PREFACE Tho American Language Course (ALC) is designed primarily for an intensive language training program. However, these materials can also be used in nonintensive programs. The course will provide students with a sufficient level of fluency and Communicative proficiency in American English to enable thom to Successfully pursue technical or professional training in schools conducted by the Department of Defense. ‘he General English Phase of the ALC consists of six progressive levels of language proficiency training. Levels I through V consist of six separate instructional packages each. level VI contains four. Level I Books 1- 6 Level II Books 7 ~ 12 Level III Books 13 - 18 Level IV Books 19 - 24 Level V Books 25 - 30 Level VI Books 31 - 34 ‘The coordinated instructional packages for Books 1-30 consist of the following: 1. Instructor Text 2. Student Text 3. Audiotapes 4. Instructor Language Laboratory Activities Booklet 5. Student Language Laboratory Activities Booklet 6. Quiz Kits 7. Optional training aids Inquiries concerning these materials, including requests for copies,. should be addressed to Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LERW, 2235 Andrews Ave., Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5259. Recommendations for improving this edition are encouraged. Letters should be addressed to: Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LEAC, 2230 Andrews Ave., Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5203. The American Language Course (ALC) contains copyrighted material. Reproduction of this publication is not authorized without the expressed written permission of the owners of the copyrights. Dimensions in Science tape The Greenhouse Effect used by permission.NOTES TO THE STUDENT the Student Text for Book 23, Level Iv, has four lessons and one review lesson, daily evaluations and homework assignments, and various appendixes. The homework and evaluation exercises are at the back of this text. The evaluation exercises are short quizzes and will be given after each lesson is completed. The daily homework assignments will require about two hours to complete. The appendixes are after the fifth lesson. Appendix A, Part One, is an alphabetical list of the new vocabulary presented in this book. Next to the word is the number of the lesson where the word is introduced. Appendix A, Part Two, is a Glossary of the vocabulary presented in the book. It is divided into lessons. You are to use this Glossary in order to prepare for the lesson. Appendix B is a list of the grammar structures presented in this book. Next to the structure is the number of the lesson where the structure is presented. The rest of the appendixes are reference materials. The American Language Course focuses on four areas: 1. he Function ‘The functions are the ways we use a language to communicate. There are exercises in the lessons that show you how and when to use certain words, phrases, and sentences in a particular situation. 2. QD) Grammar he grammar structures in the lesson are the forms you need to speak and write correctly. 3. Skills db There are exercises in the lessons to help you improve your skill or ability in listening, speaking, reading or writing. 4. vocabulary The words and expressions presented in the lesson are those you will need to do the functions and the grammar exercises. whe first page of each lesson is the Focus Page. It provides a summary of the material that will be presented in the lesson. iiaLeeson Lesson Lesson BON Lesson Lesson 5 Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix CONTENTS Title What Are Things Composed Of? First Aid It's in the Southwest. Marksmanship Review Lesson Word List and Glossary Structure List Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs Four Important Spelling Rules Punctuation and Capitalization Conditional Sentences Homework Evaluation 87 137 17 Al c-1 DeL E-1 HW-1 EE-1WHAT ARE THINGS COMPOSED OF? BOOK 23 LESSON 1 (1s THE DATA IN THIS ‘ FACTORY PRODUCTIO REPORT AccLI@ATE? , 158% NOW. 7 FUNCTION —_—— What is the atmosphere made of? The atmosphere consists of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, other gases, and water vapor. GRAMMAR- what when where how why who how many how much Please keep the motor running; I won't be long. The stoxm left the trees badly damaged. Air that is compressed is called compressed air. A growing child needs a good diet and plenty of rest. ~ ‘SKILLS-——-— Find the topic sentence. Use the appropriate intonation. Read in thought groups. Find the address on the map. Read the article; answer the questions. Don't use a dictionary. —WOCABUL be composed of atmospheric layer compress tiny lung consist matter convert molecule evaporate nitrogen exert oxygen exhale altitude particle exist atmosphere sea level expand atom solid float barometer space inhale carbon dioxide state melt element steam occupy form vacuum press gas vapor surround hydrogen volumeCONTENTS OF BOOK 23 LESSON 1 ST Page VOCABULARY: composition of matter 3 READING SKILL: written text (underline words/phrases signalling topic sentence) 9 VOCABULARY: the atmosphere 41 GRAMMAR: present/past participles as noun modifiers 15 READING SKILLS: phrases separated by spaces (read at a glance) 17 written text/questions (select answers; record reading time/rate) 18 GRAMMAR: question-word questions 21 FUNCTION: sesking and reporting facts 23 READING SKILLS: diagram/questions (select answers) 27 map/questions (provide answers) 29 GRAMMAR: present/past participles 30 SPEAKING SKILLS: suprasegmentals 32 READING SKILL: written text/ questions (select answers) 37 ENRICHMENT 40q Vocabulary WHAT IS MATTER? Repeat the underlined words, listen to the paragraphs while you read them silently, and complete the sentences which follow the reading. SOLIDS People, animals, plants, the oceans, the sun, the moon, etc., are different forms of what scientists call matter. Everything consists of matter. We can easily recognize certain states of matter. We can see and touch solids, like rock, wood, plastic and iron, and liguids, like milk, gasoline, and coffee. Gases can't be easily seen, but we can feel air, which is a nixture of gases, moving during windy days.Full of Air Vacuum fod i We know that liquids, solids, and gases have weight. A container full of air weighs more than it does when the air is removed and a acuum is created. Therefore, we can say that matter has weight. Matter takes up space, so we can also say that matter occupies space. The amount of space occupied by matter is called volume. Matter exist in many different shapes: people, animals, water, etc. What makes these forms of matter different? For one thing, matter is d_of different elements. Elements are the purest* of those substances which make up matter. A11 matter consists of these elements. You are probably familiar with many elements. Some of them are solids, such as copper, gold, and ion; and some are gases, such as oxygen and hydrogen. correR %puré = not mixedComplete the 5 in the reading ntences orally with some of the underlined words 1. ‘his classroom, the chalkboard, the students, etc., are mado up of _ : 2. Everything matter. 3. We can find matter in three 4. Rock, wood, and plastic are 5. Milk, water, and soda are Aix and oxygen are 7. when aix is removed from a container, a is created. 8. We say that matter takes up, or , space. 9. The amount of space occupied by matter is called 10. Matter ____ in many forms. are the purest of the substances which make ip matter. aa see ___ and oxygen are the two elements water is made up of. HEAY MAKES MOLECULES MOVE FAS'TER. Repeat the underlined words, read the paragraphs silently, and answer the questions which follow. @ an oxygen atom a hydrogen atomElements are made up of identical* atoms. Atoms are also made up of smaller parti sles; however, these tiny particles cannot be separated by ordinary chemical methods. Atoms of different elements combine to make different substances. The smallest possible part of a substance is a molecule. A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Matter can be converted from one form to another through the action of heat. When a solid becomes very hot, its molecules move faster and faster until it turns into a liquid. If the temperature of a liquid is raised high enough, the liquid becomes a gas. Water is a good example. When we heat ice (the solid state of water), it melts into a liquid. If we continue heating the liquid, it will evaporate or turn into a gas which is called steam or vapor. identical ~ exactly the sameAnswer these questions about the reading. What are molecules made up of? What are very small parts called? What does the word "tiny" mean? what is the smallest possible part of a substance? Can a substance change from one state to another? What happens when you leave ice cream out of the refrigerator? How does the sun affect sea water? What is the neme of water in the form of a gas? CLOUDS ARE COMPOSED OF WATER VAPOR. Circle the letter next to the word which has a meaning similar to that of the underlined word. Le Clouds are composed of water in the form of vapor. a. steam b. water ©. liquid Where are three forms of matter. a. solids b. elements . states Matter takes up space. a. exists b. occupies c. uses Heat can change a solid like ice into a liquid like water. a. convert b. state c. evaporateThe volume of this cylinder is 12.5 cubic feet. a. form b. size ©. solid Atoms are very small particles of elements. a. gas b. molecule c. tiny The ice tur d_into water. a. evaporated b. steamed melted Matter consists of elements. a. is composed of b. is surrounded of c¢. existsReading Skill dD IMPORTANT REGIONS ON EARTH Each of the paragraphs in this reading contains a topic sentence. The topic sentence of a paragraph states the main idea of the paragraph. In each topic sentence is a connective or transition, which signals the paragraph's relationship to the main idea of the reading or to the other paragraphs in the reading. Examples of connective words include first, second, last, before, after, another, next, then, in addition to, and also: Read the paragraphs; then underline the connective word(s) in ‘them. The earth has four important regions. First in importance are forests which provide the oxygen that animals and people need to breathe. By changing gases in the air into clean oxygen, forests provide us with a substance which is necessary for life. Forests also provide protected living space and food for thousands of different kinds of birds, insects, and animals. In addition, the floor of a forest absorbs rain, which is slowly released into rivers.In addition to forests, grasslands provide basic things for life. Grasslands are areas which are covered with grass. Many people live in these areas because there is grass for their animals to eat, and it's also easy to grow plants for food for ‘themselves. People have learned how to bring water to grasslands to grow plants for food without depending on the natural rainfall. Then there are mountains, high areas which have beon lifted up by forces inside the earth. Because conditions are so severe, fewer people live in mountain regions. People can't live or work easily at higher altitudes since it is more difficult to breathe. Very few food plants can be grown at the higher elevations, but some animals can be successfully raised in the mountains. Last of all are the deserts. ‘There is not much rain and few plants can grow. Strong sunshine and winds are characteristic of deserts. There are low, dry deserts covered with sand and small xocks like the Sahara in northern Africa. There are cooler, mountainous, dry deserts like the Atacama in Chile. ‘here are also ice deserts in the Arctic and Antarctic regions which havo freezing temperatures. Although 24% of the earth's land is desert, only 4% of the earth's population lives in desert areas. 10y Vocabulary THE ATMOSPHERE Repeat the underlined words; then read the paragraphs silently. The atmosphere is an ocean of air which surrounds the earth. It consists mostly of nitrogen and oxygen, but there are other gases present such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The atmosphere also contains a large amount of water vapor which has evaporated from oceans, lakes, and rivers. aThe atmosphere is divided into different layers. whe first layer reaches an altitude of about 10 kilometers (6 miles). This layer is also the richest in oxygen, and the heaviest. It is here where many living things exist. We have already mentioned that air has weight. This weight is called atmospheric pressure. Although we're not aware of it, it presses down on every living thing. ted at the lowest part of the atmosphere, which is at sea level. Atmospheric pressure can be measured with barometer an instrument calied a barometer. WHAT SURROUNDS THE EARTH? Answer these questions about the reading. 1. What do we call the ocean of air surrounding the earth? 2. Which two gases are the major components of the atmosphere? 3. What are some of the other gases that are also present? 4, What is the atmosphere divided into? How high is the first layer? 6. What is tho weight of the air called? 7. What does it do? 8. Where is atmospheric pressure higher? 9. Where is the lowest part of the atmosphere? 10. What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?AIR HAS MANY USES. Ext Repeat the underlined words. Then read the paragraphs silently, and answer the questions. ‘The oxygen in the atmosphere makes combustion possible. Breathing is part of a combustion process, or chemical change, which takes place in our bodies. after the air is inhaled, the lungs send oxygen through the blood to all parts of the bedy. carbon dioxide, a result of combustion, s collected by the blood, taken to the lungs, and e: inhaling causes the chest to expand. ‘this expansion of the lungs helps a swimmer oat on the water. 13The air in the atmosphere is put to many uses. Air is compressed and put in car tires. Compressed air is used as the driving force in some mechanical devices, such as certain types of drills. A vacuum, in which air is absent, is also used. The ight bulb and the familiar vacuum cleaner are two examples of ‘this use. ONE LETTER AT A TIME Read the synonym or definition, and write the words on the lines. ae He to enlarge 2. SBE Eee eee Eee __ to breathe in 3. e __.. breathing organs inside the chest 4. e to stay on the surface See EERE Eee eee _____ to breathe out ree Hee to force into less space 7 i a space that is empty of air 14rey Grammar PRESENT AND PAST’ PARTICIPLES AS NOUN MODIFIERS 15A RESPONSE THAT TS WRITTEN = A WRITTEN RESPONSE, Change the adjective clause following the noun to a participle used before the noun. ‘Then practice pronouncing the phrases. Remember that the noun receives the primary stress in each phrase. EXAMPL) : water that is boiling = boiling wa 1. a faucet which is dripping = 2. the leader who is appointed = parts that are assembled = 4, a child who is sleeping 5. streets which have been flooded = 6. a couple who have been married = 7. a car that was stolen = 8. rain which falling = 9. an order that is confusing = 10. students who are graduating = THE PLUMBER REPAIRED THE LEAKING PIPE. Change the sentence by using a participle instead of an adjective clause to modify the noun, Be sure to put primary stress on the noun. EXAMPLE: I think I smell gas that is leaking. I think I smell leaking gas. 1. We watched the storm that was approaching. 2. The building which was burning suddenly collapsed. 3. When will the window which was broken be replaced? 164, A mechanic wi has xained is always on duty here. 5. he instructor handed back the tests that he had graded. 6. Woe were blinded by snow that was blowing. 7. ‘The soldiers who were wounded were evacuated by helicopter. 8. There's a car th led in the left lane. 9. I didn't read the report that was published. 10. Why didn't the captain leave the ship that w Reading Skill > WHAT'S A BAROMETER? Read the paragraph silently; then answer your instructor's questions. Read each phrase at a glance. BAROMETER glass tube The height of the Liquid Liquid in the glass tube changes depending on the pressure aix pressure exerted on the surface of the Liquid in the container. container A barometer is an instrument which is used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere. = Air has weight and exerts force or pressure against every surface. Atmospheric pressure is greater at sea level — than at high altitudes because air at sea level is more dense. =A special kind of barometer, called an altimeter, is used in airplanes to indicate altitude. 17Reading Skil > GIVING ATID 'TO A PERSON WHO HAS SWALLOWED POTSON Read the following paragraphs silently as quickly as you can. Write your time in the box. ‘Then answer the questions after the reading. Begin when your instructor tells you to. TIME SCORE WORDS-PER-MINUTE People need to be prepared to act with intelligence in emergencies. For example, do you know what to do if someone you are with chokes on a piece of food or swallows something poisonous? When someone swallows poison, you should first look for the poisonous substance itself, such as a plant or spoiled food, or for the container which held it, such as a pill bottle or a’can of insecticide. When you find 4 container, read the label on it. Next, call your local Poison Control Center or a doctor and be prepared to give them the following informatio! ~ what kind of poison was swallowed - how much was swallowed - when it was swallowed ~ the person's age - his or her symptoms ~ whether or not he or she has vomited* - how long it will take you to get to an emergency room Follow ali the instructions the person at the Poison Control Center or the doctor gives you. If you can't contact a Poison Control Center, you will have to decide whether or not to make the person vomit. Read the label for advice. As a rule, you should make the person vomit *to vomit: to bring up the contents of the stomach 18pills or medicines, spoiled food, any plant part, alcohol, and animal poisons. He or she should not be made to vomit chemicals, cleaning products or gasoline products, as these will burn the lips, mouth, and throat. When the person vomits, make sure his head is lower than his chest so he doesn't choke, ‘He should lie with his head over the edge of a bed. Make the person vomit into a container and take dt with you to the hospital. The doctor wili want to know exactly what the poison is and how much is still in the person's stomach. The third thing to remember is that some poisons can be absorbed through the skin, so if the person's clothes have been soaked with insect poison, for example, be sure to remove the clothing and wash any affected skin with soap and water. If you come in contact with the poison, wash yourself, too. Fourth, take the person to a doctor or an emergency room as quickly as possible. Also take the pill bottle, plant, poison container, spoiled food, and any vomited material with you so it can be tested. While you're driving to an emergency room or waiting for an ambulance, keep the person calm. Make the person lie on his side to keep his airway (entrance to lungs) open if he vomits. (410 words) Circle the correct answer to these questions. + Swallowing poison means - a. something is in your throat end you can't breathe b. eating or drinking something which can kill you c. ‘that you feel sleepy and can't keep awake d. you ate something that makes your stomach hurt 2. ‘The first thing you should do when someone has swallowed poison is to a. hit him or her on the back b. ask him how he feels c. call up any doctor d. find the poison container 3. A€ter you find a bottle of pills or container of poison, you should immediately 7 a. xead the label b. wash your hands c. throw it in the trash d. hide it from the police 195. 10. The pou Tel If take off his clothes and : Whe als a. b. second thing you should do if someone has swallowed son is to. call on your mother quickly call up the police at once call. the Poison Control Center call back your English instructor 1 the person at the Poison Control Center ____ what kind of poison was swallowed what the poisoned person's symptoms are whether or not the poisoned person has vomited all of the answers above should make a person vomit if he has swallowed ____. chemicals too many pills cleaning products gasoline products choke means _ ‘ something is in your throat and you can't breathe eating or drinking something which can Kil you ‘that you feel sleepy and can't keep awake you ate something that makes your stomach hurt be sure a person doesn't choke when he vomits, have him drink a big glass of water have him lie on the floor beside the bed put his head lower than his chest make him vomit into a container the person's clothes are soaked with poison, you should burn them wash them wash his skin call the doctor mn you take the person to the emergency room, you should o take the container the poison was in the spoiled food the person ate the pill bottle the pills were in any or all of the above items 20WHAT DOES I't SAY? Unscramble these questions that begin with question words. is composed what water of gas convert water a you how can to a water when solid is pressure where atmospheric is highest the who barometer invented the vacuum borrow did cleaner whose you evaporate why the did water of is a molecule composed what elements how are man to many known 21WHEN ARE YOU LEAVING? Listen while another student reads a statement; then ask a question-word question about it. The other student will answer your question. Begin the question with who, (to) whom, which, what, whose, when, where, why, or how. EXAMPLE: Sl: My car won't start. 82: What's wrong with it? Sli The battery's dead. I'm going on leave next week. The major just got his orders. I saw a traffic accident last night. The meeting lasted for five hours. If I don't hurry, I'11 miss my plane. I borrowed this car. It isn't mine. We are going on vacation. Let's go to one of the movies at the mall. Our hotel room was a real bargain. A new computer course is being offered. 22he Function FACTS ABOUT THE ATMOSPHERE Read the questions and answers. Then with your book closed, make a statement using the facts you've learned about the topic. what are some facts about the lowest layor of the atmosphere? It's called the troposphere, and it has an altitude of about 10 kilometers. The word “tropos" means change. Most of the great changes in weather, pressure, and water vapor take place in this layer. 2. What is the weight of the atmosphere? The total weight is something like 5,200, 000,000,000,000* metric tons** which means that each square centimeter of the earth's surface supports one kilogram of pressure. 3. Why is there a difference in air pressure at sea level and at the top of a mountain? Because there are fewer molecules of air the higher you go. In other words, the air density is lower in the higher elevations. 4. What makes the sky blue? Tiny dust particles and gas molecules in the atmosphere break up and scatter (spread) sunlight into the various colors of which it is composed. The blue part of sunlight is usually scattered more than the other colors. 5. What are some facts about the mercurial barometer? It's an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. It consists of a tube with one end closed. It's filled with mercury and put in a bowl upside down. he mercury in the tube drops only as much as the pressure applied to the surface of the mercury permits it to drop. (The atmospheric pressure does not let the liquid drop down completely.) ® yead: § quadrillion, 200 trillion &* metric ton = 1,000 kilograms 23WHAT ARE SOME FACTS ABOUT BREATHING? Your instructor will assign you two items from the list. Copy each on a separate piece of paper. Close your book after you finish. Answers: 1. You breathe enough air each day to fill 13,000 milk bottles. 2, ‘The 2 complimentary movements, inhaling and exhaling, are repeated approximately 18 times overy minute for as long as we live. 3. Carbon dioxide is harmful to the body only when it is allowed to accumulate indefinitely. 4, The presence of carbon dioxide in the air actually causes the lungs to breathe. This gas affects the respiratory* nerve center and causes movement in the muscles which control breathing. 5. Nitrogen is the third gas contained in the blood. It doesn't take part in the chemical changes that take place ir ‘the body. 6. The nitrogen in the blood might cause trouble only if the person breathes air which is under pressure. Then it may lead to a sickness called "decompression iliness." 7. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in small "bags" called "alveoli," which are in the lungs. 8. Oxygen is necessary for all body functions because cells obtain most of their energy from chemical reactions involving oxygen. 9. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood to the heart. 10. The nose functions like a filter, and like a humidifier. It keeps dust particles out of the lungs, and it gives some of its humidity to the air before it enters the lungs. *respiratory = of breathing 24Questions: a. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. When is carbon dioxide harmful? What is the function of the nose? What is the difference between an artery and a vein? How much air does a person breathe in one day? What is decompression illness? Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place? why is oxygen necessary to men? How many times does an adult breathe in one minute? How is carbon dioxide useful to man? What is the third gas present in blood? 25ATOMS Listen to your teacher and take notes. You will use these notes to ask questions and answer questions, so listen carefully. EXAMPLE: What are elements composed of? ‘They are composed of atoms. 26Reading Skill > dots fly at on altitude of about 30,000 t0 40,000 feet. DIAGRAM OF THE EARTH 40,000 feet 30.000 Feet 20,000 feet 10,000 feet eee sen fever UV \, -esaon set '$ of sand and tock -20,000 feot -30,000 foet deepest ocean point 35800 feet \ \ Look at the diagram and answer the questions below. 1. The point where the surface of the ocean touches land is called 7 a. b. co. a. The sea level Mt. Everest deepest point layers of sand and rock deepest or lowest point known is in the lake hills ocean mountains 27The deepest ocean point is at ___sea level. a. 10,000 feet above b. 30,000 feet above >. 30,000 feet below a. 35,800 feet below Hills are from __ sea level. a. 2,000 to 10,000 feet below b. 2,000 to 7,000 feet above c. 20,000 to 30,000 feet below d. 20,000 to 30,000 feet above Land is composed of _ a. the ocean and islands b. air, clouds, and sky ©. the’ deepest’ ocean point d. layers of sand and rock ‘The highest land form shown in the diagram is sea level. a. 29,141 feet above b. 40,000 feet above c. 20,000 feet below d. 35,800 feet below 28Reading Skill > THE PARTY'S AT 0. HERE'S A MAP TO HELP YOU FIND MY HOUSE. Look at the map and answer the questions your instructor asks. Use complete sentences. / Guoene, on Leno Viekenure Boynton Seach | Famene ioe Gloeafe seeeeseereece Danmoath = interstate 25 Freeway ieee Second Ave, Hitn Aver i 29@ Grammar PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENTS A present or past participle can be used after a direct object to modify the direct object. The direct object and participle will follow the verb catch, discover, find, keep, or leave. (Note: The verb catch does not ordinarily take a past participle as a complement. ) A present participle is used when the direct object performs an action. A past participle is used when the direct object receives the action. SUBJECT | VERB | — DrRECr onsecr =| —_—_sPARTICIPLE We the other guest: | waiting for us. He Kept | his fear of heights | —_—_idden. THEY CAUGHT LT JONES USING A GOVERNMENT CAR WITHOUT PERMISSION. Read the sentences; then answer questions about them. 1. We caught tho children watching television after bedtime. 2, ‘The picnickers discovered ants eating their sandwiches. 3. They found Edward sleeping peacefully on the couch. 4. You should keep some soup boiling on the stove for Dad. 5. He leaves his shoes lying on the closet floor. 6. She found the cookie half-eaten on her desk. 7. They've discovered a window broken in their car. 8. Jim keeps his money hidden somewhere in his room. 9. Jack found the stadium filled with people. 10. I left food covered in the refrigerator. 30SUE CAUGHT THE CHILDREN EATING CAKE BEFORE DINNER. Complete the sentences with the words listed below. wrapped hidden lost waiting misplaced parked pumping hunting painting shining sitting playing 9. 10. a. 12. When I discover an animal __—s saad hungry, I take it home and feed it. If you catch someone without a license, call the police. She finds items on her shelves regularly. He keeps his stairway light all night. Mc. and Mrs. Walters kept their dinner guests for half an hour. We caught the workmen _ the wrong wall. He discovered someone else's car in his driveway. The ship's captain found the sailor __ air into a rubber boat. he secretary kept fresh flowers on her desk. He left an envelope full of money _____ in the drawer. They keep their radio __ even after midnight. If you find a package in red paper, it's mine. 31Speaking Skill > YES-OR-NO QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS When we sing, our voices go up and down. When we speak, our voices do the same thing. In English, we use three basic levels for our voices when we speak. All sentences, whether they are statements or questions, begin at Level 2. This is our normal level for speaking. From this level, our voices can go up or down, depending on whether we make a statement or ask a question. The rising and lowering of our voices when we speak is called intonation. In English, two basic intonation patterns are those for statements and yes-or-no questions. The statement pattern is used for the answers to yes-or-no questions. Look at the statement below and the intonation pattern. Notice that the first part of the sentence begins at Level 2, our nozmal level for speaking, and continues until it reaches the primary sentence stress. At this point, there is a rising intonation to Level 3 and then a falling intonation to Level 1. This 2-3-1 falling pattern is the normal pattern for statements. He's studying English. 2 3a He's studying /Eng\lish. \ \ Another basic pattern is the rising yes-or-no question pattern. Look at the question below. For a yes-or-no question, your voice begins on Level 2 and continues until it reaches the primary sentence stress. At this point, there is a rising intonation to Level 3 that continues to the end of the sentence. ‘This 2-3-3 rising pattern is the signal for a yes-or-no question. Are you going to study tonight? 2 3 3 Are you going to study /tonight? 7 32Look at the sentences below. Listen to your instructor ask the yes-or-no question and then give the answer. Notice the 2-3-3 ising pattern in the question and the 2-3-1 falling pattern in the answer. 2 3 3 Do you ever go to the /iibrary? 7 2 31 Yes, I go about twice a /wO\ek. \ \ Listen to your instructor and repeat the yes-or-no questions and responses. The intonation patterns are marked for you. Notice the rising intonation that is used in the question and the falling intonation in the response. ‘hen read the yes-or-no questions and responses. 2 3 3 1. Is Tom wearing a /uniform? A 2 a1 Yes, he's wearing a /Na\vy uniform. \ 2 3 3 2. Are barometers used by /woathormen? 2 31 Yes, they /a\re. \ \ 2 3 3 Are _hyG@rogen and oxygen both /gases? / 2 a_3 Do people exhale ox/ygen? / 2 atta No. They exhale carbon di/oz\ide. \ 332 3.3 Did TV exist in the 19/20's? A 2 SHH No, it /did\n't. y \ 2 a3 6. Can people see /atoms? 4” 2 au No, not even with a /mi\croscope. \ 2 3 3 Do_you like to float in the /swimming pool? 2 3.1 No, I like to /sw\im. \ \ 2 aes 8. Can people live in a /vacuum2 f 2 3 1 No, of /course\ not! \ \ 2 3.3 9. Do you like to relax with good books end /misic? f 2 31 Yes. I like /b\oth. VW 2 3 3 10, Can a solid turn into a /iigitae 4 2 3 1 Sure, if you /heat\ it. \ \ 34COULD YOU LOAN ME FIVE DOLLARS? Now, with your instructor, ask and respond to these yes-or-no questions. Be sure to use correct rising intonation in your question and falling intonation in the response. 2 3.3 Could you loan me five /doiiars? / 2 ati No, I'm /bzo\ke! pee 2 3 3 Is Sally at the /dentist’s officer 7 2 a1 She's been there ali after/no\on. \ NL 2 3 3 Is it raining yet? 7 2 3 1 Yeah. It just /start\ed. \ \ 2 3 Do_you want to go out for /dinnér? 7 2 31 Let's /g\o. \ \ 2 3.3 Do you have a double room available for _to/night’ ee /¥es, we\ do. \ \ 3510. 2 3 1 No. She's going /shop\ping. Pee Sees imost /dinner time? 2 31 Yes, it's/rea\dy. \ Reet i 3 3 Is the baby feeling /better? | She acts like she still has a 3 A 3 3 going to the game /withus? f x f Srey ‘sto\machache. \ 3 A 2 Will you be home in time for /dinner? f 2 3 1 L_/think\ so. \ VL 2 3 3 Is Tommy /upstairs? 7 2 3 L No. He's in the /base\ment. \ 36 \Reading Skill > SCIENTISTS CAN GO DEEP INTO THE OCEAN IN A BATHYSCAPHES. ight window pressurized chamber ) gasoline-fi1led compartments motor-driven propeller £. rudder gage ° Read the article; then circle the best answer to each question. A bathyscaphe is a kind of pressurized chamber which goos underwater, deap into the ocean. A bathyscaphe must be airtight and have very strong walls, because the deep ocean exerts great pressure against it. Scientists use the bathyscephe to look at the ocean floor and to photograph fish and other life forms which live far below sea level. Scientists can look at the ocean which surrounds them through tiny, thick, round windows. There are lights attached to the outside of the bathyscaphe because the deep ocean is completely dark. Sunlight reaches only the top layer of the ocean. It gets darker, and the pressure gets greater the farther jown it 1s. Working in a bathyscaphe is uncomfortable, A person breathes in an artificially pressurized atmosphere. There isn't much space to move around in, either, because the interior is full of instruments, gauges, and operating controls. Working in a bathyscaphe can also be scary. The surrounding ocean squeezes against the outside of the bathyscaphe. Tf a seal 3k the window started to leak, the bathyscaphe would £111 up with water and the operators inside would drown. é / ¥ pathyscaphe = pronounced bath- 1 -skaf anthe bathyscaphe was designed by a Swiss scientist, Auguste Piccard. The first one was built in 1948. On January 23, 1960, ‘the bathyscaphe TRIESTE I descended to a depth of 35,800 feet in the Pacific Ocean near the coast of the island of Guam. Lt Don Walsh of the U.S. Navy and Jacques Piccard (Auguste's son) are honored because they have been to the deepest part of the ocean in a bathyscaphe. es A bathyscaphe is a vehicle which 7 a. flies above the earth b. goes down into the ocean c. travels on highways A bathyscaphe must be : a. airtight b. overheated c. stationary There are attached to the outside of a bathyscaphe a. brakes b. mirrors c. lights The farther down into the ocean one goes, the ‘the pressure becomes. a. greater b. deeper c. fewer Some people might think working in a bathyscaphe is a. scary b. leaky c. messy The bathyscaphe was invented by . a. Auguste Piccard b. Jacques Piccard c. Lt Don Walsh 38is the name of the bathyscaphe Towest point in the ocean. a. Guam b. Trieste I c. Pacific 39 which went to theb Enrichment Get TROUBLESOME ENGLISH We use get every day in many common expressions. 1. 2. 13. A. 15. 16. 17. Could you get me some coffee? (bring) I got a package from home today. (received) can you get Europe on your shortwave radio? (receive) She's getting sick; I think she has a fever. (becoming) When will we get to New York? (arrive) I got Fred to help me move the refrigerator. (influenced) He's nice when you get to know him. (succeed in) Come on, Dad; we never get to go to the movies! (permission’ We'll have to get our own lunch; Mom's sick. (prepare) He didn't get what I meant. (understand) Her loud gum chewing really gets to me! (annoys) I got a bull's-eye! (1 hit the center of the target!) She has to get her car fixed. (have something done) Maybe you can get a blanket from Joe. (borrow) He got his leg broken in the accident. (experienced) Get off my back! (angry response: Don't bother me anymore!, Get lost! Get outa here! (angry response: Go away!) 40IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS FULL STEAM AHEAD Meaning “Full steam ahead" means to proceed using a lot of force and energy. Example sentences 1. Jack couldn't wait any longer and proceeded full steam ahead with his plan to open a new store. 2. Sometimes, people go full steam ahead on a project and then have to slow down. 3. Ace you slow and cautious, or do you like to do things full steam ahead? ALADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES VOCABULARY Complete the sentences with the words in the box. You will have to change the form of some words and use some words more than one time. atom gas vapor convert matter space element melt state exist molecule steam form particle tiny Clouds are composed of water in the form of a gas called 2. A substance that cannot be changed into a simpler substance is a/an That which surrounds all objects and continues outward in all directions is . 4, Scientists have not found any elements in space that are not known to on earth. 5. Matter is often defined as thet which has weight and occupies : 6. ‘here are three states of —__ _+ liquid, solid, and gas. 7. Liquids and take the shape of their container. 8. Heat can ice into a Liquid. 9. When water is heated to the boiling point, it turns into 4210. qi. 12. 13. 14. 45. There is not always a clear difference between the forms or of matter. An atom consists of tiny : When ice turns into water, we say it The in a drop of water are so that it would take over 200 million years to count ther A solid is one or state of matter. a _ is made up of atoms. CAN YOU MATCH THEM? Match the statements in Column A with the words in Column B. Column A Column B The chest grows larger a. is composed of during breathing. 2. It's necessary for a fire. b. the atmosphere 3. One atom of oxygen and two atoms of this gas make up one molecule of water. c. It melts. 4. It's exhaled during breathing. 4. It expands. 5. It's the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth. e. nitrogen 6. It means "consist of." f£. hydrogen 7. It occupies space and is what everything is madé of. g. It exists. 8. What. happens when ice turns into a liquid? h. carbon dioxide 9. It lives; it is. i. oxygen 10, It's the most common element j. matter in the air. 43NOTESFIRST AID ; BOOK 23 LESSON 2 FIRST, You Stor THE BLEEDING. THEN You ‘FUNCTION: —-—- First ask, "Are you okay?" If the person is unconscious, check his or her pulse and breathing. GRAMMAR. ssesscnasseseeees gurn left on Commerce Street. Next, make your selection. He was watching TV while she was talking to me. / I read an article while I was in the waiting room. —-SKILLS——— aH Circle the connectives and use numbers to show the sequence. 2 3 3 2 3 1 Was the man un/conscious? =f No, he was a/sie\ep. \ outline the paragraph. apply aware artery carry on conscious bandage carry out continuous collision collapse firm first aid collide initial fracture erush somewhat procedure elevate steady safety expose unconscious sequence infect whenever series investigate step proceed vein restrict by the time (that) victim wound during the time (that) wound first of all 45CONTENTS OF BOOK 23 LESSON 2 VOCABULARY: first aid LISTENING SKILL: oral text (select true statement) VOCABULARY: an investigation GRAMMAR: imperative form READING SKILLS: written text with time sequence/ series (circle words) written text with time sequence/ series (circle words; number ideas) GRAMMAR: adverb clauses of time FUNCTION: giving sequenced instructions SPEAKING SKILL: semi-technical instructions (give orally) LISTENING SKILL: semi-technical instructions (evaluate) SPEAKING SKILLS: suprasegmentals GRAMMAR: present gerund as noun modifier WRITING SKILL: written text (take notes in outline form) READING SKILL: written text/ questions (select answers; Yecord reading time/rate) ENRICHMENT 46 ST Page 47 53 54 56 60 60 62 67 67 67 73 76 79 81 a4¥ Vocabulary FIRST AID Repeat the underlined words and listen to the paragraphs. Then answer the questions using the underlined words. First is the emergency medical treatment given to an ill or injured person until professional medical care is available. HELPING THE VICTIM In case of an accident or sudden illness, certain steps must be followed in rendering first aid to the sick or injured person. Here's a sequence of steps to follow: 1. First of all, try to get medical help. During the time that you wait for medical assistance to arrive, do as much as you can to help. 2. Keep the victim lying down. 3. Investigate the situation: Find out the kind of injury or illness that's affecting the person. 4, Plan what to do and carry out your plan. a7If the victim is unconscious, do not move, talk to, or shout at the victim to awaken him or her. Loosen the victim's clothing. Do not give the victim any liquids. If the victim is awake, calm him/her down. He/She should be conscious of what you intend to do to help. PROCEDURES Different emergencies require different first aid procedures; therefore, the treatment for wounds (cuts and torn tissue) is different from the treatment for fractures (broken bones). Some first aid procedures for these emergencies are on the use following pages. the underlined words in the reading to answer the questions. What is the emergency treatment given to a person who is injured or suddenly gets sick? What can a person who is injured or killed be called? In case of an accident or sudden iliness, what should we follow? How are the steps done? What should one do first? What should you do while you wait? How do you determine what has happened? What do you do with your plan? What two things should not be done if the victim is unconscious? What should the victim be conscious of? Are the treatments for cuts and broken bones the same? 48IN _ Aw There are two things which need to be accomplished when treating wounds: 1) control of the bleeding, and 2) protection of the wound from contact with anything which might infect it. The initial step should be to wash your hands if possible. If the bleeding is not severe, proceed to wash the wound with soap and water. Next, the wound should be covered with a bandage. If the bleeding is severe, apply direct pressure to the wound. Place a clean cloth on the wound, and hold it firmly in place. If the cloth becomes soaked, do not remove it. Put additional clean cloths on top of the old one. Apply continuous pressure until the bleeding stops. Sometimes it's necessary to apply pressure to the vein or artery that was wounded at the same time that fixm or steady pressure is being applied to the wound. Elevate the injured part of the body so that it is higher than the heart. 49Answer these questions using the underlined words. Le 10. When treating cuts, what needs to be accomplished? What should the first step be? If the bleeding is not severe, what should the person who is giving first aid do? What is the covering for wounds called? Where do you put pressure if the bleeding is severe? What should be used to apply pressure? What is the phrase that means "apply pressure without stopping"? What do we call the small tubes inside the body through which blood flows? What is the word that means "unchanging", as in “unchanging pressure"? What should be put higher than the heart? 50FRACTURES. A fracture is a break in a bone. Whenever a serious accident occurs, look for fractures. ‘There are two kinds of fractures: closed and open. A closed fracture occurs without an open wound. An open fracture includes a wound which may expose the broken bone. Open fractures are more serious because of the added danger of infection. Stop the bleeding by applying pressure above the wound to the vein or artery between the wound and the heart. Put a bandage on the wound to prevent infection. The movement of broken bones should be completely restricted to prevent more damage to the muscles and nerves. Make a splint using a flat, thin board, a magazine, or a newspaper and place it along the fracture. Then tie it in place with a long, narrow piece of cloth. Be sure the fracture is secure by the time the victim is transported to the hospital. SLAnswer these questions using the underlined words. 1. What do we call the injury in which a bone is cracked or broken? 2. When do you look for fractures? 3. What is an open fracture? 4. what is the most important thing to do for a fracture? 5. Should the fracture be secured before or after a victim is transported to the hospital? WOUNDS AND FRACTURES Use the words to complete the sentences. restrict victim first aid exposed wound elevate steady step conscious apply vein unconscious bandage artery procedure first of all EXAMPLE: If you cut a vein or __ artery _, you might bleed to death. 1. To something means to raise it. 2. You shouldn't _ a dirty to wound. 3. Apply pressure to the cere 7 4. Most patients are during an operation. yates Sues ___ is someone who is hurt or killed in an accident or by i1in 6. We should __ the movement of a broken arm or 1eg. 7. What is the for treating a wound? 5210. ql. 12. aH » try to get medical help. The second is to check the victim for injury or illness, The driver wasn't of his speed when the policeman stopped him. In an open fracture, the bone is _ 7 The policeman gave the victims of the accident _ before the ambulance arrived. Listening Skill > FIRST AID FOR AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON Listen to your instructor. Then circle the number(s) next to the statement(s) which is/are true based on the information in the text. 1. Help the victim breathe only if you're trained in the correct procedure. If the victim is unconscious, try to wake him or her up. if the victim looks unconscious, touch him or her firmly and ask if he or she is okay. If the victim is unconscious, ask someone to notify his relatives immediately.¥ Vocabulary A SERIES OF ACCIDENTS Repeat the underlined words. Then read the dialog between a policeman and a witness to a traffic accident, and answer your instructor's questions. Sgt Slim: Good morning, ma'am. I'm Sgt Slim from the city Ms. police department. I'm investigating the accident that occurred in front of your house yesterday. Can you tell me anything about it? More: Yes, I can. I was first aware that something was happening when I heard the sound of screeching* brakes. I looked out the window just in time to see two trucks collide in the intersection. The force of the collision caused the smaller truck to hit a telephone pole, and the telephone pole collapsed. Sgt Slim: Did the pole do any damage when it fe11? Ms. More: Yes, it crushed the top of the truck. Sgt Slim: Was the driver seriously injured? ¥ Sereeching = making a high, unpleasant noise 54Ms. More: Sgt Slim: I thought so at first, but by the time the ambulance arrived, he seomed somewhat better. He was just badly shaken up, I guess. He's lucky. This is just the latest in a series of accidents at this intersection. The city needs to garry on the safety program they began last year. ‘The Public should be made aware of the safety measures that will prevent accidents. MATCH THE WORDS AND PHRASES. Write the letter of the word or phrase in Column B that matches the word in Column A. Number 1 is an example. 10. Hane 12. 13. Column A Column B safety a. a little, not much initial b. first collision ©. to start, advance ‘to proceed d. to fa11 down series e. to carry on to investigate f. when somewhat g. while to collide h. a crash to collapse i. to crash by the time j. to examine closely during the time k. condition of being sate to continue, to do 1. conscious aware a number of persons or things coming one after another 55REVSEW OF THE IMPERATIVE FORM the sentences. Don't forget the safety briefing at 1500 hours. Bathe the wound with hot water and soap before you put a bandage on it. Don't change the bandage if it becomes soaked. Put a new one on top of the old one. Calm down! Evacuate the building; then call the fire department. Yake Third St. south till you get to E. Kennedy Boulevard. Turn right and go one block past the bridge, and turn loft. The Children's Hospital is on your right. 56GIVE A COMMAND. Complete each of the following with an imperative verb (either affirmative or negative). More than one answer is possible. EXAMPLE: Toll Sgt Reyes that he has a telephone call. Don't touch the pot. It's hot. 1. a loaf of bread on your way home. __ Ted his present until tomorrow. 3. your seat belt before you drive. A. ___ We're late. during the test, or the instructor will take away your paper. USING THE IMPERATIVE 0 GIVE DIRECTIONS Read a question. ‘Then look at the map on the next page and answer the question giving directions. Use the imperative form in your answers. EXAMPLE: How do you get from the post office to the Ace Apartments? Go north on Third Street about three blocks. 1. Can you tell me how to get from the airport to the Business Center? 2. We're at the police station, and we want to go to the University. How do we get there? 3. How can I get from the pool to the airport? 4, How do you get from the post office to the Actors’ Theater? What's the best way to get from the Courthouse to the Sports Stadium? 87rel Ante : CONNECTIVE WORDS INDICATING A SEQUENCE first before that in the beginning after that second eventually first/last of ali initial(y) third next at the stact following fourth then afterward final (1y) Silently read the paragraphs and circle the.connective words. Then, number the sequence of the connectives and be ready to explain why you think those are the steps in the sequence. FIRST AID FOR A BLEEDING NOSE If a porson's nose is bleeding, the first thing you should do is have him put his head down and forward so that he doesn't swallow any blood. After that, have the person squeeze his nose firmly for at least 10 minutes. Get a cold cloth next, and put it on the nose while the person is still squeezing it. Then, if the bleeding hasn't stopped after 10 minutes, put clean gauze or cloth into the nose and squeeze the nose with gauze in it for 5 more minutes. For minor nosebleeds, you do not need to go to the doctor. 60FIRST AID FOR A HEART AYTACK If a person collapses and you believe that he or she has had a heart attack, your initial act should be to call for an ambulance ox an emergency medical team. Next you should help the person sit up or sit with his feet level with his hip: if he lies down, he'll have more difficulty breathing. After that, keep him comfortable by loosening tight clothing, especially around the neck, and by keeping him warm and calm. If he is conscious, the next thing you should do is to help him take his heart pills if he has any. Medication should essen the chest pains. If the person loses consciousness, lay him flat on his back. ‘Then check his breathing and pulse. If he vomits, turn his head to the side. After that, clean his mouth to keep his airway clear. Finally, if his breathing stops and you are trained in the method of getting breathing started artificially, give him CPR*. *CPR =" cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a method of starting another person's heartbeat and breathing 61cay Grammar ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME Adverb clauses of time show the chronological pele lenship of one action to another, They usually modify the verb of the — main Clause but can also modify the whole sentence. Most follow the main” pg oe are not | epereted from at py a comma. a p EXAMPLE: Piece ce te co hea en you eave. others precede the: main elause and ere followed by EXAMPLE: ‘When you leave, please lock the door. adverb clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: as, after, before, now that, untia, when, while, whenever, since, and as soon as os As you read these examples, notice the tenses of the verbs in the main and adverb clauses. in Main Clause | Verb in Time Clause| 1. present: simple present/imperative simple present pres simple present/imperative s! We select the candy we want before we pull the handle. Don't stop this procedure until the doctor comes. present: simple prosent/imperative present progressive Moke some tea now that the water is boiling. ‘They can read their letters now that the children are sleeping. future: future/future equivalent simple present She'll read a magazine after she washes her clothes. We'll eat as soon as John arrives. I plan to eat lunch after I wash the car. past: past progressive simple past He was waiting at the corner when the light turned green. They were playing soccer when I came home. 62|Time Expressed | Verb in Main Clause | Verb in Time Clause| ast: simple past past progressive pas simple past It rained for about an hour while (when) we were fishing. He played the guitar while she was dancing. 6. past: past progressive past_progressive John was singing as (while) he was driving to work. We were thinking of home as (while) we were looking at the pictures. 7. past: simple past simple past Last winter, Linda caught a cold whenever anyone sneezed in her direction. Tom jumped whenever (when) the drill sergeant yelled at him. 8. past: present _perfect/past perfect simple past I haven't talked to him since he came home. I had forgotten Ellen until I ran into her at the mall. He had refused to believe it until (before) he saw it on TV. HE LISTENS 'TO THE RADIO WHILE HE STUDIES. as when before now that since until — after as soon as — whenever. while Complete the sentence with one of the words in the box above. EXAMPLE: He had always liked cherry ice cream until __ he ate ‘too much one day. leet he lied to us, we had trusted him completely. 6310. ql. 12. They were listening to the radio they S SEE were working in the yard. Pay for an item __ __ you leave the store. we retire, we hope to enjoy our free time. He was riding his bike _ he fell. it's getting dark, we ought to turn on the lights. He'll graduate __he attends school for four years. you give the report to Col Brown, please type it again. I was sleeping _ the phone rang. he has the chance, he goes to the gym. She has been studying French she was a child. you finish reading the newspaper, we'll go. 64PUT THE CAT OUTSIDE BEFORE YOU LOCK THE DOOR TONIGHT, PLEASE. Complete the sentence using a form of the words under the lines and a conjunction from the box. as when before now that since until after as soon as whenever while EXAMPLE: Put the cat outside before you lock the doo 1. Tommy, brush your teeth _ Teave for school weather/get coid we should work indoors. 3. We was smoking a cigarette __ we/swim it started to rain. 5. Mary was ironing _ she/watch TV Instructor/ask question Larry answered. 7. He had bled continuously ‘aoctor/come guests/ieave” please help me find their coats. 6510. 1. 12. he/iisten radio he washed his car. We couldn't see the sign __ we/get closer I've met a lot of interesting people Join/boat club ~hear/tone dial the number. 66Kk Function WHAT SHOULD you Do? Read the dialogs about giving instructions. - first Fae second Ray: sim: third iast Do you know how to splice a wire? Yes. I£ an electrical wire is damaged, first switch off the electricity or unplug the wire. Second, cut the wire where it's damaged and remove the rubber insulation. Leave about an inch of bare copper wire on both ends. Third, twist the two ends of wire together so they are firmly joined. Last of all, solder the wires together if you have a soldering iron, or wrap the spliced wire with black insulation tape so that all of the copper wire is covered. 67Tom: Pat: Ken: Ted: Ken: Joe: Don: Bob: what should you do if someone's clothes catch fir First of all, put out the fire by wrapping the victim in a coat or blanket, by turning him over on the ground in dirt or sand, or by putting water over him. Next, check to see if the person is breathing and his heart is beating. ‘Then, call, or ask someone to call, an ambulance. What should I tell the person who answers about the burn victim? the phone First, say that someone has been burned. ‘Tell the person that the victim is breathing and that you can feel a pulse. Next, give your name and the exact location where the ambulance should go. Include the address, building, and room or apartment number. Stay calm and answer all questions. What should I do if a person stops breathing? vurn the person on his back first. Then lift his head back, open his mouth, and be certain that his tongue has not fallen in his throat. Next, squeeze his nose closed and cover his mouth with your mouth. Breathe into his mouth until his chest raises up. Blow into his mouth three times; then check to see if he is exhaling. Change the position of his head if no air comes out and try again. Blow into his mouth about 12 times a minute. Don't stop this procedure until the victim can breathe by himself or an ambulance or doctor arrives. What should you do if the person's heart stops beating? Place both your hands on the victim's chest and apply firm pressure, then release. Again apply pressure and release. Work with a continuous sequence of pressure and release until the heart starts to beat again. 68PLEASE GIVE ME SOME INSTRUCTIONS. wt I: Your instructor will read examples of instructions. sten and take notes in the boxes below the questions. Then use your notes and your experience to give instructions for doing something. Part IX: After each of your classmate gives his instructions, rate his performance using the chart at the end of this exerci EXAMPLE: Abe: Dan: What are the things you need to do to get a driver's license? First, study the "Driver's Handbook" and memorize all the traffic laws. Next, go to the Department of Public Safety to apply for a driver's license. Take a written test, a driving test, and an eye exam. Then, have your picture taken and pay the fee. Your new license will be sent to your house in approximately one month. 1. Private, how do you shine your shoes? 2. Corpsman, how do you change the sheets on a hospital bed? 693. How do you take a photograph? 4. Can you tell me how to change a flat tire? 5. Can you give me instructions for giving first aid for a broken ankle? 6. Could you te11 me how to make a chicken sandwich? 7. Could you give me instructions for building a fire outdoors? 70How can I get a check cashed? What steps would you take to build a house? 10. What instructions would you give to a person who's just learning how to swim? 72Student Student Student Student Student Student Student student student Student 10 NOW, ABOUT THEIR INSTRUCTIONS - Was the good? yes yes ves Yes Yes ves Yes Yes Yes sequencing No No No No No No No. No No No Were they understand- able? Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No. Could they be carried out? ves yes Yes Yes ves yes Yes Yes Yes ves No. No No No No No No No No No 72Speaking Skill > YES OR NO QUESTIONS Read the dialogs using a rising intonation for questions and a falling intonation for answers. Listen as your instructor reads the example. 2 33 EXAMPLE? Are you a /nurse? 1 2 au No, but I've had a course in first /a\ia. \ \ 2 3 3 1. Did Ken collapse from a /heart attack? 7 31 nd_got too /h\ot. \ 2 No, he just xan too far 2 33 2. Did the truck collide with a /bus? 7 2 3.1 No, it collided with a /t@\xi. \ \ 2 3 3. Could you tell me how to get to the post /offic« 2 Sipe Go_two blocks and /turn\ieft. \ \ 2 3 3 4. Was he /woundea? 7 2 3001 Yes, by a mach/iné\ gun. \ \ 732 a3 5. Does a vein take blood away from the /heart? A 2 3 1 No, an /artery\ docs. 2 3 3 6. Is the ident victim /conscious? 2 atte No, she's /un\conscious. \ 2 3 3 7. Is the grouna /firm there? f/f 2 a1 No, it's soft and /mud\dy*. \, \ 2 3 3 8. Shall we proceed with the /meeting? / 2 3 1 Well, Ted isn't /heré\ yet. \ \ 2 3 3 9. Could you elevate the victim's arm as I tie the /bandage? / atid Su\re. cae 2 3 3 10. Can_you restrict your speech to /ten minutes? ff eHiatd Be /giad\ to. \ \ full of dirt mixed with water 742 3 11. Is this Ben's first /aiduait? / 2 ste I think it's /Har\old's. \ By 2 3 12. Doesn't this phone /work: / 2 ig It's out of /or\der. \ NURSE, IS THE PATIENT'S PULSE STEADY? Read the dialogs using a rising intonation for questions and a falling intonation for answers. Listen as your instructor reads the first one as an example. EXAMPLE: Is the patient's pulse steady? No, doctor, it isn't. 1. Is Bill in the kitchen? Yes, he's making coffee. 2. Did you get some medication for your sore throat? Yes, 1 got some on my lunch break. 3. Did you investigate the cause of the accident? Yes, and I found out the fire started because of bad wiring. 4, Was the door of your car crushed during the accident? No, it was already damaged. 755. Nurse, could you cut his shirt sleeve and expose the wound? Certainty. 6. Did the wound get infected? T hope not. 7. Is his wound a burn? Yes, It's a third-degree burn. 8. Could you get me some more supplies? Fill out this request form. | 9. Is there a certain procedure for getting a weekend pass? Just ask Captain Jones. 10. Isn't this photograph out of sequence? Yes, it should be fifth, not twenty-fifth. © Grammar ‘THE GERUND AS A NOUN MODIFIER 76YOU CAN CHANGE INTO YOUR BATHING SUI'T IN THE DRESSING ROOM. tdsten to the stress pattern as your instructor reads. hen read the sentences aloud with the correct stress. f \ / \ 1. You can change into your bathing suit in the dressing roo / \ 2. It costs $4.00 a day to leave your car in that parking lot. / \ 3. Do you want to go to the shopping center tomorrow? / \ 4. You can get a drink of water at that drinking fountain. / \ 5. You'll have to wait for the doctor in the waiting room. / \ 6. My checking account is at the Bank of New York. GOOD EVENING. DO YOU WANT SMOKING OR NONSMOKING? I'D LIKE 0 SIT IN THE SMOKING SECTION, PLEASE. Repeat the words with the correct stress pattern. ‘Then complete the sentences with the best gerund-noun combination. parking lots smoking section cleaning lady waiting room vending machine firing range ironing board driving gloves sewing machine answering machine 1. oA is a machine which sells drinks, newspapers, candy, cigarettes, snacks, or other items. 2. People who drive for long distances often wear _ 3. People have to pay money to leave their cars in downtown. 774. o 9. 10. A is a woman you hire to clean your house. There are magazines in the _ to read while you're waiting for the dentist. Ask to sit in the if, you like to smoke. An will automatically answer the phone and record a message for you if you're not home. A is a special area where people go to practice shooting guns. People usually iron their clothes on an It's a lot faster to use a than it is to sew by hand. 78Writing Skill > TOPIC OUTLINE NOTE TAKING Read the passage and take notes in the form of a skeleton topic outline (words and phrases). Look at the example. EXAMPLE? BITES Clean the bite wound thoroughly. Scrub the area with soap and water. Continue scrubbing for at least 5 minutes. control the bleeding by covering the complete wound with clean gauze or cloth and pressing down firmly. Put ice on the cloth but not on the skin. Raise the wound above the level of the victim's heart. Locate the animal which bit the victim. Catch or kill it; don't damage its head. Take the bite victim and tho animal to the doctor to check for rabies (a fatal illness carried by animals). Report all animal bites to the authorities. A. Clean bite wound by scrubbing with soap and water for 5 minutes B. Control bleeding 1. Cover wound with clean cloth a. Press down firmly b. Put ice on cloth (not on skin) 2. Raise injury above level of victim's heart Cc. Locate animal 1. Catch or kill animal without damaging its head 2. take victim and animal to doctor to check for rabies 3. Report all animal bites to authoriti 79FIRST AID FOR BURNS Take notes in the form of a topic outline. First-degree burns show red skin and cause pain. Give first aid by cooling the burned area under cold water or with a cold, wet, clean cloth. ‘Then dry and cover the wound with a clean bandage. Second-degree burns have red, swollen skin, wet blisters* and, pain. Give the same first aid as above; then take victim to a doctor. Don't open blisters or remove clothing sticking to burned skin. Third-degree burns have white or cooked black skin with little or no pain. All electrical burns are third-degree. First aid is the same as above. For electrical burns, look for both an entry and an exit burn. vaised area of skin filled with fluid 80Reading sicinf-> FIRST AID FOR CHOKING INTERNATIONAL CHOKING SIGNAL. HEIMLICH MANEUVER Read the following paragraphs silently as quickly as you can. Write your time in the box. Then answer the questions after the reading. Begin when your instructor tel1s you to. TIME SCORE WORDS-PER-MINUTE, 81If you see someone who has been eating or a child who has been playing with small objects suddenly collapse, start to cough, become unable to talk, experience difficulty breathing, or show the international choking signal, that person is choking. He has something stuck in his throat and needs first aid immediately. Do not try to look into or pull any object out of a choking person's mouth. First aid in this situation would be to hit the person on the back and perform the Heimlich Maneuver. Choking occurs most frequently while a person is eating. It sometimes happens to adults who eat (especially meat) and talk at the same time. If it seems to you that a person is choking, but he or she ean still breathe and cough, be alert and ready to help if the situation gets worse. However, remember that the person's own coughing is more effective than what you, as a person giving first aid, can do. If the person can speak, do not give first aid. This type of first aid is meant for persons who are unable to speak. The first step in forcing out something which is stuck in a person's throat is to support his chest with one hand and have him bend forward. His head must be lower than his chest. Hit him four times in the center of his back between his shoulders. You should hit hard enough to force the food or object in his throat loose. If the person is still choking, the second step is to perform the Heimlich Maneuver. To do this you must stand behind him and put your arms around his lower chest. with both hands, pull in forcefully, squeezing in against the area between his shirt pockets and belt. Squeeze in and up forcefully four times. Reduce the force of your squeezes if you are performing the Heimlich Maneuver on a small woman or child, so that you don't break any bones. If the person continues to choke, keep on giving first aid. Repeat the first two steps again and again until the object or food stuck in the person's throat is forced out and normal breathing or coughing begins. Don't give up; it may be necessary to hit the person on the back and perform the Heimlich Maneuver several times before you are successful. If you are alone and choking, you can perform the Heimlich Maneuver on yourself. Answer these questions. 1. Choking means to have : a. swallowed something poisonous which can kill you b. been in a collision and to be in need of firs c. something stuck in your throat so you can't breathe 8210. If a person is choking, he or she might 7 a. have a funny look b. suddenly collapse c. start vomiting Symptoms of choking are He a. having difficulty breathing and talking b. starting to cough or suddenly collapsing ©. all of the symptoms in both a. and b. If a person is choking and can't talk, you should 7 a. immediately look into his mouth b. pull the food out of his mouth c. give him first aid immediately First aid for a person who is choking is to : a. hit the person on the back b. perform the Heimlich Maneuver c. both of the above procedures Choking occurs more often when a person 7 a. eats and talks at the same time b. eats chicken bones c. eats meat You should hit the person on the back hard enough to : @. support his chest with one hand b. force out the object stuck in his throat ©. break the bones in the center of his back ‘The Heimlich Maneuver is a way to a. save a person's life b. avoid heavy lifting ce. get to the store During the Heimlich Maneuver, you _ a. bend the victim over so his head's lower than his chest b. stand in front of the choking person and hit his chest ©. squeeze in and up against the victim's lower chest You should continue first aid on a choking person. a. until the object or food gets forced out b. until normal breathing or coughing begins c. either of the above occurs 83ae Enrichment "TROUBLESOME ENGLISH These verbs are always followed by gorunds. admit consider deny risk finish avoid appreciate mind enjoy dislike stop* “when "stop" is followed by an infinitive of purpose A gerund is a verb with an "-ing" ending which is used as a noun. EXAMPLE: Ed likes swimming. A gerund is also sometimes used in noun compounds. EXAMPI, He goes to the swimming pool when he can't get to the beach. eating fish at Tony's Seafood Restaurant. going to the movies every Friday night. dancing at the Officers Club. She enjoys | speaking American English. listening to any kind of music. watching the news on TV. riding her horse in the country. opening the window for me, please? closing the door when you’ leave? answering the phone when I'm at lunch? Do you mind | not smoking ? This is the nonsmoking area. holding the baby for a few minutes? doing the dishes? carrying the groceries upstairs? 84IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS STEADY AS A ROCK Meaning This phrase means that a person is very dependable and reliable or that something doesn't move because it is q heavy and solid. Example sentences 1. You can depend on Tom to do the job. He's as steady as a rock. 2. That table is as steady as a rock. 3. When he fired the pistol, his hand was steady as a rock. 85ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES GRAMMAR 1. He cooked dinner while I the news. a. watch b. was watching c. is watching 2. I was thinking while I the correct answer. a. was choosing b. choose c. is choosing . Sally cries a lot whenever she onions. a. sliced b. will slice c. slices 4. I had seen the movie before you about it. a. talk b. talked c. are talking 5. He had meant to go to the store before she a. call b. called c. was calling 6. They when the fire started. a. sleep b. are sleeping c. were sleeping 7. He had bled continuously until the doctor . a. come b. came + was coming Help your grandmmother before she : a. fell down b. falls down ce. falling down 86IT’S IN THE SOUTHWEST. BOOK 23 LESSON 3 WHERE'S TE NEAREST GAS STATION 7 Ba ae Dallas is in northeast Texas. Continue driving southward until you see the intersection. ‘GRAMMAR ———_______—— throughout toward beneath on top of I like Southwestern food. He flew eastward to avoid the storm. John said that he had been working on base for a long time. ES Give directions. Follow the directions. Circle and number the connectives. Add connectives and write a paragraph. Practice the correct intonation of questions and answers. Outline. Write the address. VOCABULARY - converge beneath arrow correspond by means of correspondence direct by way of destination distribute forward island endorse meanwhile means fold northeast northeast go/went/gone over northwest northwest intersect on top of route look in on opposite (to) southeast transport previous southwest secondary track southeast tray in the meantime southwest zip code run short of throughout ern [noun--> adj} -ward [making adj/adv] 87CONTENTS OF BOOK 23 LESSON 3 VOCABULARY: correspondence WRITING SKILL: envelope (address) VOCABULARY: directions LISTENING SKILL: map and oral directions (draw/mark path) GRAMMAR: prep. of direction; review of prepositions of place/location LISTENING SKILL: map and questions GRAMMAR: suffix -ward GRAMMAR: suffix -ern READING SKILLS: written text with time sequence/ series (circle words/ connectives; number ideas) ‘time-sequence sentences in logical order (supply connectives; write paragraph) time-sequence sentences in random order (supply connectives; write paragraph) FUNCTION: asking for and giving directions and locations READING SKILL: written directions GRAMMAR: reported present perfect progressive (indirect speech) READING SKILL: written text/ questions (select answers; record reading time/rate) SPEAKING SKILLS: suprasegmentals (intonation of questions and answers) WRITING SKILL: written text (take notes in outline form) ENRICHMENT 88 ST Page 89 93 95 100 101 106 107 110 112 113 115 117 120 121 126 129 132 133qd Vocabulary PEN PALS Repeat the underlined words; then read the paragraphs silently. Ted and Jim have been corresponding for almost two years. ved just finished writing a letter to Jim. In the letter, he told Jim that he was happy to accept the invitation to visit Jim's small farm in Texas this summer. He also said that he would drive to Texas and would need to have Jim direct him to his house. After Ted went over the finished letter and made sure it was okay, he folded it. He wrote the address and checked the zip code. Then he stuck it in an envelope, put a stemp on the top right-hand corner, and dropped it in a mail box. Now answer these questions. 1. How long have Ted and Jim been writing to each other? 2. Ted plans to visit Jim, What does Jim need to do? 3. Why did Ted need to review the letter? 4. Why did he fold the letter? 89WHERE DID THE LETTER GO? Repeat the underlined words. Then read the sentences. once a letter is in a mail box, it's picked up by a mail carrier and transported to the post office. Then they are put in bags and taken by means of a truck or airplane to the city of their destination. 90 In the post office, letters are separated by zip codes and put in trays. Letters which go to the same city are put in secondary trays. When the bags arrive at their destination, they are delivered to the post office building for distribution .There are many post office There it is separated again branches throughout the city. by zip code and by carrier A letter is distributed route. A mail carrier to the post office branch delivers correspondence daily near the letter's address. to each address on his or her route. 91IT'S IN THE POST OFFICE. One of the words in the box has a meaning similar to the underlined word in the sentence. Draw a line through the underlined word and write the new word above it. ‘transports trays his destination distributed throughout correspond with a secondary route by means of correspond with EXAMPLE: The studonts write-to their families every week. © primary reason for going to the beach is to swim. what is another reason? our company carries furniture from one city to another. Did you mark the way on the map? 4. The instructor gave out these papers yesterday. 5. This map was done using a computer. The letters are put on open containers. 7. 1s Dallas the place that he's going? vhere are post office branches all over the city. 92Writing skin DEAR FRANK: L'M COMING FOR A VISIT NEXT WEEK! ook at the examples of addressed envelopes below, then address ‘the blank envelope. Remember to write the return address, too. your name your house number and street name your city, state, and zip code as your country name of the person you're writing to his or her house number and street name his or her city, state and zip code his or her country 93EXAMPLE: Lt S. R. Browning 1358 Two Pines Dr., Apt. #3-B stamp San Antonio, TX 78316 USA Mr. and Mrs. William K. Browning 2946 Viewcrest St. Portland, OR 97212 USA — | 94¥ Vocabulary JIM AND ‘TED Read the letter. Then select the answer which best completes the statement. May 11 Dear Ted: Well, I thoroughly endorse your decision to come to visit me this summer. In your previous letter, you had said that you might not be able to make it. I'm so glad you changed your mind. I think you will find Texas interesting. There are many things we can do while you're here. Since you've never seen the ocean, the first thing we must do is go to Padre Island. There is a national park on the island where we can spend the night. Traveling by car isn't the quickest means of getting here, but it's the best way if you want to see the countryside. Watch the fuel gauge carefully, and fill up as soon as you see that you're running short of gas. There are long stretches of road with no gas stations. Before you leave, can you look in on my Aunt Carol for me? She hasn't been feeling well. T think that if you go home from work by way of Interstate 90, you won't have to go out of your way. “I'm sure she'll be glad to see you, and I'd really appreciate it. I'll call her in the meantime and tell her that you're coming to see her. I'm enclosing a map for you. The route is marked--all you have to do is to follow the arrows. If you have any problems, please write or call me. Meanwhile, I'11 continue making plans for your visit. Your friend, Jim 1. Ted wants to visit Jim. Jim : a. cannot have visitors b. supports the idea 2. Ted had told Jim in a __ that he might not come. a. letter written before b. short letter 9510. Jim wants to take Ted to a. fish in his boat in the ocean b. a piece of land in the ocean A good way to see the countryside is to travel ___ a car. a. by means of b. means It's a good idea to fill up the gas tank whenever 2 a. the gas tank is not full b. the gas tank is almost empty Ted will Jim's aunt before he leaves. a. visit b. call If Ted takes Interstate 90, he goes _ it. a. way of b. by way of “In the meantime" and "meanwhile" mean : a. during the same time b. at different times ved will follow _ to get to Jim's farm. a. the signs on the road b. the marks on the map Did you know that when you endorse a check, a. you write your address b. you sign it on the back 96HE MAP ‘TO JIM'S FARM Listen to your instructor and repeat. Then read the paragraph. FARM ROKD ® nae HTERSECHION THO ROADS CONVERGE Tn once you leave the city and are in the country, proceed to the point where Highway 90 and Highway 80 converge. Not very far from there, the railroad tracks intersect the road. When you come to the intersection, turn right. ‘The entrance to my farm is opposite the school. There's a gate at the entrance, but you won't have to get out of the car to open it. If you drive forward slowly, it will open automaticaly. Circle """ if the statement is true; circle if it is false. 1. ¢7 F 2. 7 F 3. 7 F 4. 0 F 5. 9 F 97IS SAN ANTONIO IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS? ‘THE FOUR CORNERS OF TEXAS asst nw NE Lubboek » TEXAS stad Nation: ‘Nacreation Varea=* N bu a sw’ MEXICO una s Listen to your instructor and repeat the underlined words. ‘Then read the dialogs aloud. 1. Judy: 1s Davy Crockett National Forest in northeast Texas? Joe Bob: That's right. It's in the northeast. Judy: What about the Amistad National Recreation Area? where is it? Joe Bob: It's in southwest Texas, several hundred miles from Amistad. 2. Ann: Where is Lubbock? Is it in the northwest part of the state? Steve: Yes; to get to Lubbock, go northwest. Ann: Is Padre Island in the southwest or the southeast of Texas? Steve: It's located in southeast Texas. It's actually in the Gulf of Mexico. 983 Mary: Grace: Mary: Grace: Alan: George: Which part of Texas is closest to Mexico? The southwest. Southwest Texas borders on Mexico. In which section of Texas is the coast? The coastline is in southeast Texas. Which direction do I go to get to the post office? Go north one block and then turn northeast on Main Ave. 99Listening Skill > YOU CAN'T GE'T THERE FROM; Dp Grammar PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION 101THE PARKING LOT IS BEHIND THE BANK. Read the sentences. NATIONAL BANK walk up 1. The bank is opposite the BX. 2. The BX is near the bank. 3. Is there anyone inside the bank? 4. The bank and BX are on the corner. Ann and Ed drove into town to shop yesterday. They went from one end of the mall to the other. Ann couldn't walk past a store without stopping. Ed rode up the escalator and went into the candy store. 102 //WHERE'S THE CAT? Ask and answer questions about the position of the cats in the picture. Use the words in the box in your answers. beneath above on top of next to in back of — by under over underneath near behind on EXAMPLES: Where's cat number 1? Cat number 1 is beneath the bed. Is cat number 3 under the bed? No, he's on top of it. 103THE TITLE L$ ABOVE THE EXERCISE. Make a sentence by arranging the words in the correct order. EXAMPLE: lives base smith on sgt 10. Sgt Smith lives on base. table the on of candy is the top tho towards walked librery students the opposite the live we high school traveled he China throughout, house children the through ran the money on table leave the the to fly they London will tomorrow us family Smith the lives near I'll as far as drive Dallas today at least went the Bob the down to stairs basement 104‘THE SHOPPING MALL Ask a "where" question about the shopping mall. Another student will answer using one of the words in the box. from toward in front of through below out of near away from throughout in to above next to opposite into EXAMPLES: where are the stores in the mall? They are throughout the mall. Sl: Where has the woman come from? $2: She's just walked out of the menswear store. 105Listening sxiif> EXCUSE ME. COULD YOU DIRECT ME TO THE BANK? Look at the map and answer your instructor's questions. PACIFIC OCEAN. 7 chan sn. al f = _/ § WEDICAL ORIVE — a Bo OCEAN BEACH BLVD, LONG BEACH STATE PARK i 4 S > =e } PACIFIC POINT DR. BEACH SY. peer 8H 0 106THE SUFFIX -WARD “whe euffix -ward(s) is. : adverbs which indicate a direction in time or space. — “northward, southward, eastward, vested. downward(s), | backward(s) _ Repeat the boldfaced words. ‘Then read the sentences. The wind is blowing from a northward direction. We'll travel southward for the winter. 3. ‘The plane flew in an eastward direction. Early Americans moved to a westward location. 5. The balloons went upwards. 6. ‘The elevator went downwards to the basement. 7. We fe11 backwards down the stairs. 107‘THE WIND WAS BLOWING FROM A NORTHWARD DIRECTION, jew York chy ns i at y/ ie ~ c Nuovi Laredo. ee Use the map and the direction words to complete the sentences. EXAMPLE: Birds travel southward _ for the winter. 1. We're in Texas now; next month we will travel to California. 2. Sgt Hill movea City. from Chicago to New York 3. The Mississippi River flows to the sea. 4, We looked _ : to see the top of Niagara Falls. 5. Lt Lee almost fell taking pictures at the Grand Canyon on our trip. 6. We drove ve ___ from the Sequoia National Forest to the Everglades. 7. dane's family flew _ Badlands. from Nuevo Laredo to the 8. After they saw the Badlands, Jane's family drove to Yellowstone National Park. 108WE'RE DRIVING NORTHWARD TO DALLAS. Make a sentence with the words. EXAMPLE: we / drive / north we drive northward when we go from San Antonio to Dallas. birds / fly / south (you) / look / east we / drive / west fish / swam / north balloon / go / upwards (you) / press button / downwards Alex / put on / backwards (you) / move car seat / forward 109© Grammar THE SUFFIX -ERN ‘The suffix ern indicates that ea occurs in or is situated in a certain direction. It is pet o : Tune fo form adjectives — EXAMPLES: northern, southern, eastern, western 1 LIVE IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE COUNTRY. Read these sentences about different areas of the United States. Notice that -ern is added to the direction words. The words are used to desc ‘ibe a section of the country. Niagra Falls is in the northeastern area of the U.S. on the border with Canada. The "Badlands" are miles and miles of dry hills without plants in the northern part of the U.S. A good place to shop for Mexican items is in Nuevo Laredo on the southern border of the U.S. Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is located in’ the eastern region of the U.S. The largest living thing on earth is a Sequoia tree in the western part of the U.S. ‘The Everglades is a flat area of land about 100 miles long in the southeastern part of the U.S. that is covered with approximately 9 inches of water. The Grand Canyon is in the southwestern section of the United States. Yellowstone National Park, the largest national park in the U.S., is located in the northwestern area of the U.S. 110MY FAVORITE PLACE IS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Choose one word from each column and make a sentence about a section of a country. EXAMPLES: The Sapporo Ice Festival is held every February on the northern island of Japan. The Riviera is a great place for swimming in the southern part of France. Column A Column B northern part northeastern area eastern section southeastern region southern island southwestern border western coast northwestern 141Reading Skill > TIME SEQUENCE Silently read the passage twice. During the first reading, circle the connective words that indicate a sequence of events. After the second reading, number the sequence of the connectives (1, 2, 3, ote.) and be ready to explain why you think those are the steps in the sequenc CONNECTIVE WORDS THAT INDICATE A TIME SEQUENCE. first before that in the beginning after that second eventually first/last of all initial(1y) third then at the start following fourth next afterward final (1y) EXAMPLE: This is the sequence of things I did before my 2 plane took off. First of all, I packed my suitcases. 1 Before that I had already decided which clothes to take 3 with me. Then a neighbor drove me to the airport, and 4 I checked in. Next I ate a sandwich and drank some 5 coffee at the snack bar. Afterward my flight was 6 called, and finally I got on the plane for Portland. 412.ixcle and number the connectives in the following paragraph. The flight to Portland was fairly routine. To begin with, T gat down in the nonsmoking section of the plane, and then T fastened my seat belt. Eventually the plane took off, and afterward the flight attendant gave me some fruit juice to drink. 1 read a magazine for a while, and after that, I think I might have slept a few minutes. WHEN MY PLANE LANDED write a paragraph with the following sentences using connectives that show a time sequence. CONNECTIVE WORDS THAT INDICATE A TIME SEQUENCE first before that in the beginning after that second eventually first/last of all. initial(1y) third then at the start following fourth next afterward final(1y) EXAMPLE: My brother had said he would pick me up at the airport. My plane landed in Portland. 1 called my brother. Y went to the baggage claim. I got my two suitcases. My brother picked me up. We drove to his house. My brother had said he would pick me up at the airport. After my plane landed in Portland, the first thing I did was call him Next 1 went to the baggage claim, and then 1 got my two suitcases. After my brother picked me up, house. 113Add connectives which show a time sequence to these sentences and write a paragraph on the lines below. I was very excited to see Bill and his family again. Bill and I walked into the house. Mary said, "It's so wonderful to see you! We took the children to the park to play. We ate dinner. we put the kids to bed. We got ready for bed about 11:30. 114Reading sxut[> AT THE BEACH Number the sentences in the correct time sequence; then rewrite the sentences as a paragraph using connectives. BXAMPLE: We loaded everything into the car and started off. We wanted to take the kids on an outing.* 2__ We decided to go to the beach. 6 We all went in for a swim. 5 __ We stopped to buy gasoline on the way. We packed a picnic lunch. We wanted to take the kids on an outing. We decided to « to_the bea: 2. _First we packed a picnic lunch. Then we loaded everything into the car and started off. we stopped to buy _ jasoline on the way. After we got to the beach, we all went in for a swim. *outing: a brief pleasure trip, often outdoors 115Number the sentences, add connectives that signal a time sequence, and compiete the paragraph on the lines below. We drove home at sunset. We ate a delicious lunch. Around noon, we spread out the picnic. We spent the afternoon at the Museum of the Sea. 116sk Funetion 10. WHAT'S THE BEST WAY 'TO G) ‘THERE? where is Arizona? it's in the Southwest. Where is your ranch located? It's 47 miles northwest of Marfa, out in west ‘Texas. can you direct me to the swimming pool? ves, it's opposite the gym. Where is Spain located? spain is in the southwestern part of Europe. How can I get to Corpus christi? Go southward on Highway 37. PLEASE DIRECT ME TO 'THE MESS HALL. and answer these questions. can you tell me how to get to the library? can you direct me to a garage where I can get my car repaired? Where is the airport located? Is it very fax from here? Do you know where there's a good seafood restaurant? How can I get to the bank? What's the fastest route to Dallas? Do you know how to get to the nearest hospital? Whore can I find a barbershop around here? can you give me directions to the bus station? where's the prettiest vacation spot in your country? 417WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME... ? Think of a place you want to visit and ask a classmate for directions. Then give directions when you're asked. EXAMPLES: $1: Can you tell me how to get to the airport? $2: Get on Loop 410, Prive northeastward until you reach the airport exit. From the exit, just follow the traffic signs. S2: How do I get to the DLE library? Sl: 0h, that's easy. The library is across the street, next to the language lab. 118WHERE I$ IT LOCATED? Look at the map and answer the question with a complete sentence. [onto] J, Columbus PENNSYLVANIA INDIANA What towns are northeast of Columbus? What is southwest of Columbus? Which highway goes northeast from Cincinnati? Which direction would you take to go from Columbus to Athens? State Highway 23 goes through Columbus. what othor town is located on Highway 23? Which towns are located on Lake Erie? ugReading Skill > WHERE ARE YOU? Look at the map, read the directions, and answer the question. court te House Business a Schoo. " |faw " "" Jewoiry Health \ + Dept. ____| | Variety fi Store Res Laib- aurant Museum of rary Hee * Science and 7 Hotel" Industry " | N " prugstore Medical * Wp Clinic | 8 oa Plaza Pi 4. You're at the Tourist Office. Walk northward to the second intersection and turn right. Continue in an eastward direction as far as you can go. Where are you? 2. You're at the Business School. When you leave, walk southward to the second intersection. Turn left there. Now walk straight ahead past the park, to the end of the street. Where are you? 3. You're at the paint store. Walk northward and turn left after you pass the Court House. Walk past the Museum of Science and Industry and turn left again. Walk southward to the second intersection and turn right. ‘Then walk two blocks to the second intersection. what building is on the southwest corner of the intersection? 120oy Grammar INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, 121,HE SAID MY ENGLISH HAS BEEN IMPROVING. Read the dialogs. 1. Steve: Ellen, your English has been improving. Larry: What did Steve tell you? Ellen: He told me that my English had been improving. 2. Sgt Kent: Have the men been working hard, Corporal? Corp Hill: What did the sergeant want to know? Corp Kane: He asked whether the men had been working hard. 3. John: Peter, how long have you been living in Texas? Mark: What did John ask Peter? Carl: He asked him how long he had been living in Texas. 4. Mrs. Green: I've been shopping at this store for 15 years. Mr. Winter: What did Mrs. Green say? Mrs. Winter: She said she'd been shopping at this store for 15 years. 5. Sam: The soccer team has n't been practicing regularly. Dan: What did Sam say about the soccer team? Tom: He said that they hadn't been practicing regularly. 122HE TOLD ME THAT THEY HAD BEEN WORKING ALL DAY. Read the statement or question. One student will ask a question about it and another will answer. EXAMPLE: We've been working on this project for a week. S2: What did $1 tell you? He/she told me that they had been working on this project for a week. 1. We've been loading supplies all day. 2. ‘The men have been repairing their equipment. 3. Have the troops been preparing for the inspection? 4, We haven't been working on the engines this week. 5. Has the captain been communicating with headquarters? 123HE ASKED IF WE HAD BEEN TESTING THE RIFLES TODAY. HAVE THE MEN BEEN TESTING lgaign Ask and answer questions about the sentence in the illustration. EXAMPLE: Sl: What did Capt Kane ask Lt Rogers? 82: He asked Lt Rogers if the men had been testing the rifles today. HAVE YOU BEEN LIVING HERE A LONG TIME? WHO HAS BEEN HELPING ‘You Wine your BNGLISHT 124WHEN HAVE THE MEN BEEN] REPAIRING. THE BN INES? WHY HAVE You EEN Le ve "WHERE HAS peer a eee a MAlor JONES BEEN STAYING “TS: WEEK? OW LONG AVE You BEEN PLAYING GOLF 7% 125Reading suit > WHAT IS YOUR READING RATE? Read the following paragraphs silently as quickly as you can. Write your time in the box. Then answer the questions after the reading. Begin when your instructor tells you to. TIME SCORE WORDS~PER-MINUTE, 126NEW GUINEA. New Guinea is an island in the western Pacific Ocean north of Australia. There are hundreds of smaller islands off its coast. It is located just south of the equator’, so it has warm temperatures all year long at the lower altitudes along the coast. There is a chain of mountains running the length of the island of New Guinea. Some of the mountains are very high, with altitudes of over 15,000 feet. ‘The temperature is much cooler at the higher altitudes. At the eastern end of the island, there are several active volcanoes. At times, they release lava (hot, liquid rock) and poisonous gases. There axe many differences among the people of New Guinea. The people of the mountains are different from the people of the valley, who, in turn, are different from the people of the coast. One reason for these’ differences is that high mountains divide the island into many regions. Groups of people of the island have been separated from each other for long periods of time. As a result, over 700 languages are spoken on this island! Not only is the island divided by language groups; it is also divided into two different countries. The western half of the island is called Irian Jaya and is part of the country of Indonesia. The eastern half of the island is the country of Papua New Guinea. It's true that the mountains divide New Guinea, but the rivers help to tie the island together. Boats transport salt and fish to the interior of the island to be exchanged for food, birds, and weapons. ‘Three important rivers are the Ramu and Mamberamo, which flow toward the northwest, and the Sepik, which flows northeast. Several rivers in New Guinea are decp enough for large motor boats to transport supplies and people as far as 100 mi1es inland. The island has many natural resources: water power, fish, minerals such as gold and silver, and forests. Great forests cover over 70% of New Guinea. The rain forest, found only at altitudes between 0 and 6,000 feet, consists of tall trees with a thick cover of leaves at the top. ‘The leaves are so dense that very little sunlight reaches the forest floor. Scientists who study plants like to go to New Guinea because there are so many new kinds of plants to be discovered. New Guinea is an interesting island. ¥equator = invisible dividing line around the center of the earth halfway between its most northern and southern points 127Answer these questions about the reading. 2. New Guinea is a/an a. continent b. country c. island Because New Guinea is just south of the equator, it has temperatures all year at the lower altitudes. a. warm b. cold ©. cool Some mountains in New Guinea are as high as feet. a. 500 b. 5,000 =. 15,000 Active volcanoes are mountains which release a. hot, liquid rock b. snow c. both a and b There are over 700 languages spoken on New Guinea because a. the people have been separated for long periods of time b. there aren't any telephones c. there are three different cultural groups Indonesia and Papua New Guinea are both ______ which are located on New Guinea. a. continents b. countries c. islands New Guinea is by 700 languages, two countries and high mountains. a. intersected b. divided c. transported 12810. There are not many roads in New Guinea, so supplies and people are transported by means of : a. motor boats b. ‘trucks and buses c. trains Great forests cover ___ of New Guinea. a. a little b. half ce. most Little sunlight reaches the floor of a rain forest because a. the leaves are so dense b, dit rains all the time c. it's below 6,000 feet Speaking Skill b> Read these questions and answers aloud. The pitch of your voici DID YOU FOLD UP YOUR CLOTHES LAST NIGHT? should rise at the end of questions. At the end of responses, it should rise and then fall. 2 3 Did you fold up your clothes /last nh A 2 a4 No, they're hanging in the /cld\set. Ae 2 33 he coast of Cali/fornia? Are there any islands off 1 2 3.1 Yes, there are /sev\eral. \ 2 3. 3 Are you wearing your /raincoat? ff 2 301 No, it's hanging in the /hall\way. \ au 1292 3 3 4. Have you distributed the /letters? fl 2 gta Sorry, I for/g6\t. \ 2 4 5. Could you direct me to the A 2 ait Sorry, I'm just a tourist my/sé\if. \ Na 2 a3 6. Could you look in on the baby to see if she's o/kay? / 2 31 Sure, as soon as I finish my /sand\wich. 2 7. ‘Is my book on top of the /’ 4 Be 3 1 No, you put it back on the /book\shelf. \ \ 2 ats 8. Didn't you endorse the back of the /check? f 2 a1 Oops! I guess 1 made a mis/ta\ke. \ 130IS THE JOGGING TRACK BEHIND THE GYM? One student will read the question and another student will answer, using appropriate rising intonation with the questions and falling intonation with the responses. Is the jogging track behind the gym? No, it's just south of the swimming pool. is there any paper beneath the notebook? Yes, there's some lined paper. Is taking a taxi the best means to the airport? I'd go by bus; it's cheaper. Will there be tax on top of this price? Yes, there's a 6% sales tax. 5. Have you gone over the homework, yet? No, we were just getting ready to. 6. Is it okay to fold this? You'd better not. 7. Did Irene give you directions? Well, she gave me a street map. 8. Was the previous program the soccer game? No, it was just the weather forecast. 131Writing Skin > PUERTO RICO Listen to your instructor and take notes in the form of a skeleton/topic outline. AL 1. 2. act 3. eee HEE c. a a. c. 1. 2. 132# Enrichment TROUBLESOME ENGLISH Fewer and Less Use fewer before words that are plural. Use less before words that are singular. There are fewer women than men in the marines. This week we have less time for studying. There are fewer bicycles on the highway today. I'm trying to use less sugar in my coffee. 133IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS TO KEEP ONE'S FINGERS CROSSED Meaning To "keep one's fingers crossed" means to wish for good luck. Example sentences: 1. Keep your fingers crossed that I'll pass the test. 2. I'm keeping my fingers crossed that T'11 get the job. 3. Cross your fingers that T win the race. ve in ~ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES ‘GRAMMAR Rewrite the words in the correct order. 1. mine to next Oats Maj car his parked Lt Linn doesn't sit me. we beneath some boxes the 4, the bookcase on the is of dictionary top opposite we entrance the parked bank car the 6. world eaten the people rice by throughout is many 7. next them years family for to lived many ny 8. garage his he car in 9. from to he walked office library his the toward drove we coast the 135NOTESMARKSMANSHIP BOOK 23 LESSON 4 ~ FUNCTION —- won faeces When do you expect to graduate? I should graduate in June. I thought he was going to get the promotion. ~ AMMAR. It's 6:30 PM. He should be at the library. Tt shouldn't be so warm in Argentina. David should have arrived at 6:00. He ought to be at work right now. John looks fairly busy right now. There was interference on their part. ‘SKILLS- Read the sentences; use the correct intonation. Write a paragraph using connectives. Outline the paragraph. wo VOCABULARY advance accurate accuracy aim awfully artillery demonstrate barely effort depress elementary event give/gave/given out expert expert give/gave/given up immediate failure go/went/gone on with intermediate infantry improve leve1 level inspect satisfactory marksman/-men interfere skilled marksmanship ought to phase progress progress should ~ance/-ence squad should have pre- target 137CONTENTS OF BOOK 23 LESSON 4 VOCABULARY: infantry and artillery; the prefix pre- GRAMMAR: should/ought to/should have indicating present/future/past expectancy WRITING SKILLS: written text (take notes in outline form) oral text (take notes in outline form) GRAMMAR: review of adverbs of degree (modifying adjectives) FUNCTION: expressing expectations LISTENING SKILL: role play (provide summary ) SPEAKING SKILL: suprasegmentals (intonation of questions and answers) READING SKILL: written text/ questions (select answers; record reading time/rate) GRAMMAR: suffixes -ance/-ence READING SKILLS: time-sequence sentences in logical order (supply connectives; write paragraph) time-sequence sentences in random order (supply connectives; write paregraph) READING PROGRESS CHART ENRICHMENT 138 ST Page 139 146 153 157 160 161 162 165 167 168 169 170¥ Vocabulary THE INFANTRY Repeat the underlined words, read the paragraph silently, and answer the questions. The Army provides training in marksmanship for all its personnel, especially those assigned to the Infantry. Training in the proper use and handling of weapons is awfully important for foot soldiers. They begin to acquire proficiency in the use of small arms in the first phase of their military training and must practice until they can demonstrate that they have become expert marksmen. Because they fight on land and may be in physical contact with the enemy, their lives depend on their accuracy in aiming and firing a’ weapon and hitting a target. In an effort to maintain skilled troops, the Army provides constant training. Even in combat zones, soldiers are required to practice when conditions are calm. 1. What kind of training do soldiers receive when they train in the proper use and handling of weapons? 2. When do infantrymen begin acquiring proficiency in the use of small arms? 3. What must they be able to demonstrate? 4. Which skills do their lives depend on? 5. Why does the Army offer constant training? 139THE ARTILLERY Repeat the underlined word. Read the paragraph and answer the questions. The Artillery in the Army consists of troops assigned to the handling of guns and equipment not designed for hand and shoulder use. The heavy weapons end equipment given out to these troops are also called artillery. During a mission, an advance squad inspects possible locations before the artillery progresses to the area. Every effort is made to ensure that the area is as protected from the enemy as possible. For maximum safety, this inspection should be done quickly. The advance squad is also in charge of improving the land. They make sure it provides the best possible field position, To be satisfactory, a position must allow for efficient communications, be able to support all vehicles, have more than one entrance and exit, and support a firing area. 1. How is the Artillery equipped? 2. Does the advance squad check the area after the artillery moves to the area? 3. Does the advance squad also make the land better for battle? 4. How would a position which doesn't have more than one entrance or exit be considered? 140WEAPON ALIGNMENT Repeat the underlined words. Read the paragraph silently and answer the questions. Artillery pieces must be properly adjusted before firing. Guns should be level with the earth and set at the proper angles*. When they are being aimed at a target, artillery pieces can be depressed or raised. The alignment of weapons to tho proper level for accurate firing is very important. Any problem that interferes with a weapon's accuracy should be given immediate attention, since a weapon just barely out of alignment wi ‘ss its target completely. Even though one such event would probably not slow down or stop a unit's progress, too many failures to hit the target might make it impossible to go on with the original battle plans. Troops which cannot advance may be forced to retreat or to give up. 1. Should guns be placed horizontally? 2. Is a gun pointed downward depressed or raised? 3. Should the alignment of weapons to the firing level be exact? 4, What should be done if something prevents a weapon from firing effectively? 5. If a weapon is slightly out of alignment, can it hit the target? the space or shape made by two straight lines that meet 141What might slow down or stop a unit's forward movement? What does to go on with something mean? Which of the words. underlined in the paragraph means "something that occurs"? What's the meaning of to advance and to progress? If the unit gives up, does it accomplish its mission? 142WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR. . . 2 Read the sentences in Column A and the words in Column B. Match the underlined words in Column A with a word or words which have a similar meaning. EXAMPLE: After insisting for two days ° a. stopped without any results, he trying finally gave up. Column A Column B iH 1. Will you demonstrate how to a. continue fire a gun? 2. Please depress the elevator b. check button. __. 3. -I'11 give out the papers at c. advance the end of the class. _. 4. He can't go on with this class a. show because he’s too far behind. 5. He needs to ir e@ his grades. e. hand out A 60 is not good enough. Did it take them long to £. basic inspect your luggage at the airport? TV interferes with my studying. g. push down 8. You've made more progress than h. make better I have. There's a mistake here. ‘These i. bothers figures are not a urate. to read. j. okay _.11, The water level at the lake k. position or is very low this year. degree 12, The doctor's report is 1. correct 143FINALLY! Complete the paragraph with the words elementary, intermediate, or advanced. : At last, I've finished my training! 1 completed the course last Friday. The courses took longer than I expected. 1 started the _ course three months ago. That went quickly. It only took two weeks. It was the course that caused me problems. It was cancelled thr: Finally, I finished it. after that I started the _.. course. I should have finished in six weeks instead of three months. THE PREFIX PRE- 144Add the prefix “pre-" to a word in the box and complete the sentence. arranged assigned flight heated judge owned xecorded professional selection school EXAMPLE: This meat is cooked and ready to eat. It's precooked _- 1. Do we have to warm it before we serve it? No, Jan _ it. Is this a new car? No, it's Is Paul in medical school? No, he's still in ___ training. 4, Has your child started school yet? No, he's still in : 5. I really don't know how to judge the situation. It's best not to _ 7 6. Did you get to watch a real TV show or a recorded one? We saw a __ show. 7. Sometimes it's against the law to make a when a person is being chosen for a job. 8. Have the student pilots flown yet? No, they're still in _ training. 145,9. That was the best vacation I've ever had! I didn't have to make any arrangements. Everything was ‘ 10. Has anyone gotten his new duty assignment yet? Only Jim. He was to Hill AFB last week. o Grammar USING SHOULD, TO, AND SHOULD HAVE TO EXPRESS EXPECTANCY te oars dinner 20 minutes ago. : ___ Be waiter ought to be beinging our foo Should pave ie used to express expect: Hons about Or conditions in the Bast. Se 2 EXAMPLE: The flight leet Miami on schedule ‘It should have ee janded in New York. WE SHOULD FINISH THE LESSON SOON. Read the dialogs; then answer the instructor's questions. Sgt Smith: The supply truck left the shop at 1500 hours. Lt Lewis: It takes one hour to drive from the shop to thic place. it's 1550 hours now. The supply truck should arrive soon. 2. Kate: 1 have been studying English since I was in high school. Kim: Then you ought to do well on the test tomorrow. 146a Maj Wilson: ‘Thanks for the directions to the BOQ. Ms. Hale: You're welcome. You shouldn't have any trouble finding it. WO Olson: Has Tom finished the report? Sgt Davis: Yes, I think so. He should have finished it by Thursday. capt King: We always receive mail on Fridays. Cdr Kline: Yes, but we shouldn't receive any this Friday because it's a holiday. USE SHOULD TO EXPRESS EXPECTANCY. Complete the sentences. Use should or shouldn't. EXAMPLES: Ann went to her house early this morning. She should be there by now. Will the plane land soon? No, it shouldn't land until the fog has lifted. Bob always calls his mother when he arrives at a new base. He'll arrive at his next base tomorrow at noon. He call his mother sometime tomorrow evening. uncle Ned always sends me a birthday card. My birthday is next week. r __ receive a card from him one day soon. 1 think he'll have time to paint the house next week. It take more than a few days. She has studied French for three years. She understand a simple conversation. 147Alex never goes home immediately after work on Friday. Yoday is Friday, and it's only 5 o'clock. you expect him to be home right now. I asked my daughter not to call me late at night. She knows 1 go to bed around ton o'clock. She call after 10:00 p.m. Leave a note on the refrigerator for Tom. Ho usually goes to the refrigerator for a snack as soon as he comes home. If you put the note there, he find it. The children go to the Library on Wednesdays after school. This is wednesday afternoon. ‘They - be at the library now. SHE OUGHT TO CALI. BY NOON. Make a sentence using ought to and the word clues. EXAMPLE: They / arrive / noon whey ought to arrive by noon. she / find / location / easily we / be able to go / party Capt Clark / be back / lunch Where's Joe? He / be / here / now they / be able to do / exercise we / be able to tour / city Lt Lee / call / before 9 o'clock Maj Mills / be here / now Ms. Jones / know / answer Col Kline / be / next commander 148SHE SHOULD WAVE CALLED US BY NOW. Complete the sentence, Use should have + the correct form of the verb. EXAMPLE: Her plane was scheduled to land at 7 o'clock. Ann should have oad un us by now. 1. All the passengers got off the bus. Jane off, too. get 2. lex was doing much better yesterday. Ho home from the hospital. 3. Ms. Green left for work very early. she at her office by now. arrive 4. Maj Mann studied very hard this week. He his test. pass Maj Moore was expecting a new assignment when I spoke with him a month ago. He ____. it by now. receive 149Writing sxiu[> HAWAII, THE ISLAND STATE. Oahu. Pacific Ocean «}. bg ponotil Meese Lanai) =o anole e cA pawally Read the paragraph and take notes in the form of a topic outline. The State of Hawaii includes several islands located in the Pacific Ocean about 2,400 miles southwest of California. The four biggest islands are Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai. Hawaii became the 50th of the United States of America in 1959 and is the only state which is not part of North America. Many tourists like to go to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park where they can see two active volcanoes, Mauna Loa and Kilauea. It's exciting to see steam and gases escaping from a volcano and to photograph the lava (melted rock) flowing down its side. 150HAWAII, THE ISLAND STATE 7" 151,Writing Skil > rowa Listen and take notes in the form of a skeleton/topic outline. 152REVIEW OF ADVERBS OF DEGREE 153I'M AWFULLY TIRED OF STUDYING. awfully very extremely really ‘too alittle quite terribly somewhat rather such a barely almost Compiete the sentences with the words in the box. Use each adverb only once. EXAMPLE: Sgt Sims is awfully sleepy. 1. Jane is happy to be home. 2. Capt Kline plays tennis __ well. + We were broke after our shopping trip. 4. He was hungry after the race. 8. I think the meat is ssalty. 6. ‘The smoke was visible. The medicine was _ HEE __ expensive. 10. 11. 12. She's _ older than her husband. Mary reads well, and she's 5 years old. PO Owen looked well after his operation. You were running slowly this morning. Isable typed the letter __ fast. 154FAIRLY OR AWFULLY? Look at the picture cues and the words in the box. Make a sentence about the pictures using one of the words in the box. awfully very extremely really too alittle quite terribly | somewhat enough such a barely rather EXAMPLES: hot It's 90 degrees today. It's 114 degrees. It's It's fairly/rather hot. awfully/extremely hot! 155*& Function WHEN ARE YOU EXPECTING HIM? HE OUGHT TO BE HOME IN AN HOUR. Read these examples of sentences which express expectation. 1. His accuracy has improved a lot. He ought_to a do well on the test. He ho I expect him to I think he will 2. He's an expert marksman. any problems with artillery. 3. Alice had been making we thought she would so much progress, we expected her to 1574. Po you expect to advance to the next level soon? Yes, I should be starting next week. Yes, I ought to be 5. You did expect John to win, didn't you? I didn't expect him to do very well. Yes, I expected 6. When do you expect Paul home? I'm expecting him home at 6:00. He_ought to be home ould have been home HOW DO YOU EXPECT TO DO. . . ? Look at the example. Answer the question and give a reason for your expectation. How do you expect to do on the test next Friday? 1 expect to do very well. I've been studying regularly, and by then I should be well prepared. EXAMPLE 1. Where do you expect to be this time next year? 2. What time do you think John will get in? 3. Were you surprised when Allan couldn't hit the target? 4. What did you think about the attendance at the game last night? How do you like the service at Joe's garage? @LET'S TALK ABOUT EXPECTATIONS. Look at the examples and talk to your partner about your expectations. Provide a subject similar to the examples or use the same subjects. ‘Try to give a reason for your expectation. EXAMPLES: leadership test How do you expect to do on the leadership test? Z should do very well. I've been practicing every day. leave I thought you were going to leave tonight. Iwas. I should have been on the 8 o'clock flight. score Did you expect to get a satisfactory score? No, I expected to get an excellent score. I've been studying regularly. stay You didn't expect to stay here so long, did you? No, I thought I would be here just a week. 1 understood it was a short course. return When do you expect to return to your country? I should go back in two months. game be over You do expect the game to be over soon, don't you? Yes, it should be over in a few minutes. ‘The game usually lasts an hour. 159Listening Skills > WHAT/WHEN/WHERE/HOW DO YOU EXPECT TO. . . ? Have a dialog with a classmate about your expectations. Use one of the topics at the bottom of the page, or use your own topic. Listen to your classmates’ conversations. Select one of the conversations and give an oral summary of that conversation. You may take notes. EXAMPLI next assignment after artillery school Sgt Hall: How's school? Sgt Mills: Great! 1 should have ali my courses completed by the end of the month. Sgt Hall: Where do you expect to go after artillery school? Sgt Mills: Well, I should get my promotion when I finish. Then I expect to be assigned overseas. Sgt Hall Sgt Mills Overseas! That ought to be a great assignment. Yes, I'm really looking forward to it. Sgt Hall asked Sgt Mills about school and his next assignment. Sgt Mills said he expected to complete his courses by the end of the month, get a promotion, and be assigned overseas. Sgt Hall said he thought that would be a great assignment. Sgt Mills agreed. 1. basic training 2. next duty station 3. a briefing 4, the reserves 5. next promotion 6. artillery school 160SUMMARY NOTES Speaking Skill > YES-NO QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES Read the dialog with another student. Use rising intonation with the questions and falling intonation with the responses. Is Pvt Campo a skilled marksman? Yes, he's pretty good. Will the sports event be Saturday night? No, Friday. Is Ron a fairly good carpenter? Yes, he's an oxpert. Are your immediate plans to go to Florida? Yes, I'm going tomorrow. 16110. ql. 12. Have you made any progress on the report you're writing? I'm almost finished. Does the news on the radio interfere with your studying? No, I can barely hear it. Is the inspection at 0900? No, the drill sergeant will inspect the barracks at 1530. Did the mechanic do a good job of repairing that motor? Yes, it was satisfactory. Are these facts accurate? Yes, I checked them Monday. Did you give up trying to fix your car? ves, fixing it would take too much effort. Did you aim at the center of the target? No, a little above it. Do you have difficulty with elementary math? No, I took a course in advanced math at college. Reading Skill > DEAR DAD Read the following letter silently as quickly as you can. Write your time in the box. Then answer the questions after the reading. Begin when your instructor tells you to. TIME SCORE WORDS~PER-MINUTE 162Sunday Dear Dad: Fred built three floor-to-ceiling bookcases for our library yesterday. His aim was to be able to display all of our books and have them available for use, instead of keeping them in boxes in the closet. We decided to use the little room at the end of the hall for the library. You may remember that it used to be my sewing room, but now that I'm working at the bank, I don't have time to sew anymore. Do you think that Joan would like to have my sewing machine, by the way? Fred bought a11 the wood, nails and giue he thought he would need Friday night after work, but he forgot to get sandpaper. He had to drive back to the store to get both coarse and fine sandpaper and some wood screws. Saturday morning we drove over to Sam's to borrow his big electric saw, goggles, and an extension cord*. Fred didn't xemember to use the goggles when he started to saw, until he got sawdust* in his eyes. I helped measure and hold the wood until all of it was sawed to the correct lengths. You really have to have a strong grip on the end of the wood so it doesn't fall. 1 also had to hold the shelves aligned straight while Fred was nailing them to the sides of the bookcases. We drilled holes through some big thin pieces of wood which were 4' wide by 8’ long. Those pieces had to be glued and screwed to the back of the bookcases. The tip of the drill broke eff once and Fred got annoyed with himself for being careless. Applying the glue was a messy job. I got some glue on my jeans, but I didn't really care. After we put the shelves in, and screwed the backs on all of the bookcases, Fred started sanding the wood to make it smooth, while I made lunch. After lunch, the children said they were sired of staying home when the weather was so nice. They had been good all morning, so ‘I took them down to the pool at the park so they could have some fun and get some exercise. Bill and jusan are both getting to be pretty good swimmers. Give my love to Mom. Hope she feels better. hove, Sally @lectrical wire ‘sawdust = very fine particles of wood 163the letter was written on. a. Friday b. Saturday c. Sunday Fred wanted to have his and Sally's books 7 a. xeturned to the library b. available for immediate use c. kept in boxes in the closet Fred and Sally's new library used to be the a. sewing room b. closet c. bookcase Sally 7 a. is thinking of giving her sewing machine away b. doesn't like her job at the bank c. doesn't like to sew Fred forgot to buy at the store. a. nails and glue b. wood and sandpaper ©. sandpaper and wood screws Sally and Fred drove over to Sam's house 7 a. on Friday b. to borrow some things ©. because Fred forgot to use his goggles Sally had to have a strong grip so : a. she could hold the hammer tightly while nailing b. she could hold the shelves aligned straight c. the wood wouldn't fall when the end was sawed off Fred got annoyed because a. the drill tip broke off b. Sally got glue on her jeans c. lunch was so late 164a. while Sally and the kids went to the pool. a. put the shelves in the bookcases b. put the backs on the bookcases c. sanded the bookcases 10. _ has been siclk. a. Sally's husband b. Sally's mother c. Sally's father ¢) Grammar SUFFIXES ~ANCE/-ENCE whe suffixes -ance and -ence can be added to verbs to form nouns which name an act, condition, or quality. EXAMPLE: accept + -ance = accoptance (the act of accepting) exist + -ence = existence (the condition of existing) Repeat these words with the ~ance and ~ence suffixes. Note the spelling changes required for some words; For example, naintain ——--» maintenance, neglect ———» negligence. acceptance convergence existence observance annoyance confidence insistence performance appearance correspondence interference reliance assistance difference maintenance resistance ttendance dependence negligence toleranceTHE SECRETARY TAKES CARE OF THE CORRESPONDENCE. Complete the sentences by adding -ance or -ence to the underlined words. EXAMPLE: Tom accepted my invitation to dinner. His __ of my invitation made me happy. Lt Lee was annoyed by the crying children. The kept him from finishing the report. Jane appeared thin and weak after her illness. Her wasn't good. Sgt Jones a ted me with my report. I really was thankful for his : Not all the students attended the program. ‘The _ wasn't very good. the two reads converge near a town. The of the two roads was near a town. Capt Kim and I correspond frequently. our is usually by cards and letters. No person can exist very long without food and water. our __ depends on food and water. Bob insisted on listening to the radio. I didn't like his 1669. Alex always interferes with my vacation plans. I really don't like his * 10. That car has been well maintained. * The __ of that car has been good. *Requires spelling change. Refer to your dictionary. Reading Skill > WRITE A PARAGRAPH. CONNECTIVE WORDS THAT INDICATE A TIME SEQUENCE first before that in the beginning after that second eventually first/last of all initial (1y) third then at the start following fourth next afterward final (1y) SALLY Complete the paragraph using the following sentences and adding connectives which show time sequence. Sally helped measure the wood. She held the wood. Fred sawed it. She got glue on her jeans. She helped put the shelves in. She made lunch. She took the kids to the pool Sally helped Fred build new bookcases. 167Reading san] WRITE ANOTHER PARAGRAPH CONNECTIVE WORDS THAT INDICATE A TIME SEQUENCE | first before that ‘the beginning after that second eventually first/last of all anitial(1y) third then at the start following fourth next afterward final(1y) FRED Number the sentences in the correct time sequence; then rewrite the sentences as a paragraph using connectives. He put the back on the bookcases. He nailed the shelves in. sanded the bookcases. ___ He measured the wood. He cut the wood. He bought materials. Fred had to do several things when he built new bookcases. 168READING PROGRESS CHART FOR BOOK 23 Lesson 3[ie: Roading Time Words/min_ 169Enrichment TROUBLESOME ENGLISH no, nothing, none The words no, nothing, and none should not be used in a sentence that has another negative word. Correct: I didn't have time to finish the test. Incorrect: #-didn+t—have-ne—time-to-finish-the-test. Correct: I wasn't doing anything when you called. Incorrect: £-wasnt—deing-nething-when-you-ealted. Correct: I don't have any. Incorrect: -dent-have-none. 170IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS. ON/OFF TARGET Meaning "On target" means correct. ‘This expression is used when talking about problems or ideas. “Off target" means wrong or away from the main idea. Examples: 1. The colonel's briefing on changing strategies was really on target. We have to change strategies if we want to succeed. 2, My answer was really off target. 1 thought he was talking about an electrical conductor, not a musical conductor. a7.ADDETIONAL EXERCISES GRAMMAR Use the underlined word + ~ance or ~ence to complete the sentences. 10. How well did he perform on the test? His test was good. Sam prefers to study alone. His for studying alone is not unusual. Jane can't resist chocolate candy. Hor to chocolate candy is very low. I can't tolerate people who talk too much. for people who talk too much is not high. Maj Mint neglected to study the new words this week. Maj Mint's _ caused him to fail the test. My opinion of the movie differs from Capt Kim's opinion. We have a of opinion about the movie. Children depend on their parents for many things. Children have a great ___ on their parents. she confides in me when she reveals her secrets to me. She tells me her secrets in It is important to observe traffic laws. ‘the observance __ of traffic laws prevents many autombile accidents. These events don’t occur every day, and sometimes, their surprises us. 172,SHOULDN'T YOU PASS THE TEST TOMORROW? Complete the questions and answers. Use should or shouldn't. EXAMPLE? Should/shouldn't _ the supply truck arrive by 1600 hours? No, it shouldn't arrive by 1600 hours because it had a flat tire. 1 the supply truck arrive before 1530 hours? before that time because it left she do well on the test tomorrow? because she missed class last week. Mary went to cooking school. _ she be a good cook? No, because she failed the course. Alex call before 10 o'clock? No, _ before that time. 5. _ Jane's plane land before 3 o'clock? before that time. 173VOCABULARY Complete the missing words. Don't look at the lesson. His a _ is very accurate. He hit the target. I'm studying hard. I want to a __ to the next 1 i Graduating from preflight training was an important e in my life. David is the best in marksmanship class. He is highly in shooting. In fact, many consider him to be ano _ If Paul doesn't i _ his grades, he'll fail flight school. The enemy has our a surrounded. Our troops can't make any 174Now find those words in the puzzle. They are spelled in order horizontally, vertically, and diagonally. One word is circled for you. IMPROVEIFA BADPOERMLG TI ZDEGYGSELR x VPAVIRVNL LIAR T 21 L LER ¥y RNEVENTLSD 175NOTES 176REVIEW LESSON fae BOOK 23 LESSON 5 Si, CLEAN THE WOUND, SECOND, PLOCE A BANDAGE ON THE WOUND. WHAT IS MATTER? WHEN IS WATER SOLID 7 HOW Many ELEMENTS ARE THERE? ° D 177178ADVERBS OF DEGREE Read the sentence aloud, adding the adverb in parentheses in the correct place. a 10. I'm sorry I missed your wedding. (awfully) They carried out the orders quickly. (very) The student made good progress during the course. (fairly) His hands were steady when he was applying first aid. (extremely) The new artillery is powerful. (really) The marksmen look tired. (a little) This highway is a popular route. (quite) I was bored during the first aid demonstration. (somewhat) He didn't progress quickly. (enough) It's a complicated procedure to replace an engine. (rather) 479“ANCE/~ENCE SUFFIXES Ada ~ance or -ence to the verbs and complete the sentences. Make the necessary spelling changes. 10. Sgt Barr was accepted into artillery school. He received his _ letter yesterday. after the collision, a woman offered to assist the victims. Hor helped save their lives. Something is interfering with the television. The _ is so bad it bothers my eyes. Did you get to see the music students perform? 1 thought their _ was outstanding. Did you attend the first aid meeting? They said was not compulsory. Do you maintain the computers, too? You know, regular on all the equipment is essential. I don't understand how you can tolerate all this noise. Your level of must be higher than mine. John asked which flavor you preferred, chocolate or strawberry. I said you really don't have a I'll bet that rock music annoys his roommate. Any music that loud would be an _ 7 to me. The president appeared at the meeting. His surprised everyone. 180-ERN OR -WARD SUFFIXES Complete the sentences. Use a direction word + -ern or -ward. Boston is in the Northeast. It's a city. The plane is flying to the north. It's flying I really enjoy the flavor of the food from the Southwest. food is delicious. Be careful! That car in front of us is not going forward. It's coming back towards us. It's rolling The storm clouds have changed their direction to the east. They're moving : The state of Washington is in the Northwest. It's one of the states. the travel agent spoke about famous museums in the South. He said a tour of __ museums would take several weeks. People in the West have worn a special kind of boot for many years. It's called a __ boot. 181PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES Change the verbs under the line to either a present (-ing) or a past (-ed) participle and complete the following sentences. 10. roads are hazardous. ~converg The if form was lost, so another one had to be endorse signed. The officers were very thorough when they inspect checked the barracks. The boy dropped the = newspapers. fo1a arner ere bridge downtown is being repaired. collapse No one is allowed to enter the area. restrict Last winter, all the pipes in the house froze. ‘expose Aspirin sometimes reduces an _ ‘temperature. elevate He threw the cee boxes into the trash can. u The __ regulation doesn't prohibit smoking in exist the building, but the new rule will. 182‘TIME CLAUSES Complete the sentences. Use the right verb form. He was going to the movies when he a collision. ve Whenever the temperature gets this low, we a start fire in the fireplace. After the weather gets colder, T my new coat. wear The light changed while I at the intersection. be As X was running down the hall, I and slip Fail He to return his library book until T forget reminded him about it. Don't endorse a traveler's check before you it. cash He was taken to the hospital after the doctor __ ‘examine him, 183GERUNDS AS MODIFIERS Use a gerund and a noun from the box and complete the sentences. 10. building permit checking account — fishing rod firing range parking lot sewing machino shopping center smoking section vending machine waiting room I'd like to smoke. Do you know where the i I'd like to fish, but I don't have a rod. Can I borrow your I need to deposit some money in my _ eee oe before I write you a check. Z can't build here unless I get a permit. I wonder how muck a costs? Joe: Let's go to the range and shoot a few rounds. Ann: Sorry, I've already been to the today. I didn't finish sewing my dress, and now my machine is broken. Can I borrow your I had to wait in the doctor's office for an hour. The chairs in the _ were vory uncomfortable. I couldn't find a place to park my car. I didn't expect the to be so crowded. Lots of people enjoy shopping here. It's a very popular 1 tried to get a soda, but the machine downstairs is broken Is there a on the third floor? 184INDIRECT SPEECH Complete the sentences. EXAMPLE: Captain Black: You have been doing a good job. captain Black told the men (that) they had been doing a good job. ht Barr: ‘The men have been folding the papers for the last hour. Lt Barr told me (that) the men cE _ the papers for the last hour. Mr. Jones: ‘The salesman has been demonstrating the use of the computer. Mr. Jones said (that) the salesman __ the use of the computer. Henry: Have the police been investigating the collision? He asked the collision. Lt Rosas: How have they been transporting the artillery? Lt Rosas asked the sergeant the artillery. The architect: Who's been inspecting the building materials? The architect asked the engineer the building materials. 185SEND ME A LETTER. Address the envelope to a friend. Include your return address. 186WHAT'S THE QUESTION? Ask questions about the atmosphere or matter. Try to use all of the words in Box A. You may use the words in Box B or add your own. BOX A what when where who why how how much/many which BOX B atmosphere atom barometer carbon dioxide element form matter molecule nitrogen oxygen particle space steam vacuum molt EXAMPLE: __ Which gas do we inhale? ae Be as 2 ee - 3. SESE EEIOREESISEEES 4. Baer eH Herre pee 6. SeeesHaaH eee 7 PCH rere i 8. 9. i 10. 187COVER IT WITH A BANDAGE. Use the cues and answer the questions. Give directions. EXAMPLE: What should I do to the wound? (bandage) Cover it with a bandage. 1, What do 1 do now? (elevate) 2. Which route should 1 take? (a northward) 3. What do you want me to do? (look in on) 4. Do you know what to do if your clothes catch fire? (wrap) 5. Which pen should I use? (black) 6. What do I have to do now? (£411 out) 7. Where do you want me to go? (second floor) 8. Should I lock the door when I leave the room? (no, lights) CARRY ON, MEN. Use the cues and give a command. EXAMPLE: report (don't) Don't report for duty until tomorrow. carry on apply (don't) proceed elevate (don't) depress crush (don't) cancel sign (don't) drain 188EXPRESSING EXPECTATIONS Answer the questions. Use expect, ought to, should, should have, or thought . . . would in your answer. Did you expect the grade you got on the quiz? when will Jack return? Were you surprised when Jack didn't hit the target? Do you think he's arrived home by now? When do you expect to start artillery training? 189WHERE IS THE RED RIVER? OKLAHOMA 2. Angsana Mage, uskoyos eh, Look at the map and answer the questions. 1. What river is in the northeastern section of the Oklahoma? 2. What state borders Oklahoma on the south? 3. Which direction would you go to get from Lawton to Tulsa? 4. Which city is east of Oklahoma City? 190PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION intorontional Airport Se re fae All Shot feed Si i i yn UD a le fee Sgn | santa Site CPEMET fa DAK ROAD one way | fis i ri SITE Look at the map and use the prepositions in the box to complete ‘the paragraph. in at beneath up on in back of in front of near from past towards: to Mark and John were having lunch __ Oak Road Park. They were sitting _ _@ large old tree, Their table was __ 3rd Street. Mark said, "John, can you tell me the best way to get the Medical Center?" I have an appointment in an hour. 191here, it's best to go _. 3rd Street the aixport. Turn _ the left on Elm Street. Go one block. _ ____ the corner, turn to the left to get _ _ 2nd Street. Go one block and turn right on Pecan Street. The Medical Center is on your right." “after my appointment, I need to go to the Post Office to mail a package. How do I get there the Medical center?" “When you come out of the Medical Center, turn left on Pecan Street and left again on 2nd Street. Turn right on Cedar and go the Medical Center Drugstore. When you come to 3rd Street, you'll see the Uptown Cinema _ you. Make a right and then a quick left to continue on Cedar Street. Go ‘two blocks to Sth Street and turn right. Then turn left on Mall Road. The Post Office is on your left. If there are no spaces in front, you can park your car ‘the Post Office." 192‘TIME CONNECTIVES at last next first then after that finally following that Sequence the sentences. Then add a connective and write a paragraph. a. ____ I picked out the best and checked them out. b. ______ I. selected books about the atmosphere. c. _____ I looked at the books I had selected. ad. ______ I went to the library the other day. e. With my axms filled with books, I went back to my room to start my research. 193FIRST, PUT YOUR MONEY IN THE SLOT. First give sequenced instructions. Use the topics given or provide your own. When possible, use connective words (first, then, next, finally, etc.) and sentences without a stated subject ("Cover all exposed’ pipes.") Next, listen to your classmate's instructions. Then, use the list of questions as a guide and give your opinion about the instructions that you have heard. ‘TOPICS how to splice a wire how to work a vending machine how to change a tire how to install a battery how to take a photograph how to protect your home during bad weather QUESTIONS 1. Were the procedures given in the proper order? 2. Were the sentences clear, short, and easily understood? 3. Could the instructions be easily followed? 194CAN YOU PLEASE TELL ME HOW TO GET TO THE BANK? =] Ee | Ti i The Sereee Ec i sook at the map. Ask for and give directions. SXAMPLE: 1. From 2. From 3. From side 4. From From the jewelry store to the bank Could you direct me to the bank? Sure, go northward on 4th Street to the corner. Turn left and go straight ahead for three blocks. It's on your left past the travel agency. the record store to the Tourist Information Center the bank to the variety store the business school to the entrance on the northwest of the library the southwest corner of the park to the sports store 195LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE Read the article. Ask and answer questions about the article. The air that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere. It provides us with oxygen and keeps the earth's temperature livable. The atmosphere is divided into four layers. the bottom or first layer is not very thick but it contains more molecules of air than all of the other layers. Air is a mixture of gases. Over three-quarters of air is nitrogen, and most of the rest is oxygen with a small amount of other gases. Dust and small particles float in the atmosphere. Water is also found at this layer in the form of clouds, rain, or snow. The second layer is about 40 miles thick. In the lower area, the air is very cold and calm. Tt 1s good for flying, but in the upper area there are very strong winds called the jet stream which can blow up to 300 miles an hour. The third layer is a very important layer. The bottom of this layer reflects or bounces radio signals back to earth, This makes radio messages across long distences possible. whe fourth and last layer is the largest. It stretches for hundreds of miles above the earth. All four layers of the atmosphere are important to both the earth and man. 196Appendix A Part 1 WORD List accuracy, 4 direct, 3 accurate, 4 distribute, 3 advance, 4 during the time (that), 2 aim, 4 altitude, 1 effort, 4 apply, 2) element, 1 arrow, 3 elementary, 4 artery, 2 elevate, 2) artillery, 4 -ence/-ance, 4 atmosphere, 1 endorse, 3 atmospheric, 1 -ern, 3 atom, 1 evaporate, 1 aware, 2 event, 4 awfully, 4 exert, 1 exhale, 1 bandage, 2 exist, 1 barely, 4 expand, 1 barometer, 1 expert (n, j), 4 be composed of, 1 expose, 2 voneath, 3 by means of, 3 failure, 4 by the time (that), 2 firm, 2 by way of, 3 first ald, 2 first of all, carbon dioxide, 1 float, 1 carry on, 2 fold, 3 carry out, 2 form, 1 collapse, 2 forward, 3 collide, 2 fracture, 2 collision, 2 compress, 1 gas, 1 conscious, 2 give/gave/given out, 4 sonsist (of), 1 give/gave/given up, 4 continuous, 2 go/went/gone on with, 4 converge, 3 go/went/gone over, 3 sonvert, 1 correspond, 3 hydrogen, 1 correspondence, 3 srush, 2 immediate, 4 improve, 4 demonstrate, 4 in the meantime, 3 jepress, 4 infantry, 4 destination, 3infect, 2 safety, 2 inhale, 1 satisfactory, 4 initial, 2 sea level, 1 inspect, 4 secondary, 3 interfere, 4 sequence, 2 intermediate, 4 series, 2 intersect, 3 should’, 4 investigate, 2 should have, 4 island, 3 skilled, 4 solid, 1 layer, 1 somewhat, 2 level (n, 3), 4 southeast (a, j, n), 3 look in on, 3 southwest (a, J. n), 3 dung, 1 space, 1 squad, 4 marksman/men, 4 state, 1 marksmanship, 4 steady, 2 matter, 1 steam, 1 means, 3 step, 2 meanwhile, 3 surround, 1 melt, 1 molecule, 1, target, 4 throughout, 3 nitrogen, 1 tiny, 1 northeast (a, J, n), 3 track, 3 northwest (a, j, n), 3 transport, 3 tray, 3 occupy, 1 on top’ of, 3 unconscious, 2 opposite, 3 ought to, 4 vacuum, 1 oxygen, 1 vapor, vein, 2 particle, 1 victim, 2 phase, 4 volume, 1 pre-, 4 press, 1 -ward, 3 previous, 3 whenever, 2 procedure, 2 wound (n, v), 2 proceed, 2 progress (n, v), 4 zip code, 3 restrict, 2 route, 3 run short of, 3Part II GLOSSARY LESSON 1 iL ALTITUDE (n) (AL ti tude): the height of something above the earth's surface The altitude of San Antonio is about six hundred feet above sea level. The atmosphere gets thinner as the altitude increase ATMOSPHERE (n) (AT mos phere): air surrounding the earth the atmosphere extends many miles above the earth's surface. The atmosphere is composed of many gases. ATMOSPHERIC (adj) (at mos PHER ic): of the atmosphere The atmospheric pressure decreases at higher altitudes. Atmospheric pressure changes with the weather. ATOM (n) (AT om): the smallest possible piece of a simple substance, or element Some atoms have positive or negative charges, but most are electrically neutral. You need a very powerful microscope in order to be able to see atoms. BAROMETER (n) (ba ROM e ter): a device that measures atmospheric pressure The barometer is an important instrument used in weather forecasting. ‘The barometer has been used by man for a long time. BE COMPOSED OF (v) (be com POSED of): be made up of The atmosphere is composed of many gases. ‘The atom mposed of molecules. CARBON DIOXIDE (n) (CAR bon di OX ide): gas produced in respiration de is important in maintaining plant life. le, we give off carbon dioxide.8. 10. 1. 12, 13. 14. 16. COMPRESS (v) (com PRESS): press together The atmosphere becomes more compressed the closer you get to sea level Most gases can be compre CONSIST (of) (v) (con SIST of): be made up of he atmosphere consists of many different gases. what do atoms tof? CONVERT (v) (con VERT): change What process is used to convert a gas to a liquid? Plants convert carbon dioxide to oxygen. ELEMENT (n) (EL e ment): basic part; a substance that consists of atoms of only one kind Over 100 different elements have been discovered so far. whe elements which make up water are hydrogen and oxygen. EVAPORATE (v) (e VAP o rate): to change into vapor Heat causes liquids to evaporate. The sun caused the water to evaporate. EXERT (v) (ex ERT): to bring or put strength, skill, etc., into action The atmosphere exerts 14.7 pounds per square inch of pressure at sea level. He exerted a lot of energy in getting the job done. EXHALE (v) (ex HALE): to breathe out We give off carbon dioxide when we exhale. As the runner passed us, we could hear him exhaling loudly. EXIST (v) (ex IST): to be Does 1ife exist on other planets? I can't solve the problem; I don't think a solution exists. EXPAND (v) (ex PAND): to spread out or become louder This belt is elastic; it will expand to fit almost anyone. ‘The population of the world continues to expand at a rapid rate.lye 18. 19. 20. a1. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. FLOAT (v) (FLOAT): to be suspended in or rest on the surface of a fluid Wood will float on water. Can the human body float on water? FORM (n) (FORM): appearance; shape What form will liquid take when it is heated? Heat will affect the form of gases, liquids, and solids. GAS (n) (GAS): a fluid substance which tends to expand indefinitely Different gases make up the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a gas. HYDROGEN (n) (H¥ dro gen): a gaseous element: Hydrogen is a gas that is lighter than air. Hydrogen is an explosive gas. INHALE (v) (dn HALE): to draw air into the lungs He inhaled deeply before he dove into the water. the smoke that he inhaled made him i211. LAYER (n) (LAY er): a single thickness ‘The atmosphere is composed of many layers. There was a layer of dust on everything in the room. LUNG (n) (LUNG): one of a pair of organs used in breathing The chest expands as the lungs fill with air. Gases are exchanged in the lungs. MATTER (n) (MAT tor): what a thing is made of; material Everything which can be seen or touched is considered matter Matter is the basis of all life. MELT (v) (MELT): to change from solid to liquid Ice will melt when the temperature is increased. Finish your ice cream, or it will melt. MOLECULE (n) (MOL e cule): the smallest possible part of a compound (a substance made up of more than one element) A molecule consists of one or more atoms. Molecules are the basis of all chemical substances.27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 33. 34. NITROGEN (n) (NI tro gen): a gaseous element rogen is a colorless and odorless gas. atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen. occupy (v) (OC cu py): to be in or fill a certain position, space, or time All matter occupies space. Who is going to occupy your house when you move out? OXYGEN (n) (OX y gen): a gaseous element present in the air and necessary to 1ife on earth We cannot see, taste, or smell oxygen. Oxygen is a highly flammable gas. PARTICLE (n) (PAR ti cle): a very small piece or amount of something Atoms and molecules are particles of matter. There are many particles of dust in the air. PRESS (v) (PRESS): to exert force Press the button to start the engine. You must press on the brake pedal in order to stop the car. SEA LEVEL (n) (SEA le vel): the average height of the sea's surface ‘The atmosphere exerts its greatest pressure et sea level. Altitude is measured as height above sea level SOLID (n) (SOL id): something which is neither a liquid nor or a gas Most elements are solids. Matter in the form of a solid does not flow. SPACE (n) (SPACE): empty area; the region outside the earth's atmosphere Is there enough space left in the room for one more desk? One must travel through space in order to reach other planets. STATE (n) (STATE): condition What state is your car in? A11 matter is found in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas.36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. STEAM (n) (STEAM): water vapor Steam is produced when water is heated. Turbines driven by steam are sometimes used to generate electricity. SURROUND (v) (sur ROUND): to enclose TINY (adj) (TI ny): very smali Molecules are y parts of an element. She usually ea only a tiny amount of food. VACUUM (n) (VAC uum): space that is completely empty, especially of air Life, as we know it, cannot exist in a vacuum. Vacuum bottles keep liquids hot or cold for hours. VAPOR (n) (VA por): liquid in a gas-like form Steam, mist, and fog are types of vapor. Clouds consist of water vapor. VOLUME (n) (VOL ume): the size of an object or a space measured in cubic units The volume of that storage tank is 200,000 cubic feet. What's the formula for finding the volume of a cylinder? AW?LESSON 2 i APPLY (v) (ap PLY): put or spread on; put into use First apply a bandage to the wound. You never know when you will have to apply your knowledge of first aid. ARTERY (n) (AR ter y): tube taking blood away from the heart Arteri the body. Some arteries travel very close to the surface of the skin. arry blood away from the heart to other parts of AWARE (adj) (a WARE): conscious; having realization or knowledge Are you aware that the meeting has been cancelled? Ben was not aware that he had run a red light until the policeman stopped him. BANDAGE (n) (BAND age): a strip of material put over a wound to protect it A bandage is placed on the wound to keep the wound clean. Putting pressure on a bandage that has been placed on a wound may help control bleeding. BY THE TIME (that) (BY THE TIME THAT) (e): before or not later than the time another event occurs I had already finished eating by the time they arrived. She had been given first aid by the time that the ambulance arrived. =e CARRY ON! (v) (car ry ON): continue; do or perform We were told to carry on with our duties. Can you carry on with your studies without the teacher being in the room? CARRY OUT (v) (car ry OUT): accomplish He was able to carry out his duties even though the supervisor was not there. It is important that a person be able to carry out his duties successfully. : A-810. ie 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. COLLAPSE (v) (col LAPSE): fall down; fall into pieces ‘The wind caused the building to collapse. Some of the runners collapsed during the race because of the extreme heat. COLLIDE (v) (col LIDE): to forcefully come into contact with something or someone No one was seriously hurt when the two cars collided. Whe soccer players collided as they raced for the ball. COLLISION (n) (col LI sion): violent contact ‘Three people were hurt in the collision. No one was able to determine the cause of the collision. CONSCIOUS (adj) (CON scious): knowing, understanding, aware the student made a conscious effort to improve his pronunciation. Sometimes people are not conscious of what they're doing. CONTINUOUS (adj) (con TIN u ous): constant Ho found the continuous noise from the radio to be distracting. The continuous rain caused flooding. CRUSH (v) (CRUSH): to squeeze or press with force sufficient to injure or break The front of the car was crush collision. All of the furniture in the building were crushed when the building collapsed. d by the force of the - DURING THE TIME (that) (e) (DUR ing the time,thet): while if He was still sleeping during the time being given. He was still in high school during the time of the war. at the test was ELEVATE (v) (EL e vate): raise She has to work very hard in order to elevate her grade. A person who has fainted should have his feet elevated EXPOSE (v) (ex POSE): bring into view; leave unprotected His book exposed many problems in the government. the plants that were exposed to the cold weather were killed.17. 18. 19, 20. 21, 22. 23. 24. FIRM (adj) (FIRM): steady; solid You should build your house on firm ground, not sand. His decision was he refused to change his mind. FIRS? AID (n) (first AID): initial emergency medical treatment Have you received any first aid training? Everyone should have some knowledge of first aid FIRST OF ALL (e) (FIRST of all): the most important; the beginning; the first thing to do First of all, when giving first aid, check to make sure that the patient is able to breath. tof all, we need to get our supplies before going to cla: FRACTURE (n) (FRAC ture): a break or crack, especially of a bone Did he have any fractures because of the accident? He had a fracture in the upper bone of his leg. INFECT (v) (in FECT): to enter and cause a disease in the body Cover the wound with a bandage to prevent it from becoming infected. Don't let dirt or other materials infect the wound. INITIAL (adj) (in T tial): first The initial step in first aid is to make sure that the injured person is able to breath. His initial response to the assignment was positive. INVESTIGATE (v) (in VES ti gate): to search for or inquire into the cause of something Who is going to investigate the cause of the accident? The police will investigate the cause of the accident. PROCEDURE (n) (pro CE dure): method of doing things What is the procedure for treating a person who is not breathing? You will be taught many first aid procedures at the school.25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. al. 32. PROCEED (v) (pro CEED): to start; continue We were told to proceed with the test. The men proceeded to practice the first aid procedures that they had been taught. RESTRICT (v) (xe STRICT): to keep within certain limits The discussion was restricted to only one topic: the weather. The sergeant threatened to restrict the soldiers to the base for a week. SAFETY (n) (SAFE ty): the condition of being safe The people went to a place of safety when they heard that there was going to be a flood. There will be a traffic safety course offered next week. SEQUENCE (n) (SE quence): orderly series can you describé the sequence of events leading to the accident? You must follow these steps in sequence before starting the machine. SERIES (n) (SE ries): a number of things coming one after another in order The accident was the result of a ser: The doctor ordered a series of tests cause of Sara's illness. 3 of mistakes. © determine the SOMEWHAT (adv) (SOME what): a little; slightly He seems somewhat tired this morning. It seems somewhat cooler today than it was yesterday. SYEADY (adj) (STEAD y): unchanging He is considered to be a steady worker. There has been a steady rain for the past two days. STEP (n) (STEP): stage in a process Have you learned all of the steps necessary for operating that machine? The first step in giving first aid is to insure that the patient is able to breathe.33. UNCONSCIOUS (adj) (un CON scious): not being able to feel, think, understand what's happening The people who were involved in the accident were unconscious when the medical help arrived. Do you know the first aid procedures for treating an unconscious person? 34. VEIN (n) (VEIN): a tube taking biood to the heart You can see your veins on the back of your hand. Veing transport the blood from all parts of the body to the heart. 38. VICPIM (n) (VIC tim): one who suffers pain or harm There were three vi victims of the accident. The number of crime victims seems to be increasing. 36. WHENEVER (c) (when EV er): every/any time that Whenever we see him, he is always eating. Whenever I want to go on a picnic, it starts to rain. 37. WOUND (n) (WOUND): an injury to the body causing a cut or a break The doctor treated the patient for a knife wound. The soldier eventually recovered from the wounds he had received in combat. 38. WOUND (v) (WOUND): to cause a wound; to injure The deer had been wounded, but it recovered. The bullet missed him; he was scared but not wounded. An12LESSON 3 ARROW (n) (AR xow): symbol used to indicate direction whe arrow on the sign indicates a one way street. ‘he arrow on the map is pointing north. BENEATH (adv)(prep) (be NEATH): below He put his books beneath the desk. whe dog is sleeping beneath the tree. BY MEANS OF (prep) (by MEANS of): using; through the use of He is traveling by means of an international airline. The package arrived by méans of air mail. BY WAY OF (prep) (by WAY of): via He traveled from London to San Antonio by way of New York. the package was shipped from New York by way Of Dalles. CONVERGE (v) (con VERGE : to meet; to come together The two rivers Do you know if nverge north of town. hese two roads converge? CORRESPOND (v) (cor re SPOND): communicate by mail They write to one another regularly. They've been corresponding for many years. CORRESPONDENCE (n) (cor re SPOND ence): mailed communication; similarity, agreement Mr. King's secretary takes care of most of his correspondence. The correspondence between the two friends has been going on for years. DESTINATION (n) (des ti NA tion): the place toward which one is going or sent What is the destination of the plane? Pvt Williams doesn't know his exact finishes training at this base. nation after he DIRECT (v) (di RECT): to guide Can you direct me to the main office? The signs will direct you to the right road. A-1310. a. 12. 13. 14. 1s. 16. 17. DISTRIBUTE (v) (dis TRIB ute): give out; scatter Will you please distribute these papers for me? The teacher distributed the books to the students. ENDORSE (v) (en DORSE): to write your name, usually on the back of a check or money order; to give one's support or approval You must endorse the check before the bank will cash it for you. We will endorse Mrs. Smith for president of the club in the next election. ERN (suffix): added to a noun to form an adjective indicating that something occurs or is situated in a particular direction Mr. Kent lives in the southern part of the city. Northern winds are common in this region in the winter. FOLD (v) (FOLD): to bend or turn something so that one part lies over or against another Fold your papers in half before you turn them in. Ihave to fold my shirts before T pack them in my suitcase. FORWARD (adv) (FOR ward): To move forward means to move straight ahead. In a school zone, drive forward slowly and carefully. GO/WENT/GONE OVER (v) (go/went/gone 0 ver): to review The teacher will go over the results of the test tomorrow. They went over the events leading up to the accident and still couldn't determine what caused it. Have they gone over your report yet? IN THE MEANTIME (e) (in the MEAN time): during this time You go to the store. In the meantime I'11 start lunch. You feed the children; in the meantime, 1'11 cut the grass. INTERSECT (v) (in ter SECT): to cross Parallel lines never Those two roads inte tersect. ct just north of town.18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. ISLAND (n) (IS land): land surrounded by water Hawaii ig the only state in the U.S. that is an island. on my vacation next year, I'm going to visit a small island in the South Pacific. LOOK IN ON (v) (look IN on): make a brief visit to I'm going to look in on a friend who is in the hospital. Look in on me if you have the time tonight. MEANS (n) (MEANS): a way of accomplishing or achieving something; method He'll use whatever means are necessary to get the job done. What means will you use to complete the project? MEANWHILE (adv) (MEAN while : during this time You go to the store. Meanwhile, I'll start lunch. I'll wash the car; meanwhile, you do the laundry. NORTHEAST (adv)(adj) (north EAST): to or toward the northeast; coming from the northeast. The plane was traveling northeast A cold northeast wind was blowing. NORTHEAST (n) (north EAST): the compass direction midway between north and east; an area of the country (usually capitalized) The wind was blowing from the northeast. Many factories are located in the Northeast. NORTHWEST (adv)(adj) (north WEST northwest; coming from the northwest to or toward the Hex house is located in the northwest part of town. Drive west for two miles; then turn northwest and go another mile. NORTHWEST (n) (north WEST): the compass direction midway between north and west; a region of the country (usually capitalized) A lot of people go to the northwest for their vacations. It rains a lot in the Northwest. ON TOP OF (prep) (on TOP of): on the top part of something The books are on top of the desk. Put those things on top of the table.ar. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 34. OPPOSITE (to) (prep) (OP po site to): facing, across from The lab is opposite the classroom building. The post office is opposite to the drug store. PREVIOUS (adj) (PRE vi ous): past; before Before joining the Air Force, his previous job was as a salesman. Her previous test sores were very good. ROUTE (n): line of travel What route are you going to follow on your trip? We followed a route that took us through the northwestern part of the stat RUN SHORT OF (e) (run SHORT of): use almost all; not having enough left We're running short of food. We need to go to the commissary. A lot of people run short of money just before payday. SECONDARY (adj) (SEC on da ry): second in order or rank We avoided the main highways during our vacation and traveled only on secondary roads Learning to write English is secondary to learning to speak it. SOUTHEAST (adv)(adj) (south FAST): to or toward the southeast; coming from the southeast The river flows southeast toward the sea. The new shopping mall is in the southeast part of town. SOUTHEAST (n) (south EAST): ‘the compass direction midway between south and east; an area of the country (usually capitalized) Many retired people move to the Southeast. The hurricane approached the coast from the southeast. SOUTHWEST (adv)(adj) (south EAST): to or toward the southwast; coming from the southwest The storm moved southwest across the state. The base is on the southwest side of town.35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. SOUTHWEST (n) (south WEST): the compass direction midway between south and west; a region of the country (usually capitalized) the sky to the southwest was gray and cloudy. The climate in the Southwest is hot and dry. THROUGHOUT (adv)(prep) (through OUT): in every part; from beginning to end It rained throughout the day. Her grades have been very good throughout the course. TRACK (n) (TRACK): path The track goes through the woods. this track will take you to the hills. TRANSPORT (v) (trans PORT : carry How are we going to transport these supplies to the base? The men will be transported by plane. TRAY (n) (TRAY): flat receptacle with raised edges The food in some mess halls is served on trays- you can put those letters in the tray on my desk. -WARD (suffix): added to various stems to form adjectives and adverbs indicating a direction in space or timo whe plane is flying in a southward direction. We were driving westward when we had the accident. ZIP CODE (n) (ZIP code): a number which is the part of an address and which helps the post office deliver the mail more efficiently Write the zip code after the name of the state. All zip codes contain five numbers, but some have nine.LESSON 4 1. ae ACCURACY (n) (AC cu ra cy): correctness; precision He always does his work with a great degree of accuracy. Accuracy is very important when doing this type of Job. ACCURATE (adj) (AC cu rate): exact; precise Your answers must be very accurate when you take a test. When a pilot is flying a plane, his movements must be very accurate. ADVANCE (v) (ad VANCE): to go forward You'll advance to the next level if you pass this test. How far can one advance in this course in one year? AIM (v) (AIM): control direction Aim the gun carefully before you fire it. You must be careful where you aim the rifle. ~ANCE/-ENCE (suffixes): added to verbs to form nouns expressing the act, condition, of quality of something The actor's performance was excellent in that movie. During the storm, there was a lot of interference on the telephone. ARTILLERY (n) (ar TIL ler y): large guns; that branch of the army that is involved with large guns He will be a: training. The artillery will stop firing just before the infantry attack begins. gned to the artillery when he finishes his AWFULLY (adv) (AW ful ly or AW fully): very After working all day, he was awfully tired. It's awfully cold today, isn't it? BARELY (adv) BARE ly): almost not, by a very little She is barely four years old, and she can already read and write. He barely made it to class on time.10. ql. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. a7. DEMONSTRATE (v) (DEM on strate): show She has demonstrated how to £ill out the form many times before. The sergeant will now demonstrate to the new soldiers how ta assemble and disassemble the rifle. DEPRESS (v) (de PRESS : push down The car will go faster when you depress the gas pedal. The machine will start to operate when you depress that button. EFFORT (n) (EF fort): an attempt to accomplish something He was able to pass the course without much effort. It takes a lot of effort to run forty-two kilometers in less than three hours. ELEMENTARY (adj) (el e MEN ta ry): basic He started at the elementary level when he first arrived at the school. Addition and subtraction are elementary in mathematics. EVENT (n) (e VENT): a special happening; an occurrence while the students are here, they will have an opportunity to participate in many cultural events. College graduation is a big event in some people's lives. EXPERT (adj) (EX pert): skilled She gave us some expert advice on how to solve our problem. He is an expert pilo EXPERT (n) (EX pert): highly skilled person We need an expert to help us solve the problem. He is an expert in the field of mechanics. FAILURE (n) (FAIL ure): lack of success, nonperformance We had an electrical failure in our house this morning. I had a brake failure on my car while driving to work this morning. GIVE/GAVE/GIVEN OUT (v) (GIVE/GAVE/GIV en out): distribute; emit The teacher will give out the books tomorrow morning. The machine gave out an unusual sound before it stopped running. Have all the answer sheets been given out to the students? aA-1919. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. GIVE/GAVE/GIVEN UP (v) (GIVE/GAVE/GIV en up): surrender; stop doing He has been doing so poorly in school lately that I'm afraid that he'll just give up and go home. The army gave up because they were surrounded by the enemy. She has given up playing tennis because she doesn't have time to play anymore. GO/WENT/GONE ON (WITH) (v) (go/went/gone ON with): continue The teacher told us to go on with our work while she was out of the room. He went on with the job even though everyone else had stopped working. The little boy ran as fast as he could, but his brother and his friends had gone on jogging without him. IMMEDIATE (adj) (im ME di ate): instant; without delay We need to take immediate action to prevent further accidents like that one. We have a special radio station in town that will give us immediate news about any severe weather in our area. IMPROVE (v) (im PROVE): make better He asked the teacher what he could do to improve his grades. That road will need to be improved soon. INFANTRY (n) (IN fan try): foot soldiers; that branch of the army which is composed of foot soldiers My father told me that if I joined the infantry,I would have to do a lot of walking. The infantry is usually the largest branch of the army. INSPECT (v) (in SPECT): look at or examine thoroughly The commander will inspect the barracks tomorrow. The pilot will always inspect his aircraft before he takes off. INTERFERE (v) (in ter FERE): to get in the way of another; to put oneself in a matter that does not concern one He found that the noise in the barracks interfered with his studying. I try not to interfere in other people's business.25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. INTERMEDIATE (adj) (in ter ME di ate): middle Whey will start the intermediate phase of their training when they finish the elementary phase. He is now studying in the intermediate level of his English course. LEVEL (adj) (LEV el): horizontal; even The pilot tried to keep the wings of his plane level with the ground. Make sure that the top of the desk is level before you put the books on it. LEVEL (n) (LEV el): position; height He works in the highest 1. of the government. That mountain is about fourteen thousand feet above the level of the sea. MARKSMAN/-MEN (n) (MARKS man/men): one who is very proficient in the use of weapons He is known as one of the best marksmen in the army. He was trying very hard to get to the marksmen level before he had the accident. MARKSMANSHIP (n) (MARKS man ship): the qualilty of being a marksman He was known throughout the army for his marksmanship. The army allows the men to practice their marksmenship. OUGHT TO (v) (OUGHT to): used to express expectation about the present or future Since you've studied so hard for the test, you certainly ought to make a good grade on it. We ought to arrive in New York before five o'clock tonight. PHASE (n) (PHASE): @ stage in growth or development The construction project is in its final phase. What phase of training are the students in now? PRE- (prefix): prefix added to words to express before, in advance, in front of Do you know what precautions you should take before climbing a mountain? Many animals that lived during prehistoric times no longer exist.33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. PROGRESS (n) (PROG ress): development That country has made a lot of industrial progress in the past ten years. We have made a lot of progress on the project. PROGRESS (v) (pro GRESS): move forward She progressed satisfactorily in her English studies throughout the year. The year is progressing quickly. It'll soon be summer. SATISFACTORY (adj) (sat is FAC to ry): adequate He is making satisfactory progress in his course. His behavior is satisfactory. SHOULD (v) (SHOULD): used to express present or future expectation The test is easy. The students should do well on it. Your car's in good shape. You should get a good price for it when you sell it. SHOULD HAVE (v) (SHOULD have): used to express expectation about the past Linda left an hour ago. She should have arrived at the airport by now. If you mailed the check last Monday, the loan company should have received it on time. SKILLED (adj): having great proficiency He is a skilled pilot. Lt Kim is becoming very skilled with the computer. SQUAD (n) (SQUAD): the smallest unit of military personnel The squad was ordered to scout the area. TARGET (n) (TAR get): object aimed at I was able to hit the target during marksmanship practice today. The target is about 100 meters away.Appendix B STRUCTURE LIST Adverbs: Review of intensifiers (degree) preceding adjectives and adverbs, 4 Affixes: Suffixes: -ence/-ance, 4 Affixes: Suffixes: -ward, -ern, 3 Clauses: Review of adverb clauses of time, 2 Indirect Speech: Reported present perfect progressive, 3 Interrogatives: Review of question-word questions, 1 Prepositions: Of direction, location, and place, 3 Verbs: Modais: Should, ought to, and should have expressing present, future, and past expectancy, 4 Verbs: Moods: Review of the imperative in commands, directions, and instructions, 2 Verbs: Verbals: Present and past participles after certain verbs, 1 Verbs: Verbals: Present and past participles as noun modifiers, 1 verbs: Verbals: Present gerund as noun modifier, 2Appendix C bite bleed blow break bring build burst buy cast catch choose creep cut deat dig draw rink drive eat fall feed feel Zight find PRINCIPAL PARTS OF CERTAIN IRREGULAR VERBS was bore beat became began bet bid bit bled blew broke brought built ought cast caught came ate fell felt fought Past Participle arisen awakened driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found c-1 hold taid ed left lent let lay Lit lost meant paid quit Past Participle fled flown forgotten forgiven frozen gotten(got) given ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known, laid ed left ent let lain Lit( Lighted) lost made meant met paid put quit read widen ungsleep slido slit stand understand sat slept slid slit spoke spent split spread sprang stole stung struck strung swore swept ‘taught tore told ‘thought: understood Participle | Present Past risen wake mn wear weave wove weep wept seen wet wet sought win won wind wound, weing = wrung write wrote woke(waked) wore slept slid slit spent split spread stood stolen stuck stung sworn swept ‘taken taught told ‘thought ‘thrown understood Participle woke(waked) woven wept wet wrung writtenAppendix D FOUR TMPORTANT SPELLING RULES ‘There are four spelling rules which will help you spell thousands of words. Rule 1. Words Ending in Silent SHORT RULE Before a vowel, drop the =e. Before a consonant, let it be. fiben a word ends in silent -e, drop the -e before a suffix beginning with 4 vowel, but retain it before ono beginning with a consonant. Notice what happens to the final e in the following words when a suffix is added. close closed closing take taker taking arrange arrangement arranging Rule 2, Final Consonant: SHORT RULE ‘Consonant Double one after one Vowel V if it accented be. When a word ends in a single consonant after a single vowel in an accented syllable, you double the consonant before a suffix beginning with 4 vowel. Notice what happens in these words of one syllable: stop stopped stopping stopper begin beginning beginner help helped helping helper Now look at these words: ship sl ipped shipping shipment. the game general rule applies to words of more than one syllable if the accent falls on the last syllable. prefer preferred preferring refer referred referringBut look at these words: prefer preferable refer reference They end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it and are accented on the last syllable. But the final consonant is not doubled before the suffix even though it begins with a vowel. Notice what happens to the accent in these words when the suffix is added, it is shifted forward. When the accent does not remain on the syllable, the final consonant is usually not doubled before a suffix. ‘The final consonant in any word is doubled before a suffix only under these conditions: |. The word must end in one consonant with one vowel before it. b. If the word has more than one syllable, the accent must be on the last syllable and remain on the same syllable. c. The suffix must begin with a vowel. Rule 3. Binal -y SHORT RULE After a consonant, ~y becomes -i. After a vowel, ~y stays -y. If a consonant comes before final -y, ~y changes to -i before all suffixes except -ing. If a vowel comes before -y, -y does not change. Notice these words with a consonant before Final -y: carry carried carries carrying marry married marries marrying study studied studies studying Notice these words with @ vowel before final -y: delay delayed delays delaying journey journeyed journeys journeying employ employed employs employing Notice these exceptions: day daily lay laid lain pay paidRule 4, ef and ie suORT RULE rive 1 before @ except after ¢ or when sounded Like /e/ as in neighbor and weigh. Notice these principal situations in which the ei ~ ie problem arises: a. ibefore e (This covers most of the problem words.) believe piece friend niece b. @ before i after ¢ deceive receipt receive ceiling c. © before i when sounded Like /e/ eight neighbor weigh Notice these exceptions: either their foreign neither seize leisureAppendix E Punctuation and Capitalization Punctuation A, PERIOD (.) 1. Use a period at the end of a statement or command. The pen and paper are on the table. Go to the chalkboard and write your name. 2. Use a period after an abbreviation or an initial. Abbreviated military ranks do not require a period. Feb. (February) Mr. Brown Ms. Little Dr. Smith (Doctor Smith) Mrs. White a.m. J. Jones (John Jones) pm. B. QUESTION MARK (?) 1. Use a question mark after a question. Sometimes the question may be written like a statement. How many children are in your family? He's here today? C. EXCLAMATION MARK (!) 1. Use an exclamation mark after words, sentences, or expressions that show excitement, surprise, or emotion. Any exclamation, even if not a sentence, will end with an exclamation mark. What a game! Look out! Do it! Wow! on! D. QUOTATION MARKS (" ") 1. Use quotation marks to show the words of a speaker. They're always placed above the line and are used in pairs. John said, "The commissary closes at 2100 hours today." "where are the children?" she asked.2, 1£ the words of the speaker are divided into two parts, use quotation marks around both parts. "Do you," she asked, "go to the library after class?" 3. Use quotation marks around the titles of chapters, articles, parts of books and magazines, short poems, short stories, and songs. Last night I read the chapter "Grammar Is Easy" in our book. Then I read the article "Learning English” in the newspaper. APOSTROPHE (') 1. Use an apostrophe in contractions. I'm she's they're isn't aren't can't what's where's. Bob's o'clock (of the clock) 2. Use an apostrophe to indicate possession. a. If the noun is singular, add ' Bill's book the girl's coat b. When the noun is plural, add 's if the plural does not end in s. the children's clothes the men's shirts c. If the plural noun ends in s, add only an apostrophe. ‘the boys’ shoes the libraries’ books F. COMMA (,) 1. Use commas to separate items in a series. We ate sandwiches, potato chips, and fruit for lunch. She looked behind the chairs, under the bed, and in the kitchen for her notebook.