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Non-Destructive Testing: Classification
Non-Destructive Testing: Classification
No. 7
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
DECEMBER 2004
DETNORSKE VERITAS
Veritasveien I, N0-1322H0vik, Norway Tel.: +47 67 57 99 00 Fax: +47 67 57 99 l l
FOREWORD
DETNORSKE VERlTAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, prop-
erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy
services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research
in relation to these functions.
Classification Notes
Classification Notes are publications that give practical infom1ation on classification of ships and other objects. Examples of de-
sign solutions, calculation methods, specifications oftest procedures, as well as acceptable repair methods for some components
are given as interpretations of the more general rule requirements.
A list of Classification Notes is found in the latest edition of Pt.O Ch. l of the "Rules for Clat>sification of Ships" and the ''Rules
for Classification of High Speed, Light Crnft and Naval Surface Craft".
The list of Classification Notes is also included in the current "Classification Services - Publications" issued by the Society,
which is available on request. All publications may be ordered from the Society's Web site http://exchange.dnv.com.
Main changes
Classification Note No. 7 has been completely revised and covers the six most frequently used NDT methods; i.e.
Eddy current testing (ET),
Magnetic pa1ticle lesting (MT),
Penetrant testing (PT),
Radiographic testing (RT),
Ultrasonic testing (UT), and finally the very important
Visual testing (VT).
If any person suffers loss or damage which rs proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Oet Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Ventas shall pay compensation to such person
for his p1oved direct loss or damage. Howa1111r. the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the ree charged for the service In question, provided that tha maximum compen-
sation shall never exceed USO 2 mlllion.
In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Oet Norske Verllas as well as all 118 subsidiaries, olrectors. officers, employees, agent11 a.r>CI any other acting on behalf of Del
Norske Veritas.
Classification Notes - No. 7 3
December 2004
CONTENTS
December 2004
e
The definitions and requirements staled below may satisfy the
need of a written procedure. Where this is 110t the case, or machinery steel forgings
where the techniques described in this C lassification Note are !ACS International Association of Classification
not applicable to the object to be examined, additional written societies - Rec. No. 69 Guidelines for non-
procedures shall be used and accepted by the Society before destructive examination of marine steel
d1e testing is curried out. castings
EN 473 Qualification and certification of NDT
1.2 Normative reference personnel - General principles
This Classification Note incorporates references from other ASNT SNT-TC-JA American Society for Non-
publications. These nonnative references are cited at the ap- destructive testing Recommended Practice
propriate places in the text and constitute provisions of this
Classification Note. Latest edition of the publications shall be EN 1290 Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle
used Wlless otherwise agreed. Other recognised publications testing of welds
may be used provided it can be shown that they meet or exceed ISO 9934- 1 Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle
the requirements of the publications referenced below. testing - General Principles
EN 10160 Ultrasonic testing of steel and flat product of
.EN 1435 Non-destructive examination of welds thickness equal or greater than 6 mm
- Radiographic examination of welded joints (reflection method)
rso 17636 Non-destructive examination of welds TSO 9712 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and
- Radiographic testing of fusion-welded certification of personne l
EN444
joints
Non-destructive testing- General principles
for radiographic examination of materials by
EN 17l2
EN 1713
Non-destructive examination of welded
joints - Acceptance levels
Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrason-
e
X-aml ganuna-rays
ic examination - Characterization of
EN 462 Non-destructive testing - £mage quality of indications in welds
EN 584
radiographs
Non-destructive testing- Industrial
radiographic film
EN 1714
ASMEV
Non-destructive examination of welds -
Ultrasonic examination ofweldcdjoints
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code;
e
ISO 11699 Non-destructive testing - fndustrial N on-destrnctive Examination
radiographic film
ASTMA 609 Standard Practice for Castings, Carbon,
IS05580/ Non-destrnctive testing - Industrial Low-Alloy, and Ivlartensitic Stainless Steel,
EN25580 radiographic illuminators Ultrasonic Examination
F.N 1711 Non-destructive examination of welds - ASTM 388 Stanci<ml Practice for Ultrasonic
Eddy Current Examination of welds by Examination of Heavy Steel Forgings
complex plane analysis.
EN 25817 Arc-welded joints in steel - Guidance on
EN 12062 Non-destructive examination of welds - quality levels for imperfections
General rules for metallic materials
EN 12668 Characterisation and verification of
ISO 17635 Non-destructive examination of welds - ultrasonic of ultrasonic equipment;
General rules for fusion welds in metallic Part l - Instruments, Part 2 - Probes, Part 3
materials - Combined equipment
ISO 17636 Non-destructive examination of welds - PrEN 1956 Non-destructive testing - Pcnetrant testing-
Radiographic testing of fusio.n welded joints Magnetic Particle testing - Viewing
EN 1289 Non-destructive examination of welds - conditions
Penetrant testing of welds - Acceptance
levels.
DETNORSKE V ERJTAS
6 Classification Notes - No. 7
December 2004
by personnel certified to NDT Level Ill in the applicable in- - coating type and thickness.
spection method.
Operators may ask for further info1mation that will be helpful
The operator shall provide evidence of satisfactory vision. The in determining the nature of discontinuities.
near vision acuity shall pennit reading a minimum of Jaeger
number I or Times Roman N 4,5 or equivalent letters at not 1.7 Extent of testing
less than 300 mm with one or both eyes, either corrected or un-
corrected. In addition the colour vision sha ll be sufficient that The extent of testing shall be given in the relevant parts of the
Rules or drawings or as agreed between the manufacturer and
the operator can distinguish and differentiate contrast between
the colours used in the NDT method concerned as specified by the Society.
the employer. The extent ofNDT shall be in creased if repeated occurrence of
The documented test of visual acuity shall be carried out at cracks or other significant weld defects are revealed. Correc-
least annually. tive actions shall be taken to ensure that all similar defects will
be detected.
1.6 Information required prior to testing All welds shall be 100% visually tested prior to can-ying out
Before carrying out non-destructive testing, the following otherNDT.
items, if applicable, shall be agreed between the manufacturer
and the Society. l .8 Materials
This Classification Note is applicable for testing of castings,
specific testing procedure, if required
forgings, rolled materials and fusion welds in the following
extent of testing materials, their alloys and combinations:
testing plan
testing equipment steel
calibration of the equipment aluminium
calibration blocks copper
acceptance level
nicke l
actions necessary for unacceptable indications.
titanimn.
Prior to testing, the followin g information is usually required:
The use of this C lassification Note for other metallic materials
grade of parent material s hall be approved case by case.
welding parameters and conditions used to make the weld
location and extent of welds to be tested 1.9 Selection of testing method
weld surface geometry Selection ofNDT-method is shown in Table 1-1.
I) Methods is applicable with limitations for Duplex, shall be approved case by case
2) May be used for other materials also a±tcr special approval in. each case
3) May be used after special approval in each case
4) Recommended for t::; 40 mm
5) Only applicable for welds with t ~ 10 mm
welding process used ET level IT or Ill in accordance with EN 473, ISO 9712 or other
name of the company and operator carrying out the testing equivalent recognised standard or certification schemes e.g.
including certification level of the operator PCN and NOR DTEST. Other recognized national certification
surface conditions schemes may be considered.
temperature of the object
number of repairs if specific area repaired twice or more 2.4 Information required (prior to testing)
contract requirements e.g. order no., specifications, spe· See general information in 1.6 through 1.11.
cial agreements etc.
sketch showing location and information regarding detect- 2.5 Surface conditions
ed defects, Depending on the sensitivity requirements, the eddy cunent
extent of testing method is able to detect surface cracks through non-metallic
test equipment used coating up to 2 mm thickness. Coating thickness in excess may
description of the parameters used for each method be considered if the relevant sensitivity is maintained.
description and location of all recordable indications Excessive weld spatters, scale, rust and damaged paint can in-
examination results with rcfcr<:nce to acceptance level. fluence sensitivity by separating the probe (lift off) from the
test object and shall be removed before the inspection.
Other information related to the specific method may be listed
under each method. It shall also be noted some types of coating, such as zinc prim·
ers, could seriously influence the results as they can deposit
electrical conductive metallic material in all cracks open to the
surface.
2. Eddy current
Nonnally, zinc rich shop primer used for corrosion protection
2.1 Scope (typical thickness max. 30 µm) will not influence the testing.
This part defines Eddy Cu1Tcnt testing techniques for detection 2.6 Equipment
of surface breaking and near surface planar defects in:
2.6.1 Instrument
welds
- heat affected zone The instrument used for the testing described in this Classifi·
- parent material. cation Note shall at least have the following features:
ET can be applied on coated and uncoated objects The testing 2.6.1.1 Frequency
can be carried out on all accessible surfaces on welds of almost The instrument shall be able to operate at the frequency range
any configuration. from 1 kHz to 1 MHz.
Usually, it can be applied in the as-welded condition. Howev- 2.6.1.2 Gain/noise
er, a very rough surface may prevent an efficient testing.
After compensation (lift oft), a l mm deep artificial defect
The Eddy Current testing method includes also Altemating shall be indicated as a full screen deflection through a coating
Current Field Measurement (ACFM). lfthls method is applied, thickness corresponding to the maximum expected on the ob·
written procedures shall be established according to recog- ject to be tested.
nised standards and are subjected for approval by the Society
before the testing starts. Further, a 0.5 nun deep artificial defect shall be indicated
through the same coating thickness by a minimum noise/signal
2.2 Definitions ratio of 1 to 3.
ln addition to definitions given in 1.3 the following applies: Both requirements shall apply to the chosen probe and shall be
verified on a relevant calibration block.
2.2. l Balance
Compensation of the signal, corresponding to the operating 2.6.1.3 Evaluation mode
point, to achieve a predetermined value, for example zero The evaluation mode uses both phase analysis and amplitude
point. analysis of vector traced to the complex plane display. Evalu·
ation may be by comparison of this display with reference data
2.2.2 Impedance plane diagram previously stored.
Graphical representation of the focus points, indicating the
variation in the impedance of a test coil as a function of the test 2.6. 1.4 Signal display
parameters. As a minimum, the signal display shall be a complex plane dis-
play with the facility to freeze data on the screen until reset by
2.2.3 Noise the operator. The trace shall be clearly visible under all ligl1ting
Any unwanted signal which can corrupt the measurement. conditions during the testing.
2.2.4 Phase reference 2.6.1.5 Phase control
Direction in the complex plane display chosen as the origin for The phase control shall be able to give complete rotation in
the phase measurement. steps of no more than l 0° each.
2.2.5 Probe 2.6.2 Probes
Eddy current transducer. Physical device containing excitation
clements and receiving elements. 2. 6. 2.1 Probes.for measuring thickness ofcoating
The probe shall be capable of providing a full screen deflection
2.2.6 Lift off lift-offsit,'llal on the instrument when moved from an uncoated
Geometrical effect produced by changes in the distance be- spot on a calibration block to a spot covered with the maximum
tween the probe and the product to be tested. coating thickness expected on the object to be tested. The
probe shall operate in the frequency range from l kHz to l
2.3 Personnel qualifications MHz. The probes shall be clearly marked with their operating
Personnel performing testing shall be qualified and certified to frequency range.
2.6.2.2 Probes for weld testing same spot of the block now covered with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5
mm non-metallic sheets.
For testing of welds, probes specially design~d for t~is purpose
Note the different signal amplitudes, see Figure 2-8.
shall be used. The probe assembly shall be d1ffcr.enttal, orth?g-
onal, tangential or equivalent "."h!ch i~ cbaracteri.s~d by having 2. 7.1. 2 Measuring ofcoating thickness
a minimal dependency on variatJons m conductivity, permea-
bility and lift off in welded and heat-affected zones Balance the equipment on an uncoated spot on the test ob-
The diameter of the probe shall be selected relative to the ge- ject.
ometry of the component under ~est. Such probes shall. be able Place the probe on selected spots adjacent to the weld or
to opeJatc when covered by a.thin layer on non-m~talhc we~r area to be tested. Note the signal amplitudes.
resistant materi.al over the active face. Jf the probe 1s used with The thickness of the coating can be estimated by interpo-
a cover, than the cover shall always be in place during th~ cal- lation between the signal amplitudes from the known
ibration. The probe shall operate at a selected frequency in the thicknesses, see Figure 2-9.
range from l 00 kHz to I MHz. The estimated coating thickness shall be recorded.
2.6.3 Accessories 2.7.2 Testing of weld in ferritic materials
2.6.3.1 Calihration block 2. 7.2. l Frequen<..y
A calibration block, of the same type of the material as the The frequency shall be chosen according to the material (con-
component to be tested shall be used. lt shall have EDM (Elec- ductivity, permeability), the defect (type, location, size) and
tric Discharge Machined) notches of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm the probe design. It is suggested to use a frequency around 100
depth, unless otherwise agreed between contracting parties. kHz.
Tolerance of notch depth shall be ±0. l mm. Recommended
width of notch shall be 50.2 mm. 2.7. 2.2 Probes
For testing offerritic welds, probes specially designed for this
2.6.3.2 Non-metallic sheets
purpose shalJ be used. They arc usually of the differential coil
Non-metallic flexible strips of a known thickness to simulate type, which is characterised by having a minimal influence on
the coating or actual coatings on the calibration block shall be variations in conductivity, permeability and lift-off in the
used. welded and heat-affected zones. Such probes may further be
1t is recommended that non-metallic flexible strips be multi- designed for use on rather uneve1J surfaces as often found in
ples ofO.S mm thickness. welds on steel stnictures. (Regarding use of protective covers
on probes, see 2.6.2.2)
2.6.3.3 Probe extension cables
Extension cables may only be used between the probe and the 2. 7.2.3 Calibration
instrument if the function, sensitivity and the resolution of the Calibration is performed by passing the probe over the notches
whole system can be maintained. in the calibration block. See Figure 2-7 The notched surface
shall first be covered by non metallic flexible strips having a
2.6.4 Systematic equipment maintenance thickness equal to or greater than the measured coating thick-
The equipment shall be checked and adjusted on a periodic ba- ness.
sis for correct functioning in accordance with recognised The equipment sensitivity is adjusted to give increasing signals
standards, e.g. EN 1711 or ASME V. This shall only include from increasing notch depths. The I mm deep notch shall give
such measurements or adjustments, which can be made from a signal amp! itude of approximately 80% of full screen height.
the outside of the equipment. Electronic adjustments shall be The sensitivity leve ls shall then be adjusted to compensate for
carried out in case of device fatLlts or partial deterioration or as object geometry.
a minimum on an annual basis. rt shall follow a written proce-
'
dure. The results of maintenance checks shall be recorded. Calibration check shall be perfom1ed periodically and at least
Records shall be filed by owner. at the beginning and the end of the shift and after every change
in working conditions.
2.7 Testing When the calibration is complete it is recommended the bal-
ance is adjusted to the centre of the display.
2.7.1 General information for coating thickness
The coating thickness on the un-machined surface is never Calibration procedure:
constant. However, it will influence the sensitivity of crack de-
Select frequency to l 00 kHz.
tection. The lift off signal obtain from the object to be tested
Balance the equipment with the probe in air.
shall be simi lar to the signal obtain from the calibration block,
i.e. it shall be within 5° either side of the reference signal. In Use theX- and Y- controls to adjust the spot position to the
the event that the signal is out of this range, a calibration block centre of the screen (X-axis) and minimum one and a half
more representative of the material to be tested shall be pro- screen divisions above the bottom line (Y-axis), ensuring
duced/ manufactured. that no noise signal is fully displayed on the screen.
Place the probe on the Ltncovcred calibration block ensur-
2. 7.1.1 Calibration ing it is not close to any of the slots. Balance the equip-
ment.
Select frequency to desired value between I kHz and 1 To obtain a correct defect display, nm the probe over the
MHz, depending on probe design, for instance a broad 2.0 mm deep slot. Care should be taken that the longitudi-
band pencil probe 80-300 kHz set at l 00 kHz. nal axis of the probe is kept parallel to the slot and the
Place the probe on the uncovered calibration block away scanning direction is at right angles to the slot. lndications
from slots and balance the equipment. from the slot will appear on the screen. The phase angle
Use the X- and Y-controls to adjust the position of the spot control is in the vertical upwards direction.
until it is on the right hand side of the screen. Move the The sensitivity level shall be adjusted to compensate for
probe on and off the calibration block. Adjust the phase the coating thickness measured under 2.7.1.2 using the fol-
angle control until the movement of the spot is horizontal. lowing procedure:
Place the probe on the uncovered calibration block ensur- Place the non-metallic sheets of the acrual thickness corre-
ing it is not close to any of the slots. Repeat this on the sponding to the measured coating thickness on the calibra-
tion block, or the nearest higher thickness of the non method is capable to detect in ferritic steel weld in the "as
metallic sheets. welded" conditions is 1 mm deep x 5 mm long.
Place the probe on the covered calibration block ensuring it i.s 2.7.3 P1·ocedure for examination ofn·clds in other materi-
not close to any of the slots and balance the equipment. als
Run the probe over the 2.0 mm deep slot. Adjust the gain (dB) As previous .stated, the Eddy Cun-ent method is also applicable
control until the signal amplitude from the slot is in 80% of full to welds in other materials such as aluminium, duplex, stain-
screen height. less steels and titanium.
2. 7.2. 4 Scanning The procedure for testing of such welds shall generally include
the same items as in 2. 7.2 but the choice of frequency, probes,
The weld surface and 25 nun of each side of the weld (includ- calibration and scanning patterns shall be optimised to the ac-
ing the heat-affected zones) shall be scanned with the chosen tual materials, and may deviate considerably from what is rec-
probe(s). As far as the geometry of the test objects permits, the ommended for fcrritic materials.
probe shall be moved in directions perpendicular to the main
direction of the expected indications. If this is unknown, or if Therefore, the testing shall be based on practical experience
indications in different directions arc expected, at least two with suitable equipment and probes, and shall be shown in a
probe runs shall be carried out, one perpendicular to the other. specific procedure.
The testing can be split into two parts: the heat affected zones 2. 7.3.J Detectability o.fimperfections
(25 mm each side of the weld) see Figures 2-1, 2-2, 2-3 and the
wel.d surface, Figure 2-4. This part of the Classification Note is based on a sensitivity
level of detecting a imperfection producing a response equal to
It shall be noted that the reliability of the testing is highly de- the signal amplitude from a 2 nun deep slot with scanning pat-
pendent on the probe relative to the smface (weld) under test. tern ensuring that I 0 mm or longer detects can be found.
Care shall also be taken to ensure that the probe is at the opti-
mum angle to meet the varying surface conditions in the heat However, the ability to detect a imperfection depends on many
affected zone. factors and the present knowledge of Eddy Current method ap-
plied to welded components does not allow proposing precise
For probes of differential coil type, the sensitivity is affected criteria, they shall be fixed and agreed between contracting
by the orientation of the imperfection relative to the coil. patties as standard rule. If an amplitude response equal to 50%
Therefore, care shall be taken that this also is controlled during of amplitude response fowtd in scanning, the 2.0 mm notch of
the testing. the calibration block used, the con-esponding indication is con-
sidered as a potential defect and the relevant acceptance levels
Note: for MT or PT may apply.
Especially defects with an orientation of 45° to the main direc-
tion of the probe movement can be difficult to detect. 2.8 Acceptance Criteria
---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e--- Whenever acceptance criteria are defined in the Rules, ap-
proved drawings, lACS Recommendations or other agreed
2. 7.2.5 Detectability of imperfections product standards, these criteria are mandatory.
The ability to detect imperfections depends on many factors. 2.9 Evaluation of non acceptable indication
Some recommendations are made below to take account of the A non acceptable indication i!> defined as an area displaying an
limiting factors which affect indications detectability. abnormal signal compared to that expected from that area of
the object under test.
a) Material of calibration block:
Testing of metalized welds/components require equivalent In the event of a non acceptable indication being noted (see
calibration blocks and established calibration procedures. Figure 2-5), a further investigation of the area is requested, e.g.
by using magnetic particle testing
b) Conductive coatings:
Conductive coatings reduce the sensitivity of the test. The A longitudinal scan shall be perfonned and the lengt11 of the in-
maximum coating thickness shall also be reduced and de- dication noted.
pending on the conductivity. Where possible a single pass scan along the length of the indi-
c) Non-conductive coatings: cation shall be performed to obtain the signal amplitude. The
Non-conductive coatings reduce the sensitivity of the test maximum amplitude shall be noted (see Figure 2-6).
depending on the distance between the probe and the test If further clarification is still needed, or when the removal of a
object. indication shall be verified, it is requested that the testing is
d) Geometry of the object: supplemented with other non-destructive testing, e.g. magnetic
The shape of the object and the access of the probe to the paiticle testing (MT) or penetrant testing (rn.
area under test reduce the sensitivity of the test. Where a non acceptable indication is noted, but no depth infor-
Complex weld geometries such as cruciform and gusset mation is possible alternative NDT method such as ultrasonic
plates shall be tested relative to the complex geometry and and/or Alternating Current Potential Drop techniques shall be
possible orientation of the indications. used to determine the depth an d orientation of the indication.
e) Orientation of coils to the indication: 2.10 Reporting
Directional induced current; the induced current is direc- fn addition to the items listed under l .11 Final report the fol-
tional, therefore care shall be taken to ensure that the ori- lowing have to be included in the eddy current report:
entation of current is perpendicular and/or parallel to the
expected indication position. probes, type and frequency
Inclination; care shall be taken to ensure the optimum an- phase, e.g. 180° and/or 360°
gle of the coils relative to the area under test is maintained. identification ofrcfcrcncc blocks used
f) Minimwn size of indication: calibration report .
The minimum size of indication that the eddy current reporting level, if different from acceptance lcvc 1·
Crack
Crack
'l
\
No Icrack I
Signal from weld
l<'igure 2-3
Figure 2-1 Recommended additional scans of heat affected zones - Probe
First scan of heat affected zones - Probe movement almost per- movement parallel to the weld axis.
pendicular to weld axis.
Note:
Both scanning patterns in Figure 2-1 and 2-3 are mainly for lon-
gitudinal defects. Therefore, the probe orientation shall always
be in position giving maximum sensitivity for the defect direc-
tion.
---e-n-d---of---N-o-t-e---
'
Figure 2-2
Probe angle (at scans shown in Figure 2-1 shall be adjusted to
'
meet varying surface conditions).
i \(2---.
b) I/ \~
J t \
qr~ r\ I\
I
3)
_,,
~"'
c}
l
Figure 2-4 \ J
Scan of weld surface - Transverse/longitudinal scanning tech-
nique to be used relative to weld surface condition. \ I
(!_)} 1(_4)
Figure 2-6
Defect evaluation using single pass longitudinal technique in heat
affected zones.
Figure 2-S
Defect evaluation using transversal scanning techniques.
12 v1assmcauon N01es - No. r
December 2004
t I I I I
.flgnaL f>bnr the JJD,"d • 1
I rr I I I I
----~-- - --~---- ~ -- - --~r.Onafit
t I I I
---..J-----
I
I
I I I I I
I t I I I
t
1
t
----.,-- ---r----T--
IJ.()mm
t I
-~--- --
I
---.,----
1
I I I 'II
I
I
I
I
I
I ___ _, ___ _
I
---~-----~----~-- --~---- I
: O.Smm: : : I
1 I I I
I I I I
----,-----
•
I
----,-- I I
--~---- ----:----
'
0.5 /
Figure 2-7
Calibration on notches
1.0~
Calibration blDck
2.0_.
r Edd C1me11t testlfl
'
2.omm.
'
-
- l
1.S mm
I
2.0_mm -
- l 1.0mm
-
1.5 mm
1.0 mm
0.5mm
0.5mm
Omm
-
Omm
-1.2 mm
•
-
Figure 2-9
- Coating Thickness Measurement. (Vertical shift adjustment be-
tween readings)
Figure 2-8
Coating thickness measurement (Calibration procedure. Vertical
shift adjustment between readings)
D ET NORSKE VERITAS
Classification Notes - No. 7 13
December 2004
0FTNnRSKP VFRIT AS
14 Classification Notes - No. 7
December 2004
tip that will be impossible to test due to excessive magnetic 3. values are givenfor guidance purposes only. Where possible
field strength, usually shown by furring of particles. the same directions of magnetization and field overlaps should
Adequate overlap of the tested areas must be ensured. be used for other weld geometry's to be tested. The dimension
(a), the flux current path in the material, shall be greater or
3.8.J.2 Typical magnetic particle testing techniques equal to the width of the weld and the heat affected zone +SO
Application of magnetic particle testing techniques to common mm and in all cases the weld and the heat affected zone shall
weld joint C-Onfigurations are shown in Tables 3-1, 3-2, and 3- be included in the effective area.
D ET NORSKE VERJTAS
Classification Notes - No. 7 15
December 2004
Yoke
-+ 75 $;a:::: 250
Prod spacing: a (mm)
Longitudinal
cracks
Transverse
b 1 $; 0.5a
cracl<S
b2 :::: a - 50 (minimum overlap 50)
Any cracks b3 ~ 0.5 a
+ +
Prod spacing: a (mm)
Longitudinal !c-<:i -i- b,
cracks c~ -
Transverse
. _J b.i
b2:::: a2 - 50 (minimum overlap 50)
t
cracks
~ J a2
a2 ~ 75
Longitudinal -·~b.i Transverse
cracks ht L~ = 11, cracks b 1 ::::0.5a 1
I
Longitudinal
b1 ~ a 1-
b2 :::: 0.5 a2
50 (minimum overlap 50)
cracks
16 Classification Notes - No. 7
December 2004
Table 3-l Typical ma netlzing techniques for rods, using a magnetization current SA/ mm (r.m.s.) prod spacing
Material Lype: Dimensions in mm
Ferromagnetic material
Longitudinal
cracks
:I b,
Transverse
craclcs
t h, b 1 :;;; a - 50 (minimum overlap 50)
b2 :::; 0.8 a
All directions
! b~ b3::; 0.7 a
Transverse
cracks
=1 bl
b1 :;;;o.8 a
Longitudinal
cracks b2 ::> a - 50 (minimum overlap 50)
All cracks
=r b3
b3 :::; 0.7 a
Transverse
cracl\s b1 ::;o.8 a
Longitudinal b2 :;;; a - 50 (minimum overlap 50)
'
cracks
b3 :::; 0.7 a
All cracks
4
Prod spacing: a (mm)
Longitudinal
cracks
I b 1 ::> a - 50 (minimum overlap 50)
"2 Transverse
crackS ~:;;;o .sa
I b3 :;;; 0.7 a
All cracks
~1~ ·
-+ ;.
+ 20sa s 50
I
\ NxJ~8D
1 I
\.
For longitudinal
D
cracks
\
\
\
I
1 I
2
1~
D
,I
For longitudinal
cracks
20 sa :S: 50
i ~_i. Nx1~8D
l ,...._.,.. a
I
} {
3 ~
N = number of tum
I I = current (r.m.s.)
a = distance between weld and coil or cable
3.8.2 Detecting media For temperatures exceeding 57°C dry particles shall be used.
3.8.2.1 General 3.8.2.4 Fluorescen.t particles
Detecting media may be either in dry powder or liquid fonn With fluorescent particles the testing is performed using an ul-
and the magnetic particles shall be either fluorescent or non- traviolet light, called black light The testing shall be per-
fluorescent colours. They shall comply with the requirements fonncd as follows:
of national or international standards.
tlte testing shall be performed in darkened area where the
3.8.2.2 Dry particles visible light is limited to a maximum of20 Ix.
The colour of the dry particles (dry powder) shall provide ad- photo chromatic spectacles shall not be used.
equate contrast with the surface being examined and they may sufficient time shall be allowed for the operators eyes to
be of fluorescent or non-fluorescent colours. Dry particles become dark adapted in the inspection booth, usually at
shall only be used if the surface temperature of the test object least 5 min.
is in the range 57-300°C. UV radiation shall not be directed in the operator's eyes.
All surface which can be viewed by the operators shall not
3.8.2.3 Wet particles fluoresce.
The colour of the wet particles shall provide adequate contrast the test surface shall be viewed under a UV-A radiation
with the surface being examined and they arc available in both source. The UV-A irradiance at the surface inspected shall
fluorescent and non-fluorescent concentrates. The particles are not be less than 10 W/m2 (1000 µW/cm 2).
suspended in a suitable liquid medium such as water or petro-
leum distillates. When using wet particle system, the tempera- 3.8.2.5 Visible light Intensity
ture range of the wet particle suspension and the surface of th~ The test surface shall be inspected under daylight or under ar-
test object should be within 0°C:::; T:::; 57°C. For temperatures tificial white luminan ce of not less than 500 Ix on the smface
of the tested. objecr. The viewing con ditions shan be such that
below 0°C or above 57°C, procedures approved in accordance
with recognised standard for this purpose shall be used. glare and reflections are avoided.
DETNORSKE VERITAS
18 Glass lticatron Notes • No. r
December 2004
D ET NORSKE V.HRITAS
~u
December 2004
Prepara'tion'111nd pre-cleaning
Apply hydrop.hilic
emulsifier. an.d :allow
contact time.
Allow to ·dry
Dry
Oevelopme11t
Cleaning
Figure4-l
Main stages of penet.rant testing
DH NORSKE VERIT AS
22 c1assmca11on Notes - No. 7
December 2004
The Tables 5-2 to 5-7 sbow the minimum quality values for Tabli~ 5-4 Double-wall t echniqu e, double image, IQI on
ferrous materials. They may be applied for non-ferrous mate- source si de
rials also if not otherwise agreed. image Quality Class A
Penetrated thicknes.I', w, Nominal wire diameter IQ! value
Table 5-2 Single-wall techniq ue, wire IQI on so urce side I}
(mm) (mm)
Image Quality Class A
w $ 1.2 0.063 Wl8
Nominal thickness, t, Nominal wire diameter
IQ/value 2) l.2 < w:>2 0.080 W17
(mm) (mm)
2<w$3.5 0.1 00 Wl6
t::; 1.2 0.063 W18
3.5 < w::;; 5 0.125 W15
l.2 < t $2 0.080 W17
5 <w $7 0.16 Wl4
2 < t $ 3.5 0.100 Wl6
7 <w:s; J2 0.20 Wl3
3.5 <t s; 5 0. 125 W15
12 <w ::;:; 18 0.25 W12
5 <ts; 7 0. 16 W14
18 < w~30 0.32 WJI
7 < t :s; 10 0.20 Wl3
30 < w s; 40 0.40 W IO
IO<t~15 0.25 WJ2
40 <w $50 0.50 W9
15< t $25 0.32 Wll
50 < w::;:; 60 0.63 W8
25 < t $ 32 0.40 WlO
60 < w $ 85 0.80 W7
32 <ts; 40 0.50 W9
85 <w:::; 120 1.0 W6
40 < t :s; 55 0.63 W8
J20 < w ~220 1.25 W5
55 <t $ 85 0.80 W7
220 < w::;:; 380 1.60 W4
85 < t::;; 150 1.0 W6
w > 380 2.00 W3
150 < t::; 250 1.25 W5
t> 250 1.60 W4 Table 5-5 Dou b le-wall tech nique, doubt~ image, JQ l on
I) lf it is not possible to place the !Ql on the source side, the IQ! sou rce 8idc
shall be placed on the film side and the image quality deter-
mined from comparison exposure with one IQI placed on the Image Quality Class B
source side and one on the film side under the same conditions Penetrated thickn ess, w. Nominal wire d iameter
!QI value
(mm) (mm)
2) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values lower than listed values
can be accepted as follows: w $ 1.5 0.050 W19
1.5 < w::; 2.5 0.063 Wl8
- 10 mm to 25 mm: up to 2 values,
2.5 < w $4 0.080 Wl7
- above 25 mm to 32 mm: up to 1 value
4 < w$ 6 0.100 Wl6
Table 5-3 Single-wall techniq ue, wir e IQJ on source side l) 6 < w$8 0. 125 WIS
h11age Quality Class B 8 < w::;:; 15 0.16 W14
Nominal thickness. t, Nominal wire diameter 15 < w s; 25 0.20 Wl3
IQ/value 2)
(mm) (mm) 25 < w $ 38 0.25 W12
t $1.5 0.050 Wl9 38 < w s; 45 0 .32 Wll
1.5 < t $ 2.5 0.063 W18 45 < ws 55 0.40 WIO
2.5 <t $ 4 0.080 Wl7 55 < w$70 0.50 W9
4 < ts6 0.100 Wl6 70 < w s; JOO 0.63 W8
6<t:>8 0.125 WJS I 00 < w$ 170 0.80 W7
8< t$1 2 0.16 Wl4 170 < w $250 1.0 W6
12< t $ 20 0.20 W13 w > 250 1.25 W5
20 < t$ 30 0.25 Wl2
30< t:> 35 0.32 Wll
t 35 < t $ 45
45 <ts; 65
0.40
0.50
WlO
W9
65 <t s; 120 0.63 W8
120 <tS200 0.80 W7
200 < t $ 350 LO W6
t > 350 1.25 W5
I) If it is not possible to place lhe IQ! on the source side, the JQl
shall be placed on the film side and the image quality deter-
mined from comparison exposure with one JQI placed on the
source side and one on the film s ide under the same conditions
2) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values lower than listed values
can be accepted as follows:
- 12 mm to 45 mm: up to I value
., ~v
E soo
c
~
... v v
400
,,..v/v ..,i.-
...
x JOC
~ v /
vv
I
r-
200
i.--
........... ..,.i.- ~ "2
...._. ......
v ...
I I
~
f-3,,-" v
i,....-1-"'
...
I 2 2 1~
60 4
--
Figure 5-5
Test arrangement - for double-wall technique single image of
50
40
- i.-
~o
curved objects for evaluation of the wall next to the film with the
IQI placed close to the film
20
10
I 3' oH910 20 JO i.~ SO 60 10 100 "'
Porietrr.l&CI thlekne!ls. •
Figure 5-8
Maximum X-ray voltage - for X-ray devices up to 500 kV as a
function of penetrated thickness and material
Figure 5-7
Multi-film technique - for different mate rial thicknesses
26 Classification Notes - No. 7
December 2004
2
Table 5-8 Penetrated thickness range fo r gamma ray
sources for steel, coooer and nickel base alloy.
For Class B: (l)3
mm
2)
Radiation source Penetrated thickness, w
mm If the distance b < 1.2 t, the dimension bin Equation I) and 2)
Test class A Test class B and Figure 5-9 shall be replaced by the nominal thickness t.
Tm w$5 w$5
For the determination of the source to object distance, fmin• the
Yb 169 1) l $ w $ 15 2$w $12
nomogram in Fibrure 5-9 may be used. The nomograms are
Se75 2) 10$w$40 14 ::;;w $40
based on equations 1) and 2).
lrl92 20 $ w $ 100 20 $w$90
Co60 40$ w$200 60$ w$150 fn class A, if planar imperfections are to be detccled, the min-
imum distance, fmin shall be the same as for class B in order to
1) For aluminium and titanium, the pcnetraled material
thickne8s is 35 mm $ w $ 120 mm for class A reduce the geometric unsharpness, U g, by a factor of 2.
2) For aluminium and titanium, the penetrated material for critical technical applications in crack-sensitive materials,
thickness is 10 mm ~ w $ 40 mm for class A and more sensitive radiographic techn iques than class B shall be
25 mm $ w $ 55 mm for class B used.
5.5.5 Film systems and screens When using the elliptical technique dcsclibed in Figure 5-2 or
Film system classes and metaJ screens for radiobrraphic testing the perpendicular technique described in Figure 5-3, b shall be
ofsrcels, aluminium, copper and nickel based alloys shall be in replaced by the external diameter, De, of the pipe in Equations
accordance with recognised standards e.g. ISO 17636/EN I) and 2) and in Figure 5-9.
1435 and ASME V arL2.
When the source is oul'iide the object and the film on the other
When using metal screens, good contact between film and side, see Figure 5-5 (as double wall penetration/single image),
screens is required. the source to object distance is determined by the wall thick-
ness.
5.5.6 Alignment of beam
The radiation beam shall be directed to the centre of the area
If the radiation source can be placed inside the object to be ra-
being tested and should be perpendicular to the object surface diographed (techniques shown in Figure 5-2) to achieve a more
at that point, except when it can be demonstrated that certain suitable direction of testing and when a double wall technique
imperfections are be:,'t revealed by a different alignment of the (see Figure 5-4 to 5-6) is avoided, this method should be pre-
beam. ln this case, an appropriate alignment of the beam may ferred. The reduction in minimum source to object distance
be permitted. should not be greater than 20%. When the source is located
centrally inside the object and the film (sec Figure 5-7) and
5.5.7 Reduction of scattered radiation provided that the IQ! requirements are met, this percentage
may be increased. However, the reduction in minimum source
5. 5. 7.1 Filters and collimators to object distance shall be no greater than 50%.
To order to reduce the effect of back-scattered radiation, direct
radiation shall be collimated as much as p ossible to the section
being tested.
With lr192 and Co60 radiation sources or in the case of edge
-
500
~o•
JOO
scatter, a sheet of lead can be used as a low energy scattered -0
radiation filter between the object and the cassette. The thick-
ness of this sheet shall be between 0 .5 mm and 2 mm. I
hl:f'l
50003::: mm l?O
f
5.5. 7.2 Interception ofback-scaltered radiation
i
...
I) 100
HOO
Figure 5-9
Nomogram for the determination of minimum source to object
For Class A:
1) distance, froin• in r elation to object to film distance, b, and the
sonrce size, d.
5.5.9 Maximum area for a single exposure stringent requirements, such as Quality Level B, may be ap-
The number of radiograpbs for complete testing of flat welds plied.
and of curved welds with the radiation source arranged off- For hull and machinery forg1ngs and castings acceptance crite-
centre should be specified. ria has to be approved case by case.
The ratio of the penetrated thickness at the outer edge of an
evaluated area of uniform thickness to that at the b eam centre 5.7 Reporting
shall not be more than J .2 for class A and 1.1 for class B. Jn addition to the items listed under 1.1 l Final Report, the fol-
lowing have to he included in the radiographic testing report:
The densities resulting from any variation of penetrated thick-
ness should not be lower than those indicated in 5.5.10 and not radiographic technique and class
higher than those allowed by the available illuminator, provid- type and position of mage quality indicator
ed suitable masking is possible. source to film distance and exposure time
The size of the area to be tested includes the welds the welds geometric unsltarpness
and the heat affected zones. In general, about I 0 nun of parent sensitivity
metal should also be tested on each side of the weld. density
film, screens and filter
5.5.10 Density of radiographs source type, focus dimension, source activity, used tube
Exposure conditions should be such that the minimum optical voltage and current
density of the radiograph in the area tested is in accordance film processing technique: manual or automatic.
with T able 5-9.
'
cording to recognised standards and are subjected for approval
5.5.11 Processing by the Society.
F ilms should be processed in accordance with the conditions Typical applications which require specific UT procedures are:
recommended by the film and chemical manufacturer in order
to obtain the selected film system class. Particular attention ultrasonic examination of welds in austcnitic stainless
shall be paid to the temperature, developing time and washing steel
t time.
5.5.12 Film viewing conditions
ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels
detection of corrosion and/or thickness measurement
estimation of defect size (height) using conventional beam
The radiographs are to be examined in a darkened area using spread diagram (20 dB-drop) or Time-of-Flight-Diffrac-
viewing screens with adjustable luminance. The viewing tion (TOFD) technique
screens should be masked to the area of interest. for special application during in-service inspection
testing of objects with temperature outside the range 0°C
5.5.13 Quality of radiographs to 40°C.
All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or
other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask the image 6.2 Definitions and symbols
of any djscontinuity in the area of interest of the object being See 1.3, in addition the following applies:
radiographed.
Manual scanning: Manual displacement of the probe on
5.6 Acceptance criteria the scanning surface
Whenever acceptance criteria are defi ned in the Rules, ap- Amplitude: Maximum value of the motion orpressw·e ofa
proved drawings, IACS Recommendations or other agreed sound wave (echo-height)
product standards, these criteria are mandatory. lf no accept- Probe index: lnterscction point of the sound beam axis
ance criteria are defined, acceptance criteria as specified below with the probe surface.
may be applied. Dead zone: Zone adjacent to the scanning surface within
The quality of welds shall comply with TS058 17/EN258 17 which reflectors of interest arc not revealed.
Quality level C, Tntem1ediate. For highly stressed areas more DAC: Distance Amplitude Curve
DGS-diagram: Series of curves which shows relationship Probes used for testing of welds in austenitic and austenitic-
between distance along a beam and gain in dB for an infin- ferritic (duplex) steel shall be straight beam transducers and
ity reflector and different siz es of disc shaped reflectors. twin crystal (transmitter/receiver) compression-wave trans-
Back wall echo: Pulse reflected from a boundary surface ducers of 45°, 60° and 70°. In addition and as a combination
which is perpendicular to the sound beam axis. also similar shear-wave angle probes (see 6. 7.3 and 6.7. I 0) and
6 dB-drop technique: Method for defect size assessment, creep-wave probes are to be used.
where the probe is moved from a position showing maxi- Also other angle probes may be used, see 6.6.8 "Testing of
mum reflection amplitude until the echo has decreased to weld connections - General" .
its half-value (by 6dB)
dB: Decibel Probes used for testing of rolled steel plates shall be straight
S: Skip distance beam transducers, single- or twin crystal.
FSH: Full Screen Height Probes used for testing of castings and forgings shall be
FBH: Flat Bottom Hole straight beam transducers, single- or twin crystal and angle
SDH: Side Drilled Hole. shear wave transducers.
r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...
... • ....
1\\9..................................................
2
J'-
.15 ·-·--····-··---·····---........ , ........
I
l
..... i
..•.· i
.,--
IIW-Calibration block - VJ
100 ..,.../
_,....···
;; Ii
ci ,/~·· ~
~l'--r--:-:--t--~~~~~~~~~~~~~.JJ.l.l.uL,._/_/~~~~~~--l_l__
100
OOoOOoOOOOOU. . . OOOOHOOOOO. . IOOHOOOOOOOOOo•oo•ooo
~"'''"
I1 II r-r;
.L
1i
0
70"
' gj
-:
i
i
_L
~
I
· I I ffi I
S 7
IIW-Calihration block - V1
I
10 80°
I I
IS
I J I
l-'"""'"""'"'"'""""""'""""""'"""'""""""""'"~~~"'"'''""'"""""""'""'""'"'"'"''"'"'"'"'"m'""""""''
11~:?
l!W-Calibration block - V2
Figure 6-1
Calibration blocks
6.4.6 Calibration blocks for calibration of amplification described in Table 6-1, see 6.7.6.
for testing of welds
Table 6-1 Calibration reference block requirements
Reference blocks shall be made with thickness and side-drilled
boles, as described in Table 6-1 and shown in Figure 6-2, and Thickness of Thickness Diameter of Distance ofhole
material to be of block hole (mm) from one suiface
shall be used for amplification (gain) calibration and construc- examined (mm) (mm)
tion of reference (DAC) curves. The reference block shall nor- (mm)
mally be manufactured from the actual material tested and 10 < t ~ 50 40orT
have approved dimensions. 03 ±0.2
50 <t~ 100 75 orT
When ultrasonic testing is to be performed on steel produced
by controlled rolling or thermo mechanical treatment (TMCP T/2 and T/4.
IOO<t~l50 125 or T
steel), reference blocks shall be produced both perpendicular Additional holes
150 <t~ 200 175or T are allowed and
to, and parallel to, the direction of rolling. The rolling direction reconunended
shall be clearly identified, see also 6.6.4. 0 6± 0.2
20(} < t ~ 250 225 orT
Ultrasonic testing of welds in austcnitic and austenitic-ferritic
t> 250 275 or T
(duplex) steel requires additional calibration blocks to those
December 2004
Y, skip
distance
...................
-'---r"
c
FSH
75 %
'·,., .............. Reference curve (DAC)
·~ .....
50% ' ·,
.. ......
·,,
'·
....... .........
~-- -
?0% ··- .
-- .... __ t
A B c
, ' ' ,,
,, I-'
,' , ,' ', '
. . r-
,
,, ,, ''
T
d
"'"'J'"'" " _,,,,_,.__ ,, '' 1
T/4 .....t.. ', ,, ', ......t..._
FSH
·, 75%
·,
·,_
'·,., .............. Reference curve (DAC)
50%
' · ,~····
20 %
.......
-. _. -·- - ·- ·-·-
..... ~-~
Figure 6-2
Calibration blocks
6.4.7 Periodically check of equipment At approximately four-hourly intervals the range scale, probe
Calibration of ultrasonic equipment shall be undertaken ac- angle and primary gain must be checked and corrected. Checks
cording to procedures established according to recognised shal I also be carried out whenever a system p arameter is
code or standard, e.g. EN 12668- 1-2-3 or ASME V. changed or changes in the equivalent settings are suspected.
Records shall be filed by owner. lf deviation is found to be > 2% of range scale,> 4 dB of pri-
Verification of Screen Height Linearity and Amplitude Linear- mary gain setting or> 2° of nominal angle probe, the examina-
ity shall be performed at the beginning of each period of ex- tions carried out with the equipment over the previous period
tended use (or every 3 months, whichever is less) . shall be repeated.
December 2004
Position A
25mm
0 25 so 75 100
Position A
IOOmml
i --EB- !
j
Positoo C
i
·································200m m
· · ················r·························
····························
f
0 50 100 150 200
Positon B
Figure 6-3
Calibration uf range with straight beam normal probe
,
, , , ' Probe index
, ,,
, ,,
"
Fig. a
'
, ...
, ...
... ,
, ...
... ,
...
Fig. b
0 so 100 JSO 200 250
/ , - / 0° '··,·,<::. . 60'
"····............
0 25 so 75 100 125 l OO
Fig. c 0 25 50 75 125
Fii:ure 6-4
Figures a,b and c show determination of probe index and calibration of range with angle probe.
6.6.3 Determination of probe angle echo height is adjusted to about 75% offull screen height. Th:e
The probe index is to be determined by placing the probe as probe index can now be read off against the mark on the cali-
shown in Figure 6-4a and by maximising the echo against the bration block and marked off on the probe.
cylinder surface with radius l 00 mm (UW) or 50 mm (V2), the
December 2004
The probe angle is to be checked on the IIW block using the gle can now be read off on the calibration block against the en-
index found. The echo from the circular Perspex reflector is graved centre point, see Fii:,rure 6-5.
maximised and put at 75% of full screen height. The probe an-
.... ........
~r::::--,qr·
I I I I I
Figure 6-5
Checking the probe angle
6.6.4 Calibration of amplification rolling direction is to be checked when the scanning changes
Calibration of the amplification shall include the whole of the
ultrasonic system, which are the ultrasonic apparatus, probes,
from transverse to longitudinal of rolling direction or inverse.
This requires DAC- curves constructed by use of calibration
f
cables and coupling medium. blocks in both transverse and longitudinal rolling direction.
In order to compensate for attenuation and sound beam spread Difference in gain setting must be noted and taken into consid-
with increasing sound path a DAC- curve, which gives the eration when evaluation of imperfections is perfonned.
echo height from the same reflector at varying distance be- The nominal angle of probes used are normally valid for C, C-
tween probe and reflector, is to be constructed. Mn steels and alloy steel with compression wave velocity of
DAC is to be constmcted using calibration blocks with sidc- approximately 5 900 mis and shear wave velocity of approxi-
dril\ed holes as described in 6.4.6. mately 3 200 mis.
The calibration blocks shall preferably have the same acoustic When examination is to be carried out of welds in TMCP steel
properties as the material to be tested. lf this is not obtained and aluminium the actual beam angle must be determined. The
angle can be calculated using trigonometric functions as loog
correction for deviation in sound velocity between the calibra- as the distance and depth to the reflectors in the TMCP steel or
tion block and the object to be tested must be made. Any devi- aluminium calibration block is known.
ation can be checked by calibrating the range scale on the IIW
block with a normal probe and subsequently measure a known 6.6.5 Construction of reference curve, DAC
material thickness with this calibrntion.
Angle probes:
Whenever ultrasonic testing is perfonned of welds in TMCP
steel the following must be verified: The echo reflected from the drilled hole in the calibration
block, see 6.4.6, is maximised and the gain control regulated so
Difference in attenuation between transverse and longitudinal that the echo amplitude is 75% of full screen height (FSH).
D ET NORSKE VERJTAS
Classification Notes - No. 7 35
December 2004
This gain setting is called the primary gain and is to be noted. sound path from the probe index to the drilled hole is not less
Without altering the primary gain, the probe is positioned in than 0.6 N where N is the near field length of the relevant
various skip distances as indicated on Figure 6-2 and the re- probe.
spective echo amplitudes are marked on the screen.
When DAC has been set up it is recommended to draw two ad-
These points are connected with a smooth line with a length, ditional curves, 20% and 50% of DAC, on the screen. Where
which covers the required scanning area. This is the reference DAC by excessive sound paths falls to below 25% ofFSH the
curve (DAC). gain in this area is to be increased and a new DAC must be es-
The first point ofDAC must be selected so that the distance in tablished, see Figure 6-6.
, .. ' , ,,
,
,, .. ,, ,
,, ' >,, , ,, ,
,, , , ' .. ,'
, ,,' ', . ,, ,
d .. ,, ' ..', , ,,
', ,' ,,
dB
50%
..............................................................
. ..
\
II ''
u ',
II
II
' - 6 dBl
II '..., ~
11
''t. . _
..
11
::20°10
...... - 8 de! ... ..
11 "' i
11 - - - .31- - - -
11
I I
mm
A B c D
Figure 6-6
Increase or gain at excessive sound path
T~
D 2T
\
\
'·
'
I I
II , • - 2. Backwall echo
'I..
I ''·,.,
., -·- .... _
'
..
II
·-·-·-,
2T
A B C D E
Figure 6-7
Calibration of gain with straight beam probes
6.6.6 Transfer correction Any difference in echo amplitude between the two materials
f)
Any possible difference in attenuation and surface character can now be determined with the aid of the gain control.
between the calibration block and the object to be tested are to If the differences are less than 2 dB, correction is not required.
be checked in the following way: Two angle probes of the If the differences are greater than 2 dB but smaller than 12 dB,
same type as those to be utilized during the testing are to be they shall be compensated for.
used. The probes are placed on the object to be tested as shown
on Figure 6-8. One of the probes works as transmitter probe, If transfer losses exceed 12 dB, the reason shall be considered
whilst the other acts as receiver. The first echo is maximised and further preparation of the scanning surfaces shall be car-
and with the aid of the gain control it is adjusted to reach DAC. ried out, if applicable.
The ga:io setting is noted. Without altering this gain setting the When there are no apparent reasons for high correction values,
probes are moved to the calibration block. The echo is adjusted the attenuation, at various locations on the test object shall be
to reach DAC and the gain setting is noted. measured. Where it is found to vary significantly, corrective
actions must be considered.
DETNORSKE VERITAS
Classification Notes - No. 7 37
December 2004
.,
·········•··.... ,,.,./
..... Test object
"··"·
·········,.. ....·············,
,,.
··,..
,..,....
/ ......... Calibration
0 block
..·•·····
__':_~~A=ENU:!ON -----,
'' ', SURFACE AND
' ' ... ,
.. , ......
.. ,
..............
- - ........c-::-·=:-...-....- -
---- ·, , '--~-~
-. .- .- .- -···-.. ··--···--··
- ·- ·- ·- --··u.···---- ..---...·-·---··-·-~:.::::..\~.......
:- ·::..--:·.:!:·:-. -
Figure 6-8
Attenuation and surface correction
6.6.7 Testing of parent material In addition to straight beam probe minimwn two angle probes
6.6.8 Testing of weld connections - General A favourable probe angle when the weld connections is being
tested for lack of fusion in the transition between weld and par-
Testing of weld connections is to be undertaken for the purpose ent material is the angle which gives incident sound nom1aJ to
of revealing possible: the angle of the weld bevel. The optimal angle for a V-groove
is given by the groove geometry and can be calculated as
Imperfections in the parent metal and in the transition be- shown in Figure 6-9. If the calculated angle does not comply
tween weld and parent metal. with any standard probe angle, the nearest larger probe angle
Imperfections in the weld metal and HAZ. shall be selected.
38 Classification Notes - No. 7
December 2004
Crack in weld
Ill 111
······J ~ P ositionB
E~ho ~elow
cnteraa
acceptance
Figure 6-10
Evaluation of length of the defect
6. 6. 8.1 Testing of butt welds sound beam is normal to the weld. The probe is to be moved
6.6.8.1.1 Use ofangle probes/or detection oflongi,tudinal im- foiwards and backwards in the scanning area of 1.25 x S.
perfections During this movement the probe is to be continuously turned
Where possible the welds are to be tested from one surface of 5-1 0° in the horizontal plane, as intimated on Figure 6-11. For
the plate and from both sides of the weld connection. The angle plate thickness greater than 70 mm it may be necessary to scan
probe is placed on the parent material in such a way that the from both surfaces and all sides (4) of the weld.
,...~~.~~~.~~.:............. ,
~ -·--------- ---- -- -.
• ~---- -- ... ~
' ..._ -· ------ ---- -----.... , ---- ---~-----
(_____ --~~ ---', I
_____ __________ ~
,, I
,-·-------------------
) ', __-- ----------- --- _,:· ·:--- - - -- - - - -~ · -- - ~ - - _J "(
\.-LJ,.........,...,._ ________ ,. . .----------•"· ....D-1
Figure 6-11
Probe movement for testing of butt welds - for x-groove and v-groove
The double probe (tandem) technique can be used for the de- mended to make a holder for the probes, so that the distance A
tection of imperfections with the reflection normal to the sur- between the probes is kept constant. The probe combination is
face, see Figure 6-12. Two separate angle probes are used, and moved along the weld coru1ection in the distance B from the
the most favourable sound beam angle, which covers the area centreline.
in question, is selected. For this type of testing it is recom-
Figure6-12
Double probe technique
Transmitter
CX.max = 45°
Angle probe
parallel to weld
Fig. 6-13a
Fig. 6-13b
Figure6-13
Figures a and b show detection of transverse defects
6.6.8.1.2 Use of angle probes.for detection of transverse im- Scanning is in all cases to be perfonned from both sides of the
perfections weld and in both directions.
Transverse imperfections can be detected by placing the probe 6. 6.8. I.3 Use ofstraight beam prohes for detection ofweld im-
on the surface along the centre line of the weld connection pro- perfections:
vided the surface finish is sufficient smooth. Alternatively the
probe can be placed alongside the weld connection, so that the Weld imperfections with a reflection surface parallel to the
beam forms a small angle with the centreline, see Figure 6- I 3a. scanning surface can be detected with a nom1al probe. The
Another method using two separate probes is shown in the probe is placed on the weld and moved along and across the
same figure (double probe technique). weld connection so that the whole joint is examined. The weld
should preferably be ground flush.
Jf_ the surface finish adjacent to the weld is such that testing
with an angle probe along the centre line of the weld is judged 6.6.8.2 Testing ofT-joints
to be the only method of reliable examination, the weld cap is
Examination of I-joints with 1/2V or K-groove is carried out
to be ground flush or smooth with the parent material, see Fig-
as for butt welds. The scaru1ing area for the probes is shown in
ure 6-13b. The probe is then moved along the centreline, so
that the entire weld is covered. Figure 6-14.
ISCANN+ ,AJlEA
1
l<
;l <
~ WACCESSONLYFROM
i <..;i ONF.. SURFACE
i z
.i z~
! r:;
, ~
~
·-····i •...•
-·'····-··-f····-··
i<
!~
;c;i
IF ACCESS FROM
BO'l'ff SURFACF..S
--r-·:
ia5
1~
il)
<~
ro:l:
!<ll
0::;
-'(; ...i.,........
C.'i ~
;;-: :
~!
u:
Vl i
•r•.:j••••-•
Figure 6-14
Inspection of T-or corner joints (single-bevel or double-bevel groove welds).
t~
+i E-<l• t;::;
e--: ~1 0
f""l:!
=!
I i.._..__ -·--·---·-
.,......:
Figure 6-15
Calibration block for ultrasonic examination of welds in austenitic and austenitic-ferritic steel.
t t ''
r:--i f-i 'o
..,.: ~ :
~i
i - l
t...- ......- ......- ........
i ....................... --··-··--·-··-··
Calibrati011 of amp[!fi.cation
' ' ..
0 ~ Y1
T T
Figure 6-16
Calibration of amplification
Note: and 2.0 mm spark eroded notches at the scanning surfaces, See
Reflector holes are to be drilled in botli fusion lines whenever Figure 6-1 7.
two dissimaler materials are welded to each other.
The surface condition of the calibration blocks is to be similar
--·e·n-cJ---of---N-o-t-e··· to the condition of the parent material lo be cxarn)ned
Calibration blocks for creep wave probes must contain 0.5-1.0 (sca1U1ed).
1.0mm-1.. 2.0mm:
...t ......
..............................................................................................................................................................................
Minimum 150mm
Figure 6-17
Calibration block for creep wave probe
6.7.9 Calibration
6. 7. 9.1 Calibration ofrange scale:
Calibration ofrange is to be carried out with the use ofa duplex
V2 block as indicated in Figure 6-18. See also 6.6.2.
2Smm .••••.····
........... . .·· oo 45° 60°
dB
mm
0 25 50 75 100
Figure 6-18
Calibration of range for duplex V2 block
Note: in accordance with the actual WPS, ifa 1.25 x S (full skip scan-
Angle compression wave probes can only be used for~ skip (S) ning) is possible to obtain using shear wave angle probes. Note
scanning. that angle compression wave probes can only be used at Y2 S
---e-n-t.l---of---N-o-t-e---
scanning.
The eroded notches on the surface of the calibration block, see
6.7.9.2 Control of probe angle Figure 6-17, for creep wave probes is to be used for sensitivity
See 6.6.3 setting. It is recommended to adjust the echo response from the
1.0 mm notch to 75% of FSH.
6.7.10 Calibration of amplification and construction of
DAC 6.7.11 Transfer correction
DAC curves arc to be constructed from the drilled holes in the Due to the fact that compression wave angle probes can only
parent material of the calibration blocks, see Table.6-1 and be used on Yi skip, transfer correction, as described in 6.6.6, ~s
Figure 6-16. not possible to perform. The calibration blocks must, for thts
reason, have a surface finish similar to the production material.
A maximum response shall then be obtained from the holes in
the weld fusion zone and if necessary the gain setting shall be 6.7.12 Testing of parent metal and welds
adjusted such that this response reach DAC, see Figure 6-16.
This shall be the primary gain to be used when locating indi- See 6.6.7
cations on the fusion boundary in those cases where the ultra- 6.8 Evaluation of imperfections in weld connections
sonic beam is passing through the parent metal only.
Imperfections, from which the reflected echo response is great-
An other set of DAC curves shall be constructed, as shown in er than 20% of the reference level shall be investigated to the
Figure 6-16, in order to establish sensitivity levels for instance extent that the operator can detennine the shape, identity and
where the ultrasound is traversing the weld material, when location of all such imperfections and evaluate them in tenns
scanning the fusion face. of the acceptance criteria.
These sensitivity levels shall be verified against the holes
The length of the imperfection shall be determined by measur-
drilled in the base material. Any variations must be noted so
ing the distance along the length over which the echo ampli-
that echoes reflected from indications within the weld zone can
tude exceedes the acceptance criteria. All defects exceeding
be evaluated for amplitude response.
the acceptance criteria shall be repo11ed unless more stringent
It must be verified on calibration blocks with welds produced requirements to reporting are agreed.
z
t
j
j
I
I
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
X=900 I
Z=lO I
L=200 I
Hmu =+lO I
I
I
I
I
Figure 6-19
Example of sketch with notes
6.11 Ultrasonk testing of rolled steel plates standard or certification schemes e.g. PCN or NORDTEST.
This chapter covers manual testing of rolled plates in carbon Other recognized national certification schemes may be con-
and alloy steel with thickness~ 6.0 mm for the detection of im- sidered
perfections which are oriented parallel with the rolled surface.
6.11.1 .2 Ultrasonic apparatus
The intention of the ultrasonic testing is to ensure that the steel
The apparatus shall:
plates are free of gross discontinuities such as planar inclusions
or laminations.
be applicable for the pulse-echo technique and for the dou-
6.11.1 Personnel qualifications and requirements for ble-probe technique
equipment cover a minimum frequency range from 1 to 6 MHz.
have a calibrated gain regulator with minimum 2 dB pr.
6. JJ. 1.1 Personnel step over a range of minimum 60 dB
Personnel p erforming testing of rolled steel plates shall be be equipped with a flat screen accessible from the front for
qualified and certified to UT level I, as a minimum, in accord- direct plotting of Distance Amplitude Curves (DAC) or be
ance with EN 473, ISO 9712 or an equivalent recognised equipped with automatic DAC- display presentation
have the opportunity for mounting distance grain size calibration block, a V2 calibration block or on a defect free
(DGS) -scales on the screen area of the material to be examined.
be able to clearly distinguish echoes with amplitudes of
5% of full screen height. The range scale is to b e selected such that there are always at
least 2 back-wall echoes (reflections) on the screen.
6.11.2 Probes
The probes shall be straight beam transducers (normal probes) 6.11.4.2 Calibration of sensitivity
sing le· or twin crystal. The calibration 0f sensitivity is based on echoes reflected from
Twin crystal probes .shall be used when examination is per- flat bottom holes in calibration blocks of carbon steel. Charac-
formed on steel plates with nominal thickness T < 60 mm. teristics curves corresponding to flat bottom holes with various
diameter can be supplied by the manufacturer of the probes.
Single or twin crystal probes can be used when testing is pcr- T he curves are either p1:escnted on a DGS diagram or on DGS-
fonned on steel plates with nominal thickness T;;:: 60 mm. scales "attachment scales" to be mounted on the screen of the
The single crystal probes shall have a dead zone as small as ultrasonic apparatus.
possible, e.g. 15% of the plate thickness or 15 mm whichever
The DGS- scales, which are most commonly used, are devel-
is the smaller. The focusing zone of the twin crystal probes oped from the DGS diagrams. D ifferently sized reflectors (flat
shall be adapted to the th ickness of the plate to be examined.
bottom ho les "FBH") can be correlated to the evaluating
Selected probes shall have a nominal frequency in the range of curves. The FBH. reflectors are used as reference sizes for
2 MHz to 5 MHz and dimensions 0 10 mm to 0 25 mm. evaluating echo amplitudes.
6.11.3 Coupling medium and surface conditions By using a DGS- scale it is possible to evaluate echo ampli-
The coupling medium shall ensure an adequate contact be- tudes reflected from imperfections quickly and directly. The
tween the probe and the surface of the steel plate to be tested. evaluation is done by measuring the dB distance from an eval-
Water is normally used but other coupling media, e.g. oil or uation curve.
paste, may be used.
6.11.S Evaluation of imperfections
The surface condition shall pennit at least two successive
back-wall echoes to be distinguished when the probe is placed Only imperfections from w hich the reflected echo amplitude is
on any area free from internal imperfections. greater than that of the characteristic curve of a 01 J mm FBH.
shall be taken into account.
6.11.4 Calibration
T he area of the imperfections shall be determined using the 6
6.1I.4. 1 Calibratinn ofrange scale dB-drop technique whenever complete loss of back wall echo
The calibration of range scale is to be carried out using an 11W is obtained, see Figure 6-20
Position A Position B
6 dB Drop in
echo height
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I \
I I
~-~~-'-~~~~~~~~---'---; \
'I I
LaminatiQn
Figure6-20
Half value method
Using single crystal probes the imperfections giving echoes counted and evaluated against the acceptance criteria.
above the characteristic curve for the 0 I 1 mm FBH. are to be Two nearby imperfections shall be considered as one, the area
December 2004
being equal to the sum of the two, if the distance between them ance criteria arc specified the quality class Sl - E2 of EN
is less than or equal to the length of the smaller of the two. 10160, see Tables 6-6, 6-7 and 6-8, applies.
6.11.6 Scanning Table 6-6 Acceptance criteria for testing with twin crystal
Scanning comprises in generaJ continuous examination along probes for stee1 plates T < 60 mm
the lines of a grid made of a 200 mm square parallel to the edg- Unacceptable Acceptable clusters of discontinuities
es of the p late, or along parallel or oscillating lines distributed
Individual Maximum
uniformJy over the surface, giving the same degree of control. discontinuity
Area*considered
density not greater
Class (mm2)
Scanning of plate edges comprises a full examination of zone SJ (mm 2) than J5, in the most
in accordance with Table 6-5 over the four edges of the plate. A> 1000 100<A~1000
populated l m x 1 m
square
Table 6-5 Zone width for steel plate edges * Area of each discontinuity in the cluster in question
Thickness ofplate, T, Zone width
(mm) (mm) Table 6-7 Acceptance criteria for testing with normal (single
l0 $; T<50 50 crystal probes
50 ST< JOO 75 Unacceptable Acceptable clusters ofdiscontinuilies
LOO:;;: T 100 Individual Dimensions* Maximum number
Class discontinuity (number considred) not greater than 15,
6.11.7 Acceptance criteria SJ (mm 2) (mm2) in the m<J~·t
A> 1000 IOO<A:;;: 1000 populated 1 m x J m
Whenever acceptance criteria are defined in the Rules, ap- square
proved drawings, IACS Recommendations or other agreed
'" Dimensions of each discontinuity in the clm;ter in question
produc,1 standards, these criteria are mandatory. If no accept-
6.11.8 Reporting, rolled steel plates be applicable for the pulse-echo technique and for the dou-
In addition to the items listed under l.l 1 Final report, the fol - ble-probe technique
lowing have to be included in the ultrasonic testing report: cover a minimum frequency range from I to 6 MHz
have a calibrated gain regulator with minimum 2 dB pr.
probes, type and frequency step over a range of minimum 60 dB
identification of reference blocks used be equipped with a flat screen accessible from the front for
couplant medium direct plotting of' Distance Amplitude Curves' (DAC) or
reporting level, if different from acceptance level. be equipped with automatic DAC- display presentation
be able to clearly distinguish echoes with amplitudes of
6.12 Ultrasonic testing of castings 5% of full screen height.
This part covers manual testing of castings, carbon, low-alloy
and martcnsitic stainless steel using the flat bottom hole cali-
6.12.l.3 Probes
bration technique. The probes shall be straight beam transducers (normal probes)
single- or twin crystal.
The intention of the testing is to reveal unacceptable internal
imperfections. Twin crystal probes shall be used when testing is performed on
castings with nominal thickness T :::; 25 mm.
Testing is to be carried out after fmal heat treatment when the
casting surface has been brought to a condition suitabJe for UT. Selected probes shall have dimensions 0 10 mm to 0 30 mm.
The background noise shall not exceed 25% of DAC.
As an alternative to the flat bottom hole calibration technique Supplementary:
the DGS technique may, upon agreement with the Society, be Angle beam probes shall be used only when agreed upon be-
accepted. The DGS technique is described in chapter 6.13 "Ul· tween the contracting parties or required by the Society. Typi-
trasonic testing of Forgings". cal applications are castings that cannot be effectively be tested
using a straight beam probe as a result of casting design or pos-
6.12.1 P ersonnel qualifications and requirements for sible discontinuity orientation.
equipment
It is recommended to use probes producing angle beam in steel
6.12.1.l Personnel in the range 30° to 75° inclusive, measured to the perpendicu-
Persoilllel performing testing of castings shall be qualified and lar of the entire surface of the casting being tested.
certified to UT level II or llJ in accordance with EN 473, ISO As a minimum a 45° probe is to be used.
971.2 or an equivalent recognised standard or certification
scheme e.g. PCN or NORDTEST. Other recognized national 6.12.2 Surface preparation and coupling medium
certification schemes may be considered. All surfaces to be examined shall be free of any substance
In addition, the personnel shall be familiar and trained with use which may impede the free movement of the probe or hinder
of flat bottom hole calibration tech11ique. the transmission of ultrasound to the material. Machined sur-
faces should be preferred for the final examination.
6.12.1. 2 Ultr<l$onic Apparatus As coupling medium oil, grease or cellulose gum will be used.
The apparatus shall: The coupling medium used for calibration shall also be used
for examination. test blocks used shall peak at approximately 80% of the screen
height above the sweep by use of tlie attenuator. This curve
6.12.3 Calibration of range scale shall be referred to as l 00% distance amplitude correction
The same equipment shall be used during calibration and ex- (DAC) curve.
amination, e.g. apparatus, probes, cables and coupling medi- The casting testing surface will nonnally be rougher than that
um. of the test blocks; consequently, employ a transfer mechanism
The temperature of the test object and the calibration-/refer- to provide approximate compensation. ln order to accomplish
ence blocks shall be within ±14°C. this, first selee;t a region of the casting that has parallel walls
Calibration of range scale with normal probes is to be per- and a surface condi tion representative of the rest of the casting
fonned using VlN2 calibration blocks or the reference block as a transfer point. Next select the test block whose thickness
for calibration of amplification. most closely matches the thickness of the test object.
TI1e range scale for normal probes is to be selected such that Place the search unit on the casting at the transfer point and ad-
there are always at least 2 back-wall echoes (reflections) on the j ust the instrument gain until the back reflection amplitude
screen. through the casting matches that through the test block.
The range for the angle probe must cover min. 1 x S (Skip dis- Using this transfer technique the variation in attenuation/sur-
tance) if scanning is accessible only from one surface. If scan- face condition between the calibration block and test object
ning is p ossible from two surfaces (inside/outside) 0.5 x S is can be found and taken into consideration.
sufficient. Do not change those instrument controls and the test frequency
set during calibration, except the attenuator, or calibrated gain
6.12.4 Calibration blocks control, during acceptance examination of a given thickness of
Basis for the calibration is a set of test blocks containing flat the casting. Make a periodic calibration during the inspection
bottoms holes. The calibration blocks shall have the same by checking the amplitude of response from the 6.4 mm (2.4
acoustic properties/material grade as the material to be exam- mm for T/R probes) diameter flat-bottom hole in the test block
ined. utilized for the transfer.
Tn addiction the blocks shall be stamped with the reference The attenuator or calibrated gain control may be used to
charge/heat number for traceability to tbe actual material cer- change lhe signal amplitude during examination to permit
tificate, and also be giveo the same heat treatment as the test small amplitude signals to be more readily detected. Signal
object. evaluation is made by returning the attenuator or calibrated
The following blocks are to be used: gain control to its original setting.
During examination of areas of casting having parallel walls
6.12.4.l Block no 1: recheck areas showing 75% or greater loss of back reflection
Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks as specified in ASTM to determine whether loss of back reflection is due to poor con-
SA609/SA609M 4.3.3, Fibrurc l and table 1. tact, insufficient couplant, ntisoriented discontinuity, etc. Tfthc
The blocks are used for calibration of the normal probes. The reason for loss of back reflection is not evident, consider the
dimension of the blocks are depending of the thickness of the area questionable and investigate further.
test object. The basic set shall consist of those blocks listed in
table 1. When section thicknesses over 380 nun are to be test- 6.12.5.2 Angle Probe:
ed, an additional block of the maximum lest thickness shall be The angle probe is to be calibrated using a set of calibration
made to supplement the basic set. T he drilled hole acting as blocks with side-drilled holes at 1/4 t, 1/2 t and 3/4 t (where t
reference reflector is a flaL bottom hole with diameter 6.4 mm. = thickness of the block)
The hole diameter is depending on the thickness of the casting
6.12.4. 2 Blocknu.2: being tested.
Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block for calibration of twin
crystal (transmitter/receiver T/R) probes. The block shall be Use the reflection (amplitude) from the side drilled holes to es-
machined and contain 2.4 mm drilled holes in various depths tablish the applicable DAC as described in 6.6.4.
as shown in ASTM SA609/SA609M 4.3.3, Figure 2. The block The basic calibration blocks shall be made of material that is
is to be used for calibration of the T/R Probe for examination acoustically similar to the casting being examined.
of objects with thickness .:5:25 mm.
A machined calibration block is to be used for machined sur-
6.12.4.3 Block no 3: faces.
Basic Calibration block for angle Dcam Examination is shown 6.12.6 Scanning
in ASTM SA609/SA609M Figure S 1.1
All surfaces specified for ultrasonic testing shall be completely
6.12.5 Calibration of amplification inspected from both sides, whenever both sides are accessible.
Where scanning is restricted to one side only scanning is to be
6.12.5.1 Straight beam probes: performed using a twin crystal probe for the near surface scans
Calibration of the amplification shall include the whole of the (25 mm below surface) and a single probe for the remaining
ultrasonic system, this includes the ultrasonic apparatus, volume.
probes, cables and coupling medium. When practical radial and axial scanning are to be performed.
The blocks that encompasses the metal thickness to be inspect- The scanning rate shall not exceed I 00 mm/s.
ed are to be used for calibration.
The operators shall ensure complete coverage ofaJI areas spec-
Adjust the instrument controls to position the first back reflec- ified for testing by carrying oul systematically overlapping of
tion for the thiclmess to be tested at least one half of the dis- scans. Minimum scanning sp eed shall not exceed 100 mm/s
ta11ce across the cathode ray tube. and the each pass of the search unit shall overlap a minimum
Using the set of reference blocks spanning the thickness of the of 10% oftbe active transducer (piezoelectric element).
casting being inspected, mark the flat bottom bole indication
height for each of the applicable blocks on the cathode ray tube 6.12.7 .Reporting, casting
shield. Draw a curve through these marks on the screen or on In addition to the items listed under 1. 11 Final report, the fol-
a suitable graph paper. The maximum signal amplitude for the lowing have to be included in the ultrasonic testing report:
December 2004
All indications from which the reflected echo response are pendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial testing. Faces
greater than 100% of DAC is to be reported. of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and par-
allel to one another.
Areas showing 75% or greater loss of back reflection are to be
reported if, upon further investigation, the reduction of reflec- As coupling medium oil, grease or cellulose gum will be used.
tion is evaluated to be caused by discontinuities. The coupling medium used for calibration shall also be used
for examination.
6.12.8 Acceptance criteria
Whenever acceptance criteria are defined in the Rules, ap- 6.13.3 Calibration of range scale
proved drawings, !ACS Recommendations or other agreed The same equipment shall be used during calibration and ex-
product standards, these criteria are mandatory. IT no accept- amination, e.g. apparatus, probes, cables and coupling medi-
ance criteria is specified the Quality Level 3 specified in table um.
2, Rejection level of ASTM A609/609M applies. The range scale for nonnal probes is to be selected such that
6.13 Ultrasonic testing of forgings there always are at least 2 back-wall echoes (reflections) on the
screen.
This chapter covers manual testing of forgings of carbon or
low-alloy steel using the straight- and angle beam technique. The ra nge for the angle probe must cover min. I x S (Skip dis-
The straight beam technique utilised is the DGS (Distance tance) if scanning is accessible only from one surface. If scan-
Gain Size) method. ning is possible from two surfaces (inside/outside) 0.5 x S is
sufficient.
The intention of the testing is to reveal unacceptable internal
discontinuities. 6.13.4 Calibration of amplification
Final testing is to be carried out after heat treatment when the
forging surface has been brought to a condition suitable for 6.13.4. 1 Probes
UT. 6. 13.4.J. J Normal probes:
DGS scales, matched to the ultrasonic test unit and probes, arc
6.13.l Personnel qualifications and requirement for to be used for straight-beam testing. The DGS scale range must
equipment be selected to include the full thickness cross-section of the
6.J 3.1.l Personnel forging to be tested.
Personnel performing testing of forgings shall be qualified and Insert the DGS scale on the ultrasonic apparatus cathode-ray
certified to UT level II or llI in accordance with EN 473, ISO tube (CRT) screen ensuring the DGS scale baseline coincides
9712 or an equivalent recognised standard or certification with the sweep line of the CRT screen. Place the probe on the
scheme e.g. PCN or NORDTEST. Other recognized national forging and adjust the first backwall echo to appear clearly on
certification schemes may be considered the CRT screen at the value corresponding to the thickness of
the forging. Adjust the gain so the forging backwal! echo
In addition, the personnel shall be famili ar and trained with use matches the height of the DGS reference slope withi n ±1 dB.
of the DGS method Once adjusted, increase the gain by the dB value shown on the
DGS scale for the reference slope.
6.13. l.2 Ultrasonic Apparatus
The apparatus shall: The instrumen t is now calibrated and can be used for all solid-
cylinder forgings (non-drilled) and plane backwall forgings.
be ap-plicable for the pu!se·echo technique and for the dou- Testing cylindrical hollow forgings the hole of the specimens
ble-probe technique causes sotmd scatter. In these cases a correction depending of
cover a minimum frequency range from 1 to 6 MHz the specimen thickness and the hole diameter is required.
have a calibrated gain regulator wjth minimum 2 dB pr.
step over a range of minimum 60 dB Detennine the correction value in dB from the Nomogram
be equipped with a flat screen accessible from the front for shown in ASTM SA-388/SA-388M, Figure X4.2 Nomogram.
direct plotting of ' Distance Amplitude Curves' (DAC) or Proceed as described above. Using the gain "Gain-dB" control
be equipped with automatic DAC- display presentation reduce the flaw detector by the correction value determined us-
have the opportunity for mounting DOS-scales on the ing the Nomogram.
screen The apparatus is then calibrated for testing cylindrical bored or
be able to clearly distinguish echoes with amplitudes of hollow forgings.
5% of .full screen height.
6.13.4.1.2 Angle Probe:
6.13.J.3 Probes
Rings and hollow sections wit11 an outside to inside diameter
Straight beam (nonnal) probes with frequency 2-4 MHz and (OD/ID) less than 2.0 to 1.0 should be tested using angle
dimension 0 10-30 mm are to be used. Angle beam probe is to probes, at least 45° probe as a supplement to the normal probe.
be used as supplementary testing on rings, hollow and cy lindri- forgings which cannot be tested axially using normal probes,
cal sections. are also to be tested with the use of angle probes, min. 45°
J.t is recommended to use probes producing angle beam in steel probe.
in the range 30° to 75° inclusive, measured to the perpendicu- Calibrate the apparatus for the angle beam testing to obtain an
lar of the entire surface of the casting being tested. As a mini- indication amplitude of approximately 75% ofFSH from a rec-
mum a 45° probe is to be used. tangular or 60° V-notch on inside diameter in the axial direc-
tion and parallel to the axis of the forgings to be tested.
6.13.2 Surface prep aration and coupling medium
All surfaces to be tested shall be free of any substance which A separate calibration standard (block) may be used, however,
may impede the free movement of the probe or hinder the it shall have the same configuration, nominal composition,
transmission of ultrasound to the material. Machined surfaces heat treatment and thickness as the forgings it represents.
should be preferred for the final examination. Where a group of identical forgings is made, one of the forg-
Unless otherwise specLfied the forgings shall be machined to ings may be used as the separate calibration standard.
provide cylindrical surfaces for radial testing in the cases of Cut the ID depth notch to 3% maximum of the thickness or 6
round forgings; the ends of the forgings shall be machined per- mm. whichever is smaller, and its length to approximately 25
mm. At the same instrument setting, obtain a reflection from a 6.13.7 R eporting, forgings
similar OD notch. D raw a line through the peaks of the firs t re- Tn addition to the items listed under chapter 1.11 , Final report,
flections obtained from the ID and OD notches. This shall be the following have to be included in the ultrasonic testing re-
the amplitude reference line ("DAC"). port:
When practical utilise the 10 notch when scanning from the With normal probes:
OD surface and the OD notch when scanning from the ID sur-
face. Curve wedges or probe-shoes may be used when neces- All indication from which the reflected echo response ex-
sary for a proper contact between probe and testing surface. ceeds the specified DGS acceptance criteria are to be re-
ported.
6.13.5 Scanning An indication that is continuous on the same plane and
found over an area larger than twice the probe diameter is
6.13.5.1 Nnrmal probes:
to be reported regardless of echo amplitude.
All surfaces specified for ultrasonic testing shaJl be completely Areas showing 20% or greater loss of back refl ection is to
inspected from both sides, whenever both sides are accessible. be reported if, upon further investigation, the reduction of
Where access is restricted to one side only scanning is to be reflection is evaluated to be caused by disconti nuities.
perfonned using a twin crystal probe for the near surface scans
(25 nun below surface) plus a sing le p robe for the remaining When using angle probes:
volume.
When practical both radial and axial scanning are to be per- - Record cliscontinuities indications cquaJ to or exceeding
formed. 50% of the indication from the reference line.
The scanning rate shall not exceed 100 mm/s. The above reportable indications do not by themselves mean a
rejcctable condition, unless specified in the acceptance criteria.
The operators shall e nsure complete coverage of all areas spec-
ified for testing by carrying out systematically overlapping of 6.13.8 Acceptance Criteria
scans. In general the testing is to be canied out prior to drilling
holes, tapers, grooves, or machinin g sections to contour. Whenever acceptance criteria are defined in the Rules, ap-
proved drawings, IACS Recommendations or other agreed
6.13. 5.2 Angle probes: product standards, these criteria are mandatory. For hull and
Rings and hollow sections as specified in item 6.13.4. 1.2 are to machinery steel forgings, IACS R ecommendation No.68 is re-
be tested using angle probe. The testing is to be perfonned by garded as an example of an acceptable standard.
scanning over the entire surface area circumferentially in both
the clockwise and counter clock wise direction from the OD
surface. 7. Visual Inspection
Forgings which calUlot be tested axially by normaJ probes are
to be tested in both axial directions with an angle-beam probe. 7.1 Scope
For axial scanning the notches as specified in item 6.13 .4.1.2 This part specifies visual testing of fusion welds in metallic
are to be used for calibration. These notches, placed on the ID materials.
and OD surface, shall be perpendicular to the axis of the forg- The testing is to b e perfonned in the as-welded condition in-
ing and have the same dimensions as the axial notch. cluding testing of repaired welds.
6.13.6 Sizing of imperfections 7.2 Information required prior to testing
Tn generaJ, the area containing imperfections, is to be sized (ar- See general infonnation under Introduction chapter 1.
ea and length) using the 6 dB drop teclmique.
The area refers to the surface area on the forgings over which 7.3 Requirements for personnel and equipment
a continuous indication exceeds the acceptance criteria. This
area will be approximately equal to the area of the real defect 7.3 .1 Personnel qualifications
provided the defect size is larger than the 6 dB beam profile of Persormel performing visual inspection shall be qualified and
the probe. certified to an appropriate level in accordance with EN 473,
ISO 9712 or other equivalent recognised standard or national
However, if the real imperfection size is smaller than the 6 dB
certification schemes.
beam profile, the 6 dB drop technique is not suited for sizing.
The area measured on the surface will, in such cases, be meas- '7.3.2 Equipment
ured too large and not represent the real indication size.
The following equipment may be needed:
A guide to classify if the revealed indications are greater or
smaller than the 6 dB drop profile is given in EN 10228-3, part for visual testing of welds with limited accessibility; mir-
13. rors, endoscopes, boroseopes, fibre optics or TV-cameras.
If the size of the indication is evaluated to be smaller than the magnifying lens
6 dB drop profile at the depth of discontinuity a graphic plot, radius gauge
that incorporates a consideration of beam spread, should be various set of weld gauges for measuring fillet welds, re-
used for reaJistic size estimation. inforcement, undercuts, misalignment etc.
light source.
In certain forgi ngs, because of very long metaJ path distances
or curvature of the scanning surfaces, the surface area over 7 .4 Testing conditions
which a given discontinuity is detected may be considerably The luminance at the smface, shall be minimum 500 Ix.
larger or smaller than the actual size of the discontinuity; in
such cases criteria that incorporate a consideration of beam an- If required to obtain a good contrast and relief effect between
gles or beam spread must be used for realistic size evaluation. imperfections and background, an additional light source
should be used.
This might include calibration blocks identical with the forg-
ings t? be tested. In cases of dispute flat bottom hoJcs or notch- F or pcrfonnancc of clirect inspection, the access shall be suffi-
es, dnllcd or machined in the calibration hlocks can act as cient to place tbe eye within 600 mm of the surface to be in-
reflectors to verify the correct defect size. ' spected and at an angle not less than approximately 30°.
D ET N ORSKE VERTTAS
52 Classification Notes - No. 7
December 2004