Problem Referring to the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.44, count the number of (a) nodes; (b) elements; (c) branches. 150 20 5 sa(t) ao (f)2a FIGRUE 3.44 Step-by-step solution Step 1015 ~ Consider the following circuit diagram: 15Q 29 5Q AW WV SA 14Q 402 2A Figure 4 Comment Step 2015 ~ ‘The modified form of the circuit in Figure 1 with the represented nodes is shown in Figure 2: o 182 @ 20 @ sa @ ace) , Figure 2 Comment Step 3015 ~ (a) A point at which two or more elements have a common connection is called node. From the circuit in Figure 2, we can observe that, number of nodes = 4 normal nodes +1 reference nodes. =5 nodes Thus, the required number of nodes of the circuit is Comment Step 4015 ~ (b) The element is defined as the fundamental unit between any two nodes. From the circuit in Figure 2, we can observe that, number of elements = 5 Resistors + 2 Current sources =7 elements ‘Thus, the number of elements of the circuit is Comment Step 5015 ~ (c) A branch is defined as the single path in a network, composed of one simple element and the node at each end of that element. From the circuit in Figure 2, we can observe that, there are 7 different branches corresponding to every simple element in the circuit. That is, the path of the current source between the nodes 1 and 7 can be considered as a branch. Similarly there are 7 branches in the circuit. ‘Thus, the number of branches in the circuit is Comment soeProblem Referring to the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.45, count the number of (a) nodes: (0) elements; (c) branches. “ bebo “ FIGURE 3.45 Step-by-step solution Step 1of4 Refer to figure 3.45 given in the textbook. Redraw the circuit as shown in figure 1. o 1.52 ® 5a ® Q\ TS» 2A Figure 1 Comment Step 2014 A (a) Consider the circuit shown in figure 1 Anode is a point at which multiple elements have a common connection. Nodes 1, 2, 3 are normal nodes and node 4 is a reference node. Therefore, number of nodes = 3 normal nodes + | reference node =4 nodes ‘Therefore, the total number of nodes in the circuit is Comment Step 3014 ~ (>) The element is defined as the fundamental unit between any two nodes. Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2. There is a 2A current source between nodes 1 and 4, a resistor of 1.5 Q between nodes 1 and 2, two resistors of 4 © between nodes 2 and 4, a resistor of 5 Q between nodes 2 and 3, and a5 A current source between nodes 3 and 4. Therefore, number of elements = 4 Resistors + 2 Current sources =6 elements Therefore, the number of elements in the circuit is [6] Comment Step 4014 A (c) A branch is defined as the single path in a network, composed of one simple element and the node at each end of that element. Consider the circuit shown in Figure 2. Nodes 1 and 4, 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4 form four branches. Nodes 2 and 4 form two branches with two resistors. ‘Therefore, the number of branches in the circuit is [6] CommentProblem For circuit of Fig. 3.46: (a) Count the number of nodes (0) In moving from A to & have we formed a path? Have we formed a loap? (c) In moving from C to F to G, have we formed a path? Have we formed a loop? 4 B c oF FIGURE 3.46 Step-by-step solution Step 1015 ~ Consider the following circuit diagram: A B c F AM AW G Figure 1 Comment Step 2015 A ‘The modified form of the circuit in Figure 1 with the represented nodes is shown in Figure 2: O 2 cre i £.D @ Figure 2 Comment Step 3015 A (2) A point at which two or more elements have a common connection is called node. From the circuit in Figure 2, we observe that there is one node at the junction A, second node at the junction B, and the third node is at the junction C. Because the terminals C and F are ‘short circuited, and there is no path to G, we consider the terminals C, F and G as a single node. Finally, the terminals D and E are consider as the single node (reference node), Therefore, the number of nodes is given by, number of nodes = 3 normal nodes +1 reference nodes = 4 nodes Thus, the required number of nodes of the circuit is. Comment Step 4or5 ~ () A path defined as the set of branches without traversing the more than once. A If the node at which we started is the same node on which we ended then that path is called as the loop. Loop is a closed path. ‘The modified circuit when moving from A to B is shown in Figure 3: o—_\W——+ A B Figure 3 In Figure 3 when we are moving from A to 6, we are just traversing through a simple resistive element and only once along each node. Therefore, we formed a path As there is no any closed path between the nodes, there is no formation of any loop. Therefore, we did not form any loop while traversing node A to B. Thus, while moving from A to B, we formed a [path], but we did not form a [loop] Comment Step 5015 A () As the nodes C, F and G are short circuited and can be considered as a single node. Hence, there is no path or loop formed between these three nodes. Thus, while moving from C to F to G, we did not formed any [path], and we did not formed any loop] CommentProblem For the circuit of Fig.3.46: (a) Count the number of circuit elements. (0) Ifwe move from B to C to D, have we formed a path? Have we formed a loop? (c) If we move from Eto D to C to B, have we formed a path? Have we formed a loop? ry 8 cur os FIGURE 3.46 Step-by-step solution Step 1015 4 Consider the following circuit diagram: A B Cc F WV WV € Figure 1 ‘Comment Step2015 ~ ‘The modified form of the circuit in Figure 1 with the represented nodes is shown in Figure 2: o 2 Ocre Al ED ® Figure 2 ‘Comment Step3ors ~ (a) The element is defined as the fundamental electrical unit connected between any two nodes. From the circuit in Figure 2, we can observe that. there is a voltage source between nodes 1 and 4 which consider as an element and similarly, all the resistances connected between different nodes they considered as individual elements. number of elements = 1 Voltage source +5 Resistors = 6 elements Thus, the number of elements in the circuit is [6] Comment Step4ors ~ () A path defined as the set of branches without traversing the more than once. A If the node at which we started is the same node on which we ended then that path is called as the loop. Loop is a closed path The modified circuit when moving from B to C to Dis shown in Figure 3: c dD Figure & In Figure 3 when we are moving from B to C to D. we are traversing through simple resistive elements and only once along each nade. Therefore, we formed a path As there is no any closed path between the nodes, there is no formation of any loop. Therefore, we did not form any loop while traversing node B to C to D. Thus, while moving from 6 to C to D, we formed a [path]. but we did not form a [loop] ‘Comment step 505 A (c) The modified circuit when moving from E to D to G to B is shown in Figure 4: B Cc E D Figure 4 In Figure 3 when we are moving from E to D to C to B, we are traversing through simple resistive elements and only once along each node. Therefore, we formed a path from E to B. As there is no any closed path between the nodes E and B, there is no formation of any loop. Therefore, we did not form any loop while traversing node E to D to C to B. Thus, while moving from £ to D to C to B, we formed a [path], but we did not formed any [loop] CommentProblem Refer to the circuit of Fig. 3.47, and answer the follwing; (a) How many distinct nodes are contained in the circuit? (©) How many elements are contained in the circuit? (c) How many branches does the circuit have? (d) Determine if each of the following represents a path, a loop, both or neither: ()AtoB (i) Bto Dio CtoE (lil) Cto Eto Dto Bto Atoc (iv) Cto Dto Bto Ato CtoE A c B E D FIGURE 3.47 Step-by-step solution Step 1017 A (a) Refer to Figure 3.47 in the textbook. A point at which two or more elements have a common connection is called as node. In the circuit in Figure 1, there is only one node at the junction of A and B, because the points or junctions A and 6 are shorted together. And a second nade at the junction C, the third node is. at the junction £. And a Fourth node is at a junction of D- Draw the modified circuit diagram. C A,B E D Figure 1 ‘Thus, the number of distinct nodes in the circuit is Comment Step 2017 ~ (b) ‘The element is defined as the fundamental electrical unit connected between any two nodes. In the circuit in Figure 1, we can observe that there are five such resistor elements which are connected between two nodes. Between the nodes A and C, one resistor element is connected, similarly resistor elements are connected between the each node pairs of B and D, C and D, D and E, Cand E. Thus, the number of circuit elements is Comment Step 3017 4 () A branch is defined as the single path in a network, composed of one simple element and the node at each end of that element. Each element in the circuit considered as a branch or a branch exists between two nodes. Since, there are five elements in the circuit, the number of branched are five. ‘Thus, the number of branches in the circuit is Comment Step 4017 A @ Apath is defined as the set of branches without traversing more than once. If the node at which we started is the same node on which we ended then that path is called as the loop. Loop is a closed path. @ In the circuit in Figure 3.47, it is clear that Ato B is a short-circuited path. Thus, the distance from A to B represents a [path Comment Step 5017 ~ il) The path from Bto DtoCto£ Is shown in Figure 2: Cc B E D Figure 2 Thus, the distance from B to D to G to E represents. a [path| Comment Step 6017 ~ (ii) The path from Cto E to Dto B to AtoC is shown in Figure 3: Cc A E B D Figure 3 Therefore, Cto Eto Dto Bto AtoC Is a closed path and itis also called as a loop. Thus, CtoE toDtoBto AtoC Is both fa pathanda loop Comment Step 7017 ~ (wy The path from Cto DtoBto AtoC to E is shown in Figure 4: Cc A E B D Figure 4 Therefore, CtoD to Bto Ato CtoE forms both [path and loop] CommentProblem A local restaurant has a neon sign constructed from 12 separate bulbs; when a bulb fails, it appears as an infinite resistance and cannot corduct current. In wiring the sign, the ‘manufacturer offers two options (Fig. 3.48). From what you've learned about KCL, which one should the restaurant owner select? Explain. — EATATIRACPHYS, _ BAT FIGURE 3.48 Step-by-step solution Step 1012 ~ *—BATIATRALPH’S- FATATRALPHS Comment Step 2012 A In the first arrangement, all the bulbs are connected in series. In this case, if the bulb at the beginning or any bulb in between fails, it will act as an infinite resistance and all the bulbs following the defective bulb would not be able to conduct current. Therefore, the failure of one bulb will cause the failure of other bulbs too. In the second arrangement, all the bulbs are connected in parallel arrangement. In this case, no matter which bulb fails, only that bulb would fail to conduct electricity. All the other bulbs would function property. ‘Therefore, the second arrangement should be chosen. CommentProblem Referring to the single node diagram of Fig. 3.49. compute: (@)ig. if iA, =1A, ID =-2A, iG =3A, and ie= 0; (o)ie, if iA = -1 A, iB= -1A, iC= “1 A,and ID=-1 4 FIGURE 3.49 Step-by-step solution Step tor A Consider the following node diagram: Figure 1 Comment Step 2014 A (a) Consider the following data: The value of current i, =1A The value of current i, =-2A The value of current j,=3A The value of current ip =0A Comment Step 30f4 A Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic sum of currents entering any node is zero. Apply Kirchhoff current law the node diagram in Figure 1 i tig + (ic) +(~ap)+(-ig) = 0 Substitute 1A for i,, -2 Afor iy, 3A for i,, and QAfor inthis equation. 1+i, +(-3)+[-(-2)]+(0)=0 1+i,-3+2=0 ip=0A Thus, the required current, i,is Comment Step 4014 ~ (b) Consider the following data: The value of current i, =-1A The value of current j, =-1A The value of current i, =-1A The value of current j,, =—-1A Kirchhof's current law states that the algebraic sum of currents entering any node is zero. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law the node diagram in Figure 1 i, +i, +(~i.) +(-i,)+(-i,) =0 Substitute -1 A for i, for , for .and for _in this equation. Thus, the required current, is CommentProblem determine the current labeled / in each of the circuits of Fig. 3.50. pa [oa 2A Vv vat 19 S50 uv @ o © FIGURE 3.50 « > Step-by-step solution Step 1or7 ~ (a) Consider the following circuit diagram: 7A L — a — AM ANN 1sV (> |° A Figure 1 Comment Step 2017 ~ Kirchhoffs current law states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering any node is zero. Apply Kirchhoff current law at node labelled ain the circuit in Figure 4 7+(-6)+(-/)=0 1-1=0 T=1A Thus, the current /. is [IA] Comment Step 3017 ~ (b) Consider the following circuit diagram: b 43a ys Le ZO 3 Figure 2 Comment Step 4or7 ~ The following diagram shows the flow of currents through node labelled ‘o’ in the circuit in Figure 1 3A 2A ’ I 3A Figure 3 Comment Step 5017 ~ Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node labelled ‘b’ in the circuit in Figure 1 24(-3) +(-1)+(-3)=0 2-6-1=0 -1=4 [=-4A Thus, the current 1. is [4 A]- Comment Step 6 or 7 A (c) Consider the following circuit diagram: 19 —> I 9ACh) 19 52 Figure 4 Comment Step7o17 ~ ‘The current / is zero, because there will be no current flow through the open path Thus, the current /. is [0 A] CommentProblem In the circuit shown in Fig. 3.51, the resistor values are unknown, but the 2 V source is known to be supplying a current of 7 A to the rest of the circuit. Calculate the current labeled /2. x tis fra av?) R {)3 FIGURE 3.51 Step-by-step solution Step 1or4 ~ The circuit is shown in Figure 1 RQ |e ra WV 2vC) Rs 3a Figure 1 Comment Step 2014 ~ Consider the following data: ‘The current supplied by the 2 V current source, Redraw the circuit in Figure 1 with source current RX 7af ra Ry Bs 3a Figure 2 Comment Step 3014 ~ Redraw the circuit in Figure 2 as shown in Figure 3: RX a Tal 1A 2Vv a 3A Figure 3 Comment Step 4of4 A Apply Kirchhoff current law at node labelled ‘a’ in the circuit in Figure 3. 7+(-iz)+(-1)+3 =0 +9=0 i,=9A Thus, the required current, i, is [9A] CommentProblem The voltage source in the circuit of Fig. 3.62 has a current of | A flowing out of its positive terminal into resistor R1 Calculate the current labeled /2. 1G FIGURE 3.52 Step-by-step solution Step 1or4 ~ Consider the following circuit diagram: Ri -avC R Rs @®: A Figure 4 Comment Step 2014 ~ Consider the following data ‘The current flowing out of its positive terminal of the voltage source, j=-1 A Redraw the circuit in Figure 1 with source current: Ri -2V © R Rs Figure 2 Comment Step 3or4 ~ Redraw the circuit in Figure 2 as shown in Figure 3: Ry a ial Wy we bs Gr -2V Figure 3 Comment Step 4or4 ~ Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node labelled ‘a’ in the circuit in Figure 3. ra)+{-3)]+-7) <0 Thus, the required current, i, is [-3 A CommentProblem In the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.59, ar is determined to be /.5 A, and the 9 V source supplies a current of 7.6 A (that is. a current of 7.6 A leaves the positive reference terminal of the 9 V source). Determine the value of resistor RA. =1L6A @) FIGURE 3.53 Step-by-step solution Step 1017 ~ Consider the following circuit diagram: -16A 5Q OQ ee OF Oy Figure 1 Comment Step 2017 ~ Consider the following data: The value of current, The current supplied by the 9 V source is Comment Step 3017 A ‘The modified form of the circuit in Figure 1 is shown in Figure 2: C:\Users\ramuk\Desktop\1 jpg Figure 2 Comment Step 4017 ~ Kirchhoff current law states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering into any node is ‘equal to zero. Apply Kirchhoft's current law at node labeled ‘a’ in the circuit in Figure 2. Substitute for _in this equation Therefore, the current flowing through the resistance is. Comment Step 5017 4 Redraw the circuit in Figure 1 with the current through the resistance C:\Users\ramuk\Desktop\1 jpg Figure 3 Comment Step 6017 ~ ‘Since, the voltage in a parallel branch is same. The voltage across the resistance, is 9V ‘The modified circuit is shown in Figure 4: Picture 7 Figure 4 Comment Step 7017 ~ ‘Ohm's law states that the voltage across the conducting material is directly proportional to the current flowing through the material. Thus, the value of resistance, is CommentProblem For the circuit of Fig. 3.54 (which is a model for the de operation of a bipolar junction transistor biased in forward active region), /B is measured to be 100 yA. Determine Ie and IE. FIGURE 3.54 Step-by-step solution Step 101s ~ Consider the following model for the de operation of a bipolar junction transistor biased in forward active region: 4, AS 1kQ n¢ Figure 1 Comment Step 2013 ~ The base current, #, =100 2A The value of current 1, =100 uA Since the value of J, is equalto 150/, 1c=1501 = 150(100% 10) =15mA Thus, the current 7,.i5 [15 mA\ Comments (1) Step 303 A Kirchhoff current law states that the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the ‘sum of the currents leaving the junction. Currents entering the junction = currents leaving the junction Inte ele [p= ly tle = (100x10-*) +(15x10") =15.1mA, Thus, the current J, is [I5.1mA CommentProblem Determine the current labeled /3 in the circuit of Fig. 3.55. FIGURE 3.55 Step-by-step solution Step 1012 ~ Consider the following circuit: L 12 | , + 47kQS V, 32 2mA “ SV, Figure 1 Comment Step 2012 ~ The voltage across 4,7 kQ resistor is V, Apply Ohm's Law, V = JR to determine V7, V,=(2*107)(4.7% 10°) =94V Determine SV, 5v,=(5)(9.4) =47V Kirchhoffs current law states that the algebraic sum of currents entering to any node is zero. Since the current /, is in the opposite direction of the current source current, the current, 1=-47 8 Thus, the current /, is Comments (1)Problem ‘Study the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.56, and explain (in terms of KCL) why the voltage labeled Vx must be zero. xs FIGURE 3.56 Step-by-step solution Step 1012 ~ Consider the following circuit: Figure 1 Comment Step 2012 ~ From the above circuit the current _is flowing through the open circuit. So, there is no closed path for. Thus, the total current is flowing through only. Therefore, Kirchhoffs current law states that the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the ‘sum of the currents leaving the junction Thus, Therefore the current, Use Ohm's law to determine Thus, the voltage must be CommentProblem In many households, multiple electrical outlets within a given room are often all part of the same circuit. Draw the circuit for a four-walled room which has a single electrical outlet per wall, with a lamp (represented by a 1 Q resistor) connected to each outlet. Step-by-step solution Step tori ~ In households, multiple electrical outlets within a given room are all often a part of the same circuit. Thus, in households. all lamps are connected in parallel. Here the lamp is represented by 1 Qresistor. The circuit for a four-walled room which has a single electrical outlet per wall, with a lamp represented by a 1 ? resistor connected to each outlet is shown in Figure 1. There are four walls having one lamp each. So these four lamps are connected in parallel. 1Q ° AMY ° 1Q - ~~, 1Q eee eee 1Q. WV Figure 4: Circuit for four-walled roomProblem For the circuit of Fig. 3.57: (@) Determine the voltage v1 if u2 = 0 and u3 = -17 V. (©) Determine the voltage ut if u2 = -2 V and u3 = +2 V. (©) Determine the voltage u2 if u1 = 7 V and u3 = 9 V. (d) Determine the voltage v3 if u1 = - 2.33 V and u2 = - 1.70 V. FIGURE 3.57 Step-by-step solution Step 1015 ~ Consider the circuit in Figure 1. + v - yf 1 3 )y + B Figure 4 Comment Step2or5 (a) The voltage, v,=0 and y,=-17V Apply Kirchhoff Voltage law - the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero to the circuit in Figure 1 Thus, the voltage y, is [I7 V]- Comment Step3ors (b) The voltage, y, =-2V and v,=42V Apply Kirchhoff Voltage law - the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero to the circuit in Figure 1 yr 4=0 Thus, the voltage y, is [-4V] Comment Step 4oi5 A (c) The voltage, »,=7V and y,=9V Apply Kirchhoff Voltage law - the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero to the circuit in Figure 1 vty, =0 v= +¥ 7+9 =16V Thus, the voltage y, is [16 V]- Comment Step5oi5 4 (d) The y, =-2.33V and y,=-1.70V Apply Kirchhoff Voltage law - the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero to the circuit in Figure 1 yr 4=0 yey ty ~(-2.33) + (1.70) = 233-17 = 0.63. V Thus, the voltage vy, is [0.63 V CommentProblem For each of the circuits in Fig. 3.58, determine the voltage ux and the current 4v Vv @ ) FIGURE 3.58 Step-by-step solution Step 1oi4 ~ (a) Refer to Figure 3.58 (a) in the textbook. Apply Kirchhoffs Voltage Law to the circuit in Figure 3.58 (a). 9444y,=0 9-4 -13V Therefore, the voltage v, is [-13V Comment Step 2014 Apply Ohm's law to determine the current i, R R la 7 =-1,857A Thus, the current j, is [-1.857 Al Comment Step 3 oid A (b) Refer to Figure 3.58 (b) in the textbook. Apply Kirchhoffs Voltage Law to the circuit in Figure 3.58 (b). 2-7+y,=0 v,= 7-2 =5V Therefore, the voltage v, is [5 V] Comment Step 4or4 ~ Apply Ohm's law to determine the current, ¥, R 2 8 =0.625A. Therefore, the current i, is [0.625 A] CommentProblem Use KVL to obtain a numerical value for the current labeled / in each circuit depicted in Fig. 3.59, 2V 3 20 we ©) 100 AW @ FIGURE 3.59 Step-by-step solution Step 1016 ~ (a) Consider the following circuit: 2v v, Figure 1 Comment Step 2016 To be able to combine the voltage sources, they must be in series. Since the same current j flows through each, this condition is satisfied Starting from the bottom left-hand corner and proceeding clockwise, the total voltage is -142-5=-4V Replace the three voltage sources with a single -4'V source having its negative reference, as 2.0 shown in Figure 2. 10Q Figure 2 Comment Step3of6 A Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law combined with Ohm's law to the circuit in Figure 2. -442i+107=0 121=4 4 “12 =0.33A i Thus, the current ; is |0.33A] Comment Step dof A (b) Consider the following circuit: Figure 3 Comment Step 5015 ~ To be able to combine the voltage sources, they must be in series. Since the same current j flows through each, this condition is satisfied ‘Starting from the bottom left-hand corner and proceeding clockwise, the total voltage is 10-1.5-1.5+2-1=8V ‘So we may replace the three voltage sources with a single 8 V source having its negative reference as shown in Figure 4. 22 22 22 8V 29 Figure 4 Comment Step6or6 A Apply Kirchhoff vottage law combined with Ohm's law to the circuit in Figure 4. 8428421 +24+2/=0 =-1A Thus, the current ; is [-1 A] CommentProblem In the circuit of Fig. 3.60, it is determined that u1 = 3 V and u3 = 1.5 V. Calculate uR and u2. BY +12V- FIGURE 3.60 Step-by-step solution Step 1015 ~ Consider the following circuit: Comment Step2015 ~ av Ry Se + ; b Comment Step3o15 ~ Figure 1 Comment Step4of5 “~ Apply Kirchhoff's Voltage law - the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero to the first loop of the circuit in Figure 1 4-234, =0 vp =19V Thus, the vottage v, is [19 V]. Comment Step5 015 ~ The voltage, vy, =3V The voltage, v, =1.5V Apply Kirchhoff Voltage law - the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero to the second loop of the circuit in Figure 1 vp $124 ¥,-¥, “LS +y, =0 -19+1241,5-y,-1.5+3=0 v,=-4V Thus, the voltage v, is [-4V| CommentProblem In the circuit of Fig. 3.60, a voltmeter is used to measure the following: ut = 2 V and u3 =-1.5 V. Calculate ux. BV FIGURE 3.60 Step-by-step solution Step tora A Consider the following circuit: Comment Step 2014 ~ 4v + - Re" $ Comment Step 304 ~ Figure 1 Comment Step 4or4 ~ The voltage, v,=2V The voltage, v,=-1.5V The voltage between the terminals aandb is v, Apply Kirchhoff Voltage law - the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero to the first loop of the circuit in Figure 1 4-23 40, =0 =19V Apply Kirchhoffs Voltage law - the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero to the second loop containing y, for the circuit in Figure 1 —v, +124, +¥, =0 -19+12-1.5+¥, =0 v, =8.5V Thus, the voltage, v, is [8.5 V| CommentProblem Determine the value of ux as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 3.61 500 mA 20 AWN AWW 730 10 20% FIGURE 3.61 Step-by-step solution Step 1of4 A Consider the circuit in Figure 4 500 mA. 22 ANN AW 73.Q 23V Ea 20 Di Figure 1 Comment Step 2004 ~ Label the voltages and currents on the rest of the elements in the circuit as shown in Figure 2. 4 500mA 7.3 > 2a WW AWN + - + - y % a3v (+ = ex oy 20 Figure 2 Comment Step3oi4 ~ The voltage vy, appears across the 2 ? vertical resistor and the source j,as well. Apply Kirehhoffs current law - the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the junction — to the node 1 of the circuit in Figure 2. Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law for the first loop. 234y,4+¥,=0 -2.3+(500x107)(7.3)+¥, =0 v, =-1.35V Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law for the middle loop. vy ty +9, =0 —(-1.35)4y,4+¥,=0 -1.35-V, Comment Step 4of4 A Apply Kirchhoff current law - the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the junction to the node 2 of the circuit in Figure 2 = (500 10° =0.5-2138 1 =1L85A Apply Ohm's law to determine the voltage. v, 1.85)(2) =3.7V Determine the voltage, v, -1.35-¥, -1.35-3.7 =-5.05V Thus, the voltage y,is [3.05 V) CommentProblem Consider the simple circuit shown in Fig. 3.62. Using KVL, derive the expressions Ry =, - i Ri+R om 2 tae R + © RS FIGURE 3.62 Step-by-step solution Step 101s A Comment Step 2013 ~ Let the current flowing in the circuit be j ‘Therefore, applying KVL to the circuit, we get, a) Comment Step3 ors ~ Now, same current flows through all the circuit elements. From ohm's law ¥ i=— and *R+R, hy =y, , CommentProblem (a) Determine a numerical value for each current and voltage (/1, v1, etc.) in the circuit of Fig 3.63. (0) Calculate the power absorbed by each element and verify that they sum to zero. FIGURE 3.63 Step-by-step solution Steptofis ~ Consider the following circuit diagram: Figure 4 Comment Step2ofi6 ~ (@) The Kirchhoff's vottage law (KVL) states that, the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero. From the circuit of Figure 1, the voltage, y=2V Therefore, the voltage vis. [2 V) Comment Step3oris A Apply KVL to the first loop of circuit in Figure 1 -y4¥,=0 vay =2V Therefore, the voltage v, is [2 V] Comment Step4ofis ~ Apply Ohm's law to the circuit in Figure 4 Therefore the current i, is [033A] Comment Step 5ori6 A ‘The current passing through the dependent current source is: Therefore, the current j,is [IOAl Comment Step 6 or i6 A The voltage across the dependent voltage source is: Therefore, the voltage v,is [1,65V]- Comment Step7ofis ” Apply Kirchhoff voltage law to the loop 3 of circuit in Figure 1 =v, +¥,=0 y=, =1.65V Therefore, the voltage v, is [1.65V| Comment Step Solis ~ Apply Ohm's law at 5 ? resistor: y=iR Therefore, the current i, is [0.33A]- Apply Kirchhoff voltage law to the middle loop of circuit in Figure 1 v,+y+¥,=0 Vy=VaM =2-1.65 0.35V Therefore, the voltage y, is [0.35V] Comment Step 9 otis 4 The Kirchhoffs current law (abbreviated as KCL) states that the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the junction Apply KCL to the node B of circult in Figure 1: 0-0.33 =9.67A Therefore, the current j, is [9.67A]- Comment Step 10 of 16 A Apply Kirchhoff's current law to the nade A of circuit in Figure 4: i, +i, .33+10 =10.33A Therefore, the current i, is [10.33A Comment Step 11 of 16 ~ (b) The power absorbed by the each element in the circuit is calculated as follows: ‘The power at the voltage source y, is: Pyewh = 2(10.33) = 20.66 W Therefore, the power P,y is [20.66 W Comment Step 120116 ~ The power absorbed by the 6 O resistor is: Fon= Val = 2(0.33) = 0.66 W Therefore, the power P.,, iS [0.66 W] Comment Step 13 of 16 0 The power at the dependent current source is: =i, =0.35(10) 35W Therefore, the power P,,.¥, is: [3.5 WI Comment Step 14 0116 ~ The power at the dependent voltage source is Facpvas = Vale =1.65(9.67) 5.95 W Therefore, the power P,,.., iS [15.95 W, Comment Step 15 01 16 ~ The power absorbed by the 5 O resistor is: Poa Vis = 1.65(0.33) = 0.55 W Therefore, the power P.q iS [0.55 W] Comment Step 16 of 16 ~ The sum of the absorbed powers is equals the sum of the supplied powers. Power delivered = power observed Power delivered — power observed = 0 Py - (Feat Pogo t Pagar t Ba) =9 20.66 —(0.66+ 3.5+15.95 +0.55) =0 20.66 — 20.66 = 0 ‘Therefore, the sum of the absorbed powers is equals the sum of the supplied powers. CommentProblem The circuit shown in Fig. 3.64 includes a device known as an op amp. This device has two unusual properties in the circuit shown: (1) Vd = 0 V, and (2) no current can flow into either input terminal (marked “-" and “+” inside the symbol), but it can flow through the output terminal . (marked “OUT"). This seemingly impossible situation—in direct conflict with KCL—is a result of power leads to the device that are not included in the symbol. Based an this information, calculate Vout. (Hint: two KVL equations are required, both involving the 5 V source.) 470.0 oP AMP sv) £ t FIGURE 3.64 Step-by-step solution Step 10f2 A 4700. 100Q sv C) Fou Comment Step 20r2 ~ Current, through the 100 resistor is, 5-Va 100 Now, no current can flow into either input terminal. Therefore, the current passes through the 470Q resistor and not into the device. Applying KCL at the point G, we get, SV _ Va Vow 100 470 But, V,=0 5-0_0-¥,,, 100 470 V,, = —>x470V 100 a =-23.5V CommentProblem The circuit of Fig. 3.120 is constructed with the following: us1 = -8 V, Rt = 1 Q, us2 = 16 V, and R2= 4.7 Q. Calculate the power absorbed by each element. Verify that the absorbed powers < sum to zero. Prev Step-by-step solution Step tors ~ Consider the following circuit diagram: Figure 1 Comment Step 2088 A The value of source voltage, v,, =-8V. The value of resistance R, = 10 The value of source voltage, v,.=16V The value of resistance R, = 4.70. Comment Step Sor ~ ‘The Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) states that, the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the circuit of Figure 1 WI Power absorbed by 2.8 kQ is. Phan = eR _ (1.27) © 2.8x10° =0.576x10° W Hence power absorbed by 2.8 k resistor is [0.576x10° W Power absorbed by 4.7 kQ is, © 47x10 = 0.34310" W Hence power absorbed by resistor is [9.343x10" WI Comment Step4ors ~ (b) Assume a voltage v across the elements Apply Kirchhoffs current law at top node v v v -+3x107 + 8x 10 1x10 4.710 10° v +0.357x10°v+0.213x10°v+3x10% =5x10% 157x107 v= 2x10" 2x10 1.5710 v=1.27V 5x107 Comment Step 5016 ~ Power supplied by 3 ma current source is, Pay =—Vi =-1.27(3x10") =-3.81<10° W Hence power supplied by 3 ma source is [-3.81x10" WI Power supplied by 5 mA current source is, Pay = Vi =1.27(5x10") =6.35x10° W Hence power supplied by 3 mA source is [6.3510 WI Comment Step Bors A (c) The sum of the power absorbed by each resistor is, Prsoivas = Fig + Prsia + Piva -613+0.576 + 0.343) «10° =2.532 mW The sum of the power supplied by current sources is +P, Pagotics = Pann * Pan =-3.81x10" +6.35x107 =2.54mW Hence power absorbed is approximately equal to the power supplied. CommentProblem Determine the numerical value for u eq in Fig. 3.74a, it (a) ut = 0, u2=-8 V, and u3 = +3 V: (b) v1, = u2 = u3 = 1 V; (¢) U1, =-9V, U2 = 4.5 V, U3 =1V. 6) » () . Ne »@ 8 @) FIGURE 3.74 Step-by-step solution ‘Step 10! The following is the given circuit diagram: V3 < WN | = @ a Figure 1 Comment Step 20f4 A (a) If vy, =0,v, =-3 Vand », = 43 V. then equivalent voltage: Therefore, the equivalent voltage, v,, is [6 V Comment Step 3014 ~ =1V, then equivalent voltage: Therefore, the equivalent voltage, v,, is [TV] Comment Step 4014 ~ (0)If y, =-9 V,v, =4.5 Vand v, =1 V, then equivalent voltage: -5.5 V]- CommentProblem Determine the numerical value for ieq in Fig. 3.746, if (a) 1 = 0, 2 =12=13=1A,(0)i1=-9A, 2=45A,3=1A TOMO M LO) bs ) -3A, and i8 = +3 A; (0) 1 FIGURE 3.74 Step-by-step solution Step 1of4 A The following is the given circuit diagram: leq Figure 1 Comment Step 204 A (a) ITthe currents, j, =, i =-3 Aand i,=+3 A Calculate the equivalent current. 6A Therefore, the equivalent current, i, is [6A Comment Step 3014 ~ (b) Ifthe currents, i, Calculate the equivalent current. i, fon i-th =I-141 =lA Therefore, the equivalent current, i, is [TA] Comment Step4or4 ~ (c) ifthe currents, i, =—9 A, i, = .5 Aandi, =1A Calculate the equivalent current. 12.54 ‘Therefore, the equivalent current, CommentProblem For the circuit presented in Fig. 3.75, determine the current labeled / by lirst combining the four sources into a single equivalent source. 1k ev FIGURE 3.75 Step-by-step solution Step 1 The following is the given circuit diagram: 1kQ Figure 1 Comment Step 20f4 A From the Figure 1, the equivalent voltage v,,, Yq =12-6+2-2 =14-8 =6V Hence, the equivalent voltage. v,, is |v. Comment Step 30f4 A The circuit shown in Figure 1 can be modified as shown in Figure 2. 1kQ ~. R eq Figure 2 Comment Step 4of4 A Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law, the current in the circuit is: ~6+i(1x10°)=0 i(Ix10’)=6 Ss 1x10° i=6mA Hence, the current, j in the circuit shown in Figure 1is [j=6 mA. Comments (2)Problem Determine the value of u required to obtain a zero value for the current labeled / in the circuit of Fig. 3.76. FIGURE 3.76 Step-by-step solution Step 10f2 A The following is the given circuit diagram: 72 LV 70 Figure 1 Comment Step 2 Itis given that, The current flowing in the circuit is 7=0 A To calculate voltage, in the circuit, apply Kirchhoff's voltage law: 24447i+y, +7i+1=0 T+y,+14i=0 7+, +(14x0)=0 -1v Hence, the vottage, y, is [7 VJ. CommentProblem (a) For the circuit of Fig. 3.77, determine the value for the voltage labeled u, after first simplifying the circuit to a single current source in parallel with two resistors, (0) Verify that the power supplied by your equivalent source is equal to the sum of the supplied powers of the individual sources in the original circuit. 7a(t) Qn gs G)sa. FIGURE 3.77 Step-by-step solution step 1of7 ~ The following is the given circuit diagram: Figure 1 Comment Step 207 A (a) If the current sources are connected in parallel, they combined them. In the Figure 1, the three current sources are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent current source. -5-8 -13 =-6A Comment Step 3017 ~ The following is the simplified circuit having a single current in parallel with two resistors. Comment step 4or7 ~ Figure 2 Comment step 50f7 ~ Calculate the current through 2 @ resistor jy, 3 24+3 o(§) =(-6)(0.6) =-3.6A hag = hy ® Now, calculate the voltage across the 20 resistor. V=iyg x2 =-3.6x2 =-12V Hence, the voltage, v across the 2.Q resistor is Comment Step 6017 ~ (b) Calculate the Power supplied by equivalent source: Pay Yl =(-7.2)(-6) =43.2 W Hence, the power, P.,, supplied by equivalent current source is [43.2 WI Comment Step 7017 ~ Calculate the Power supplied by 7 A current source. Py =vxi =(-72)(7) =-50.4 W Calculate the Power supplied by § Acurrent source. By =vxi =(-7.2)(5) =36W Calculate the Power supplied by § A current source. By =vxi =(-7.2)(-8) =57.6W Now, calculate the total power developed all three current sources. Pra tPatha =-50.4+36+ 57.6 =-50.4+93.6 =43.2W ‘The power supplied by equivalent source is equal to the sum of the power supplied by the individual sources. Hence, it is verified. CommentProblem What value of Js in the circuit of Fig. 3.78 will result in a zero voltage u? FIGURE 3.78 Step-by-step solution Step 1013 A The following is the given circuit diagram: -2.57 A Comment Step 2013 ~ Figure 1 Comment Step 3018 ~ Apply Kirchhoff current law at top node, 1.28-2.57= 1ttey =1.29= 1, +2v The voltage at node v is zero, substitute y=) | above equation, -1.29= 1, +2(0) 1, =-1.29A Hence, the values of current, 1, is £1.29 A Comment