S Parameters PDF

Scattering Parameters
Scattering Parameters 2
One-Port Network S-Parameter

A  j x B j x
V ( x)  Ae  jx  Be jx ; I ( x)  e  e
Zo Zo

V ( x ) A  j x
V  ( x)  Ae  jx ; I  ( x)   e
Z0 Z0
  j x  V  ( x ) B  j x
V ( x)  Be ; I ( x)   e
Z0 Z0
V  ( x)
( x)  
V ( x)
Normalization
V ( x) 
v( x)  ; i ( x)  Z 0 I ( x) 
Z0  b( x )
    ( x) 
V ( x)  V ( x)   a( x)
a( x)   Z 0 I ( x ) ; b( x )   Z 0 I ( x)
Z0 Z0 

V ( x) V  ( x)  V  ( x) V  ( x) V  ( x)
v( x)      v ( x )  a ( x )  b( x )
Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0
i ( x)  Z 0 I ( x)  Z 0 I  ( x)  Z 0 I  ( x)  i ( x )  a ( x )  b( x )
b( x )
( x)  s  b( x )  s a ( x )
a( x)
v ( x )  a ( x )  b( x )  a ( x)  12 [v( x)  i ( x)]
 
i ( x )  a ( x )  b( x )  b( x)  2 [v( x)  i ( x)]
1
a ( x)  12 [v( x)  i ( x)] 
1
V ( x)  Z 0 I ( x)
2 Z0
b( x)  [v( x)  i ( x)] 
1
2
1
V ( x)  Z 0 I ( x)
2 Z0
Two-Port Network S-Parameter
b1 (l1 )  s11 a1 (l1 )  s12 a2 (l2 ) s11 , s12 , s21 , and s22 are
b2 (l2 )  s21 a1 (l1 )  s22 a2 (l2 ) the scattering parameters
 b1 (l1 )   s11 s12   a1 (l1 )   s11 s12 

b (l )   s S   
 2 2   21 s22  a2 (l2 )  s21 s22 
scattering matrix
Normalization: Input
V1 ( x1 )
a1 ( x1 )   Z 01 I1 ( x1 )
Z 01
V1 ( x1 )
b1 ( x1 )   Z 01 I1 ( x1 )
Z 01
  V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 )
V1 ( x1 )  V ( x1 )  V ( x1 )  v1 ( x1 ) 
1 1    v1 ( x1 )  a1 ( x1 )  b1 ( x1 )
Z 01 Z 01 Z 01
  V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 )
I1 ( x1 )  I ( x1 )  I ( x1 ) 
1 1   i1 ( x1 )  Z 01 I1 ( x1 )  i1 ( x1 )  a1 ( x1 )  b1 ( x1 )
Z 01 Z 01
a1 ( x1 ) 
1
v1 ( x1 )  i1 ( x1 )  1 V1 ( x1 )  Z 0 I1 ( x1 )
2 2 Z 01
b1 ( x1 )  v1 ( x1 )  i1 ( x1 )  V1 ( x1 )  Z 0 I1 ( x1 )
1 1
2 2 Z 01
Normalization: Output
V2 ( x2 )
a 2 ( x2 )   Z 02 I 2 ( x2 )
Z 02
V2 ( x2 )
b2 ( x2 )   Z 02 I 2 ( x2 )
Z 02
  V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
V2 ( x2 )  V ( x2 )  V ( x2 )  v2 ( x2 ) 
2 2    v2 ( x2 )  a2 ( x2 )  b2 ( x2 )
Z 01 Z 01 Z 01
  V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
I 2 ( x2 )  I ( x2 )  I ( x1 ) 
2 2   i2 ( x2 )  Z 02 I 2 ( x2 )  i2 ( x2 )  a2 ( x2 )  b2 ( x2 )
Z 02 Z 02
a 2 ( x2 ) 
1
2
v2 ( x2 )  i2 ( x2 ) 
1
V2 ( x2 )  Z 0 I 2 ( x2 )
2 Z 02
b2 ( x2 ) 
1
2
v2 ( x2 )  i2 ( x2 ) 
1
V2 ( x2 )  Z 0 I 2 ( x2 )
2 Z 02
Procedure to measure s11 and s21

Matching
condition
  l2 b1 (l1 )  s11 a1 (l1 )

a2 (0)  0 ; a2 (l2 )  a2 (0)e  0 
b2 (l2 )  s21 a1 (l1 )
b1 (l1 ) b2 (l2 )
s11  s21 
a1 (l1 ) a a1 (l1 ) a
2 ( l2 )  0 2 ( l2 )  0
Procedure to measure s22 and s12

Matching
condition
  x1 b1 (l1 )  s12 a2 (l2 )

a1 (0)  0 ; a1 (l1 )  a1 (0)e  0 
b2 (l2 )  s22 a2 (l2 )
b1 (l1 ) b2 (l2 )
s12  s22 
a2 (l2 ) a (l ) 0 a2 (l2 ) a (l ) 0
1 1 1 1
S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s11

Matching
condition
b1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 ) / Z 01 V1 (l1 )

s11    
a1 (l1 ) a
2 ( l2 )  0
V1 (l1 ) / Z 01 Z 02 I 2 ( l2 )  0
V1 (l1 ) I
2 ( l2 )  0
s11 has the form of a reflection coefficient

Z T 1  Z 01
s11 
Z T 1  Z 01
S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21

Matching
condition
b2 (l2 ) Z 02 I 2 (l2 ) Z 02 I 2 (l2 )

s21   

a1 (l1 ) a
2 ( l2 )  0
Z 01 I (l1 )
1 Z 02 I 2 ( l2 )  0
Z 01 I1 (l1 ) I 2 ( l2 )  0
From transmission line theory,

I (l2 )  I 2 (l2 )  I 2 (l2 ) . Since I 2 (l2 )  0  I (l2 )   I 2 (l2 )
Z 02 I 2 (l2 )
s21  
Z 01 I1 (l1 ) I 2 ( l2 )  0
S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21 (Cont.)

The circuit can be re-drawn as (see next page)
Z 02 I 2 (l2 )
s21  
Z 01 I1 (l1 ) I 2 ( l2 )  0
V2 (l2 )
I 2 (l2 )   I L  
Z 02
a1 (l1 ) 
1
V1 (l1 )  Z 01I1 (l1 ) and a1 (l1 )  Z 01 I1 (l1 )
2 Z 01

Z I (l1 ) 
01 1
1
V1 (l1 )  Z 01I1 (l1 )  I1 (l1 )  2 Z V1 (l1 )  Z 01I1 (l1 )
 1
2 Z 01 01
From the circuit above V1 (l1 )  E1,TH  Z 01 I1 (l1 ) Then

I (l1 ) 
1
1
E1,TH  Z 01I1 (l1 )  Z 0 I1 (l1 )  I1 (l1 ) 
 E1,TH
2 Z 01 2 Z 01

The circuit can be re-drawn as (see next page)
Taking into account that

  E1,TH
Z 02 I 2 (l2 )  I1 (l1 )  2 Z
s21    
01
Then
Z 01 I (l1 )
1 I 2 ( l2 )  0  I (l )   I   V2 (l2 )
 2 L
Z 02
Z 02 I 2 (l2 ) Z 02 V2 (l2 ) / Z 02 Z 01 V2 (l2 )

s21   2  s21  2
Z 01 I1 (l1 ) I 2 ( l2 )  0
Z 01 E1,TH / Z 01 Z 02 E1,TH
Appendix: Calculate the Thevenin Equivalent at port 1.
Calculation of the Thevenin Equivalent Impedance at Port 1
Z1,TH  Z 01
Calculation of the Thevenin Equivalent Voltage

V (d )  A1 (e jd  0 e  jd )  A1 (e jd  e  jd )
A1 jd  j d A1 jd  j d
0  1 I ( d )  ( e  0 e )  ( e  e )
Z 01 Z 01
V (d  0)  V ( x1  l1 )  E1,TH  2 A1
E1,TH  E1 e  j l1
V (d ) e jd  0 e  jd e j l1  e  j l1
Z in (d )   Z 01 jd  j d
for d  l1  Z in (d  l1 )  Z 01 j l1  j l1
I (d ) e  0 e e e
e j l1  e  j l1
j l1  j l1 Z in (d  l1 ) Z 01
e j l1  e  j l1
V (d  l1 )  A1 (e e ) E1  e j l1  e  j l1
E1
Z in (d  l1 )  Z 01 Z 01  Z 01 A1 calculation
e j l1  e  j l1
e j l1  e  j l1 E1  j l1
A1 (e j l1  e  j l1 )  E  A  e
e j l1 e  j l1 j l1
e e  j l1 1 1
2

Original Circuit
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s12, s22
Matching
condition
Z T 2  Z 02
s22 
Z T 2  Z 02
Z 02 V1 (l1 )
s12  2
Z 01 E2,TH
Example 1: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where

both ports are referenced to Zo=50Ω.
s11 calculation
Z T 1  Z 01 Z T 1  Z 0
s11  
Z T 1  Z 01 Z T 1  Z 0
Z T 1  R1  R3 //( R2  Z o )  34  60 //( 40  50)  70
Z T 1  Z 0 70  50 20 1
s11     s11 
Z T 1  Z 0 70  50 120 6
Example 1 (Cont.) : s21 calculation
Z 01 V2 (l2 ) V2 (l2 ) V2(l2)= 1/6 E1,TH (see next page)

s21  2 2
Z 02 E1,TH E1,TH
V2 (l2 ) 1 / 6 E1,TH
s21  2 2  s 1
E1,TH E1,TH 21
3
Example 1(Cont.): V2(l2) calculation
Applying Thevenin at A-A’ Z 01  Z 02  Z 0  50
RTH  R3 //( Z 0  R1 )  60 //(50  34)  35

R3 60 5
VTH  E1,TH  E1,TH  E1,TH
Z o  R1  R3 50  34  60 12
Z0 50 5  50 5
V2 (l2 )  VTH   E1,TH   E1,TH
RTH  R2  Z 0 35  40  50  12  125 12
1
V2 (l2 )  E1,TH
6
Example 1(Cont.) : s22 calculation
Z T 2  Z 02 Z T 2  Z 0
s22  
Z T 2  Z 02 Z T 2  Z 0
Z T 2  R2  R3 //( R1  Z o )  40  60 //(34  50)  75
Z T 2  Z 0 75  50 25
s22     s22  1
Z T 2  Z 0 75  50 125 5
Example 1 (Cont.) : s12 calculation
Z 02 V1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 )
s12  2 2 V2(l2)= 1/6 E1,TH (see next page)
Z 01 E2,TH E2,TH
V1 (l1 )
s12  2
E2,TH 1
s12 
1 / 6 E2,TH 3
2 
E2,TH
Example 1 (Cont.): V1(l1) calculation
Applying Thevenin at A-A’ Z 01  Z 02  Z 0  50
RTH  R3 //( Z 0  R2 )  60 //(50  40)  36

R3 60 2
VTH  E2,TH  E2,TH  E2,TH
Z o  R2  R3 50  40  60 5
Z0 50 2  50 2
V1 (l1 )  VTH   E 2 ,TH   E2,TH
RTH  R1  Z 0 36  34  50  5  120 5
1
V1 (l1 )  E2,TH
6
Example 1 (Cont.): Answer
Z 01  Z 02  Z 0  50
 s11 s12   16 1

S      1 3
1 
 s21 s22   3 5 

both ports are referenced to Zo.
Circuit to the calculate s11 & s21

Example 2 (Cont.).
Z T 1  Z 01 Z T 1  Z 0
s11  
Z T 1  Z 01 Z T 1  Z 0
ZT 1  Z  Z 0
Z  Z0  Z0 Z
s11   s11 
Z  Z0  Z0 Z  2Z 0
Z 01 V2 (l2 ) V2 (l2 )
s21  2 2
Z 02 E1,TH E1,TH
Z0 Z0
V2 (l2 )  E1,TH  E1,TH
Z0  Z  Z0 Z  2Z 0
Z0
E1,TH
Z  2Z 0 2Z 0
s21  2  s21 
E1,TH Z  2Z 0
Example 2 (Cont.). Circuit to calculate s11 : s21
ZT 2  Z 0 Z
s22  ; Z T 2  Z  Z 0  s22 
ZT 2  Z 0 Z  2Z 0
Z 02 V1 (l2 ) V1 (l1 ) Z0 Z0
s21  2 2 ; V1 (l1 )  E2,TH  E2,TH
Z 01 E2,TH E2,TH Z0  Z  Z0 Z  2Z 0
Z0
E2,TH
Z  2Z 0 
2Z 0
s12  2  12
s
E2,TH Z  2Z 0
Example 2 (Cont.).
 Z 2Z 0 
 s11 s12   Z  2 Z Z  2Z 0 
[ S ]    0

  
 s21 s22   2 Z 0 Z 
 Z  2Z Z  2 Z 0 
 0

both ports are referenced to Zo.

Example 3 (Cont.).
ZT 1  Z 0
s11  ;
ZT 1  Z 0
1 (1 / Y ) Z 0 Z0
ZT 1  // Z 0  
Y (1 / Y )  Z 0 1  YZ 0
Z0
 Z0
1  YZ 0 1  (1  YZ 0 )  YZ 0
s11    s11 
Z0
 Z0 1  1  YZ 0 2  YZ 0
1  YZ 0
Z0 Z 01 V2 (l2 ) V2 (l2 )
ZT 1 1  YZ 0 s21  2 2
V2 (l2 )  E1,TH  E1,TH Z 02 E1,TH E1,TH
Z 0  ZT 1 Z0 
Z0
1  YZ 0
2
1 1 s21 
V2 (l2 )  E1,TH  E1,TH 2  YZ 0
1  YZ 0  1 2  YZ 0
Example 3 (Cont.).
1
E1,TH
2  YZ 0
ZT 2  Z 0 1 Z0  YZ 0
s22  ; Z T 2  // Z 0   s22 
ZT 2  Z 0 Y 1  YZ 0 2  YZ 0
Z 02 V1 (l1 ) V (l )
s12  2 2 1 1
Z 01 E2,TH E2,TH
ZT 2 1 2
V1 (l1 )  E2,TH  E2,TH  s12 
Z 0  ZT 2 2  YZ 0 2  YZ 0
Example 3 (Cont.).
  YZ 0 2 
 s11 s12   2  YZ 2  YZ 0 
[ S ]    0

  
 s21 s22   2  YZ 0 
 2  YZ 2  YZ 0 
 0
Example 4: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where both

ports are referenced to Zo.
1 1 1
Y0  Y  YIN (l )    Y   jY0 cot l
Z0 Z IN (l ) jZ 0 tan l
From the previous example:

 YZ 0  Z0  Z0 1
s11  s22     s11  s22 
2  YZ 0 (2 / Y )  Z 0 2 jZ 0 tan l  Z 0 2 j tan l  1
2 2 2
s21  s12    s21  s12 
2  YZ 0 2  jYo cot( l ) Z 0 2  j cot( l )
Example 5: Calculate the S-parameters of the amplifier

(Fig. a). Both ports are referenced to Zo. The a.c. model of
the amplifier is given b in Fig. b. Assume rce = 100 KΩ.
IC10 mA VBB  VBE 5 V  0.7 V

IB    0.1 mA; RB    43 k
 100 IB 0.1 mA
As a first step we need to calculate the parameters of the model.
VT 26 mV  I C 10 mA
rbe    100  260 ; g m     385 mS; rce  100kΩ
IC 10 mA rbe VT 26 mV
Example 5 (Cont.)
Z T 1  Z 0 rbe  Z 0
s11  
Z T 1  Z 0 rbe  Z 0
260   50 
s11   s11  0.677
260   50 
Z 01 V2 (l2 ) V (l )
s21  2 2 2 2 ;
Z 02 E1,TH E1,TH
rbe
V2 (l2 )   g m vbe rce // Z 0   g m rce // Z 0 E1,TH
rbe  Z 0
260 
V2 (l2 )  385 mS (100 k//50 ) E1,TH  16.15 E1,TH
260   50 
V2 (l2 )  16.15 E1,TH
s21  2 2  s21  32.30  32.30|1800
E1,TH E1,TH
Transmission Line Analysis 35
Example 5 (Cont.)
Note that vbe =0 Circuit to the calculate s22 & s12
ZT 2  Z 0
s22 
ZT 2  Z 0
Z T 2  100 k
rce  Z 0 100 k  50 
s22  
rce  Z 0 100 k  50 
s22  1
Z 02 V1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 )
s12  2 2 ;  s11 s12   0.677 | 00 0
Z 01 E2,TH E2,TH [S ]     
 s21 s22   32.3 | 1800 1
V1 (l1 )  vbe  0  s12  0
Physical Interpretation
V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 )
a1 ( x1 )  ; a 2 ( x2 ) 
Z 01 Z 02
V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 )
b1 ( x1 )  ; b2 ( x2 ) 
Z 01 Z 02
V1 ( x1 )  V1 ( x1 )  V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 )  V2 ( x2 )  V2 ( x2 )

  V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 )   V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
I1 ( x1 )  I ( x1 )  I ( x1 ) 
1 1  I 2 ( x2 )  I ( x2 )  I ( x1 ) 
2 2 
Z 01 Z 01 Z 02 Z 02
Incident average power at x1=0 Incident average power at x2=0
1 1
P1 (0)  Re{V1 (0) [ I1 (0)]*} P2 (0)  Re{V2 (0) [ I 2 (0)]*}
2 2
1

 Re V1 (0) [V1 ( x1 ) / Z 01 ]*  1

 Re V2 (0) [V2 ( x2 ) / Z 02 ]*
2

2
1  | V2 ( x2 ) |  1 | V2 ( x2 ) |
2 2
1  | V1 ( x1 ) |  1 | V1 ( x1 ) |
2 2


P1 (0)  Re   P2 (0)  Re   2 Z
2  Z 01 2  Z 02 
 2 Z 01  02
1 1
P1 (0)  | a1 (0) |2 P2 (0)  | a2 (0) |2
2 2
     
Lossless transmission lines=> P1 (0)  P1 ( x1 )  P1 (l1 ) and P2 (0)  P2 ( x2 )  P2 (l2 )
Physical Interpretation
V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 )
a1 ( x1 )  ; a 2 ( x2 ) 
Z 01 Z 02
V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 )
b1 ( x1 )  ; b2 ( x2 ) 
Z 01 Z 02
V1 ( x1 )  V1 ( x1 )  V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 )  V2 ( x2 )  V2 ( x2 )

  V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 )   V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
I1 ( x1 )  I ( x1 )  I ( x1 ) 
1 1  I 2 ( x2 )  I ( x2 )  I ( x1 ) 
2 2 
Z 01 Z 01 Z 02 Z 02
Reflected average power at x1=0 Reflected average power at x2=0
1 1
P1 (0)  Re{V1 (0) [ I1 (0)]*} P2 (0)  Re{V2 (0) [ I 2 (0)]*}
2 2
1

 Re V1 (0) [V1 ( x1 ) / Z 01 ]*  1

 Re V2 (0) [V2 ( x2 ) / Z 02 ]*
2

2
  2
  2
1 
 | V 
( x ) |
2

 1 | V 
( x ) |
2
1  | V ( x ) |  1 | V ( x ) | P2 (0)  Re  2 2   2 2
P1 (0)  Re  1 1   1 1
2  Z 02
2  Z 01  2 Z 01   2 Z 02
1 1
P1 (0)  | b1 (0) |2 P2 (0)  | b2 (0) |2
2 2
     
Lossless transmission lines=> P1 (0)  P1 ( x1 )  P1 (l1 ) and P2 (0)  P2 ( x2 )  P2 (l2 )
Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis

Matching
condition
Peak
At x1=0 V1 (0)  E1  Z 01 I1 (0)

It has been proven previously that: 1 a ( 0) 
1
V1 (0)  Z 01I1 (0) Then
2 Z 01
Consequently,
a1 (0) 
1
 
E1  Z 01 I1 (0)  Z 01 I1 (0) 
E1
 | a1 (0) | 
2 | E1 |2
 Then
2 Z 01 2 Z 01 4 Z 01
 1 | E1 |2
P (0)  | a1 (0) | 
1
2
2 8 Z 01

Available power from the source (PAVS): maximum
power out of the source. It is obtained when the load
to the generator is the complex conjugate of the
impedance of the generator ZL=Z*01 . Since Z01 is
resistive with no imaginary part ZL=Z*01=Z01 Peak
1 1 
 Z  E 
*

 | E | 2
PAVS  {V1 (0) [ I 1 (0)]*}   01
E1  1    PAVS  1
2 2  Z 01  Z 01  2 Z 01   8Z 01
 
2
1 | E |
P1 (0)  | a1 (0) |2  1  P1 ( x1 )  P1 (l1 )
It has been proven previously that:
Consequently,
2 8 Z 01
 1 | E1 |2  1  1
PAVS  P (0)  | a1 (0) | 
1
2
 P1 ( x1 )  | a1 ( x1 ) |  P1 (l1 )  | a1 (l1 ) |2
2
2 8 Z 01 2 2
Important: PAVS is independent from ZT1
P1 (l1 ) 
1
2
1
 
Re{V1 (l1 ) [ I 1 (l1 )]* }  V1 (l1 )  V1 (l1 ) I1 (l1 )  I 1 (l1 )
2

*
1   
*
 
 
 
 V (l ) V (l )
P1 (l1 )  Re V1 (l1 )  V1 (l1 )  1 1
 1 1
 
2   01Z Z 01  
 
P1 (l1 ) 
1
2 Z 01

Re V1 (l1 ) [V1 (l1 )]*  V1 (l1 )[V1 (l1 )]*  V1 (l1 ) [V1 (l1 )]*  V1 (l1 )[V1 (l1 )]* 
 
P1 (l1 ) 
1  
2 Z 01 1

 

  *

  * 
Re | V (l1 ) |  | V1 (l1 ) |  V1 (l1 )[V1 (l1 )]  V1 (l1 ) [V1 (l1 )] 
2 2


 Real Number Imaginary Number 
Check bottom of next page for clarification
Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis (Cont.)

 
P1 (l1 ) 
1  
  
Re| V1 (l1 ) |2  | V1 (l1 ) |2  V1 (l1 )[V1 (l1 )]*  V1 (l1 ) [V1 (l1 )]* 
2 Z 01    
 Real Number Imaginary Number 
 | V1 (l1 ) |2 
 
 2
1   1 | V (l ) |
P1 (l1 )  | V (l ) |  | V1 (l1 ) |  
2 2 1 1
 
2 Z 01 1 1 2  Z 01 Z 01 
 
2 2
1 V1 (l1 ) 1 V1 (l1 )
P1 (l1 )    P1 (l1 )  1 a1 (l1 ) 2  1 b1 (l1 ) 2
2 Z 01 2 Z 01 2 2
1 1 | E1 |2
P1 (l1 )  a1 (l1 )  b1 (l1 )  P1 (l1 )  P1 (l1 )
2 2  
Since PAVS  P (0)  P (l1 ) 
1 1
2 2 8 Z 01
P1 (l1 )  PAVS  P1 (l1 )
z1  a  jb ; z 2  c  jd
z1 z 2*  (a  jb) (c  jd )*  (a  jb) (c  jd )  ac  bd  j (bc  ad )
z1* z 2  (a  jb)* (c  jd )  (a  jb) (c  jd )  ac  bd  j (ad  bc)
Math Review z1 z 2*  z1* z 2  2 j (bc  ad ) is an imaginary number
z1 z 2*  z1* z 2  2(ac  bd ) is a real number
P1 (l1 )  PAVS  P1 (l1 )  P1 (l1 )  PAVS  P1 (l1 )
 The generator sends the available power, PAVS = P1+(l1), towards

port 1. This power is independent from the ZT1.
- -
 If ZT1= Z01, => P1 (l1)= P1 (0)=0
- -
 If ZT1≠ Z01, P1 (l1)= P1 (0)=0 => part of the power is reflected back
to the generator.

1 | E1 |2 E1 E1*
1

P (0)  | a1 (0) | 
2
2

8 Z 01 8 Z 01
Taking into account that E1  V1 (0)  Z 01 I1 (0)
 1  
V  Z 01 I1 (0) V1  Z 01 I1 (0)
P (0)  | a1 (0) |2  1
  V  Z
*
1 01 1 
I (0) V1*  Z 01 I1* (0) 
1
2 8 Z 01 8 Z 01
P1 (0) 
1
2
| a1 (0) |2 
1
8 Z 01

| V1 |2  Z 01 I1* (0) V1  Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0)  Z 012 | I1 (0) |2 
 1 1
P (0)  | b1 (0) |2  b1 (0)b1* (0) where b1 (0) 
1
V1 (0)  Z 01 I1 (0) 
1
2 2 2 Z 01
P1 (0) 
1 1
2 2 Z 01
V1 (0)  Z 01 I1 (0) 
1
V1 (0)  Z 01 I1 (0)  
* 1
8 Z 01
 
V1 (0)  Z 01 I1 (0)  V1* (0)  Z 01 I1* (0) 
2 Z 01
P1 (0) 
1
8 Z 01

| V1 (0) |2  Z 01 I1* (0) V1 (0)  Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0)  Z 01 | I1 (0) |2 
1 1
P1 (0)  P1 (0)  P1 (0)  | a1 (0) |2  | b1 (0) |2
2 2 Power delivered
P1 (0) 
1
8 Z 01

| V1 |2  Z 01 I1* (0) V1  Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0)  Z 012 | I1 (0) |2   to port 1

1
8 Z 01

| V1 (0) |2  Z 01 I1* (0) V1 (0)  Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0)  Z 01 | I1 (0) |2 
P1 (0) 
2
8 Z 01

Z 01 I1* (0) V1  Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0)  
1 *
4
 1

I1 (0) V1 (0)  I1 (0) V1* (0)  P1 (0)  Re I1 (0) V1 (0)
2
*
 
Physical Interpretation: Output port analysis
Similar to the input port analysis, it can be shown that
1 | E2 |2 1 1
PAVS  P (0)  | a2 (0) | 
2
2
 P2 ( x2 )  | a2 ( x2 ) |2  P2 (l2 )  | a2 (l2 ) |2
2 8 Z 01 2 2
1 1
P2 (l2 )  a2 (l2 )  b2 (l2 )  P2 (l2 )  P2 (l2 )
2 2
2 2
P2 (l2 )  PAVS  P2 (l2 )

Measuring S11 and S21

The bias tees are used to bias
the device under test (DUT) if
required. This is the typical
case to measure amplifiers.
 The instrument measures signal proportional to V1+, V1-, and V2- .

 The instrument calculates the ratios.
b V1 b V2
S11  1   and S 21  2  
a1 a2  0
V1 V2  0
a1 a2  0
V1 V2  0
 Note that V2+ =0 because the load (ZL) is 50 Ω..

Measuring S22 and S12
 The instrument measures signal proportional to V2+, V2-, and V1- .

 The instrument calculates the ratios:
b1 V1 b2 V2
S12    and S 22   
a2 a1  0
V2 V1  0
a2 a1  0
V2 V1  0
 Note that V1+ =0 because the load (ZL) is 50 Ω.

Shifting Reference Planes of S-Parameters

a1 (l1 )  a1 (0)e  j1 a2 (l2 )  a2 (0)e  j 2
b1 (l1 )  b1 (0)e  j1 b2 (l2 )  b2 (0)e  j 2
Reference planes x1 =l1 and x2 =l2 Reference planes x1 =0 and x2 =0
b1 (l1 )  s11 a1 (l1 )  s12 a2 (l2 ) b1 (0)  s11, a1 (0)  s12, a2 (0)
b2 (l2 )  s21 a1 (l1 )  s22 a2 (l2 ) b2 (0)  s21
,
a1 (0)  s22
,
a2 (0)
 b1 (l1 )   s11 s12   a1 (l1 )   b1 (0)   s11, s12,   a1 (0) 
b (l )    a (l ) b (0)   , ,  a (0)
 2 2   s21 s22   2 2   2   s21 s22   2 
Shifting Reference Planes of S-Parameters: (Cont.)

a1 (l1 )  a1 (0)e  j1 a2 (l2 )  a2 (0)e  j 2
b1 (l1 )  b1 (0)e  j1 b2 (l2 )  b2 (0)e  j 2
It can be proven that (see next page):
 s11, s12,   s11e  j 21 s12 e  j (1  2 ) 

 , , 
   j (1  2 )  j 2 2 
 s21 s22   21
s e s22 e 
where:
1   l1 and  2   l2
Shifting Reference Planes of S-Parameters (Cont.)

 b1 (l1 )   b1 (0)e  j1  e  j1 0   b1 (0) 
   j 2 
  j 2   
 b1 (l1 )   s11 s12   a1 (l1 )  b 2 (l 2 )   2
b ( 0) e   0 e  b 2 ( 0 ) 
b (l )     where   j
 a1 (l1 )   a1 (0)e 1  e 1
 j
 2 2   s21 s22  a2 (l1 ) 0   a1 (0) 
a (l )  a (0)e  j 2    0  j 2   
 2 2   2   e  2 
a ( 0 )
e  j1 0   b1 (0)   s11 s12  e  j1 0   a1 (0) 
  j 2       
 0 e  b2 (0)  s21 s22   0 e  j 2  a2 (0)
 j1 1  j1 1
e 0  e 0   b1 (0)  e  j1 0   s11 s12,  e  j1 0   a1 (0) 
    j 2         
 0 e  j 2   0 e  b2 (0)  0 e  j 2   s21 s22   0 e  j 2  a2 (0)
1
 b1 (0)  e  j1 0   s11 s12  e  j1 0   a1 (0)  e  j1 0  e  j1 0 
b (0)    j 2     j 2    ;  j 2 
  j 2 
 2   0 e   s21 s22   0 e  a2 (0)  0 e   0 e 
 b1 (0)  e  j1 0   s11e  j1 s12 e  j 2   a1 (0)   s11e  j 21 s12 e  j (1  2 )   a1 (0) 
b (0)    j 2    j1  j 2      j (1  2 )  j 2 2   
 2   0 e   21
s e s 22 e   2   21
a ( 0 ) s e s 22 e  2 
a ( 0)
 b1 (0)   s11, s12,   a1 (0)   s11, s12,   s11e  j 21 s12 e  j (1  2 ) 
b (0)   , ,      , , 
   j (1  2 )  j 2 2 
 2   21 22   2 
s s a ( 0 )  21 22 
s s  21
s e s 22 e 
Two-port network parameter conversion
V1   z11 z12   I1  V1  V1   z11 z12   I1  I1 

V    z ;  
 
z 22   I 2  V2  V2   z 21 z 22   I 2  I 2 
   
 2   21
V1  V1   z11 z12   I1   I1   Z 01 I1  V1 Z 01 I1  V1
                ;  
;  
V V z z 
 2   2   21 22   2   2   02 2I I  Z I  V 2 Z I
02 2  V2
 Z 01 I1   Z 01 I1   z11 z12   I1   I1  

 
 
          ;
 Z 02 I 2   Z 02 I 2   z 21 z 22   I 2   I 2  
 Z 01 0   I1   Z 01 0   I1   z11 z12   I1   I1  
 0 Z       0 Z      z         
 02   I 2   02   I 2   21 z 22   I 2   I 2  
Two-port network parameter conversion (Cont.)
 Z 01 0   I1   Z 01 0   I1   z11 z12   I1   I1  

 0                   
 Z 02   I 2   0 Z 02   I 2   z 21 z 22   I 2   I 2  
 V 
   V 
   I 
   I 

[V ]     ; [V ]     ; [ I ]     [ I ]    ;
1 1 1 1
V2  V2  I 2  I 2 
 z11 z12   Z 01 0 
[Z ]    ; [Z 0 ]   
 21 22 
z z  0 Z 02 
[ Z 0 ][ I  ]  [ Z 0 ][ I  ]  [ Z ][ I  ]  [ Z ][ I  ]
[ Z ][ I  ]  [ Z 0 ][ I  ]  [ Z ][ I  ]  [ Z 0 ][ I  ]
[ Z ]  [ Z 0 ]  [ I  ]  [ Z ]  [ Z 0 ]  [ I  ]
[ I  ]  [ Z ]  [ Z 0 ] [ Z ]  [ Z 0 ] [ I  ]
1
(1)
 b1   s11 s12   a1  a1  Z 01 I1 b1  Z 01 I1

b    s    ; 
;
s22  a2  a2  Z 02 I1 b2  Z 02 I 2 
;
 2   21
 Z 01 I1   s11 s12   Z 01 I1 
 
   
;
 Z 02 I 2   s21 s22   Z 02 I1 
 Z 01 0   I1   s11 s12   Z 01 0   I1 
          ;
 0 Z 02   I 2   s21 s22   0 Z 02   I1 
 Z 0   s11 s12 
[Z 0 ] 
1/ 2 01
 ;[S ]   
 0 Z 02   21 22 
s s
[ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I  ]  [ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I  ]  [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I  ]  [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I  ]
[ I  ]  [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I  ] (2)

By comparing (1) and (2)
[ I  ]  [ Z ]  [ Z 0 ] [ Z ]  [ Z 0 ] [ I  ]
1
(1)
[ I  ]  [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I  ] (2)

[ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2  [ Z ]  [ Z 0 ] [ Z ]  [ Z 0 ]
1
[ Z 0 ]1/ 2that:
Results
[ S ]  [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ Z ]  [ Z 0 ] [ Z ]  [ Z 0 ][ Z 0 ]1/ 2

1
(3)
where
 z11 z12   Z 01 0   Z 0   s11 s12 
[Z ]   ; [Z 0 ]   1/ 2
 
01
; [ S ]  
 Z 02  s22 
; [ Z 0 ]
 z 21 z 22   0  0 Z 02   s21
The formula above indicates that meanwhile the Z-parameters are unique,
the S-parameters depend on the characteristic impedances at each port.
In the case that Z01=Z02=Z0 , equation (3) reduces to
[S ]  [Z ]  [Z 0 ] [Z ]  [Z 0 ]
1
See Textbook for

a better copy
Chain Scattering Parameters (T-Parameters)
The T-parameters are defined as follows:
a1 (l1 )  T11 b2 (l2 )  T12 a2 (l2 )

b1 (l1 )  T21 b2 (l2 )  T22 a2 (l2 )
In matrix form,
a1 (l1 ) T11 T12  b2 (l2 ) 

b (l )   T T  a (l )
 1 1   21 22   2 2 
Chain Scattering Parameters (T-Parameters)-(Cont.)

Cascade Connection of two-port networks
b
Note that
1x
a1x  T11x T12x  b2 x  b2 x  a1 y a1 y  T11y T12y  b2 y 

b    x x  a2 x  b1 y
b    y y 
 1x   21 22   2 x 
T T a T T a
 1 y   21 22   2 y 
The overall T-parameters are
a1x  T11 T12  b2 y  a1x  T11x T12x  T11y T12y  b2 y 
b     a       x x y y
a 
 1x  T21 T22   2 y  b1x  T21 T22  T21 T22   2 y 
T11 T12  T11x T12x  T11y T12y 
Then   x x y y
T21 T22  T21 T22  T21 T22 
Relationship between T and S parameters.

a1 (l1 )  T11 b2 (l2 )  T12 a2 (l2 )
b1 (l1 )  T21 b2 (l2 )  T22 a2 (l2 )
For a2(l2)=0 For b2(l2)=0
a1 (l1 ) b1 (l1 ) a1 (l1 ) b1 (l1 )
T11  ; T21  T12  ; T22 
b2 (l2 ) a b2 (l2 ) a a2 (l2 ) b (l a2 (l2 ) b (l
2 ( l2 )  0 2 ( l2 )  0 2 2 ) 0 2 2 ) 0
a1 (l1 ) 1 b2 (l1 ) 1
T11   ; s21   T11 
b2 (l2 ) a b2 (l2 ) a1 (l1 ) a s21
2 ( l2 )  0 2 ( l2 )  0
a1 (l1 ) a2 ( l2 )  0
a1 (l1 ) a1 (l1 ) s22 s

T12  ; b2 (l2 )  s21 a1 (l1 )  s22 a2 (l2 )  0  T12    T12   22
a2 (l2 ) b (l a2 (l2 ) b (l s21 s21
2 2 ) 0 2 2 ) 0
b1 (l1 ) b1 (l1 )
s11 
b1 (l1 ) a1 (l1 ) a a1 (l1 ) a s11
2 ( l2 )  0 2 ( l2 )  0
T21   ;  T21 
b2 (l2 ) a b2 (l2 ) b2 (l2 ) s21
2 ( l2 )  0 s21 
b1 (l1 ) a b1 (l1 ) a
2 ( l2 )  0 2 ( l2 )  0
b1 (l1 ) a (l ) 
b1 (l1 )  s11 a1 (l1 )  s12 a2 (l2 ) 
 s11 1 1  s12 
b1 (l1 ) a2 (l2 ) a2 (l2 )  b (l ) s
T22  ;   T22  1 1  s12  s11 22
a2 (l2 ) b (l ) 0 b (l )  s a (l )  s a (l )  0  a1 (l1 ) s
  22  a2 (l2 ) b (l ) 0 s21
2 2 2 2 21 1 1 22 2 2 2 2
a2 (l2 ) b (l ) 0 s21 
2 2 
Relationship between T and S parameters.
1 s22 
T12   s21  
T11 s21

T
 21

T22   s11 s22 
s12  s11 
 s21 s21 
It can be proven that:
 T21 T21T22 
s12   T11 T22 
 s11 T11 

s
 21

s22   1 T12 
 
 T11 T11 
Process for two-port networks in cascade
 s11x s12x   s11y s12y 

 x x   y 
 s21 s22   s21 s22y 
1 i
s22 
 i
T11x T12x 
T11i T12i   s21
i
s21 
T11y T12y   i  i 
 x i 
x  y y T21 T22   s11 s 
i
T21 T22  T21 T22   si s12i  s11i 22

i 
 21 s21 
i  x, y
T11 T12  T11 T12  T11x T12x  T11y T12y 
    x x y y
 21 22   21 22   21 22 
T T T T T T
T21 T22 
 s11 s12   T21

s12   T11 T 
T21T22 
 s11 T11 
 
22
 
s s22   1 T12 
 s21 s22   21  
 T11 T11 

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Scattering Parameters

One-Port Network S-Parameter

Two-Port Network S-Parameter

 b1 (l1 )   s11 s12   a1 (l1 )   s11 s12 

Procedure to measure s11 and s21

  l2 b1 (l1 )  s11 a1 (l1 )

Procedure to measure s22 and s12

  x1 b1 (l1 )  s12 a2 (l2 )

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s11

b1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 ) / Z 01 V1 (l1 )

s11 has the form of a reflection coefficient

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21

b2 (l2 ) Z 02 I 2 (l2 ) Z 02 I 2 (l2 )

From transmission line theory,

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21 (Cont.)

From the circuit above V1 (l1 )  E1,TH  Z 01 I1 (l1 ) Then

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21 (Cont.)

Taking into account that

Z 02 I 2 (l2 ) Z 02 V2 (l2 ) / Z 02 Z 01 V2 (l2 )

Appendix: Calculate the Thevenin Equivalent at port 1.

Calculation of the Thevenin Equivalent Impedance at Port 1

Calculation of the Thevenin Equivalent Voltage

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21 (Cont.)

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s12, s22

Example 1: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where

Example 1 (Cont.) : s21 calculation

Z 01 V2 (l2 ) V2 (l2 ) V2(l2)= 1/6 E1,TH (see next page)

Example 1(Cont.): V2(l2) calculation

Applying Thevenin at A-A’ Z 01  Z 02  Z 0  50

RTH  R3 //( Z 0  R1 )  60 //(50  34)  35

Example 1(Cont.) : s22 calculation

Example 1 (Cont.) : s12 calculation

Example 1 (Cont.): V1(l1) calculation

Applying Thevenin at A-A’ Z 01  Z 02  Z 0  50

RTH  R3 //( Z 0  R2 )  60 //(50  40)  36

Example 1 (Cont.): Answer

Example 2: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where

Circuit to the calculate s11 & s21

Example 2 (Cont.). Circuit to calculate s11 : s21

Example 3: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where

Circuit to the calculate s11 & s21

Example 4: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where both

From the previous example:

Example 5: Calculate the S-parameters of the amplifier

IC10 mA VBB  VBE 5 V  0.7 V

V1 ( x1 )  V1 ( x1 )  V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 )  V2 ( x2 )  V2 ( x2 )

V1 ( x1 )  V1 ( x1 )  V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 )  V2 ( x2 )  V2 ( x2 )

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis

At x1=0 V1 (0)  E1  Z 01 I1 (0)

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis (Cont.)

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis (Cont.)

P1 (l1 )  PAVS  P1 (l1 )  P1 (l1 )  PAVS  P1 (l1 )

 The generator sends the available power, PAVS = P1+(l1), towards

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis (Cont.)

Physical Interpretation: Output port analysis

Similar to the input port analysis, it can be shown that

P2 (l2 )  PAVS  P2 (l2 )

Measuring S11 and S21

 The instrument measures signal proportional to V1+, V1-, and V2- .

 Note that V2+ =0 because the load (ZL) is 50 Ω..