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    3A Instrument Use Supplement PDF

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    of 76
    ASSESSING SURFACE CLEANLINESS — So.uBLe SALT ConTAMINATION The cleanliness of a surface prior to application of an industrial protective coating system is one of the most critical factors in determining the long-term performance of the coating system, Typically when we speak of surface cleanliness, we are talking about the degree to which rust, old paint, mill scale and other visible surface debris must be removed prior to applying a coating system. In addition to this type of surface debris, there can also be chemical contamination like water-soluble salts on the surface, Sometimes you can see this contamination on the surface and sometimes it is invisible In this module, you will learn about equipment and techniques Common Water Soluble _ that are used to sample and test for two water-soluble chemical Salts Include: contaminants: chloride and ferrous ion. But before you learn hhow to test for these chemical contaminants, it is important to : ern understand why they can be a problem. Y Sulfates ee Corrosion is caused by exposure of unprotected steel to an Nitin environment. Some environments contain natural ot man-made ¥ Ammonia chemicals. These types of environments may contain water- soluble salts, such as chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia that can collect on steel surfaces. If these salts are not removed from the steel prior to coating application, they can Water soluble salts are corrosion “promoters.” Water soluble salts can cause or accelerate corrosion. Most authorities consider chloride cause osmotic blistering contamination (when present) to be the most detrimental of and underfilm corrosion. all water-soluble salt contamination, followed by the others mentioned above. These “anions” react with steel (a ferrous metal) and form a ferrous ion product such as ferrous chloride, ferrous sulfate and so on. Where do these water-soluble salts come from? Chlorides are naturally present in marine environments or along the seacoast, and many State Highway Departments still use salt to melt the ice on roadways and bridge decks in the winter. Some facilities, like pulp and paper plants and chemical plants produce chemical contamination in their processes, Water-soluble sulfates are commonly produced by burning sulfur-containing oil and coal in power plants, while ammonia and nitrate contamination may come from fertilizers and may be present in rural agricultural areas. These contaminants can eventually get deposited from the air onto steel surfaces But aside from where they come from, all of these chemical contaminants are corrosion promoters. If they become trapped beneath a coating applied to steel, and if there is a sufficient amount of water outside the coating, these water-soluble chemicals will literally pull the water through the coating film by a process called osmosis. This osmotic force is quite strong. The passage of water through the coating film will continue until the concentrations of salt in the water the same on both sides of the coating film. Naturally, if there is an excessive build-up of water beneath the coating film, liquid-filled blistering (called osmotic blistering) and underfilm corrosion will occur (if oxygen is present). This can reduce the life of the coating and cause deterioration of the steel substrate, It is not uncommon for coating specifications to require testing for the presence of these water- soluble salts prior to application of the coating system. ‘There are two widely accepted techniques for testing salt contamination. The technique that you select is based on whether you want to know both the quantity and the type of water-soluble salt that is on the surface or whether you just want to know if water- soluble salts are present. The first technique is known as “specific ion detection; the second technique is called “conductivity.” 2012 Tator, Ine sane coeece What is Specific lon Detection? Specific ion detection will tell you whether a specific type of water- soluble salt is on the surface (for example, chlorides, sulfates, ferrous ions, etc.) and how much of each one is there (as long as you test for them). If you select this testing technique you will need to sample the surface, then test the sample for each of the water-soluble salts that you are concerned may be on the surface. What is Conductivity? Water-soluble salts will increase the electrical conductivity of pure water. For example, salt water will conduet electricity a lot better than distilled water. Therefore, if you sample the surface with pure water and test the water sample, an increase in electrical conductivity indicates that the water has extracted salts from the surface. However, conductivity testing will not be able to tell you what nype of salt is on the surface, only that there is some type of water-soluble salt that is causing the electrical conductivity of the water to increase. Some individuals will assume that an inierease in conductivity is an indication that chloride is on the surface, and they will “convert” the conductivity to a chloride concentration. These individuals are assuming a worst-case scenario (i.e., being conservative), since chloride is considered the most detrimental of all water-soluble salt contamination, How Do | Test for Specific lons and Conductivity? There are a variety of methods that can be used to sample the surface, and there are several methods that can be used to test the collected sample. Unless the project specification tells you what test method to use, the first step is to select one. SSPC Technology Guide 15, “Field Methods for Retrieval and Analysis of Soluble Salts on Steel and Other Non-Porous Substrates” describes the most commonly used extraction and testing methods. You will be learning about several of them. But first, you will need to decide if you want to test for specific ions or test for conductivity. Using Coatings Inspection Instruments Pe Select a technique for testing the surface for water-soluble salt contamination Technique for Testing Salt Gontamination Select One (v) Specific ton Detection Conductivity Selecting a Field Sampling and Testing Method If you select “specific ion detection” there are several field sampling techniques and several field testing methods fo choose from. The ones ‘we will focus on in this Module will tell us whether chlorides and ferrous ions are present and how much of each is there. There are also commercially available kits for measuring water-soluble salts like sulfates and nitrates, but they are not included in the Module. If you select “conductivity” there are several field sampling techniques to choose from, but only one field testing method that can be used To select a test method first ask yourself, “What does the project specification require?” If the specification does not require a specific method, then you can select from any of the methods available. This module describes the KTA Surface Contamination Analysis Test (SCAT) kits. The sampling and testing methods, and the possible combinations of KTA SCAT kits are shown in the charts below. Chart 1 lists three methods of collecting a sample from the surface, and Chart 2 contains five methods for testing the collected sample. Unfortunately, not all of the sample collection methods and sample testing methods are compatible. Chart 3 lists the possible combinations of sampling and testing methods. KTA SCAT kits are available in any of the combinations shown in Chart 3. Ti Tator, Inc pce tert Chart 1 Chart 2 Methods of Sample Collection Methods of Sample Testing ‘A. Surface Swabbing 1. Quantab® Chloride Indicator Strip B. Latex Sleeve (Chlor-Test® Kit) 2. Kitagawa® Chloride Indicator Tube C. Latex Cell (Bresle Patch™ and BresleSampler®) 3. Bresle® Kit Drop Titration for Chloride 4. EM Quant® Iron Strip (ferrous ion) 5. Conductivity Chart 3 - Combination of Sample Collection and Testing Methods Method of Sample Collection (from Chart 1) Method of Sample Testing (from Chart 2) A. Surface Swabbing Quantab® Chloride Indicator Strip Kitagawa® Chloride Indicator Tube EM Quant® Iron Strip (ferrous ion) Conductivity B. Latex Sleeve (Chlor-Test® Kit) Kitagawa® Chioride Indicator Tube EM Quant® Iron Strip (ferrous ion) Conductivity C. Latex Cell (Bresle Patch ™ and BresleSampler®) PPOValTa DN Aa = Quantab® Chloride Indicator Strip Kitagawa® Chloride Indicator Tube Bresle® Kit Drop Titration (chloride) EM Quant® Iron Strip (ferrous ion) Conductivity The remainder of this module is divided into three main sections. Section 1 describes the step-by. -step procedures for each of the three sample collection procedures (A-C) listed in Chart 1. Section 2 describes the step-by-step procedures for each of the five sample testing procedures (1-5) listed in Chart 2 above. Section 3 describes a combination extraction and analysis procedure called SaltSmart™. Using Coatings Inspection Instruments or Section 4-1 — CoLtectinc A SAMPLE Before you test a sample for soluble salt contamination, you will need to collect a sample or set of samples from the surface. This section describes three methods of collecting samples from a surface for testing, Remember, SCAT stands for Surface Contamination Analysis Test. Surface Sampling Method A: Surface Swabbing (KTA-Swab SCAT Kit) The surface swabbing technique was one of the first sample collection methods available, The amount of soluble salt contamination actually sampled using the surface swabbing technique (better known as extraction efficiency) is relatively low, compared to some of the other methods we will be discussing. Despite its limitations, surface swabbing is still a viable technique for sample collection. The KTA-Swab SCAT kit contains all of the necessary equipment you will need to collect a sample from the surface, then test the sample for chloride, ferrous ion and pH. Step 1: Purify the Extraction Water Before you collect a sample from the surface, make sure that the water you will KTA-Swab SCAT Kit se does not already contain chloride. You have a couple of options here. Demineralizer bottle ‘Open valve on demineralizer bottle Option 1: Demineralizer bottles are available from Hach (or from KTA) so that you can purity regular tap water in the field. To use the Hach demineralizer bottle, simply fill it with tap water and shake it gently. Open the valve in the lid and squeeze the demineralizer bottle until the desired quantity of water is dispensed. Close the lid valve. The won Ine Sista co Measure an area for sampling demineralizer bottle will need to be replaced when the resin beads inside the bottle change in color from purple to gold. Option 2: Many grocery stores sell plastic, one-gallon containers of distilled water. This water can also be used. However, be certain that the water is truly free of any detectable chloride by placing a few drops (1 or 2 milliliters) into a clean plastic beaker and testing it using the Quantab® Titrator Strip (see instructions on using and reading the Quantab® strip), This is called “running a blank.” If the Quantab® test strip does not indicate the presence of chloride, then the distilled water is okay to use for the extraction. If you test the extraction water, be sure to document the results of your test (e.g., “chlorides, if any in the blank sample were below the detection limit of the test strip, which is 28 PPM”), Note: The detection limit of the Quantab® Titrator Strips will vary depending on the batch. The detection limit is the lowest PPM value listed on the conversion chart. Step 2: Measure an Area for Sampling Select a (est area based on the project specification requirements or other instructions. If'no guidance is provided, then you'll need to select test areas based on likely areas of contamination. Typical sample locations might be on the bottom of a vessel, or in areas where rust and contamination are present. Once a test area is selected, measure and draw a square on the surface using a chloride-free pencil. The square can be any size, as long as you measure and record its dimensions. A4"x 4" sample area is convenient, because it converts to approximately 100 square centimeters (1" = 2.54 cm). Record the actual size of the test area (in cm*) using the formula: Jn” x 2.5: Examp! Area tested was 4"x 4" (16 in?) x (2.54") = 103.2 cm? Step 3: Measure the Amount of ‘Sampling Water 3.1 Dispense the desired quantity of demineralized or distilled water into the plastic graduated cylinder (included). You can use any amount of water, but if you use too much water, you may dilute your sample so much that you will not get a reading. Therefore, for larger areas 10 milliliters is recommended; for smaller areas like 4” x 4”, use § milliliters of water. Whatever quantity you use, make sure to record it on the data chart. 3-2 Pour all of the water from the graduated cylinder into the small plastic beaker. Example: Quantity of water used was 5 ml, Step 4: Sample the Surface 4-1 Using a pair of tweezers (included) or latex surgical gloves take a cotton ball out of the zip-lock bag. 4-2 Immerse the cotton ball in the sampling ‘water inside the small plastic beaker. Withdraw the moistened cotton ball. ‘Swab the pre-measured area 4-3 Swab the entire measured area on the surface, Be careful not to lose too much water in the process. The cotton ball should be wet but not saturated or dripping. Wring-ow water from cotion ball sing side of beaker 4-4 Afier swabbing the entire measured area, place the cotton ball back into the beaker and swirl it in the water. Be careful not to touch the water or the cotton ball with your unprotected fingers, as they can contaminate the sample. Wring-out most of the water from the cotton ball, then swab the same measured area a second time. Repeat this process several times (minimum of 4 times) to ensure that any salts on the surface are dissolved in the water, collected on the cotton ball and transferred into the plastic beaker. ¥ irl cotton balls in water “Blank” sample 4-6 You can nm a “blank” sample to confirm that the water, containers and cotton balls are not the source of salt contamination. To run a blank sample, measure and dispense the same quantity of water used in Step 3-1 into a second clean beaker. Remove a new cotton ball from the bag (using tweezers or latex gloves), place it in the beaker of water, then swirl the cotton ball in the water for at least two minutes. Test this sample using the same procedure you intend to use on the actual sample collected from the surface. Deduct any reading you obtain on the “blank” from the sample collected during the surface extraction. 4-5 After the final swabbing, swirl the cotton balls in the water for at least two minutes. You are now ready to test the sample you collected from the surface for chloride, ferrous ions and/or conductivity, You can also test the sample for pH if you desire. If you selected this method of sample collection, you can now proceed to Section 2 of this module for instructions on how to test the sample(s) you have collected, Using Coatings Inspection Instruments Cima es ee Rt aie ae eben a, a ce de 2 we Surface Sampling Method B: Latex Sleeve (KTA-Chlor*Test™ SCAT Kit) The KTA-Chlor*Test™ SCAT Kit contains five latex sleeves and five bottles of Chlor*Extract™ solution that are used for collecting a sample from the surface. The extraction efficiency of this method is better than the swabbing method, Step 1: Prepare the Latex Sleeve KTA-Chlor*Test™ SCAT Kit 1-1 Remove the cap from the Chlor*Extract™ solution bottle and pour the entire contents, into the Chlor*Sleeve™ 1-2 Peel the white, pressure sensitive adhesive 1-3 Remove the air from the latex sleeve by strip backing from the latex sleeve to expose squeezing it between your fingers and thumb. the adhesive Be careful not to spill any of the solution while you are evacuating the air from the latex sleeve. TA Tator, Inc Step 2: Attach the Latex Sleeve to the Test Surface Attach the latex sleeve to the surface 241 Select a test area based on the project specification requirements or other instructions, If no guidance is provided, then you'll need to select test areas based on likely areas of contamination, Typical sample locations might be on the bottom of a vessel, or in areas where rust and contamination are present, Once a test area is selected, firmly affix the latex sleeve to the surface by attaching the adhesive end of the sleeve to the test surface. The latex sleeve can be attached to horizontal or vertical surfaces, or even overhead. Step 3: Sample the Surface Liftsleeve 3-1 With one hand, lift and hold the free end of the latex sleeve upright so that the extraction solution comes in contact with the test surface. Coatings Inspect aes iea tia Meptieisl tliat ‘Seal the sleeve 2-2 Press firmly around the perimeter of the contact area to ensure you have a good seal between the surface and the latex sleeve. ‘Massage sleeve 10 extract sample 3-2 Use your fingers on the other hand to massage the solution (through the latex sleeve) for at least 2 minutes. This helps to extract the contamination from the surface into the solution, Step 4: Remove the Latex Sleeve from the Surface ‘Remove latex sleeve from ‘Insert sleeve through bax lid hole surface 4-1 After you complete Step 3, carefully 4-2 After removing the latex sleeve from the remove the latex sleeve from the test surface. surface, place it through the hole in the kit box Make sure that the extraction solution returns lid, with the open end of the sleeve up. The to the bottom of the latex sleeve before you sample will remain in the bottom of the latex remove it from the surface, For overhead or sleeve. You are now ready to test the sample vertical surfaces, gravity will put it there. For you collected from the surface for chloride, horizontal surfaces, you will need to slide your _ ferrous ions and/or conductivity. If you selected fingers along the outside of the latex sleeve and this method of sample collection, you can push all of the solution into the closed end of now proceed to Section 2 of this module for the sleeve before removing it from the surface. _ instructions on how to test the sample(s) you have collected. Surface Sampling Method C: Latex Cell (Bresle Patch™ and BresleSampler®) There are two latex cells that can be used to collect a sample from the surface. They are both named “Bresle.” The Bresle Patch™ is an adhesive latex cell. The sampling area of the latex cell is 12.2Sem? and is square in shape. The BresleSamplert is also an adhesive latex cell. The sampling area of this latex cell is 12.5cm? and is round in shape. Since the procedure for collecting a sample from the surface using these two latex cells is essentially the same, only the Bresle Patch™ is illustrated. Bresle Patch™. BresleSampler and Extraction s Ba Tator, Te “iatibiia tied Step 1: Purify the Extraction Water ‘The KTA-Bresle SCAT Kit contains a bottle of Extraction Liquid, If you purchased a KTA-Bresle SCAT Kit and you are going to use the Extraction Liquid, then you can proceed to Step 2. If you are going to use water instead of Extraction Liquid, then make sure that the extraction water you will use does not already contain chloride before you begin to collect a sample from the surface. You have a couple of options here. Option 1: Option 2: Ifyou test Demineralizer bottle Open vatve on demineralizer hortle Demineralizer bottles are available from Hach (or from KTA) so that you can purify regular tap water in the field. To use the Hach demineralizer bottle, simply fill it with tap water and shake it gently. Open the valve in the lid and squeeze the demineralizer bottle until the desired quantity of water is dispensed. Close the lid valve. The demineralizer bottle will need to be replaced when the resin beads inside the bottle change in color from purple to gold. as Many grocery stores sell plastic, one-gallon containers of distilled water. This water can also be used. However, be certain that the water is truly free of any detectable chloride by placing a few drops (1 or 2 milliliters) into a clean plastic container and testing it using the Quantab® Titrator Strip (see Step $ for instructions on using and reading the Quantab® strip). This is called “running a blank.” If the Quantab® test strip does not indicate the presence of chloride, then the distilled water is okay to use for the extraction the extraction water, be sure to document the results of your test (e.g., “chlorides, if'any in the blank sample were below the detection limit of the test strip, which is 28 PPM"). Note: The detection limit of the Quantab® Titrator Strips will vary depending on the batch. The detection limit is the lowest PPM value listed on the conversion chart. secboec: Using Coatings Inspec mn Instruments aa sei: tu Step 2: Prepare the Latex Cell Select a test area based on the project specification requirements or other instructions. If no guidance is provided, then you'll need to select test areas based on likely areas of contamination. Typical sample locations might be on the bottom of a vessel, or in areas where rust and contamination are present. 2-1 Once a test area is selected, peel the label backing from the adhesive side of the latex cell and discard the label. This will expose the adhesive. 2-2 Carefully press the center of the non- adhesive side of the patch with your finger(s) to “punch-out” the foam square (or circle in the case of the BresleSampler‘®) to create a “void area. This foam piece can be discarded, 2-3 Attach the latex cell to the test surface (adhesive side down). ss firmly around the foam border of the latex cell to ensure a good seal. You have now created a “sampling cell” that will retain the extraction solution once it is placed inside, Step 3: Evacuate the Air from the Latex Cell Using an empty Sec syringe, insert the syringe needle through the top of the foam border, then continue to slide the syringe needle into the latex cell until itis visible through the semi-translucent top, Withdraw the syringe plunger to evacuate the air from inside the cell. This will help prevent over-pressurizing of the patch during sample collection. You will notice that a vacuum is created inside the cell, because the top of the cell will be sucked in towards the test surface. Depending on the quality of the seal around the foam border, this vacuum may or may not hold. It is okay if the cell does not maintain the vacuum, Carefully remove the syringe needle from the cell by sliding the needle back through the foam border. Evacuate air from latex cell Step 4: Measure the Amount of Sampling Water or Extraction Liquid Draw liquid into 4-1 Dispense some of the demineralized water 4-2 Draw water or liquid into the syringe or Extraction Liquid into a clean plastic beaker _through the needle. Overfill the syringe, hold or other small container. the syringe upright, tap the syringe then discard the excess by slowly depressing the syringe plunger until the desired quantity is obtained (e.g., 2cc). This procedure will also get rid of the air, Never discard liquid back into the container, as you may cause it to become contaminated. Approximately 2cc of liquid in syringe 4-3 You can use any amount of liquid (Ice to 3cc), but the more you use, the more you will dilute your sample. Make sure to record the actual quantity of sampling liquid that you used. Note that milliliters (mL) and cubic centimeters (cc) are the same value, Example: Quantity of water used was 2ce (2 mL) Step 5: Collect the Sample Insert needle into cell Inject liquid into cell 5-1 Carefllly insert the syringe needle through 5-2 Slowly inject the liquid into the cell. Once the top of the foam border, then continue to all of the liquid is injected, carefully slide the slide the syringe needle into the void area of, needle back through the foam border, but do the cell until it is visible through the semi- not remove the needle from the cell. translucent top. Agitate liguad in cell 5-3 Carefully rub and tap (using moderate pressure) the top of the cell for 15-20 seconds. ‘This “agitates” the liquid inside the cell and helps to extract the salt contaminants. Draw liquid from cell, then reinject $-4 Slide the needle back into the cell and evacuate the solution. You do not have to evacuate all of the solution. Slowly inject the liquid back into the cell and agitate the surface again. Repeat this procedure a minimum of 3 times. After the final time, evacnate as much of the liquid from the latex cell as possible using the syringe. Completely remove the syringe needle from the cell by sliding the needle back through the foam border, Empty sample into plastic beaker or viat 5-5 Empty the contents of the syringe into a small plastic beaker or other small plastic container/vial, You are now ready to test the sample you collected from the surface for chloride, ferrous ions and/or conductivity. If you selected this method of sample collection, you can now proceed to Section 4-2 of this module for instructions on how to test the sample(s) you have collected. If you are going to collect additional samples using the same syringe, you must thoroughly flush the syringe and needle with distilled or deionized water. Otherwise, you will cross- contaminate samples. Properly dispose of all syringes and syringe needles so that they do not injure anyone, SEcTION 4-2 — TESTING THE CoLLEcTED SAMPLES ‘Now that you have collected a set of samples using one or more of the sample collection methods described in Section 1, you are ready to test the collected sample(s) for chlorides, ferrous ion, and/ or conductivity. This section describes five methods for testing the collected samples for soluble salt contamination, Sample Testing Method 1: Quantab® Chloride Indicator Strips ‘Now that you have collected a sample or a set of samples, you are now ready to test the sample(s) for chloride. Method 1 describes the procedure for testing the sample for chloride using Quantab® Chloride Indicator Strips. Step 1 1-1 Remove a Quantab® Chloride Indicator 1-2 Place the bottom of the strip into the plastic Strip from the bottle. beaker containing the sample. You only need a few drops of liquid to activate the strip. ator, Ine See sai Step 2 f _ Yellow indicator string 2-1 Allow the sample to saturate the center orange wick (column) of the strip. This takes approximately 5 minutes. Step 3: Read the Titrator Strip Peak indicates chloride concentration in the sample 3-1 Remove the Indicator strip from the beaker and locate the peak of the white mark on the orange wick or column. Read the Quantab® unit value corresponding to the tip of the white peak from the scale imprinted on the orange column. Each division between the numbers is 0.2 Quantab® unit. Using Coatings Inspection Instruments Assessing Surface Cleanliness ‘Soluble Salt Contamination Yellow indicator string darkened 2-2 The Indicator strip is completely saturated when the yellow indicator string at the top of the strip (right below the “b” in Quantab) darkens. This indicates that the test is done, ‘Conversion chart on Quantab®) swrip bottle 3-2 Convert this value to parts per million (ppm) of chtoride using the conversion chart on the side of the Quantab® Indicator strip bottle. Make sure you use the “ppm” column on the conversion chart and not the % NaCl column, Record the ppm value. Note: The conversion chart is only applicable to the strips in the bottle. Strips from one bottle cannot be used with the chart from another bottle. Quantab® strip value Tat of 3.4= 124 ppm ges Example: The white peak indicates a Quantab unit value of 3.4 on the orange column, According to the chart on the side of the Quantab® Indicator strip bottle, this value equates to 124 ppm. The 0.020 value is percent sodium chloride. Do not use this value. Step 4: Calculate the Surface Chloride Concentration Enter all of the data into a chart similar to the one below, then calculate the chloride concentration. This requires two calculations, so a calculator will come in handy here. Assume you tested a 4” x 4” area (103.2 cm*) by swabbing using 5 mL of water, and the PPM chloride from the Quantab conversion chart was 124 PPM. Entry Result PPM (from Step 3 Example) 124 ppm chloride Quantity of Water Used (from Section 1) |5 mL of water PPM x Quantity of Water Used 124 x 5 = 620 micrograms of chloride Area Tested (from Section 1) 103.2 om? of surface Micrograms of chloride + Area Tested —_|620 + 103.2 = 6.0 micrograms/cm’ chloride Note: 7.0 microgram/square centimer = 10 miligrams/square meter What if | Don’t Get a Reading on the Quantab® Chloride Indicator Strip? There are two reasons why you would not get a reading on the Quantab® Chloride Indicator Strip. Fither there are no detectable chlorides on the surface, or you have used too much water during sample collection and you have diluted your sample. If you believe you have used too much water, then you'll have to retest the surface using a lesser amount of water. If you used the correct amount of water Ey Teton, Ine ahi ae, and still did not get a reading, then the chloride concentration will need to be reported as “non-detectable, less than “X” micrograms/em? chloride.” To calculate “X”, or the detection limit of the testing method, choose the lowest PPM value from the conversion chart on the side of the Quantab® Indicator strip bottle. Make sure you use the “ppm” column, on the conversion chart and not the % NaCl column. Record the ppm value, but this time, place a “less than” sign (<) in front of the value, Perform the same set of calculations illustrated in Step 4, using the lowest PPM value posted on the conversion chart. The final value will be reported as “Non-detectable, less than “X” micrograms/em? chloride.” Example: Result PPM (lowest value on chart) <28 ppm chloride Quantity of Water Used (from Section 1) |5 mL of water PPM x Quantity of Water Used <28 x 5 = <140 micrograms of chloride Area Tested (from Section 1) 103.2 cm? of surface Micrograms of chloride + Area Tested 140 + 103.2 = <1.4 micrograms/cm? chloride Therefore, the lowest detection limit for this particular bottle of Quantab® Indicator strips is 1.4 micrograms/ent (1.4 g/m?) when Sm. of water is used and 103.2 cm? of surface is tested. Ifyou EXCEED the maximum value on the Quantab® Indicator strip, you will need to dilute your sample with a known quantity of water, then retest using a new strip. Sample Testing Method 2: Kitagawa® Chloride Indicator Tube Now that you have collected a sample or a set of samples, you are now ready to test the sample(s) for chloride. Method 2 describes the procedure for testing the sample for chloride using Kitagawa® Chloride Indicator Tubes. Using Coatings Inspection Instruments ‘adage areicd WlaceTenti: — olabile Galt Colutarniouiion: NOTE: The procedure described below is based on using the indicator tubes with the KTA- Chlor*Test™ SCAT Kit and Latex Sleeves (Sample Collection Method B from Section J). If you used Sample Collection Methods A or C, then you will need to calculate the concentration of chlorides in your sample based on the amount of water you used to extract the sample and the size of the area that you sampled using the formulas provided in this section. Step 1: Prepare the Indicator Tube for Testing ‘Kitagawa® Indicator Tube 1-1 Remove the Kitagawa Indicator Tube from the kit, making sure you do not touch the ends with your fingers. Step 2: Test the Sample 2-1 Place the prepared “open” indicator tube into the test sleeve with the arrow and smaller numbers on the tube at the bottom. Break ends of tube using metal snapper 1-2 Using the metal tube-end snapper, break off both ends of the indicator tube. The ends of the tube will be very sharp, so be sure not to cut your skin. Keep the tube ends away from your eyes as well. Both ends of the tube should be “open.” Direction of sample flow Cofton filaments at top of tube 2-2 The arrow indicates the direction that the 2-3 The cotton filaments at the top of the solution will flow through the tube (upwards), indicator tube will tum from white to amber Allow the tube to remain in the solution for color when the sample has reached the top, at least 90 seconds, or until the solution has Disregard any yellow coloring inside the tube wicked all the way up to the top of the tube, during the test, Place black rubber bulb over the tlp of the tube Aspirate the solution up through tube if necessary 2-4 If the sample does not begin to travel up the indicator tube after 30 seconds, you will need to help it. A small black rubber aspirator bulb is included in the kit. Place the aspirator bulb over the top end of the tube (while the lower end is still in the solution), give the bulb one squeeze, then release. The suction will help to bring the solution into the tube. 2-5 Carefully remove the black aspirator bulb and allow the tube to continue to draw the sample upwards until the cotton fibers at the top of the tube turn amber color. ing Coatings Jnspection Instruments ‘Aasaialieg Sian Ctaenth a Neale Step 3: Read and Record the Surface Chioride Concentration After the cotton filaments at the top of the tube turn from white to amber, remove the indicator tube from the latex sleeve and read the value on the tube at the interface of the pink/white color shift. The Interface of pink/white area indicates chloride concentration pink coloration inside the tube is normal, while the white coloration indicates the presence of chloride. The value at the pink/white color interface is the amount of chloride present in the test solution. This value is expressed in parts per million (ppm). Since the amount of test solution (in milliliters) and the size of the test area (in square centimeters) is the same number for the K'TA-Chlor*Test™ SCAT Kit, these cancel each other out. Therefore PPM equals micrograms/ square centimeter (ig/em*), The value on the indicator tube is the concentration of chloride, in g/cm? Ifyou sampled the surface using Method A (surface swabbing) or Method C (latex cell), then the value from the indicator tube (in PPM) can be used to calculate the surface chloride concentration ({PPM x quantity of water used} “area sampled). What if | Didn't Get a Reading on the Kitagawa® Chloride indicator Tube? If you did not get a reading on the Kitagawa) Chloride Indicator ‘Tube, then the chloride concentration will need to be reported as “non- detectable, less than “X” micrograms/cm? chloride.” To calculate “X”, or the detection limit of the testing method, choose the lowest PPM value on the indicator tube (1 PPM) Record this value as “less than (<) 1 PPM.” Since the amount of test solution (in milliliters) and the size of the test area (in square centimeters) is the same number for the KTA-Chlor*Test™ SCAT Kit, these equate to micrograms/square centimeter (j1g/cm*). So you do not need to perform any calculations. The value on the indicator tube (in PPM) is the concentration of chloride, in ug/em®. Therefore, the concentration (©2012 KTATator, Inc i ee would be reported as “Non-detectable, <1 microgram/square centimeter (

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