Data Storage Data Movement Control Structure Figure2 The computer. Fig. 2 is the simplest possible depiction of a computer. The computer is an entity that interacts in some fashion with its external environment. In general, all of its linkages to the external environment can be classified as peripheral devices or communication lines,e puter is wn in Fig. 3. The comput | structure of the com uter is sho Fig. a Internal i ral ci nents: ists of four main struc tural compo! consis! ° -ontrols the operation of the Central processing Unit (CPU): controls the operat en if s ing functions. Oft imply referred to as pr forms its data processing functions. Often simply Di per s © Main Memory: stores data. and i ra i ent. 1/O: moves data between the computer and its extern: al environment. — is 2 ides for commu System Interconnection: some mechanism that provides mi among CPU, main memory, and /O. é Bin Central Processing Unit / COMPU Wie Memory, ( ry} v0 — fystent}— \ \Bus_/ via conver —_( artamene | ce toric unit oa Earn cru Nera \ \icieeoaeeeey \ Se YA ’ Figure4 The CPU. Use the information in Fig. 4 to reconstruct the following p: ’ The most interesting and the most complex component is. structure is depicted in Fig. 4. Its major structural component : controls the operation of the CPU and he ————_________: performs the computer’ functions. : te + provide storage internal to the CEUs * some mechanism that provi control unit, ALU, and registers,Computer components As we have seen, the computer consists of CPU, memory, and /O components. These components are interconnected in some fashion to achieve the basic function of the computer, which is to execute programs. Contemporary computer design is based on three key concepts: Data and instructions are stored in a Single read-write memory. e The contents of this memory are addressable by location, without regard to the type of data contained there. « Execution occurs in a sequential fashion (unless explicitly modified) from one instruction to the next. cru MAR Instruction Instruction MBR FI = Data He Data conn Data Data 1/0 Module. SS res Figure 5 Computer components: top-level view. Fig. 5 illustrates the among them. The CPU For this purpose, a memory address the next read or the data to be wr Similarly, an ( and the C} PU,dule consists of a set of locations, defined by s module consists A memory ; ach locatio! n contains a binary number red addresses. an instruction or dat as either a vices to CPU and memory, and vice versa. It contaii arily holding this data until it can be sent on. pion a. An I/O module transfers da interpreted external de buffers for tempora Computer function The basic function performed by a computer is program execution, am to be executed consists of a set of instructions stored in met | processing unit (CPU) does the actual work by executing inst progr: central specified in the program. The program is executed in two steps: the C) (fetches) instructions from memory one at a time, and it execut instruction. Bus interconnection cru | Memory | +++ | Memory 10 Co TOOT eeonecu7 TT lI] oa eo l lr —5 =e Seccee gfoe Sy z Dat al Figure6 Bus interconnection scheme. Reconstruct the following paragraph of the text by using the cor of the verbs in brackets A bus is a communication pathway (connect) devices. A key characteristic of a bus is that it transmission medium. Multiple devices ) and a signal r eption by all other devices actually (transmit) by any one device (attach) to the bus ——______ (consist) of multiple communica ‘stems ‘ ; Omens —___ (contain) a numb (provide) Pathways between component gem hierarchy, A. buscomputer components (CPU, memory, 10) ——_ (call) a system bus. A system bus consists, typically, of from 50 to 100 Separate lines. Each line _____— (assign) a particular ‘Meaning or function. Although there are many different bus designs, on any bus the lines can into three functional groups (Figure 6): data, address, addition, there may (classify) and control lines. In ————__ (be) power distribution lines that _______— (supply) power to the attached modules. ax@ndise @ Put the statements in the right order to summarize the operation of a computer In summary, the operation of a computer can be described as follows: - Allactivities inside the machine are directed by a control unit - Information stored in the memory is fetched, under program control, into an arithmetic and logic unit to be processed: - It accepts the information (programs or data) through an input unit and transfers it to the memory - Processed information leaves the computer through an output unit GXERCISE 9 ce 7 Refer back to the reading text (lines 1-44) and similar meaning) for the followin; ord x 1. describe eter: sili 2. connection 3. change 4. overtly OF carry out 5. describe fullyaxangise 4 xt and find antonyms (i.e. words with Now refer back to the reading te: opposite meaning) for the following words: 1. internal eee 2. simple Se ee 3. central ee 4. deliver (data) tie sneer 5. receive (a signal) SS 6. single BNERCISE S Decide whether the following statements are true or false by referring to th ~" in the space if the statement is true, information in the text. Write if it is false. Then rewrite the false statements so that they are true. 1. The computer interacts with its environment via peripheral devices communication lines. ___2. The basic function of the computer is to store data. ___ 3. I/O devices transfer data between external devices and the CPU. ___4. The program is executed in two steps: the CPU fetches instructiol from memory, and it executes each instruction. 5. A bus connecting major computer components (CPU, memory. the main bus. 6. A bus is a pathway over which data or power is transmittedWhere do we store instructions and data? ; How do we provide communication among the c i me. ontrol unit, ALU, and what do we use I/O buffer register for? How does the CPU perform the actual Operation? 6, How can we supply power to the computer modules? axangisa 9 a. Scan the following text to answer the question: Which basic characteristics of the memory do we usually consider when buying a computer? Computer Memory The design constraints on a computer's memory can be summed up by three questions: How much? How fast? How expensive? The question of ‘how much’ is somewhat open-ended. If the capacity is there, ill likely be developed to use it The question of ‘how fast’ is, in a applications w. achieve greatest performance, the memory must be able to sense, easier to answer. To keep up with the CPU. That is, as the CPU is executing instructions, we would not want it to have to pause waiting for instructions or operands. The final question must .d. For a practical system, the cost of memory must be reasonable in also be considere relationship to other components. As might be expected, there is @ trade-off among the three key characteristics of and access time. ent memory systems. Across. this memory, namely cost, capacity, At any given time, a variety of technologies are used to implem spectrum of technologies, the following relationships hold: * Smaller access time, greater cost per bit‘apacity, smaller cost per bit reater access time. e Greate! e Greater capacity, 8 to answer the following: b. Now read the text carefully ust the memory be coordinated with in order to achieve on 1. What mus performance? 2. Why? § 3. What relationships hold among the three key characteristics of memory’ GXGRGISE Guess the meanings of the following definitions related to the reading text” 1. A set of keys or levers designed to be depressed and used as a control or device in operating a machine such as a typewriter or a computer. E 2. a. Any visual presentation of the output of a unit or system, as on cathodes or in readable characters of a digital display. b. The device on which the information is projected a integrated circuit, such as transistors or resistors, are found. Al b A popular name for an integrated circuit. oi sed tm mrs digit),joy SECTION 10 jap FURMATION = SORES any words are formed from a stem Which, has conten Meanin, jd other content Or grammatical Meaning to the stem, add 8 and affixes which - Affixes are divided into two and suffixes, efixes, Which come before a Stem, whi pre » Which come after the stem, cample: For examp! Prefix stem Suffix re - construc - tion (again) (builay (noun) Prefixes usually change the Meaning of the word; for example un- changes a word to Suffixes, on the other hand, ther. For example, -ly added to the negative. Unblocked means "not being blocked”, usually change the word from one Part of speech to ano the adjective functional, gives adverb functionally, NOUN-FORMING SUFFIXES SUFFIX State, quality pertaining to condition/stat fe State, action activity action/state conditionVERB-FORMING SUFFIXES MEANING to make MEANING in the manner of MEANING. calculate modify standardize lengthen EXAMPLES _ magnetically particularly EXAMPLES capable of being characterized by without quality of have the quality of readable visible useful wireless protectiveanGlsB 9 study the above tables ang try te fing suffixes. EXERCISE 10 aNXEROISE 1 A) Complete this box where possible operate operator / operation Operational operationally computer functionally arithmetic magnet Process 5) Now complete these 1. Main Parts of a another, 2. The sole data,is a storage device made up of one or on both sides dis Bees circular plates which can be 4. The keyboard is connected to the Processing . Th ard is the computer. 5, The brain of the which consists of four. the control unit, the and logic unit, the registers, interconnection, is called the central ______________ unit or 6. If acomputer is to achieve a reasonable be organized in a parallel fashion. GXERGISE 12 Translate into English: Organizacija integriranih sklopova Poluvodiéke se memorije ostvaruju u obliku integriranih sklopova. Svaki inte sklop sadrzi slijed memorijskih elemenata. Govore¢i 0 memoriji kao cjeli smo da treba posti¢i kompromis izmedu brzine, kapaciteta i cijene. kompromisima govorimo i kad razmatramo organizaciju memorijskih el integriranom sklopu. Jedan je od osnovnih problema u izvedbi pol 1 memorija broj bitova podataka koji se mogu odjednom o€itati/ispisal strani organizacija u kojoj je fizi¢ki raspored elemenata u slijedu isti raspored rijeci u memoriji. Slijed se sastoji od W rijeci od kojih sv. Na pppsoier. epeertan eek od 16 meet mogao bi se org e the following words in your Be os op - integrated circuit, chip