OmoaH$gnUo Yabm OmV Zmhr, hm
bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWoV {eabobm AmUIr EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© Xmof R>abm AgyZ, Vmo
VmVS>rZo Xÿa H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. gm‘m{OH$ Am{U gm§{dYm{ZH$ {ZVr‘ÎmoMm
A^md hm AZoH$ bmoH$emhr amÁ¶ì¶dñWm§‘Ü¶o AmT>iUmam AmUIr EH$ Xmof
Amho. hm Xmof bmoH$emhrnyd© AWdm g§{dYmZnyd© g‘mOm§Vhr AmT>iV Agbm,
Var bmoH$emhrÀ¶m ñdrH$mamZ§Va {H$‘mZ H$mhr dfmªV Var Vmo Zï> Ho$bm OmUo
Ano{jV hmoVo; na§Vw Vgo Pmbobo Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$emhrMo An¶e H$‘r
H$am¶Mo Agob AWdm {VÀ¶mVrb Xmof Xÿa H$am¶Mo AgVrb, Va g‘mOmbm
gm§{dYm{ZH$ d gm‘m{OH$ {ZVr‘ÎmoMo YS>o XoUo JaOoMo Amho.
~hþg»§ ¶mH$m§Mo gd© ~m~VtVrb dM©ñd hm bmoH$emhr g‘mOm§V AmOhr
AmT>iUmam AmUIr EH$ AdJwU hmo¶. Vmo Xÿa Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ g‘mOmV Iar
bmoH$emhr Zm§Xÿ eH$V Zmhr d g‘mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm gm‘m{OH$,
Am{W©H$, amOZ¡{VH$ B. Ý¶m¶ AZw^dm¶bm {‘iy eH$V Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio
~hþg§»¶H$m§Zm g§Vw{bV {dMma H$am¶bm {eH$dyZ Aëng§»¶H$m§À¶m ‘ZmV
Ë¶m§À¶m~m~V {dídmg {Z‘m©U H$aVm Ambm, VaM bmoH$emhrVrb hm Xmof Xya
hmoB©b.
bmoH$emhrVrb Xmof Xÿa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$amd¶mÀ¶m Cnm¶¶moOZm§Mo XmoZ
R>iH$ àH$ma Amnë¶mbm nmS>Vm ¶oVrb. EH$, gaH$maZo nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z
H$amd¶mÀ¶m Cnm¶¶moOZm d XmoZ, ZmJ[aH$m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z H$amd¶mÀ¶m
Cnm¶¶moOZm. hoo XmoZ àH$ma Ho$di Cnm¶¶moOZm§À¶m n[aUm‘H$maVogmR>r nmS>bobo
AgyZ, H$moUË¶mhr àH$mao Ë¶m§V AS>Wio {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nmS>bobo ZmhrV,
ho ¶m~m~V H$Q>mjmZo bjmV R>odbo nm{hOo. ho {d^mOZ bd{MH$ ñdê$nmMo
‘mZbo nm{hOo d XmoKm§Zr {‘iyZ n[a[ñWVrZwgma ¶m§Mr AmIUr d A§‘b~OmdUr
Ho$br nm{hOo.
gaH$maZo H$m¶ H$amdo?
1. gm§{dYm{ZH$ ¶§ÌUoX²dmaoM H$ma^ma- gaH$maZo Amnbm H$ma^ma
gm§{dYm{ZH$ VÎdo, {Z¶‘ d nÕVtZm AZwgê$ZM Mmbdmdm. åhUOo OZVoÀ¶m
‘Zmda Ë¶mMm AZwHy$b n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z bmoH$m§Zmhr {Z¶‘ nmiÊ¶mMr gd¶
bmJob. gm§{dYm{ZH$ {Z¶‘ H$gohr dmH$dÊ¶mg ‘w^m {‘imbr, Va bmoH$emhrVyZ
hþHy$‘emhrMm CX¶ hmoÊ¶mg doi bmJUma Zmhr, ¶mMr I~aXmar ¿¶mdr.
O‘©Zrda dM©ñd JmOdyZ AIoarg O‘©ZrÀ¶m {dZmemg H$maUr^yV R>aboë¶m
{hQ>bagma»¶m hþHw$‘ehmMm CX¶ VoWrb bmoH$emhrbm dmH$dyZM Pmbm
hmoVm, ¶mMo ñ‘aU R>odmdo.
2. Am{W©H$ {dH$mg d g‘Vm- gaH$maZo CËnmXZgmYZm§Mr ‘mbH$s d
Ë¶m§darb gÎmm ¶m§Mo nwaogo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$amdo; åhUOo g‘mOmV Am{W©H$
g‘mZVm àñWm{nV hmoD$Z bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWoV {eabobm EH$ Xmof Xÿa hmoB©b.
3. ñdV§Ì Ý¶m¶mb¶o- Ý¶m¶mb¶m§‘Ü¶o g‘mOmÀ¶m gd© dJmªVZy Amboë¶m
àm‘m{UH$ d {dÛmZ bmoH$m§Zm nwaogo ñWmZ Úmdo, åhUOo Ë¶m§Mr ñdrH$mamh©Vm
dmTy>Z bmoH$emhr A{YH$ à~i hmoB©b. KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr AWdm BVa ‘mJmªZr
Ý¶m¶mb¶m§Mo A{YH$ma H$‘r H$ê$ Z¶oV.
4. gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU- H|$Ð d amÁ¶m§~amo~aM ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarb
bmoH$m§Zmhr amOH$ma^mamV gh^mJr hmoÊ¶mMr nwaoer g§Yr {Xë¶mg bmoH$emhrV
{eaboë¶m hþHw$‘emhr àd¥Îmrbm H$mhr à‘mUmV Var N>oX XoVm ¶oB©b.
5. H$m¶Xo d g§{dYmZ ¶m§~m~V AmXa {Z‘m©U H$aUo - Agm AmXa
{Z‘m©U Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ bmoH$m§Zm H$m¶Xo nmiÊ¶mMr gd¶ bmJUma Zmhr. bmoH$m§Zm
H$m¶Xo nmiÊ¶mMr gd¶ bmJbr, VaM H$m¶Xoera VaVyXr d Ë¶m§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr
¶m~m~V {Z‘m©U Pmbobr {dg§JVr Xÿa hmoB©b. bmoH$m§Zm Ý¶mæ¶ H$m¶Xo nmiÊ¶mg
^mJ nmS>Vm Z ¶oUo, hm AmOÀ¶m bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWoV AZw^dmbm ¶oUmam
gdm©V ‘moR>m Xmof AgyZ, Vmo Xÿa Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ bmoH$emhr ¶eñdr hmoUma Zmhr
d {Vbm à{Vð>mhr àmá hmoUma Zmhr.
6. Y‘©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm B. ôX Zï> H$amdo - ^maVmgma»¶m
XoemV Y‘©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm BË¶mXr‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobo ôX^md IynM
Imobda êObo AmhoV. Ë¶m§À¶m CnpñWVr‘wio BWbr bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWm
AË¶§V Xÿ{fV Pmbr Amho. ¶m Xmofm§À¶m CnpñWVrV bmoH$emhr {ZH$monnUo
H$m‘ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio BWë¶m bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWobm ewÕ H$am¶Mo
Agob, Va Y‘©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm BË¶mXr‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobo ôX^md nyU©nUo
Zï> H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

g‘mOmVrb à{V{ð>V d à^mdembr dJm©bm ¶m ôX^mdm§Mm qH$dm
bmoH$emhr ì¶dñWoVrb ¶m Xmofm§Mm g§Hw${MV ’$m¶Xm nmohmoMV Agë¶mZo Vo
Aem Jmoï>r Xÿa H$aÊ¶mg AmOda ’$mago nwT>o Ambobo ZmhrV. g‘mOmVrb
JmoaJar~ dJmªVrb H$mhr ‘moO³¶mM bmoH$m§Zm ¶mMo ‘hÎd OmUdV AgyZ,
n[apñWVr‘wio AWdm OmJ¥{VÀ¶m A^mdm‘wio Jar~-‘Ü¶‘dJ©hr ho Xmof Xÿa
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AmOda nwaoem à‘mUmV nwT>o gagmdbobm Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio ho Xmof Xÿa
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo ñdV: nwT>mH$ma KoUo JaOoMo Amho. gaH$maZo
nwT>mH$ma KoVbm, Va bmoH$hr gmW XoVrb d H$mhr {R>H$mUr ñdV:hr nwT>mH$ma
KoD$Z bmoH$emhrVrb Xmof Xÿa H$ê$ eH$Vrb. bmoH$emhrVrb gm‘y{hH$
O~m~XmarMo VÎd gaH$ma d OZVm ¶m XmoKm§Zmhr bmJy hmoVo, ho ¶m~m~V
Jm§^r¶m©Zo bjmV KoÊ¶mMr JaO AmVm {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.
ZmJ[aH$m§Zr H$m¶ H$amdo?
1. g§KQ>Z- bmoH$m§Zr g‘mO{hVmgmR>r {d{dY g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$amì¶mV.
AZoH$ nmíMmË¶ Xoem§Vrb bmoH$m§Zm g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶
{‘idÊ¶mgmR>r ‘moR>m PJS>m H$amdm bmJbobm Amho. ^maVmV ‘mÌ g§{dYmZH$mam§Zr
Vmo bmoH$m§Zm {dZmgm¶mg àmá H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho, BVHo$M Zìho, Va g§KQ>Zm
ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$mambm ‘yb^yV A{YH$mamMo ñWmZ {Xbo Amho.
ZmJ[aH$m§Zr ¶mMo ‘hÎd OmUyZ {d{dY joÌm§V A{YH$ma àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ¶m~amo~aM
ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm d ~§YwVoÀ¶m àñWmnZogmR>r ‘moR>¶m à‘mUmV ñdV:bm g§K{Q>V
Ho$bo nm{hOo. g§KQ>Z H$aVmZm Zoh‘r Ý¶m¶{à¶ ‘mUgm§MoM g§KQ>Z H$amdo. nj/
ì¶º$sJV ñdmW© ~mOybm R>odmdm. VgoM ‘hÎdnyU© H$maU Agë¶m{edm¶ Y‘©
qH$dm OmVrÀ¶m AmYmamda e³¶Vmo g§KQ>Z H$ê$ Z¶o.
2. A{YH$ma àmár d A{YH$mam§Mm Cn¶moJ- Ho$di ZmoH$ar/àmárgmR>r
{ejU Z KoVm qH$dm Ho$di CÚmoJ-ì¶dgm¶mV Z a‘Vm {d{dY A{YH$manXm§Mr
àmár H$aÊ¶mMm d ¶m A{YH$manXm§Mm bmoH$godogmR>r Cn¶moJ H$aÊ¶mMm
g‘mOmVrb OmJ¥V ì¶º$s¨Zr, {deofV: Vê$Um§Zr à¶ËZ H$amdm. Á¶m§Zm
amOH$maUmV CVam¶Mo Agob, Ë¶m§Zr R>am{dH$ d¶mZ§Va amOH$maUmV CVaÊ¶mMo
¶mo½¶ {Z¶moOZ H$ê$Z VËnydu Amnë¶m H$m¡Q>w{§ ~H$ O~m~Xmè¶m MmoI nma nmS>mì¶mV.
Á¶m§Zm amOH$maUmV nS>m¶Mo Zgob, Ë¶m§Zr amÁ¶godm, H|$Ðr¶ bmoH$godm ¶m§gma»¶m
‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ A{YH$ma nXm§Mr àmár H$amdr d ¶m nXm§Mm g‘mOmÀ¶m ^ë¶mgmR>r
dmna H$amdm.
3. Z¡{VH$ {ejU d Mm[aÍ¶ {Z{‘©Vr- bmoH$emhr‘Ü¶o Z¡{VH$VoMo
OodT>o ‘hÎd Amho, VodT>o H$Xm{MV BVa H$emMohr Zmhr. BVa AZoH$ Jmoï>r
Zgë¶m, Varhr bmoH$emhr ¶eñdr R>aob; nU gd©gmYmaU g‘mOmV d Ë¶mVyZ
¶oUmè¶m amOH$s¶ d AamOH$s¶ Aem XmoÝhr àH$maÀ¶m gÎmmYmè¶m§V Oa
Z¡{VH$Vm OmJ¥V Pmbr Zgob, Va bmoH$emhr H$Xm{n ¶eñdr hmoUma Zmhr.
Ë¶m‘wio Z¡{VH$ {ejU d Mm[aÍ¶ {Z{‘©Vr ¶m§Zm AZÝ¶gmYmaU ‘hÎd XoUo
JaOoMo Amho.
4. ì¶ŠVrMr à{Vð>m OnUo- bmoH$emhr ho {H$Vrhr Zmhr åhQ>bo, Var
EH$m R>am{dH$ ‘¶m©Xon¶ªV Var ‘§XJVr emgZ Amho d Vo EH$m ’$Q>H$mè¶mV
gwì¶dñWm {Z‘m©U H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. BVa H$moUË¶mhr ì¶dñWoà‘mUoM ¶m
ì¶dñWoVhr {H$‘mZ H$mhr H$mi, {H$‘mZ H$mhr ‘¶m©Xon¶ªV AÝ¶m¶-AË¶mMma
hm g§^dVmoM. Ë¶mMo nyU©V: {ZamH$aU H$Xm{MV H$Yrhr hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr.
Ë¶m‘wio ¶m H$mimV ì`ŠVtZr ¶m ì¶dñWo{dê$Õ ~§S> H$ê$Z CRy> Z¶o d
‘hËà¶mgmZo ~gdbobr hr KS>r A{dMmam§VyZ CX²ÜdñV H$ê$ Z¶o, ¶mgmR>r H$m
hmoB©Zm, nU àË¶oH$ ì¶º$sMr à{Vð>m AmnU Onbr nm{hOo. ì¶ŠVrMr à{Vð>m
OnUo hm Vgm Amnë¶m bmoH$emhrMm EH$ ‘yb^yV CÔoe AmhoM; nU Vmo
Ho$di H$mJXmda amhÿ Z¶o, ¶mMrhr H$miOr KoVbr OmUo JaOoMo Amho.
5. gË¶{à¶ dV©‘mZnÌo/‘mÜ¶‘o MmbdUo- Ago åhUVmV, H$s
Zonmo{b¶Zgma»¶m g‘«mQ>mbmhr dV©‘mZnÌm§Mr {^Vr dmQ>V Ago. nU AmO
dV©‘mZnÌm§Mr qH$dm àgma‘mÜ¶‘m§Mr {^Vr H$moUmbm Cabobr Amho? Á¶m§Zr
‘mÜ¶‘m§Zm Km~am¶bm hdo, Ago bmoH$M AmO ‘mÜ¶‘m§Mm ñdmWm©gmR>r dmna
H$aV Agë¶mMr g‘mOmV CKS> MMm© hmoV Amho. ho gË¶ Agob, Va Vo
bmoH$emhrgmR>r AË¶§V YmoH$mXm¶H$ Amho. ZmJ[aH$m§Zr gË¶{à¶ ‘mÜ¶‘o ñdV:
Mmbdbr nm{hOoV qH$dm {ZXmZ Ë¶m§Zm bmoH$ml¶ {Xbm nm{hOo. amOoemhrV
amOml¶ Agboë¶m Jmoï>tZm ‘hÎd àmá hmoV Ago. AmVm bmoH$emhrV bmoH$ml¶
Agboë¶m Jmoï>tZm ‘hÎd àmá hmoV Amho. Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$emhrVrb Xmofm§Mo

{ZamH$aU H$am¶Mo Agob, Va H$moUmMo ‘hÎd dmT>dm¶Mo d H$moUmMo KQ>dm¶Mo,
¶mMm bmoH$m§ZrM H$miOrnyd©H$ {ZU©¶ Ho$bm nm{hOo.
6. à~wÕ bmoH$‘V {Z‘m©U H$aUo d Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘VXmZmMo à‘mU
dmT>dUo- OmJ¥V bmoH$m§Zr {d{dY ‘mJmªZr g‘mOmVrb ehmÊ¶m bmoH$m§Mo
à‘mU dmT>dZy ‘VXmZmgh BVa bmoH$emhr à{H«$¶m§Vrb Ë¶m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>dbm
nm{hOo. Vmo dmT>dë¶m{edm¶ gÜ¶mÀ¶m bmoH$emhrV {eabobo n¡emMm dmna;
OmVr¶ d Ym{‘©H$ ôX^mdm§Mm ñdmWm©gmR>r dmna; ^«ï>mMma; XS>nemhr ¶m§gmaIo
Xmof Xÿa hmoD$ eH$Uma ZmhrV.
"gË¶ d {dídmgmh©Vo{edm¶ Iar bmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV ¶oUo qH$dm
MmbUo Ae³¶ Amho', ¶m hm°H$s½O ¶m§À¶mgma»¶m {dÛmZm§À¶m {dYmZmV ‘moR>o
VÏ¶ Amho. bm°dobgma»¶m {dX²dmZm§Zrhr "‘Ëga d hodoXmdo Z H$aUmao;
bmoH$H$ë¶mU gmYUmao emgZ åhUOo bmoH$emhr', Aer ì¶m»¶m Ho$bobr
Amho. "bmoH$m§Zr bmoH$m§gmR>r bmoH$m§‘m’©$V Mmbdbobo emgZ åhUOo bmoH$emhr'
Ago A~«mh‘ qbH$Z åhUVmV; Va "aº$mMm W|~hr Z gm§S>Vm bmoH$m§À¶m
OrdZmV gå¶H$ H«$m§Vr AmUUmar g‘mOì¶dñWm åhUOo bmoH$emhr' Ago
S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV. ¶m d Aem gd© {dÛmZ d ‘hm‘mZdm§Zr Á¶m AnojoZo
Amnë¶mH$S>o bmoH$emhrMm JmS>m gmondbm, Vr Anojm bmoH$emhrnyd© g‘mOmVrb
H$mhr Xmofm§‘wio d bmoH$emhr ñdrH$maë¶mZ§Va VrV {eaboë¶m H$mhr Xmofm§‘wio
AÚmn ’$bÐþn Pmbobr Zmhr. hr Anojm nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d bmoH$m§À¶m amï´>r¶
OrdZmV Iar bmoH$emhr CVadyZ {VMr ‘Ywa ’$io MmIÊ¶mMr g§Yr gd©
g‘mOmbm {‘idyZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r {VÀ¶mVrb Xmof Xÿa H$aUo AmO AË¶§V JaOoMo
~Zbobo Amho.
rr

g§X^© :
1. ^maVmMo g§{dYmZ, g_Vm àH$meZ, ZmJnya
2. Constitution of India, Original Text, Published by Govt of India
3. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm: ñdê$n Am{U amOH$maU, qM. J. Km§JaoH$a, lr_§Joe
àH$meZ, ZmJnya
4. ^maVr¶ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU, S>m°. gwYmH$a Omoer, {dÚm àH$meZ,
Am¡a§Jm~mX
5. ^maVmMo emgZ Am{U amOH$maU, S>m°. ^mñH$a bú‘U ^moio, qnnimnwao
àH$meZ, ZmJnya
6. AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s¶ ì¶dñWm, àm. am. O. bmoQ>o, qnnimnwao àH$meZ,
ZmJnya
7. Añn¥í` _yiMo H$moU Am{U Vo Añn¥í` H$go ~Zbo?, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~So >H$a
8. ~m¡Õnd©, dm. Jmo. AmnQ>o, aKwd§er àH$meZ, nwUo
9. _hmamîQ´>mVrb ~wÕ Yå_mMm B{Vhmg, _m. e§. _moao, H$m¡eë` àH$meZ,
Am¡a§Jm~mX
10._Zyñ_¥Vr, ÁdmbmàgmX MVwd}Xr, aUYra àH$meZ, h[aÛma
11.AemoH$mMo {ebmboI, S>m°. q~Xm nam§Ono (bmoH$dmL²>_‘ J¥h, _w§~B©)
12. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedakar Writings & Speeches, VOl. 2, Govt
of Maharashtra.
13. India’s Struggle for Independence, Bipan Chandra (AZw.S>m°.
E‘.ìhr.H$mio)
14. do~gmB©Q: www.goidirectory.com
rr

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Amnbm Xoe

S>m.° a{dZ§X Zm‘Xod hmodmi

~§YVw m àH$meZ, gmocmnya

qH$‘V- e§^a ê$n¶o.

15 Am°JñQ> 1947 amoOr {~«{Q>e bmoH$ ^maV gmoSy>Z {ZKyZ Joë`mZ§Va

-S>m°. a{dZ§X Zm‘Xod hmodmi

^maV hm OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>m bmoH$emhr Xoe AgyZ ^maVr`

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 5

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 6

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 9

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 10

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 12

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 14

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 19

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 24

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 25

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 28

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 29

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 33

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 39

^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm hr OJmVrb gdm©V _moR>r {b{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 40

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 42

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 44

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 46

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 55

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 63

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 67

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 70

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 71

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 72

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 74

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 76

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 77

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 81

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 86

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 91

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 92

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 102

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 104

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 105

Amncm Xoe Amncr amÁ`KQ>Zm & 106

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