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    Introducing Further Pure Mathematics

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    04. Differential Equations

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    Introducing Further Pure Mathematics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    17 views25 pages

    Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    JR
    Introducing Further Pure Mathematics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    4 Differential equations Change and decay in all around I see. WF LYTE We have already solved first-order differential Squations in which the y are separable (see pages 457-60 in Introducing Pure We will now consider three other main types of differential equation ariables Mathematics.) First-order equations requiring an integrating factor This is the other main type of first-order differential equation. Equations of this type are of the form dy Ds Bye de re where P and Q are functions of x. Such an equation can be solved by first multiplying both sides by the integrating factor e/?¢*, Multiplying 2+ Py = 9 by oP, we get x eras 2 + PelPary — gelras Since the left-hand side is the differential of ye!®**, we therefore have A (iPds) _ _fPax ac 02") = 08 which gives yelPds J Qe!P** dy ‘The right-hand side is often integrated by parts. Example 1 re +3y =x, find y. x souution The integrating factor is e!*4*, which is e*. Multiplying both sides by e®*, we obtain kG ae Bx oO p = xe! dx » 57 CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS = toe) = 2 dx Integrating by parts, we have eis frees Multiplying both sides by e~**, including c, we obtain ee petelie Note The constant term, c, has now become a function of x. Example 2 Solve the differential equation x 2 -y x soLuTION Dividing both sides by x to make the first term 2, we obtain ‘The integrating factor is el -(0/s)dx = tins = gar? Applying the result e!™” = u, we have e!"* 1 We now multiply the differential equation by the integrating factor, Q to obtain: Multiplying both sides by x°, we obtain the general solution yaht text EXERCISE 4A Note To obtain a particular solution, which lies on the curve. Hence, we ean called & boundary condition, Example 4 We need to be given find the value of ¢ & specific point This extra fact is illustrates such a situation, Example 3 Solve the differential equation 4” =x", given that y =3 dx" x when seusvon The integrating factor is ells) — gins _ Multiplying the differential equation by the dy x Bay ax? which we express as integrating factor, x, we have Jon=2 = wealtyye 4 When x = 2, . which gives 6=44e 5 c=2 Therefore, the solution is xy=tut42 or Exercise 4A 1 Simplify each of the following. a) eh? by eter en fo) esins a) eftnxae ay eb(-as perm In each of Questions 2 to 7, find the general solution. dy 2 LY _ sya’ 3a dy dx 4 sop Tan Be y= ean ® A curve C in the x-» plane passes through the point (1,0). At any point (x,x) on C, = +y=e" 8) Find the general solution ofthis dierent equation, 5/9 “Hence find the equation of C, giving your answer in the form Ml) Write down the equation of the asymptote o| I | CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 9 Find the general solution of the differential equation giving y explicitly in terms of x in your answer. Find also the particular solution for which y = 1 when x = 0. (ocr) 10 Find the general solution of the differential equation (cos x) 2 + (sinx9y = cos?x dx expressing y in terms of x. (OCR) 11 Find the general solution of the differential equation ay x +ayex ax giving y explicitly in terms of x in your answer, Find also the particular solution for which y = 1 when (ocr) ¥2 Find, in the form y = f(x), the general solution of the differential equation OAS Ges > mOEXCELy dex 13 A.car moves from rest along a stra ight road. After s seconds the velocity is v metres per second. The motion is modelled by os ayaa ated where a and f are positive constants, }) Find v in terms of a, B and 1. 4) Show that, as long as the above model applies, the car does not come to rest. (OCR) 14 The variables v and are related by the differential equation # = 20+ bvtan() Given that y= 1 when 1=0, find » when +=2, (OCR) 48 1) Find the general solution of the differential equation id +ytanx =cosx dx 1) Ify = 2 when x =0, find the particular solution, (NICCEA) 16 Given that Y cons Dy = Ive -* dx and that y = 5 when x = ) find y in terms of x, (OCR) 17 The number, NY, of animals of a cert by births, but decreases at a rate of ay per yer" tain species at time 1 years increases at a rate of AN Pe consi f ut per year by deaths, where 2 and j1 are positive © SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Modelled as continuous variables, V and / are related by the differential equation dr Given that N= Ny when f= 0, find V in terms of «4, and Np. (OCR) AN - yt 9: Find the general solution of the differential equation where k is a constant, giving your answer in the form y = f(x) 1p The gradient at any point P(x, ») of « curve is proportional to the sum of the coordinates of P. The curve passes through the point (1,2) and its gradient at (1, ~2) is ~4 ) Find the equation of the curve ) Show that the line y = —» is an asymptote to the curve. (OCR) 49 i) Show that the appropriate integrating factor for 2+ Qeotx)y = fx) is sin’ tiy Hence find the general solution of the differential equation per 20 Find the general solution of the differential equation ds 4+P)S=1 GHG Given that s = 0 when 1 = 2, express s in terms of | (EDEXCEL) an 21 a) Find the general solution of the differential equation Y yo cae siving your answer in the form y = fix) ») 1) Verify that the graphs of all solutions of the dierent equation pass through the origin , and find the particular solution which is such that ae =1at0. in For this particular solution, state the limiting value of yas x co, (NEAB) oe See Second-order differential equations “ a ‘An equation is termed second order when it contains the second derivative, a Initially, we will consider equations of the form ay. ay yp Peed : Pie moar iN pera Where a, b and c are constants. const eo \ CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Torsolve the-equation of +b Pre= 0, we make the substitution carn y = Ae". Hence, we have y nAe™ and dx which give an? Ae™ + bnde™ + cAe™ = That is, an? +bn+¢=0 This quadratic equation is called the auxiliary equation The solution of a second-order differential equation depends on the type of solution which satisfies its auxiliary equation, There are three types of solution of a quadratic equation: 1 Two real and different roots 2 Two real and equal roots. 3 Two complex roots. Type 1 solution, Aer 4. Bent where 4 and B are arbitrary constants, To verify that this is the full solution, we need to confirm that the following two conditions obtain: © There are two arbitrary constants, as it is a second-order differential equation. © The solution does satisfy the equation oy ae 2 t+ey= “ae ax We notice that there are indeed the two required arbitrary constants, To prove that the solution, y = Ae" + Be", pests the differential equation, We substitute it and its derivatives in the LHS o which gives af? Ae™*(ank + bry + 0) + Beant + bny +6) =0 since n; and ny are roots of the equation an? + bn +¢=0, oa +b Dice ani Ae™ + rb, inBe™) + b(m Ae" +n Bel) + e(Aet™ + Be™) 1 8 ECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS fi jalues of A and B, we nee ‘find the values of . We need two bor Tair uundary conditions. Usually, these « the values of y at Wo different values of x, or dy othe value of y and that of £° for one value of x. Example 4 Find » when 2 dx y= 2and vis finite as x tends to infinity, so.uTion Substituting = Ae" and its derivatives in 2 an 3=0 => Qn-3)@+1)=0 sh once : and -1 Therefore, we have y= Ae? + Be-* When x = 0, y = 2, which gives 2=A+B We know that as tends to infinity, y is finite. Therefore, A = 0 because the limit of e** as x tends to infinity is not finite. Hence, B = 2, which gives y = 2e~ Type 2 solution rn. In this case, we cannot, as implifies to y = (A + B)e™ or int, The solution is, therefore, The auxiliary equation has two real, ‘equal root in Type 1, use just y= Ae" + Be", since thi Ce", which has only one arbitrary cons! A + Bxje™ To prove this is the solution, we mus 1 show that it satisfies the equation P he LY yet + etd + Ba) + ne" B = (A+ Bxje™ + 2nBe™ Substituting these in the LHS of a dy b 24 cy =0, we have ae dx +b 2ecy= ax” din'(A + Bre" + 2nBe"] + BBE + neA + Boys 4 r + Bye = (A+ Brye™(an? + bn +0) + (2na + b)Ber* Since n is a root of an’ + bn +c =0, the first term is zero. Consider now the quadratic formula, When its roots are coincident, b? — 4ac = 0. Therefore, we have Ps ma+b=0 a So, the second term is also zero. dy dy 107 does equal zero, and y = (A + Bx)e" is indeed the ix required solution, : Example 5 Solve $+ 6 22 + oy eee E Substituting y= Ae and its derivatives in © + 6 4? 4 9y = 0, we pet i de de : m+ 6n+9=0 : > (n+3)n+3)=0 : > n=-3 Therefore, the general solution is : v= (A+ Bre Type 3 solution The auxiliary equation has two complex roots, n+ in. Therefore, the solution of a 22 4.5 4 cy =0is de ax y= Aeltinds 4. Bel ~im)s = eM (Aen + Beinsy = e™{Acosmx + idsinmx + Boos (mx) + iBsin(—mx)) =e" (Aeosmx +iAsinnx + Boosmx iBsinmx) = [A + B)cos mx + i(A ~ B) sin nx] Since 4 and B are arbitrary constants, we can combine (4 +B) to give an arbitrary constant C, and we can combine i( — B) to give an arbitra constant D. So, we have ia teen " y= e™(Ceosmx + Dsin mx) os a llccsmmmmmmmnannmnmesaecomll — EXERCISE 48 +3y =0, given that y=0 and 2 = 6, example 6 Solve 5 when = 0. dx ce" sour substituting » = Ae and its derivatives in $ w-2n+3=0 cc 2+ 3 n= ‘Therefore, the general solution is *(Ceos V2x + Dsin V2x) ye To find C and D, we use the boundary conditions 0, which gives When x = 0,5 0=Ccos0+Dsin0 + C=0 Hence, we have y = De' sin 2x 3 6=VID > D=3v2 Therefore, the solution is y= 3V2e* sin vx. + sone boundary condition is given in terms of 2 _ we differentiate the above: : 2 pe'sin V3x+ V2De" cos Vix i ix When x= 0, 2 = 6, which gives : S Hl 6 = Dsin0 + V2Deos0 Alternative notation for derivatives 2, g + or ft, and 22 by y” or f*, Sometimes it is more convenient to denote $* by or f*, and 35 by y” orf", where y = f(x), Exercise 4B ution of each differential equation. - dy InQuestions 4 10 12, find the general sol P 2% +344 dx CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Second-order differential equations of the type @y dy ate t+ey=f(x) If » = g(x) is the solution of Ge pe een dx?” dx and y = h(x) is the solution of @ Sipe es a +ey = f(x) then we have y=h(x) + AgQ) as the general solution of ether B ey any Proof Substituting y = h + Ag and its derivatives in the LHS of Py y op Ve gong dx we have ay" + by + ey = a(h" + Ag") + B(h’ + 2g!) + c(h + Ag) = ah" + bh + ch + Hag" + by’ +9) =f) since h is a solution of ah” + bh’ + ch = f(x), and g is a solution of ag" + bg’ + cg =0. Therefore, y= h(x) + Aga) is the general solution of ay" + by’ + ¢) fo) a(x) is called the complementary function (CF), and h(x) is called the particular integral (PI), The particular solution is obtained by inserting boundary conditions into the general solution. ‘Types of particular integral The particular integral depends on the function f(x). We will consider three types of function f(x): © polynomial © exponential @ trigonometric SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 4 fu) iva polynomial of degree inthis case the particular integral wil also be a polynomial of degree m example 7 By finding a) the complementary function and b) the particular integral, solve the equation targus sousTION a) For the complementary function, we use ax x on a 4x=0 Substituting x = Ae" and its derivatives in the above equation, we get w+3n-4=0 = (nt 4a—1 = n=l or -4 So, the CF is x = Ae’ + Be ticular integral, f(x) is a polynomial of degree 0. Hence, we fb) For the pa for the particular integral need consider only x = Substituting x = ¢ in 8, we get -4c=8 => So, the PI is x = —2 Ae! + Be —2. Therefore, the general solution is x = d Example 8 Find the solution of x de when x = 0, y=oand sounon To find the CF, we use ay 243 dx?” dy Substituting y = Ae" and its deriv. w+3n-4=0 = ntan-D=0 a nal oF 4y=0 atives in the above equation, we get So, the CF is y = Ae’ + Be“. 67 CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS To find the PI, we substitute y = a+ bx +.cx? and its derivatives in which gives 2c + Hb + 2ex) — Mat bx + ex?) = 3+ 8x7 Equating coefficients of x*: —4e Equating coefficients of x: 6¢—46=0 = b= Letting x = 0 in the above equation, we get e+ 3b-4a=3 So, the PL is y= —4 — 3x ~2x* Therefore, the general solution is y= det + Be ~ 43x22 We now need to find values for 4 and B. When x= 0, y= 0, which gives O=A+B-4 => ALB ay Differentiating y = Ae* + Be“** ~ 4 — 3x —2x°, we have dy Ge When x = 0, 2 = 1, which gives dr 1=A-4B-3 > A-4B=4 2 From [1] and [2], we get A =4 and B= 0. ‘Therefore, the general solution is y = 4e* 4 — 3x — 2x2, (x) is an exponential function Take, for example, the equation dy ,34 a6 GY 3 Day = 3 ag ose In this case, ff) = 3e”*. The particular integral will be of the same form: Ce’. Therefore, the CF is y = Ae* + Be~* (see Example 8), To find the PI, we substitute y = Ce’ and its derivatives in ay 49 oy 43 Bg calc el =i" SE COND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS « f(x) isa trigonometric function of the form asin a for example, f(x) = 4sin 2x. The partic ioe in 2x. The particular integral will be of the form Example 9 Solve 72 +3 2 —4y = 4sin2x. SOLUTION The CF is y = Ae* + Be~** (see Example 8). Caution Suppose we were simply to consider y = Csin 2x as the PL Because there is only a sin 2x term on the right-hand side, we would obtain dy &y $e = 2Ceos2x and Gy = —ACsin2x Substituting these in a 4.3 $Y — gy = 4sin2x, we would obtain ede —4C sin 2x +3 x 2Ceos 2x — 4Csin 2x = 4sin2x which includes only one term in cos 2x (rom 2). This means that this equation eannot be solved. Hence, the PI used must contain both sin 2x and cos 2x terms. That is, yy = Csin 2x + Deos2x Differentiating this, we have y! = 2Ccos 2x — 2Dsin2x yt = ~4C sin 2x ~ 4D 6082 AY _ gy = 4sin2x, we get Substituting y’ and y” a —4C sin 2x — AD cos2x + 6Cc082x - 6Dsin2x — 4Csin2x — 4D cos 2x = 4sin 2x Equating coefficients of sin2x: ~8C~ op=4 =» -4¢-3D=2 (i) Equating coefficients of cos 2x: = -4D+3C=0 Ql Oe Solving the simultaneous equations (1] and(2), we get 8 6 : et Cm-35 ant 25 Therefore, the PI is ’ sin 2x ~-& cos2 Hence. the general solution is 8 «+ pe — 5 sin cos 2x ya act + Bee — 8. @y_ ay > — bana Example 10 Soh 8 _ ay = 30, given that y =O and 22 = 11 a Mae dx ax when x = To find the CF, we use #y _dy 5, dx? de Substituting y — Ae™ and its derivatives in the above equation, we get —n-2=0 + (n-2m41)=0 = n=2 or I So, the CF is y = Ae + Be. To find the PI, we let y = Cxe™ here because ¢** already forms part of the CF.) (Note xe is us Differentiating y = Cxe?*, we have oy ce : = Ce + 2Cxe™* dy & da Ce™ + 2Ce™* 4 4Cxe™ 2, Substituting these in a Way 238% 7 2y = 3e™, we get dx ACe™ + 4Cxe** — Ce — 2Cxe** ~ 2Cxe** = 3e2* (Note The x-terms should cancel at this stage.) 30e"= 3c" = C Therefore, the Pl is Hence, the general solution is y = Ae™ + Be-* + xe, 70 : Steony.g 8 ACs stage, agg i DER OFFER ey ondition: Ee CeIGE a conditions: 80d the py insert the boun ¥=0 when 7 Zs boundary a 9S Atp 24¢7 e 2 dy Bem 5. eax + 2? oy ay Aco stem Nears eae eel Be Ur bree a “8 10 ‘=F and po _ to 3 The solution is therefore, y= (10 lo ( é Je x Example 11. Solve y" _ 4)’ + dy = 392 souumion To find the CF, we substitute y < Ae and its derivatives in PAY" + A= 0, which pone Pans 4a9 > @-De-v=ap * m=2 (repeated root) CF is y= (4 + Baye To find the Pl, we allready form terms Therefore, the eed to use a term in xe", since both cand xe in the CF. Therefore, we let y= Cee Wx 42 = ACN + 4Cre™ + 2Ce = ACU + 8Cxe? + 2Ce? Substituting these in y" — dy! + 4y "Which gives y +4Cxe* }e"", we have ic; 2 eo cee ACre* + 8Cxe™ + 2CU* — 42CrFe + 2Cre™) + 4Cxe™* = 3e2 vee 2 i stage.) (Note The terms in x? and x should cancel at this stag. Ice = Be = C= Therefore, the PL is y = 3.2e** Hence, the general solution is } = (A+ Bx the m CHAPTER ¢ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Example 12 Solve y” + 16y = 2cos4y. sownon To find the CF, we substitute y = Ae" and its second derivative in y" + 16x = 0, which gives +16=0 + n=+4i The CF is, therefore,» = Acos4x + Bsin 4x. Note that for the PI we need to use terms in xcos4x and xsin4x, since the CF already contains the terms cos 4x and sin 4x. Therefore, the PI is given by v = Creos4x + Dxsin 4x So, we have = Ceos4x ~ 4Cxsin 4x + Dsin4x + 4Dxcos4x y" = -4Csin 4x — 4Csin4x — 16Cxcos 4x + 4D cos4x + 4D cos 4x — 16D sin dy Substituting the above in »" + 16y = 2cos4x, we get —8C sin 4x — 16Cxcos 4x + 8D cos 4x ~ 16Dx sin 4x + 16Cxcos 4x + +16Dxsin4x = 2cos4x ‘Simplifying, equating sin and cos terms, and remembering that the terms in x should cancel, we find | C=0 and D=t Therefore, the Pl is y = 4xsin 4x. Hence, the solution is Men eneueeeeanceuccesneesenenucusunennenusenan y = Asindx + Boos 4x + sin4x Exercise 4C In Questions 1 to 12, find the general solution of each differential equation. dy e 42 4 3y = de + iy + 3y = 4e ay. dy ay d a 3 fF 6 Wy oy. se 9 Y 4 y= ne at ax t Y= So at” @x dx ax Wa Sy ya oe = At aq ttse 12 gt lox = 30s if.x = —3 and = =1whens=0. — (NICCEA) : 72 44 a) Find thi Pxrneint ae Beneral solution of re n N Of the diffe A differential ¢ Uatio da 4 = 100 5) Hence find the solution for Which y — bat ie Mv = 0 (EDEXCEL) 15 Find the general solution of the equation “+005 Ly fe what extra information would be needed to enaby enable * Particular solution to be obtained. (NEAB/SMP 16. 19) for which y = 4 ang 9 =latys = t=O, ti) Given that 17 Find the general solution of the differential equation (EDEXCEL) 18 1) Solve the differential equation ae + 16x = 0 to find its general solution, IG, Wx 3 and 5 — 9 spben'raai0y shite thatthe particular solution of the differential ar equation above is ® 3cos4r —2sin4r i) By writing the particular solution as Reos(4t+ 4), fi ind the first positive value of + for which xis maximum. — (NICCEA) 19 Obtain the solution of the differential equation and that y= 1 at x= 47, find the value of yaty <4 | A yy 2+ | 7 i 1d 2 — 28, Show that x 2r-43 for large positive 1 (ocr) sven that, when = 0, x = 3 and entie tion 20 Find the general solution of the differential equal ds —5sit R 459% 44x = 15cos3r—Ssin3¢ (OCR) a Fd ial equation Find the general solution of the differential eq! Gi ote en nee +00, find y in terms of x. (OCR) fen iene =O and that y' remains finite ws x 00 an riven that y = 0 when x = 0a 3 CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 22 1) Find the general solution of the differential equation Ge gM 4 95 = 16 c0621 + sindt de dr W If, =3and * = 10 when 1 = 0, find the particular solution. (vICCEA) 1 23 ) Solve the equation e = + sx: You do not need to make y the subject of your solution : ) ») Find the complementary function and a particular integral for the equation 5- - §ys2vte* dy Hence write down the general solution of the equation. (NEAB/SMP 16 19) 24 a) Find the general solution of the differential equation &) Given that v = acos3x + bsin 3x is a particular integral of the differential equation d +42 + 13y = 6c0s3x—Bsin3x dx di find the values of a and b. © Show that this particular integral has maximum and minimum values of vi and au respectively 9) Find the solution of the differential equation wi 13y = 6cos 3x — 8 sin 3x x for which » = 0 and 2 dy dy Qatx=0. (EDEXCEL) 25 a) Find the general solution of the differential equation 2 At ap ihiiny— 190080 de dy 4 =Oatx=Oand=11atx=0, (EDEXCEL) dx b) Hence find the solution for which 26 The value of the stock held by a large business organisation r years after Ist January 1998 is . (10 +) million dollars. The variation of x, which may be regarded as a continuous variable. modelted by the differential equation 2cosr~ I6sinr 1 Find the general solution for x in terms of W Given that x = Land & = 3 whem r= 0, find, correct (o four significant figures, the predicted value of the tock held on fst January 2000, (cR) 14 EOC RS OLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS BY SUBSTITUTION e Values of the constant fe a7 bind the s p and g for which y = 2 2x is a particular integral of the differential equation SE ee dy dv 4y = sin 2x find the general solution of this differential equation Show that when ym, where nis large postive integer, ~~ jm whatever the initial conditions, and find a corresponding approximation for y when x=(n+4)m. (OCR) an Given that v = APe~ satisfies the differential equation OS 9 OE x mg de" ~ di #) find the value of A. b) Hence find the solution of the differential equation for which x = | ©) Use your solution to prove that for ¢>0,x< 1. (EDEXCEL) Solution of differential equations by substitution We can now solve the following three types of differential equation: © First order in which variables are separable. © First order requiring an integrating factor. © Second order of the form ay" + by! + ey constants, Substitutions can be used to make a differential equation, which is one of these three types, more manageable. (x), where a, b and ¢ are For example, to solve (m+ SkM) +0 on = (m+ skMy we would make the substitution p = m+ '5kM, which changes this equation ; = pee ap! nting and is easier to solve. | Substitutions can also be used to convert a more difficult form of differential equation to one of the above three types. (In an Asevel examination, kinds of substitution will normally be -) ea eset | Twosuch substitutions which you will mee! Frequently 2°67 ee, Where w tt fonetion of x. ‘Their application is shown resPe Vand 14. | Tnthis form, the equation looks less dau 75 CHAPTER § DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS given that when x= 1, y = Example 13 Solve a = 49 + xy x sousmion Notice that in this equation the power of each term, treating x and y as the same. is 2. Such equations are called homogeneous equations, for which the usual substitution is y = ux: 2 Differentiating y= wx with respect t0 x, we have : du : MH eeu . dx 2 Substituting for 2 and for yin x? 2 = 4x? tay +y%, we get * ix x . ur +h? af, du ‘ ( s+) Dividing through by x? and rearranging the terms, we have which gives (see page 36) ta ® =inxte 1 ant 2 > har(Z) =Inxt+e Now when x= 1, y = 2. Therefore, c= Hence, we have 1 y 2) x hig Hf 2) itn 7 ( ay y x = 2 =tan(2 oo an(F 42m) a ye retan($-+ 2inx) : 10y = 0 using the substitution : + We need to replace ® by a term in %, ang €¥ & : a ™ as bya term in 5 = So, first we differentiate x = e* with respect to u, which gives 2 = ¢ du 76 get A aaa ae Ye dy : d : dy = eS * Wenoy : dx !9Y=0, we get doy = du” =o a > oF Wino dat" ay NY Substituting y = 4em and its derivatives in the above equation, we obtin —~3n—19=0 > n=s or Therefore, the general solution is y= Ae™ + Be-™ Using x =e, we have c= (en = which give and ey ys Att Exercise 4D ah ofthe following tion of each 0 jon y = wx; find the general solu 1 Using the substitution » = y vy E= dy oe+y a by xy 7 CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 2. Using the substitution p = x +); find the general solution of dy _ axe ytd dxoxty+l 3. Use the substitution p = 2x + 37 to find the general solution of dy _ 4x +6y—$ dx +3r4l |, find the general solution of 4 Using the substitution x = x>0,1>0,and y isa function of x, find * in terms of 2 and ¢ dx dr 5 Given that 4r 82 4.2. show that the substitution x =, transforms the Assuming that <> = . ae ae ar differential equation ay L) dy pe —* + (6x- re it rid oie eae into the differential equation 2 Fay de dr Hence find the general solution of {I}, giving y in terms of x, (EDEXCEL) 6 a) Find the general solution of the equation dz dy b) Make the substitution y = xz in the equation x24 o- y= Hence write down the solution of this equation. _ (NEAB/SMP 16-19) 7 a) Show that the substitution v = xy transforms the differential equation fee +41 +p = 32" x40 into the ire equation ey Py 4 hs y= 320 ae de b) Given that v = ae*, where a is a constant, is a particular integral of this transformed equation, find a. 78 EXERCISE 4D «Find the solution of the differential equation dy and = Oatx=1 for which y= x 4) Determine whether or not this solution remains finite as x—+ 00. (EDEXCEL) The variables x and y are functions of t, and satisfy the differential equations dx BE 25 c ai ° Y ,e=0 a By eliminating y' show that x, 5 dx #x 42 ae get a Find the general solution of this differential equation for x and deduce by substitution in (*) the general solution for y- 0. Hence, or otherwise, find x and y in terms of 1, given that x= 1 and y = 0 when (= (NEAB) 4-4) Find, in the form y = f(x), the general solution of the equation 2 ye eo | b) ) Given that y =~, show that ct) Exercise 4A yas vest o) detee® 4y 2H sinx—fe%cosxte Ba) yeh axte Syste by soe t'in(x—+ex— 0" 7 ysin, 8b) PyHO—Ne*r My=O syaledpr pe’. yaUt}xe" 10 p= xcosx + coosx ayataet) 1 yext—x tert sap y= tee” 14 v= 200tan0.2 + see0.2 a+B 406 ANSWERS gn ymxexte MyH + 2e0x 1y Orly 56% i ara} mares gage 19m ysint nays DD y=—re* 0 Exercise 4B ays BEM Byte e Bee 3 ym sce y pele GO x= A+B 7 =(+Bve* By 0 y=e%(Acos20+ Bsin2s) Wx = de? 4 pet Exercise 4C 1 y= de’ + Bet — 2x 2» fen + Be — de 9 y= det + Be 2 BB 4 y= de + Be? BE sinSx ~ 3 cosSe 8 x= Ae 4 Bet Be 6 sade +B +H cose My sin2e 7 y= de + Bet hres By 9 y= e'(Acos Vx + Bsin V2x) +2 10 y (14 Bet gate M(Acose + Bsinx)+$e% x= (44 Bt 2)e 12 x= Acosdi + Bsindt + frsinds 13 x=(2sin2—3oos2He 14 a) y= Ae ¢Be% +20" by yw e*— Se +20 15 y= 44 Bey Je deos} x; 1(0) and yO), oF y for two values of x 18D y= eMAeosIet Indy WS MT y=eM(Acos + Bsiny) + fe(sin2x 4 8eos2x) 18-1) as Roe cosas + Bsinds my 142419 M4 Be'¢sin31 21 y= det + Ber" + 3eos2x ~4sin2x, y = 3e0s2e~ Asin —3e-* (Acos St+ BsinSt) + 2sin2t i) x= 3e"easSt +2sin2e 23 9) In(l +) snsin( as3ee-mn( eth BW y= yaad pe y= CMF prbet hap yee MAcosde Band) BAL WG) y= Jeos3x+4sin3x—FeM(cos3x-+sin 3x) 25 a) y= del + Ber“ sin e+ Deas by y= et —4e-V? + sin + 2oos.x % x2e'[acor(£) + asin($)] «20001 1 59550000 27 p= 0.4 sin2v- Boos2s—frews2ey sft De May wy=denet +r Exercise 4D Va) oe mgt] Inxte Zetec a dof [sat B ace 2 yyeadB a atv Byte 4a) Vety—Lindet apps) = dete 3 2x4 3y+ pPln(l6x + Ay — 13) J) tot ae ede abe 49

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