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    Paginas Forty Studies PDF

    Uploaded by

    Carolina Hernández

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    FORTY STUDIES THAT CHANGED PSYCHOLOGY Explorations into the History of Psychological Research Seventh Edition Roger R. Hock, Ph.D. Mendoina Colege CONTENTS FACE CHAPTER BIOLOGY AND HUWAN BEHAVIOR. 1 READING 1: ONEBRAIN ORTHO T ‘orsign M896, The opi man, ic en 2070), READING 2: MORE EXPERIENCE = BIGGERBRANN. 12 Rose MR Bente Le Dinmoot MCC (1972) Baa change open tegen Simin 242), 28° ‘owcharT-Lyon Mea Mz Seal N, Atle, A, Sore ‘uum pleat trench Manco sty tre a Sim 33 2, READING 4: WATCH OUT FORTHE VISUAL CLF 27 hn} a DM) The a SSA 70, CHAPTER M PERCEPTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS. 35. READING 5:1AKEA LONG LOOK 36 ashes (Tel enon. Sif an 20 IEADING 610 SU, NO DOUBTTO DREAM... 42 hori, nan, N18), Rega cringe of ‘tty seams phonon ering Sep. Sa 8 374 ‘men 60) Th eect ee deprm, Se 31, 70 0 READING 7:ASA CATEGORY 1S A NATURAL 49 ach, Henr (198), Naw cg, Caio Pag 4, 98-90 READING & ACTING AS IFYOU ARE HYPNOTIZED. 57 Spans IH), ppt beh Aco oil pcg Pepe, Renh Consens Ppl pany sa at CHAPTER IM LEARNING AND CONDITIONING 65 READING 9:17 NOT JUST ABOUTSALWATING DOGS! 65 nl (D2). Cone ns Lands Ostend Unity Pe EADING 10-UTTLEEMONONAL ALBERT. 72 Vato) Sager (1. Conn eotonal eqose maf pein Pps 21.14 READING 11: kNOcK WOOD! 72 ‘Sinn 1. (18, Sopesion the pon fa fpr Pgs 318-2 READING 12: SEEAGGRESSION ... DO AGGRESSION! 85 nA aw Rn A (16) nln epson gh Inn seni: eral ml ond Sag 6 28 HAPTERIV INTELLIGENCE, COGNITION, AND MEMORY 93 EEADING i: WHATYOU EXPECTS WHATYOU GET 93 ct Rana, (198), Then’ expan eter enh pi, Pha pe 18 Lo FEADING 14 JUST HOW AREYOU INTELLIGENT? 100, Gre 09 Bo fe yy map inline SEADING 15: MAPS INYOUR MIND 110 Toa 00. Ce nae Paga Rh [READING 16:THANAS FORTHE MENMORNS! 117 ‘a 7), Leu queens th eevee Cate 8-0, CHAPTER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 126 READING 17: DISCOVERING LOVE. 126 aon HLT (98). The rae line. Arn Pai 12.68.65. READING tt: OUT OF SIGH, BUT NOT OUT OF MIND 134 ogc (6!) The deeopment of tet ono Pag The com iy nl gp 90, Neo Bk READING 19: HOW MORALAREYOUT 143 “oti 1-9) Teepe of cera emt ‘rd Snpencein he donprt er usher READING 2: 1N CONTROLAND GLAD OF Ht_150 ‘ange JAK. (SP), Th coche eee pena ‘eon fr the ge Ae exernetn sn anna og ‘Gonadal Pty 4191158 i CHAPTERVI EMOTIONAND MOTIVATION. 152 READING 21:8 SEXUAL MOTIVATION 158 Maser Wy jm (0), Ham a mo Bat i, em READING 2: |CANSE ITAL OVERYOUR FACE! 168 ‘Bana, kine WV. (171), in the and ‘ton. jaf Peat Se Pag 1 18 READING 2: WATCHING YOUREMOTIONS_175 os (2) Mind es, See Ame, 2899), 0-7 READING 24¢THOUGHTS OUT OFTUNE 181 Pevinger Carli (159), Cpe congener aed ‘Spnce Joa fm Saal ag 58 0H, CHAPTER VI PERSONALITY 189 READING 25: AREYOU THE MASTER OF YOUR FATE. 190 ote, (198, Cenernd expectancy etal ell wine Paget Menai Bf 1 {READING 26 MASCULINE OR FEMININE ..OR BOTH 198 Be S192). The mene ment jog gy nl of (eagle 1 1880, BEADING 27 RACING AGAINST YOUR HEART. 208, "edna Rann, RH (9, Ameen fie er er ‘eth tna dg ore fr an a READING 28-THE ONG THE MANY. 215, ied Dong Ve Aa ao, ‘noshps fal owas ta Py 4 $0388 CHAPTERVIN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 225 ‘Rosca DL. (179) On being en ine paces, Swe, 17, 280-258, READING 9 YOU" GETTING DEFENSIVEACAIN. 233 el) gant me fe Ne ik rent READING 3; WARNING TO BE DEPRESSED. 240 Stan, Me Rye SF (157). eager shock Jota pil pag 11 3. [READING 92: CROWDING INTOTHE BEHAVIORALSINK_ 247, ‘toon, h(t) Repl ety andl phy Sie ‘53198108 (CHAPTER I< PSYCHOTHERAPY 256, READING 2%: CHOOSING YOUR PEYCHOTHERAPST_ 256 "MC (109) ean cote once sre Arian yp 2, READING 34 RELAXING YOUR FEARS AWAY. 262 ‘Rap. he neonate decane fron a (Joost a De, 138, 108-208. READING 3: PROJECTIONS OF WHOYOU ARE 269 Rosch, Pa dnt ni eADING 36 PICTURE TIS! 276 ra 188). satin pron 1-8). Newer ‘riod ery res CHAPTER X SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 254 READING 3: PRISON BY ANY OTHER NAME Honey an WC mtd FC. (109)cerponeal aa ene oneal el of tng Pg 8 [READING s8:THE POWER OF CONFORNATY. 292 ‘1 (5), Opes poe, hy, 198), READING 2x10 HELP ORNOTTONER 297 Day, Laan B19) ye terete: tn spony, ora Pally ant Se! Pgs 8 see. READING 40: OBEY ATANY COSTE 306 Mien, (199). eer sy once, nao Abra ‘St Pyeha 31-3 AUTHORINDEX 316 SUBIECTINDEX 21 = PREFACE : Wein ite cent iti iy Ss at Chai Pi Fo over 20 years thi book hs Don 2 osinutayfor may college a Big school cones urondthe world and ar been ted {no sng. ‘The major of the mar nce inthis dom are de mame omen at ‘made up lge part of theft elon. Ts demonstrates how Wee a ‘mark stale contin, day to exert their inuence oer. pyhologeal {ought and esearch These ong stds and the ones at ave been ‘Mie or changed over the yas provide facinating pipe into the ith od growl af the snr of rca, 0d nthe ight we have seid ‘ing ounrae the complete of human mare: ‘any andes of hucnan ftir have mad rence sting Impact onthe rows dcpinor dha compre the at Sed of porch "The finding poneted fen in rvearch he changed oat haoledge of ‘hum belid a iy hap at Ue tage fr counenmmoquet proj td earch programs en when theres of ome fee pet sain ‘ave later Den wn int eatery and queen hal eran aluence Ins hier conten see inn, They combate bce ine shes, {hy contnue wb the oper discus, dey continu ow the Sodatinn for andres of txtook chapter, an they ontinset Kol x speval place the of pcg “The concept i ths ok orgnated from my thee decades of eaching Mont pychology texooke are ted on hey ee i ae [Raped the scence of phology oer rele et hey. Tet, however, seldom give the orga, core satin the atlonon they cy ere Te ong research ronowen and hing often ae sama tte the point hat eof ie and exehement of te dsconeries remain. Sometime, research rule ate reported ia wa that may even tila he reader abot the sty elite loene abt wa Enema howe know it Tiss no way astute xtbook wits sho wok under length contrite and mist ake many diel ene hot nia once ad in how uch deta The ston i homever, Uiorinate eee the founder of al of moder polo icenie search, np through om century of ingenious and elegant stale, ot omlodge and undersanding of aman behnier have been expanded and ‘refine we the draned eve upset texas oy. “Tit book Ina aenptto lhe up bteren althoe peo ex bool ant the research Ut nde them posible, Tes a jouey Ooh the Ae ny of pl My bp ta ey i 40 coe ce Chop Levin nnd Caaonng ‘occa when you secs something eal ana comaenc (ch a mone, {ot pie). Negative enfecement wich fe confiee wih pn nea some ont seething abet bg od omer or lng pin) The tay owed i eter ee a person ‘or (perc con er nonegotinget en) deleped wader ond ont negate relocate ha der pate relrcement Tn thea! ‘wna ngage ln, eave to postive enforcement eine ‘Messen operons may prenide + mor fer con fo the decoy Inet ad maintenance of wperdoi hare” (p87 other wor oe ‘ly reel that ye oe Bl employ apes ce to event Fadoutemes thn create goo oucome ‘Another thvaghproneking arte cag. Sinner 1048. stuty {Gago tal, 198) cumin the ro fiforeement in aenon dtl? Inpersctniy dors (ADHD), "The tveaehers ake bo ith and toot {aguas of ADHD to priate me i whic thy would rece evar of sor sal ws. Alough the enforcement ws deleed a {sed Sbsecond interae(noncontingest reverent) al he boy deve ped spetiusbeare Ua they Died were relied othe ewan the next pase ofthe sty the einfreement ma dicted. You would ‘xpeetht cane sdecene sad ceaton of whatever bears had been ‘cuoned exit). Tha oxy what happend with the bop ot "ADIN atthe bye wide ADHD ars ee pe, Beare ore Ate ‘Began enggngimpaliel in brs of esponses at an een faster pace, af {he reaforeement hd been retabateds The ratory that pers and impabienen pled that the boys wih ADHD powesed Shlcandy es aly to cope wih delays of einorerent than id the ‘mpaiongrospof boys. Fring scl au dese are portant aon ‘ur undeetandag and ou abl to vent ADHD eect concuston Siperdons are everyaere. You pobably fe sme, and you mare no ‘ince hee Some repent re sha parte ea ay prc society effec on aye aware that st ihe Buin Jo othive «1h fleor Bu thats exactly wae. Oba 18 Bor exs, Into eri at "15° This probably not Dente arbi and ules ‘ean owe sperto unc bat rather ide tothe diiay orentng, traling epee onthe "nlacy” 15th loge Another example that Ameren {reo peer shot the tole il dat the US resnry pin eve ‘odlla noes than ay other cnomsaon (ear ha 1). ‘Ar pean pbs Mat prt tie iat cen though mypention Beamer by detaon, da mot {Smogon you tbh tie do, ny nsec ca One ‘ch bee at proce fing of eng and can when person ‘Weng tind atin Ris lterting wo note pope whoare fa danger ccoptins tend to have rove auperidoce than eter Renting !2. Se Aggeion... De Aegon! — 06 “This fing of icra pore ae contol that i sometimes cree by ‘sopesitow telaor can tend to reduced sean, gtr conBenee td [stormed improve pormanes. eto Rw Wi MT cg ep ‘eset oa net ota i) Cola chara nl ennai sow a pe ee a 4) natn re ie eating 12: SEE AGGRESSION... .0 AGGRESSION Bada A, Res D, oss, S.A. 08 Tanase of pps hough Initaen ef oggossie maxes Jour of Abra an Seo Pech, 64575882, Agresonin i abundance of frs arguably he greet ol rem lg th countr ante wold oa sab one of tert rer tp ‘inte hor a pce Ove the Yes ie behav ei wae ten the forth serch ave tne pclopia whove ces ‘on ll pes of hun interaction, Ove gal of weal pyle ‘kine appenion "Thi my afi lane, et ke teat ey oa bat ‘schadelion ens outto be ther thsie Fr espe wihol e oor Ing beavers woul you define sx green a bong mmc? 9c Alig {nse a wir aoting an enemy eing rat apn Your Dasement Tuli Tae bt bce yor may not be ae addon ot ‘gue i enlen. AP a esl you were to ema 1 diferent oa Pkg ood rye i tos agp, ‘Many exacts ae goo bey ying to gre on 3 eft tbe swore sponse proces of eran the mare of nan agreton, The {quton they often poe i he Why do peopl engage in at oF agen? “Throughout the sory of peholgy. many theoreti approaches ve been propo to explain the css of pgreion. Same thse cnt tat Ercbiclogill preprogrammed o Be aggreuine Bese genio cert Scutnce hasbeen a eveonary sural mere Other tos teoktosiuatonal tors such ar epee futon oc pel po ror ‘nao, athe deermions of aggre reac A tit en, tod eon ‘hisses at geese eames. ‘Oncofthe mest famous td lnsntal experinent wer condcted inthe istry of ppl emote a cide ay a ge 8 Char Lanning and Cadning “ries by Aer Bandors and biatacate Dorothea Row on Sea Ros, (wo ced ot 961 Sanford Une. Banda comsdred woe one Urine ders acho coogi! ought eae a arg ry ‘Sil ering tears propoe that human lteracion he pinay ctor ihe developoent of hata peroaly. or expe, you ae gorlng UP, Sporn ppl (ch ar oor puesta teacher) refrce eran bea tow and ignore or punch hers ren heyod ect rears abd pon ‘mend however, Bandura Believed tht bear a be shaped in portant ‘rp though sol seer sd iting the Bhanor a thereat Tog Thyou can ace fom th eof this cape’ stl, Ran, Res and ‘Ror wrt tle to demonstrate this adeing ele! forse aggro This ‘serch his come tobe kxowa thoughout the Bld of pjchology a “the ‘obo del ody for reaons Unc wil become clear shore The are gee tes velerene w ear escrch findings dermomseatig that cen ‘acy omer and ted he beara alt nade One fe iss ‘Bandara wanted to examine In hissy war wheter such nia eng ‘ood emeraie osetia wich he CM was separated rom Heme Rerolecring the models bein, ‘THEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS “The rsa propsed to expose cide nal mode who beloved in ‘erage or tonagaeive ws Te chien would hen be ea ina ewan itt the model pee to dvi o what exec would {este theacaofagureton they hd observed in he ade Based on thi espes ‘tent anil, Baad and hi aes rel fou peso: 1. Children who otnerved adult models performing at of ages woul iia tie adult and engage nimi ggeiv etor even {ite model wor no longer presen. Furthermore, this belo wold ‘er sgiianny from thse children who clseved ponaggresste ‘nodls or noodle a 2, Children who were exponed to he nonaggreive models would not only te law tgpente then thor who obtrve the agremion bat ‘giant Ye aggresive han contol group of der bo were (Spend toto mone at aor wordy de norggroive mela ‘oul ave an ages inking ee 8. Because cldeen tend sendy wh paren and other aus othe ‘amas, parelpants would “ioe he beh the mesex ode to greater degie than a model of the oppose x” (75) 4. "Snceaggrenon highly mle ype chavo in soley, oye it bere prednpeed tha geo isaing aggre, te ference beng ros ard fo sues expe to the bse mel oor ' Reading 12. Se Agpesion... Do Ageasion! — 87 METHOD ‘Thisaniciootned the metbodsusen the experinent wheat ongaion sd dary thou somewhat summarised sel imped re, ea ety ‘dologiastepn wee a lows. Participants "The searchers enlisted the hp of the actor and he ear he Sanford Ualvealy Nosr Soin ore to cbtsnparipan tht ‘tot f 35 bo and 36 px ging nage mn et to slot 8 are aria estoy The merge ae fe cdr a ory a Experimental Conditions “The conte group, consing of 24 eiltren, wuld ot be exposed a any ‘model The Femaning 48 cin were fst died ita two groupe ne [Exposed agree model andthe other expo to nonagree nde “These gros were died again nto males an female ac of hoe goa sr father ded so that a fhe chien were exposed to vox a ‘and tal opposieses mode. This created toa of ght experimental |ouprand one ental group A quinn you mig be aig yout ti ‘What ithe chile i some of he group ar ea nore aggresive than ‘ther? Due to the small nsnber of paripat i cach groyp, Bando {gusrded puet hs potential probes by ening aig ach chloe! [raggtesnenes. Te ciren were aed yan experimenter nd a eacer (Goth of wom knew the chien wel on thi feels of pple aggression, ‘eral ygrenion, and aggrenion tvard objec Thee tng loved the ‘escatchersto mich alee roup in ems of serage ggrenane ere! ‘The Fperimental Procedure ‘Bach hl ws expated nda tothe vous expernental procedres int the experimenter brought she child nthe playroom, On thew they nconnured the adult mode! whe was ined by he experimenter come Soin gone The ld wo teed fn ane eomet ofthe Piro 2 ae conning high intreang acca, There wre pol rit (hit sith reset on ne go ibd otto ct in bal an care o at te x raber samp ‘produ goes shaper en Ink ons a pd) td sr colored anil and ower tht could be psd ont a pester Net, ‘headline wa then tote ne dileret corner somtinog «Ther toy at, a male ands indie Soot Bobo Sol (one of thee ep, Ina coms data weighed atthe botlon so they pop back wp when [punched or ticked) Toe experimenter xpned tat ee twee othe ode! play with and then ef the room. “Forbath the agremive un aonagremive onion, the mode acenbilng the tinker tops, Hoveve, the aggresive conden, aller 2 ‘inte esd tacked the Bd wih lence oral the cident apr Lenin and Coin ‘he aegreive conn, dhe vente Of agprenive act performed by the ‘model ws bene “The modeled tenemos paneer ne The mae tema he Bibel ped pie rk eal he nel oe the dal pt eke caning rt sae ee eg Alltkstock bout 10 mines, arse he experimenter ame ack no the ‘ood pod eto dhe model, ndtok the id to another gue oom in the nomnggeve confi, che model simply payed geil wi the Tinker for the TO qinute period aad complete ignored the Bobo ‘4 Benda andi cobabrutcawerecarciltocmure talloxpermental {ict were lena for al he prope excep forthe ators hen died {eager nage rel and the nex of he model Arousal o Anger or Frustration, Follonng the 1anite play period all chideen fom the varios conditions| ‘ete atest another room tht coined wey atte toy such aa fe ‘chain: 3 fet ght and» complete dal et lading warobe, dll ‘ine ad oon Te renearchers fetid hth rede ott or aggre ferfrey, the cen should be somenbat angered or rtrd, which ‘lt make sac ors more Hel toc To accompli thi they owed them to bein playing with theatre cop tater a shoe ne told em thatthe toy ts room were reseed fr other cle They ‘ho tl the ellen, homey that ey could ply wih some ote toys the pet mee ‘Testor tation of Agresion “Thea oxpericntal oom vat filed dbo agree and nomagrene top Agree winced Bob dai (conse) alo dar ns, ‘ula ther tl ithe punted on The non opined» ‘east czayor ad paper ball wo dl, cy ad Gu lai fe, ‘imal Each che nan lowe o play hk room or 20 mes Dug {hs pesid,udges tein oneal ried the cl’ behavior ome ‘ramen ef pprenton Measures of Aggression ‘Atoll of ight diferent raponts were mented inthe childrens bbw. lor nthe interes of day, nly he four mon revealing socaures ates tari eg Fit all se tha tiated the pial apgreion of the Inde! were recorded, These neue sing onthe Bobo do, ponching i {the ove, hing i the alle Reng ad rong nt hes Moating 12 Se Aggesion...De Agron! 9 Secor imitation ofthe meses reba aggron wat meatared by counting the ehilren’ repetition of the pase "Soek Him th downs Pow anno on. Third adher mallet nggresion (eg. iting objet er tan ‘he dott the male) wore record. Fourth nonkatane aresion wat ‘documented by tabuating al the children's nen of pica sd weal greta had no been performed! byte ad re resus “Te fogs fom thee observations are mumatzed in Tle 124, 1Fyou ‘saine herent eavefly you wl coer tat Oa of ee peth ‘Ser presented by Band, Row, and Row vere upped "The children wo ere expen the vole wade tended to imitate ‘he exc voent bebo they cbse, On average wee 8: ane Instat pla aggression foreach ofthe lop at wel at 127 forthe a ie had bean expe Uo agree mores I aon, the meee ‘esta ehnvos were imitated an average af 17 tes the {nd 18 tes by the rh These pec ac of py al vere aggre ‘ere italy neve bee inte patpatsxponed to he nonaggenive ‘heels ori he contol group tat wu aot expe to ay tne “Ayo wl recall andra sonore predicted tht minagares sive models wold aves lence effet he ein, For i Iori wo be sported heres shuld sow tthe cient the {AMLE2:1_ erage Nember of Agrenive epee Fm Chien nai “tment Conon ‘asnxscve 20cneSave AGGRESSNE AaGREEVE Contra. Moone, “CEM EE ERE ERE SE = en = 8 4°88 sg em bon a er g Sooweae _—— . = = eos = 2 os i 9 Chaler It Laring and Condoning onaggenive condons merged significa fewer tance of ence {Hho inthe nomodel conto group. lnc 2, yo compare he onnggeaie model elem wh the contol group aeage Jou wl ce ‘Sate nings wee med, For cxampl, bya gis wo lnc the tommggrace le cai far ew fou allt agpreion than ‘lots, bt bo who ened the nonggresie fonneapreed more Stine matt han tt te yin the conte gro. Ae tr aly init thee resis were so inconasent Ia Talon 10 Oe aggres5o0- Inhibing tet of nomagrenve del a they were inconclse “Th pred gender daflcence heres me ogy apport by the dana EEL Git,’ iene bor oar faced more ‘Statler ogre bel ype Tt en ne tcl eds tale agree ROG computed Wah #2. when female od fd Hoes ‘Shere som the other ha alvogh esas were ea content, Sponge voten bono nthe agree fe mod enon com ed th 303 wen they obeeved Be mae rc Te autre pn ot fin samesex ages concns, is were more Het init vert egrenon ele bp vee more ened iliac pps knee Boyer sguicaty more pial aggre tangs nna thc condom al the néances of ggreaion inate I are aie, he toys commited 27 een acm compre with 128 commited by he yk DISCUSSION Tid Romy and Ro chimed that they had demonstrated tom epic eie—in see vent oes cold be ued dough he poten of sheao and intaon wit reorcement proved tee te mo tse be olsen They concluded at cde heraon of ance Ing these bes sepia message ote i ht his ono ene [uence oft cbored ene, hy contended, man incre probaly at {TC epood ft rate wh gprs ble “The reearcher alo addrewed the man of why the infloence of te sale aggresive model on the hoy wo 20 mac vwumger ta the fae egrenive model son the gi. Toy explain? Wat noel, a8 ‘no ggremion escent more peal mals han fematen Ia er wordy, ities mascalneeyped behavior So, ans modeling of sgteaion cae ‘whi the weight osc acoeplabliy dw, here, ore pomefl abit to nisnce the eee, SUBSEQUENT RESEARCH. [Ashe ine thitexpeiment war condiced, the recarher probably had > des hotles yh ey 1m cleo opr ints power fren U.S. clare sp conraners were Becoming concerned Raaing 12 Se Aggwaion...Do grasa! — 99 shout the elect of eed lene on cildren, Thi hsheen an cntinges i> hot deta he pt 90 youn, ewer than ae empresa earner bo hemos te eee mark ot ‘andr ad other polos tn been nce in these estan “Te ame te researcher conde fw uy 2 art te ‘hatwat lotended to examine the power of greite mod who eo or who are not en real ope Use or espera meiod itvlng aren ord Bobo dol Bar, Rom a Ros dsigoedan Cxperinent to cospare the naence ots Ine adult ol wih the ne tmodelon Stand aon yon ofthe mine gene ong Tae ‘ula demnarsied ht te adult moet had ongerinfloene than {heed nl, bo, Int wus ore ver tea dato, Howe, Ai tee fom of agente ch produced pint mere ea bho in the cilren than was oierot cen expe ote {peste moti or cont (andr Rom Rm 199. ‘Onan opm note, Bandra fund in ery hatte effect of mde lence coud be ered onder eran condone wl sell ‘fain heigl ud. no roms were gen So apres eter he tml o he hire, Bat what doe ppc wel happen te adel ‘hed ler and war hen ier tance ope forte bh forte the hl was Serving? Banca (5 eed hs ea aed fund hat children ate the Wolter ore men they son reared at ‘ania lem hn the mo! ws polo agente hn Gites of ardun'srocarch 0 agresion have egring toward fated dol note sew aching td chlren know the difleence,ulingo he can by Barra fd bs collar, ther eacarcr awe cxtmlned Ue fer of mndeed Welence on el aggro. In sty ting rs Bobo dll meted {tansy ON Sues 112), cen enced tet ne model nd were hen exoned high lex can, When ths ocr, they sen agreed suns ne pon (ened he owe), wheter a ‘Band's esearch dscused in dha chapter made ea to fname ‘cntrbtions to pycholoy. Fist I demonstrated draataly how ren {an aire ew bao spl by buering adsl, ren whe the de se ot physey presen Socal learning ther coe ine many sat tow, of the bear that compris human penal ae formed trough ‘hime proven. Second he esearch formed th foundation er har fred of ison the past 45 yar om heels om leno ela Nolence im peron or in the media (For astry of Batra’ He nd “onttintons to prehology, se Pare, 200) Lae nm decade age the {W. Congron eld new hearings on mesa once cig on te penta ‘nega elects of cldreneapmtre to easton Temes deo gameh 2 Cher Lanning and Canin comput one he ent rot te ui dope ‘Rip incl prenur to resond to poles lege tc re torn to ely media lene or putin lace parental nny tng am warning of paiculry ent conten ‘meting of een greater concern is cetiecidenee demonsraing thatthe flees of vent med chikren may cote lato adltbod (Cr, Hotes et ay 208), One say ound at childhood expen tra vtence pets young alt agree behavior for both nals sd Frat Hnsteon wih opgeate TV charters ad peeehe eal [rT lcnce oped ner aggreasion There telaons pers ere ne fhe utes of-meteconomie sai islet! abil, tnd a wae of renting fete are conoid” 200 ‘conciusion to chlren sore esr acs to gly expanding mets forma con em ver tne ee of lente ened in these media e ncreag ot ST Bocking ce acral ent eds obs on pmb TEX but rotrch i nceanag on arte or proveting tei lence ‘rm tengo Me meson nag vn. Tre ert ve been npped pensar wake of ead shox by dents a ‘recs dougout he Une Stacy ose are ly cone on ‘uhm hoa re ey Cor ae fovea lw banning theme ottiesoin eo nes to ciien under {ica of 1 ite pen penion sn inptng ie a 1.00 om ‘oes whoalltoadhere ote ve Wht lilt you Aor huh nit deine dyn run ry 0 haan Beige 2 {ntnnerthat teeta now aecou or rect ager vide gabe Solence, 000 Iou dh dln ony ete, ou wo ot ‘euloe, Tei game indy leing oot ita uncote {Snatand you es tht Boers oer pt ale saat ine Br rk) nin eae opp mode Jaf ing te ene me PD Sk Lage 0 SORES Ge cesta Dee nh tate Fontgmaredab is Wis hatin nea tran a edn es en INTELLIGENCE, COGNITION, AND MEMORY Fear 18 WHAT YOU EXPEGT IS WHAT YOU GET acing 10 JUST HOW ARE YOU INTELLIGENT? eadieg 15 MAPS INYOUR MIND Fonding 16 THANKS FOR THE MEMORIES! Tessie praiog cone wi he pi io hi on sealed ception psn Cope pychologssxdy tan metal proces, Our inteligenc, oat hak and reat, td outa {ore and reve syabele representations of our experiences combine wo lp mate humane deen tomer rotate Andy ofcourse mental ‘roweet geal nlt oor chayce Howere, stig these proce Sten more dial tat soying ower, observable Blsvory ogre ‘eal of research cea and ingeny hae been neces “Testes included heretave changed the yay payologas view our inurl mental bear, The fit ae des the Fimo Pyaon ‘study which demmomursted tht not only performance in school Deca ineligence sores of cilten can be ifloenced by the eapecatons af ‘thers suchasteachen The second reading dice be of wok hat hes {tarred how we define hawan inline Inthe ety 10 Howard {Giriner proposed that human donot po ne gener eligene bat rather ate seven disc itlgencen Hes has come wit Boow tip ip) Thay The we ence ancy prraed Ing sty in cogetive pyle camined how anal snd hans form epi napy which are he mental sageroftne eminent aa them. Foerth, yu wil read shot earch tha feeled om our memories are not nero accurate awe thik the zea elt inpats o 1s fo yew tetimony in our ain peyote Feeding 1: WHAT VOU EXPECT IS WHAT VOU GET econ, ees, 968 Tacha expecance: Deters ot oi Ogi Pech Raps 18, 1-18, ‘We ae alla withthe ea ofthe wing prophicy One way of Aeasbing thi conte that i weet amen to ape in eran ‘oy, ourexpectason tendo mak ts Whether selling protien 168 Chae VT atin on ation they rlewed Foon Sai ae (1970), wich app thee fair research deel to soho for shu prot Their contouo Stenton to tee chowen Ged xdemonstraed by iat oftheir itn Tooke Phe Mean Bnd (1990); Hmecraiy i Pospecie (1978); am ‘Say (1999): Gris emo Beha nh ge ADS (198); Mee ‘a mse om Second Pan Loving (85) ae Hao (1998). mc a, Lg 0, Die ao ee al got tick si Ups Fee Pe Ha Sit ti Renee coer Ae SS i tn FH, Mi ina a ion ran KC 5, Se i ho iin i hoary, Filson, W171, Constants ute inthe 6b ah ‘erate. bal of Personalty an Sei Poyeony, 17. 24-20. “Tink of smehing ane What the expen on your fice? Now think of ‘omethingin your past that made oa ed id yr fac change? Chane ae ‘Undead, you ae sare tat eral Tn expenio ins ih {pec emotion And. most ofthe dine you can prota how pep ae {ating erosional fiom the expressions on thr ir Nin mmr ie {Cally be oq seein deter stone emotional ate bse ‘on fal erosion i hat enon em herent clare, Rowan, Simar, of Mongol? ta oder morn, do yu belo faci expres’ tf ‘sot ae user Mest people Bele tat try me wl tk spe ‘Sr aay tet te cea tink he i diferencsin ables ol dre, peste pmol pace rt sf equ, religious bi atindes and n on With a tee dill, Influencing behavior, it would be her amssing any han caret, ‘ncn emotional eens, wee ential rm elses Pail haa cosered the lating researcher i the are of he iit -expesion of evden, This arile dei his enty exch, which as derpeienrd pet deal ofeach Wester sot trough ting ‘mov rngin he etbement and atending winonay soa “Through tal and ere the researhers oun that the mos fete sme of ating the parcpant to ently ene watt pret them vith thro photograph of ileen fil expresione snd trea rie {eserption fa emotion prodhing scene or tory thal erresponded oe ‘the photograph The parcipnt could then spl pointe xprenion Uhatbmtmatched the story The sled ete eet ey epeily obe 170 Chap VT Btn ok Mstin sorethatechscene as rated ig enlyone tion and aaa recopibe {ote Fore people Tse 21 Is the sx teres developed by Ekan a ‘risen, The aors explained Us the ear try had o be longer 0 preset ‘he parcpans from eons ith spre orange “Ato of 0 photgrapa of 4 iflerens prope inching es, women, ‘ops and gt, ere wel a example ofthe emotional exremion. Them hotoprapt bad bee validated prey by shown then member "vou oer cre Hach poungrap hd bees edged by at em 70% of ‘trv eaten wo erste Wester Hao nero pret the ‘moto being expe, "The seis caperinent war confced by team coning of oe member afte esearch group tnd ene member af the Sout Fer ie, ho xpaned te ta and tated the ois, Bach adil para arsine tivwe pliotogaps fone core and to Incorrect). tld he wary tat ‘eoresponde (0 one them. ands 9 chon the expo tt eat Imatched the story The procedure wa the nme for the cen, eacep that they only had to choot beoreen two phomngraphs, one caret and ose insert. Fach parlpna ws presented wih Wout of ptogep sa {that no ingle pholgrph ever spare twice the compar, "The transi reoshed cael sing to rare tet ty wou no Ingucnce te paripane hy were wl thao rps wes Ses "ighcor wrong abd were asked noo prompt heparan Al, ey wee ‘aught howto ans the stoves exc dese way each tinea es {hetempiation o elaborate an embelah them. Tp wo niente ba, ‘he Western tember othe esearch tan ed boking tthe patiipant su seoply cored the anewer given. Remember tht these mere phages fexprenions af emotions on the feof Westerner Golde Fore opt eomety Set theemtions Inthe phosogeapin cre though dey never had nena Weer face etn? “pare fae core ans ep 21S” Hao (moe gard be toys Siow Hola mgr ona {Stee Nae eb nate ning ne .tpat Hobe ibkeger soning oe to oe king ‘omega rer fina ay eg hoe ae attr eroan cen (Beeson omen ot) aang 22 1Con SAO Yow Fee! ML {4ME 222. cet of dle Comey ening Ent xpresin in Pte ‘han te men had: Howee no gene ire nes in sity wo eomecty te tmeons n ere oan among aye the gop “Thbley Table 222 a Table 228 summarize the percentage of eoret ih tae {elected 67 often when the oy described ea 172 Chap VT sation Matton ou beorcen youiger and olds childre. Aa you cn se in Table 223, the ‘hilirensppeu to perform beter tha the sul, bat Exman and Piso “atte thst the et thie they bo che beeen ly oto spb a thee DISCUSSION "lanan an ficten id not hesate lo drawa confident coehson So ir lan: "The esl fr bsh adr a hlden ety vappot nr hypothe that prea cal etre erly uted wih pear ema ins (p18), They bed thet condasion on the fet thatthe Sth Fore {roup fad no pportniy fern amhing about Western expres and, {hsb uo way orienting them, unl the expressions were aire ‘Asa way of doullechectng thar findings the ecnrchen wdrorped members of the tolated Fore cate portraying the sme st xl enprer sors, Later, when thee tapes were shown to cllge aude he United Sethe conet sce expen repent ck epi to ot a cn ew hn at el er ce onesies no uses fo meni ot “The one exception tn thelr consent fninge—eh ofthe cin ptbipaniscemed to experience la didngusting bemezn expres of feprand wrpise—Ehnan and Fae explained iy ackowedigng that Cor taal wome cultual diferenes are asain enna express te at ths dd’ nor detract fom the peponderance of eence tht eal he ‘other expression were corey nerpreed across the lies They sere Ted that fear and srprie way tae Bon cafe beeen th tare feat event ae alent alwys abo aren tha the ues appa ofa hott member of another iliage, the tenpseed meeting of gat ot terete ec (p12). IMPLICATIONS OF MHERESEARCH ‘his by Phan and enero denon sential i you sly pct: exretons of ence are neal Hovee Jou ‘night be sig yours What she sence of thorn Wel fa oe me ht gen a he nat-nrre dee Ont ‘eter han behav ave present tt ors acne hong ee Ing Bee fia expresions or the x eons aed tn th suspen to 'e infinnced vey ite by tk aiferenes, poset eee ha ‘heat eee, hat ils arden he banat il ‘Anoer reason behavioral scents find the oti of neal ‘tional exresion teresting hatte ue tt how bt aading 22 1a Se tA Ov eB! 9 ‘ole In 1872, Darwin pled is ions book The sin of Ban Suton and Ania He'mastined at facalexpreniena were pte ecanisme that ted ana In adapting thee emeronmen, trey “enhancing thee sito sure, The ides hind ha rian ‘Se contd be communicate within ad acon pei of imal ough fda exprenios the ed af ering ad repeal taser Tor euunple, an expresion of ear woud pode 3st warning of Sn nen ange fom predator an expression anger woud wars lee demin at ‘ember ofthe group to ay away rr more powcfl one, fon of dig woul communicate a meange of ct Dont cat that, ‘hte: you do” and prevent 9 potential poioing. ee expeson, however, would do the animals no ood if cy were not uel seco sae among al he ivals making up the pei. Ben tough these {xpresions tay now be lew portato an in tert othe aa ale the fat hat they ae nie among un would indte ha ey hare been pane on fou genetical from cur yhionary ancestor ad awe assed uri reaching our preset penton on th enon ade, ‘A facinating ely demonstrated his fee aril ake of fc ‘expresions in humans, The rarer (Henze nen, 18) seed Uhat i fcal espresions could vara of impending dang, then mans should be able fo recognise certain expt, wth ser ore ely ‘ha othe, fo thventeningexprnions To tat th they presented prt [ant wih photrap of ge come pop we diferent ial expe ‘Sons In some ofthe photograph ail the peop exreons were py ‘icp for one tac wt angry I ther photograph al te xpress were Shur exept for ene that wa happy. The rcp” tak wa to pik oo he ‘ice that ws difeent The amount of tne tok the papas to fd a sn happy ace nacre of angry fice was giant longer tha whe {hey seared a erode hapy actor angle angry ee urtersot {he ofthe cond in the piotograp inate etme fo papas {find the happy face a increaeed, bt ding the ay fice dd at ne Seoidcany longer ‘This and other ir Grogs have Inte tae bhuman iy be bilopeallyprogarmmed to rey to De inrmaon roiled by tern exprenions beter as eer erate Une expres ‘Store mare suri normaton RECENT APPLICATIONS Other mor eens io wsiouarear freer hn llr on Fan dng in stomping o prove ovr vesting of idee and Slow depart ter One yd at ‘Sidr dagnned win aunan (x potas dveopmcaal or sutkod by langge dc soil wihdrva, nd epee stsimation el ‘inp Sppe to hone ify reaping the face cxpratoes Ct ‘orrend to tae enodons (Ble Poul, 205), Th ie as ven more pronounced n faites wth more han one ate cit a hay VA Cheyer WE ration and Meteo help expan why mary auttic Indias show dienly interpreting osnal espse from the. “Te nuonce of Een’ earch, bowers ot Hite o haa, ‘man's 197 say hasbeen ced in rescarh onthe entogs of ble fr ot farm animal (Desire, Boy Visi, 2002). These rere that he well fr ails depends par eit emetenal fenrionstatheiremdronment When nlrial ania lin acon wih {haremitenment, the were asinine noweve, "any marked deo fom the sti perceived byte india els in well defi de equiv emotional experienc (p. 155). ‘Arty cng Ekin’ 1071 are were to shed Hg 09 exacty ow oe, specc facil festure—the peor ofall ecg Siow (Se ora Sia, 205). Preis reerc ad centered more on the ees ad moeth, bt theteresearehes fund that te eyebrows may be ‘ence of eycrow in familar faces Fe to 8 rey lage and signi (ruption in eoppion pert, ina. Spee gre dere ‘eatin face recognition observed in the abscnce of eetcone ns Ue ence of ee" (p28), So, yon ae ever iv need ofan ete dg, ‘eure co care your eros! ‘CONCLUSION ‘Over the past tice dec flown his carly cewrclrl stadia on “cmotonlexpresdons Ekin has comune esearch indi and in laboraon with Fricsen an eel her researchers Wii his ody of ‘ork any facinating clucveien have bee made- One ure example of [ans research inven what calle the fal aber hy of emotion xpressons The theory soc tht Ue expresion on you fee actly fod {nfoemation back o your at oma you interpreting the emeton you te experencng Flinn ested this ide by ening the exe a ‘emote echt sx bac emotions He then inured prtpant {o tna then macro expesionsreenbing the various enotons. ‘When they dh Ean war aeto menue piso reponse the partcpat that corresponded to the apopiaeenmton eli ean ie ficial exprenion lone, and not fom the aca przene ofthe emodon elt {aman Levemen, ese, 189). Than ata extended hi esearch the area of deception hon ‘eae the body ahinormaton i other ae ther scone ing the eth In gover henge have ncaa at pele ae able to det hen othe ar og at aig eter hance el when ere lng js thet facil expresons, Hower when allowed o cbse anothers ‘lie bd, partpant were mich more mcf tn dtetng He dia hatte ay ay provide beter cso cart ses of md han the {ee alone (ce Rhian, 105, or x complete ducieson of thi me). Me Reading 2: Watching Your mts? 118 lt Racng Fc nd Rast Ife Cnet nd Enional fe weiten to bly allow apply his work on the econ ofthe nea offical exprenion oinproving our conmusiaton td iterations Mit oman partners cilden, eoworheny pl ven stranger nan, 207), "man an his oes hae provided ih ge erro the ‘oamebaleorsnsncaton rene by fal expreione ce Fan 308). ‘Rd research in hisarea conti ey Ua sta conta We become increasing sed at he proce that wa the te of ka sd rese’s 175 book, Onmashing te Pe etn 5 ta he ag le i nd pr oo 2 an fete wt cn of Moy miter ‘Sime pte oy an ie, i awn ie ange Rao No ‘Sa eco tg not a Recs Reig nd fig nr ms ae nan Een {gfe Lgl Cnet ‘mF tren om 8, nem aie ae nh igh ea cmt A ane pty is youl Py 3 ere Fionding 23: WATCHING YOUR EMOTIONS? os, GOs, August I Mldreses Sele Amor, 2859), 2-7 “Thisreserch reports it ofa depart om te oer sein his book, uc ioccm ey etna tA You ison hit bk so {he major el states dat changed the fe of poycholgy in signe ‘rp The sty coed i theron one that har dane ha, ato bony have noticed, svelte eee. So ths stay serene of ‘eetareh tat isn the rea chang prpetlogy in poten compelling ‘ayy ight ow, ab we apes The rsa conten new highly teil ‘math af etl peringinto our ran (sonia) sndseing what ‘shappening in you ran and hw your bral functions eluding You ms ‘on jour tous o ta OK, that ay not he te "nt reading at you tly thn of at what ppchlogy sl neurone ‘apabie of day noting shore tounaig. ‘ce of you ave heed af magi eae nating (MRD; poty any of you have expeenced the proce. The MRI i's major ance Compared tothe Kenpo acs Uru doer no eat radon (8 Tamla tothe iy) and can show st te aborts cere (ot feeder hn the C can (hs pay portant in aig 280 Ghar IT_ycptaly ‘CONCLUSION. ‘As evidence by suis dbcuse in his reading slentie iteret inthe senile oe iupming ong pa ‘sss, ine cogniton human deopment personaly ad sect Prolog (ce Cramer, 207). Trough an awareness and deg of the deerme mecatisns, yout aii to obtain importa night no the ‘cise of peoples acon clearly enhanced you keep = at of the deena ‘mechani handy day“ bck pocket” you may Dgin once bem othe ere oat Byte wo ou tik waco ong terse ‘mechani, rememe i He or ses Ging so wo od ple sey ‘Treen, it pray nots gest Kea a bring if hie or her sen. Towels the dent mechan can ex power ol a your ere Som hen, that knowlege mu be wed cael and pons "ca ely for jounelf the conn, nese of AnoaFeulsiyeand anahsoer ater coacepte dele sean by pein up sitll any trent scenic ache work tt aces Posmay theory in dal Mos of the Feud cao you il eosouter tilbeferingtSgund an hy sa Batwhen the dicuson eso the {cenc mechanism ti Aa Pre 14S book an arose it Sree the suborate wrt cote tople tipi aia ie nai at sameness nd ca eye Fo oe retro emma nuon een cata Soma ee ortret areata re a re tty tm, nse ape Rr ty ret lee gomeneng inate st ramen ei nm “Landon: gare Prem Zs " ‘Reading 21: LEARNING TO BE DEPRESSED ; Stoo chars ft eee ast | Se Conta tan igen penn genesis ins mpeecieeieerananacae Saget nr tie oma enloarmaemtoaes nies Sco es nee epeapereepes macabre mereraremtree satis asym ae oning 31 Laing Bedard 2 tex ining te eecing ent nd A eta Sef elo ont eth comet aay ttt Te mea fier msi tt se ne uicnengfn pu ot aba tee aaa wi tap eth sree eno oo ae conte wt happen et tyr le Heres ane exrsdcntelnthe pane een ase They Hee eo ep tenae seine nce one the pvepion of ower ant cones at et ogee eels nan anning band yo eu in another Fev tpn or petena ie yo wie uno ae Be ‘Gita octane jms todependet nor aad pen wth Re Sinngmg carp so yu ed pow oi ore, Renal ein th eb ae cate be pi et pes uncon we cca for poco and pie fet Rending 30 onthe eer by ange 0 Roi ra ues eenoler helen main ho Image how 08 TELS onan fond tat you no longer bad te power oc cota cree ow nour Metta happen you wer ndependet of eae detd pebble biped bop, nd yo wou Poe te ee noe wart, ou wold bce Seen posal ent lpg op ata erepdonso ome and controle aed om expt Ler eats an stn peels cng ein ete Secret ets may sp atsnping exer cont ogee Beet appen fen eng the pen nay Resell the i ose conn onwencona aay Fer tp peom ten tea tf ea pawn ead Dvome, efi ad Spend Sen ted ce ef een eed aoe et feciape is thon a he Unies of Penni 2 ree ee taperinete ate dogs aes. The sca ester tc Selman condsted ih Seen Mater i conaere Pee Staite opal domanaretin fh ey ‘THEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS Seta ha oad in an err experimen on eal tat when dos Schr te lc Sock they could nee contol a pe they TE SETS keto to cape tom docks ben ch eae was nil sl Eyelet mae hw hooked teat To he aor re Mt emparened shock that were denied tobe pug Pun rater nes cane ned ina shut bon whichiss hrge bor Wh 0 se copper, hl cent ou be ws it he Punter la eo When gon one ead he she poverio wept and he | i i fire a no a he pero pit nd orn lee ares tag ne oan a hms mt ees eh gf he Tigh ng " ae ete npg ce ie ni se lel were ope ae in? sth pardon before the shock and tes bout 90sccond intra The ecape grep gUEL eared to pres Su dtm Sc pricy sehen de andthe mosey eu ; fcr estamos sheet eral cs fr oh yn a urn he dg ee eed a osc bw ee nad Std Ligh weasel on ues a aS

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