FRAME ANALYSIS An Essay on the Organization of Experience Erving Goffman Northeastern University Press * BostonContents ‘Ackowwledgments i 1 Inmoducton 1 2 Primary Frameworks 1 3 Keysand Keyngs 40 4 Designsand Faticadens 83 5 ‘TheTuesuicalFrame 128, 6 Structural lssusin Fabicauons 130 7 Ovtobrame Aeusty 201 8 ‘TheAnchoringatAcumny 247 10 Breaking ame 5 11 TheManuscture of Negative Experience S78 12 The Vulneabitier of Expeionce 489 Index 57720 nesnopverion ley he eppcey ruc puctston matt ad et log ‘he reader an easy comprehension of what was beg aod doe sha Weal he ts of ding things i pit have bo Tat tewhat fame nai aba 2 Primary Frameworks Ween the dra nor We suet econ 3 pce he dey, to imply bn Os Te ‘Beem ef lntergetsion of 2 i that ean be alle primary 1 hy primary beens pit f such a ramewor er aro {Rr seen by tows who app arnt depending on hang Sti cme or rien, ded 9 pry fiz metninges saps of he sone nt semehng tha sealy presentable a. syne of ees, pretend rls ‘esr tden, moet oere—appeseo hate no appre a inet, pein el deren nape Gath pany lrainawo sows ue o beat, ptcele Sy, al noon mane aug of cre oc syne feattes th anework hae aod ule escrbe the trameverk wih any crpleenen faked, et Dee ad ‘spanner tobe and fly appsing daly fe n our wucny & tlrably cleat neon Ss‘etd ct made, eeweea two broad cases of 3 works: natural abd socal Ni hs hiety ool ‘ly patra and sci Noel famosa ‘Bit poser” Such ung evens a oe nee de sly, trom start faith, anata dee ‘cen tha no wilful agency causally and ncaa ae then ator cnt ges te some Sune eae ‘Perecived i = more “fundai se esis sc rte nen of cornea schaning es ps ES nn ‘Seer, Set nn saat ener ac aa sp aes a 2s guided dings." These dongs - feta th Se {GM compen eo rege ine wae ire arg ht oh ae i determin eatanng that events pce ‘sppasal of bi ston ed See ae ce fe cen Stent eee a guided doing would be the newscast reporting of the of @ iio one deals here with deeds, not mere events, (We speathet ene perceivedly basic distincsions within the soclal sore on Far between human and animal pupae, a ee Seer dee amare deimcsa ea ce a on pe “Gah a mental decision = {Bes oriing, only tht natural design is respected. Moreover, it Spacer ue ep Cea oe ee ope eet once eer wd Sci oe a ae “heads, “heh wil sail have. w convey information concerning, Se er ec ae a ard po sng p,in,send ted Pe es aes Ca ote yen aay era FRAME anatyene terri har move ean ey te made oes se oe ma ry py ng ae Se ft ny onan o tage ep nae ie hecan Sd at eay cm sh ‘Sumsy move, one tht considers the saeco eo Ime ly, in move mate chine Ree See dig be cal sats er esa Byala thm seugh yt oa ‘uh cathe dee might py tec ay ine oe Pepi timate ony pays dena ee ‘les movto mace septa eg a Secon ant Orbe ahead dings mch sare ashe ea a Jr wich sae, concious con ree a Inge ssl woh Sng oa hn oe ee sonata ede apy waa ihe ig te poe of whet caer ee ‘rahe pipes eter ompgel scone ‘A a ramen ee foe ey. Foe pes hc me etre yr atoe ay ee ie nt ped nan one tape pape eg fone he ye maiden at eke oe Les aememort eng una ay ea Se Renee ni pen a oot oping asa So. ah te ea ana tecnico ae fe of dcr cnc enna got ae ra rn fhe prank ee 1m sum he, we tend Yo pve ets ten riy sway of describing th evento which tls spied Wher ae san Sonesup antral ee shen he edie sore int he ype dng Whack Schema of physiology: when he asks the mane of acca ne — feels be ‘ae al oni Feet the mer re te a en nt me Be ey es ce rer cata face a igre ur Soret nega “ mther consideration js necessary. When an x and y weenie a enc ogal ane nt See aaron ase spy os ae eee cade oe an emp ee ong5 PuaseT anavreny eames ales sagged, ey considerably oo iporing have suey Ile dyn, To sea hee ce tae Pate 2 oF neno at all Tops seed, Roweter, a operating Sean might be sep, a temporal, nioey thc acs of sy Bring ae usc because of tome primary fmiverk (or Hameweioy waa forms them and chat geting a is schema wll he be ‘et ropes an mpeate one Jn deserbing primary Tramewotk o far C have lime ten ot hose that are assumed (espcly or In eect) yay {navidual in dig what that gongen, geen toes 2s pricular intents. The nia enone sre in Bis inerrant mingle, ou of tush ogee [ats and so fot “Wrong erations wl be ronaeey ughout. Here wan onl wo meron the ba ats sa ‘er the atid i ow cok eect In eo (ula tramewoeks, The elements nd process he sous his rang ofthe acy een ae ones tat te ace ne ‘anifess—and why not. since sca ie sei nates paren ' someting thot nda wil beable to nderrand ea ‘ith. A conesponence or emorpiam is etand eat eoepion andthe organization of whats peated nso Qe He dat there aze likly Yo be many valid panes or ‘ganization that end tat dot ees Deen And st ‘thers in ours find hs an efecve da ede u seer ern “ceca ie tees gh ee ag Sieber Se mat ae seta na Sa Scion scien iets gee acy oan inanplne ‘sharing of these cognitive resources. malo mpeions, such ax the existence of second SE far Re Sakon ao a senes Noahaah So ot ir| ‘oradness of Hi local resentative apes conte ey, Tea one ofthe lage: bates sea in our meg ce ing ulimate foros. Tact ordinary prevent sacl se from essing te mater) am The not of pia french, unstitcey at, dom slew on medial wconae ve dunce eng see apc something ofthe bearing on our onal sense {nga he workings he wee Fete eg cmp” Aa ve ec, o Poach io evens. lscems tat acute See ew Kind of natural forces ml have wo be alowed ne of ling capaci, te taerivorng phase tie sete ages ere ar inclaed what apes ote dee ak munications trem cuter spe gan henge Shing of monsees fo the doh, evens bee ‘mathemati ncn. fortinetelng conacdne te dee oon £9 fot As sige thee ning aceasta, fan sist of exterinary natal fee and gaan {efor example, asta nace, cand ad ee sory perception, and 30 on. Heleitaos bake es Ettinger Bt ae templated” Oona {ts thes make nas by ging what dence sttonton to ESE, UFOs, ndoeoss ding hams abet the moon andthe ke any pia prota cca ned least ne event which hy themacves have ay ae oe ae fe secant fr rasa. Yet n gave, ne oe once “atu” explanation wil son be duce etna nn p the mtery and ree em tthe Tings alone nat ages that they ae accntomed oan tee sa ete raw baween natal pnamne and gued dog Gone India exibic considerable rater te change aa, ee A ple sr—or a at spies co ramewors. A pa ‘amet any event hat appa canto bo manage icin a ory caemology. ho exnni fcen te pre mig bt fhe aon hed: ogy cn here blend by eee {Eas abina banat pl ne were et ‘Siesta wonbe lovedgneng Connie on heal Paomene nent pg ad ih rts ran cry be SST anys tan schtngs of oe Byog sce Bre bee repre in coe evening eee, had 00 they Ad we expet a sescution a fllows she in ben pol rahe i “Tim coment hah, Raves clans were en hing and rng ze" theLt me repeat tn ar salty ee vey sgniant senmpton is senealy made that all events—withou eacepon ean he ‘aed and’ managed iin se conventional system of bai We oirae the unexplained bt nt te nent 2. Cosmelogia! ines, im some ways te large we can have, supports huis entero, te etn sen thats te malntnance of guidance and con by nme wl gency under what ae sen neal imponie condone, Here ‘is found the domgs of juggler ightoge wali equoatenn, Surfer, tick ar, fe towers, high divers cel shiver, ad, cure, asuonsots the last having he greatest caf al belt one foe which they mse shave cede wh Asoerican technology. One might also include he nt tae ‘nds can ean wo porter wih thee slog. whens "netion Uke bod pesre or Pn response fs bev oe toluntay contol. Nee tht “sen sete playa pane ‘n rgard to tuning Trane sels, wae pnp dence ‘lephani, and serobate tone all exempt he poli of cnayeided dlngs dane by alien age, nus drawing str ‘hon tothe coumcogica ine ee in ur wey tte hat ‘genie and animal ones Soto, when animals we sown ace en pressed ino dag th ort of uaa as eat se fo ‘be the exlsive province of man, a whe» ship ceuney deep ¢onstemation onthe highs beans hee wane stag he {© stor an open spon cat whee sppeaes to be ale iste DEA seat. ot 9 top of chimps ie employe by farmer lla to elp with the haresting» Te might be aed thee Some academe rescarch i supported by tne same ier, ths object being to exch wt precision ast wher thee sgh ‘© be dawn between animals ated mann Ford Wea suid dongs Tes worth noting ht Bot the astounding complex (nthe foem of human freaks) sed stunt ae lonely apnea ih ‘Sr adesows, as sor fant of Cues (and ae Saine mucus) were w ay fer ptone what the erderng {el Init ofthe bake frameworis ae’ Sum aso Agu te ‘Sede right sete (now mach in dene) ets he ‘Sen of ealned dogs acrobat ems jggn, mapans, an il be contre Iter, mentale” Whetver the ewer, Shuai fa such exits, cleat tat neem eommeloge ‘ly pounded ue everyday concen of he oso ‘y no tears rere oleate td leathers 3° Ganser now mings natal, ceases wh he bal, crm ise cl be te ee Item cone, beeing tly sabje aot mech socks sane natural frees, with consequent pin of enealy Se eealt Sart Ca ony i gro fl epeualy ore genek Seheeenee (22) Tho body here tain capcty ase nti eee ee but nota intntoned socal one, Au examplssight face SERS Mere it oma vee a fours eh oglu ho esa oy ee ans ecw wet igh i at pr |stats nos af the New fis opera at ea Be crit it hb sed tt hey wa Nos «stunt ous when we ght wel expect and een {ones of cnc a muling ton exergy eg en et wo be nea o matin cont et manele iste cs snd at een besa is aa, rc rn ig Coy nec Te aparer ew of onl exert in glig an at po sits Logue nfo an el ugpeton Shon Ge dnsngoah cong pet ang Sons ace Sn pence ty nbs she ae we noe Tptataeks cette bans tay Soe ase anes Lert tn son ving ar ing a sence tr Fny, tre hin ich so Sin Sen ein an ct pg Siona pans ttc ult s miafewds pie ar Sn tan” pec ens feorning program isthe wanaformation of the word lat & place Smee gorse yanmar nr Su lve ied a ur cru ‘on stows hms ft dye oe ng ede i ft af ht des organ fr ‘Spoon te emer we nase ‘rt hevng ben spt ty pb pate eae ‘Eig. singing eg wal ou te Teter ped ott eh ees ood Sey manage sxeone oem. Apt o ny herent rou compan ot ol) nan mae Stow inal cn pye ca camer ‘Se nme ct To be pte, ans feo Sp an nay pe ome eet pss eeparee ‘tl bunging oma mond eg fn ‘Eien Sw nddasw ese coe f ese ‘Rest car fru” mening re ht stint en can ew Sot os aay ce ‘sEinrata joey pang ngs mes he ae ‘a woing fe wan toa be eit we eco ‘dpm nih ccenpentsl rai Ot eo wee une sel tay ent ly ech opel ng 1S dng sy ig suc nahi et hat avon tt ss hve ets en gh Sipe, od od cy scented 3fort, Because no response unpaid, one hse seoahing ‘ie «natural eamework exept that the ngedent on whieh {he naaral fone erste ate hte sol guided doings. Nos, too, fortsous consequences maybe fl 1 be dele or unde ‘able an instance of te Ammsn,Frn—A cranes wo iat «Pala eminando yest. Hews kl by 4 teny tlt ogo ‘The nouon of frutous connection obviusy delat, se ‘sch thowe who pi forward ts an Sesunt had ome des ‘oat using 20 pat + sohiton or were sce thu ane Imight nave tse dab, Ths precarourness becomes especialy rhent when s partcular hind of happenstance our 2 mecond ‘raze othe same objet oral or catgay of in ‘ida So, eo, mcenngfunens wl be hard to avd we the Denice or Weim ofthe forousnes en purine as ‘persons canaining nly one emer ‘The eancepte of mulings ao lortlousnes have considerable Fail SA Re Mc wht tba oie es mt ieqeao ape cmt stnng we ttm ase aur neo tere ‘ated pan a few ienesed oils me and ter wl aot for a ‘passin epee bs tty ho, ‘ae Hoc’ Standen Uidne uaetiones Sb paca carsoglslgiicane, Given our bse hat he Woe can be ‘Say prceivl in terms of ther natural event ar gudod ‘Gang Sd dat eer event canbe comfortably Iadge in ae {Sever category, comes sparen ht means must bea ‘ind deal wi slppage and ooenese. The ctrl notions of Meiing tod Yortlouese serve inthis way. enabling the cl Gmorrasent titre anal. 7. The fin tate to covalder tee upon the segregaon sasee eased “onsen” and joing “Ar wl be argued Threughoot india can eather Rly canaite whi hey see fraccwdance wth the framework tat ofall pple But thee iit to hi capaci. Crain effec cary over fo (ne prec in which events oul aly be sont radsy tise oe, theater the ane mich filly apie. The tet ecumented ease, paps, te Sow development of the easy ‘ign of mel pple to approach the human naked body wih & (dof the ephcenh ecnary in Bean that cde could ‘ered by ke hating te performed ander eaves Tho gyre "hn rr oS omgFRAME ANALYSIS An Essay on the Organization of Experience Erving Goffman With «foreword by wen we Northeastern University Press * BostonContents Aeknowidgments PumaryPramewors 21 Keyeand Keyinge 40 5 TheThenticl Frame 129 ‘The Ancharngot Aaisey 247 Bicaing Frame SiS ‘TheVuleraiter of Faperience 430 ‘TheFeame Analysisof Talk 4085rez ryan mtn masa a | ier ey cern ot stg serch? is ef ing Ding phate hoe ‘Thais what frame sass i abou 2 Primary Frameworks 1 oyun or Wer cy in ue eer ett cmply) oe mee femeverhs © cre treatin of aK that canbe cal ray. stacy ect sppcaton sch amowon Pep LEbaren by toms who appl iear not depending on bang Seton net wit Ht a tm ayes ese ming a ret ameochs vary in dae of rgiizaton. Same ate ea pesca a 2 sue of eves, postulates ad rls TEEEE Po mone other appear bate oo apparent at iedinpe ping et nena eh Seep awa linws sue ose, pec 80 Gi Ea ikea vermin nfinte numberof oneet occ iy ePdeaned in ister, He te Bik to be unaware of ach ‘kihun festures a the Faeeork as and unable to seb ‘te teamnworh with ny compltnee If sked, yt these and pear ober fiend fully applying. Ma aaly ie ta our sety a tlraly lest incon is2 paae awauyers sensed nat made, ermeen to oad ase pia frame Wtoria: arurl and sola. Natural fmmenetisidetly soc “purely physical.” Such unguided events are ones understood t0 Ue du aly ram tat ono natura dete Te ‘sen that no wl ancy caus and seta ner, That no acter contin gue the outcome Succ eras In regard wo se events tinged no negate cps the sanctions ae Involved. ull determina sl determine ‘ewe eval Thee in soe understanding tht erent percned In one such schama can be reduedely tasted fo nes Perce in a mre “hundsmenfrsmevork. ad ht soe rises. sch athe noon of he contrvaon of tocgyo that ff tangs, inevele Gn, wil be share by al” Beant ‘hw natal Pane ef ee ysl and bol scene” An ordinary eeampe mul be Ibenaecfthe wear se grenin avepar ‘Serial frameworks, on he ther Hand, prove background ‘derstanding for events tht incorporate ine will atm and Sontag efor of an lignes, se agency, techie one being she baman bing. Suc un agency ls syng tu mpl thle itcan be cone, fated toned and resend. What ‘dos canbe degre a “gue denge” Thee dings eueet the dort “andar octal spp of hs aetna ot tes boven, efene, comoay, iy, legance,acflnes {Pett nd ch Stal manga of esegnaly {pparent when sen le unexpectedly Blocked Ge Coc Fel emery fit reel Mes net Aotved, and thr impure cect which of the earous soca framenorts of understanding tbe spied. An examle sp hg na, pm gg oot rate a ar see a i a eee era eer cin ein cg on ge SLOTS wpe en Se nr ce Sect Sa ie tue a tt et rey selon es as By manna ike. elena € Baan Sha ‘Sage et Bn ea Aarti oat RoneS ‘as generated. whetcn a move can quay wal be ade by ele, get, othe malo by fica sling sche the Gt any cntinaan fang ot ight aor make the board can ea be separated Ine mating moves tc Ing checker. And an easy denon com be dann beens lune move one cha consis te sree ono ig ' lies, and'a move mate clumsy, ne at hos en bap specie cording to lca ll stands for neice Psa acts. Obterve that although avait ls ney ‘ued poste device might ploy cechem ull mada g g Pye sk insted, ey players do tat ee | ch move to make are peclemate and sgnieant, pushing ie ‘clarence the dec mad netee Os ee Pe Sa Bi dng sc no ark dear + we 4g he pial wel, he dng ial ing om te dent ot ‘an “hsirunenal procedure” a tasks "purely wuts se iy ding the purpne of which canet be cay oprscd ‘onthe sa mas enpoed scm tmple hacker move nlermed ty tls ofthc gate, ea ‘which willbe applied anyone comps paying Seoogh ode {ge he phyeal maniplaion of checker nthe okra {ovanes a famewerk forming smal ely mumeoeet aed ths tamewore finde is peso speak tee of ak ne fxmewor, might wel be muni ely peal tg ie laying ofa sume o, ao althugh the rules for chee ond thers of vehicular wfc canbe Cand ae) wal emagh {he sme of checks incorporates an unermtandng oO ing purpose ofthe arpa, whereas the wus ta Se sexta where we ret al erway me shoud wane $utmeey he restrain we te octave in geo tee ‘msm, the, etd a perie events ee oe framers and te wimary eof framework we play pein f vay of decring the cent wbach ts apo Whe can comes up, «natal even: When the nd fled doe cde to avi What hs came up eld ding When scones sate the cause of deh be wants enswer pleted in he ace ‘schema of physiology; when he asks the manne of deed be ee _deamatically social answer, one that describes: what 3s SEP ita nwt mS ot oe ae cent fay cae ttt pe SE eo Cant tna aed a sire aerosol ‘ine eimlodconeoaninacomplsied, it pe wo mat