College of Engineering and Computer Science Mechanical Engineering Department California State University Mechanical Engineering 375 Northridge Heat Transfer ‘Spring 2007 Number 17629 Instructor: Larry Caretto April 25 Homework Solutions 11-42 Ethylene glycol is heated from 20°C to 40°C at a rate of 1.0 kgis in a horizontal copper tube (k= 386 Wim-K) with an inner diameter of 2.0 cm and an outer diameter of 2.5 cm. A saturated vapor (T, = 110°C) condenses on the outside-tube surface with the heat transfer coefficient (in kWim? -K) given by 9.2/(Ty - Tw)2°, where Tw is the average outside-tube wall temperature. What tube length must be used? Take the properties of ethylene glycol to be 1p =1109 kgim?, c, = 2428 Jikg-K, k = 0.253 Wim-°C, = 0.01545 kgim-s, and Pr = 148.5. In this problem we have to evaluate the overall heat transfer coefficient, U, before we can do the heat exchanger analysis. Here we choose to base the overall coefficient on the outside tube atea, $0 we label this Us, L 1, W(D,/D,) 1 1 UA, Ind, 2aKL TA, DL NyzD,L We can muitiply the second equation by aDeL to obtain the following result 1 _1 | xD,Lm(D,/D,) 1 U, hy ‘2akL hazD,L hy We know that the outside heat transfer coefficient is given by the equation A/(Ty - Tw)?#*, where A = 9,2 kWim2/K"7S, = 9200 W-K7S, We know that Ty = 110°C, but we do not know the average walll temperature Tw. We do know, however, that the transfer to the condensing fluid must be the same as the heat transfer from the ethylene glycol to the outer tube wall O=h, AAT, -T,)= Ty —Tang > haD,LT, -T, eats D/DY 1 oe QakL IA, AD, In this equation To ac is the average temperature of the glycol in the tube which 30°C, the mean of the inlet and outlet temperature, Multiplying the second equation through by xDoL. gives. Ty Tay 1,-T, - Toe - AMT, T= TaD, D,) | =D,L ~ D,wID,/D,) - D. 2akL izD,L 2k HD, ‘Substituting the value for he gives nT, Ar, -1,,)" 2k hD, ‘The thermal conductivity of copper is found from Table A-3 to be 385 Wim-K. Ifwe can compute the inside heat transfer coefficient for the ethylene glycol, can find all terms in this equation. Jacaranda (Engineering) 3333 Mail Code Phone: 818.677.6448 E-mail: Icaretto@osun.edu 8348) Fax: 818.677.7062April 25 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 2 ‘except for T... That will give us an equation to solve for T.... We have to compute the Reynolds umber to see if the flowinside the tunbe is laminar or turbulent. To do this we need the velocity, lkg 5 870m re (0 amp Sf 70 m yp ne k8 28700002 m) pee Plo s gy} “ 0.01545 ke ms This is a transition flow; we will use the equation for fully developed turbulent flow in this case. Here we use the Dittius-Boelter equation with a Prandtl number exponent of n= 0.4 because we are heating the fluid, to find the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient, hi Nu =0.023Re°* Pr°* = 0.023(4121) *(148.5)"* =132.5 kNu _ 132.5 0.2531 _ 167717 D, 002m mK mK ‘Substituting this value for hi and the other data for diameters and thermal conduetivity into our ‘equation for T. gives the following computational result 9200 7s Fy ~To.av Ate TP gale TP = Deni), 2k nD, T,-30°C _ Ty-30°C (0.025 m)in[(0.025 m)/(0.02 ml, me K 0.025 m 7.2410 Sm? K 4 HS. AxL0~S in’ 2 385 1677 W 0.02 m Ww Ww mK We see that the resistance of the copper tubing is small compared to the inside convection resistance and we could have neglected it. Rearranging this equation and setting Ty to its given value of 110°C gives 200" 001" (oec_r ¥ 920018 (1) 132910 -30°C) = (uo’c—z, f 0.06920 K-25 mr mK Z,, —30°C, Note that the units are consistent because we are dealing with temperature differences. Thus we can use a constant with units of kelvins to solve for a temperature difference in °C. Solving this equation by calculator or spreadsheet software for numerical solution of an equation gives Tw '1.58°C. This gives the outside heat transfer coefficient, hs = 9200/(1 10°C - 91.58eC)22 = 4441 Wim2.0C. We now have all the information we need to compute the overall heat transfer coefficient.11-46 April 25 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 3 2 ln(D, Di). D. UL 2 1D, m+K (0.025 m)in[(0.025 m)/(0.02 m)]__m?+K 0.025 m _ 9.706x10~m? + K Ma 5385 0 1677 W 0.02 m w _ Taking the reciprocal gives Us = 1030 Wim?C. We can find the length by fining the heat transfer area using the equation that Q=U,4,AT,,. First, we can compute the heat transfer by applying the first law energy balance to the glycol flow. ABI (yoo ope e\lF: ja Lie 248 T (yge¢_a92c)8 3 kg-K J Next we compute the lag-mean temperature difference for this heat exchanger. Although we are not told ifs parallel flow or counter flow, that does not matter since the hot side temperature is a constant (0, =F) ~(O, ~T y C= 20°C)- (110°C - 40" 20 ar, =! A LC )_ (orc 20°C)- (110°C — 40 ©) ro 58°C T-Ten | in| 110°C - 20°C nr 110°C 40°C. = 4856017 ron } We can now find the desired length. 48560 O=U,A,AT, (0.025 m)79.58°C) U,2D,LAT,, ‘Steam in the condenser of a steam power plant is to be condensed ata temperature of 50°C (hig = Steam 2383 kJikg) with cooling water (cp = 4180 Jikg-°C) | soc from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser at 18°C and leaves at 27°C, The surface area of the tubes is 42 m?, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2400 Wim?C, Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of the steam in the condenser. 2 From the information given on temperatures and area, we can compute the heat transfer using the usual Isc equation O = UAAT,,,.. Once we know the heat Waer transfer we can compute the required mass flow rates by first law energy balances. Since the temperature of s0°C the steam does not change we can write our log- mean temperature difference equation as follows.April 25 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 4 We can use this heat transfer to compute the mass flow rates of the cooling water and the condensing steam. Wooingp(Ls—L) > titsoing 11-49E A 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin (c, = 0.60 Btu/lb,,°F) from 65°F to 140°F by hot water (c) = 1.0 Btu! Ib,,*F) that enters the thin-walled 0.5-in-diameter tubes at 175°F and leaves at 120°F. The total length of the tubes in the heat ‘exchanger is 500 ft. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 4 Btu/h ft?°F on the glycerin, (shell) side and 50 Btu/hft?°F on the water (tube) side. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger (a) before any fouling occurs and (b) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.002 Btu/h ft¢°F /Btu on the outer surfaces of the tubes. From the data given we can compute the heat transfer coefficient by assuming that the thin- walled tubes do not add to the overall resistance composing the heat transfer coefficient, 1 1 (D,/D,) 1 toil + wd, hd, OKLA, saset TI hy Bu ‘Taking the reciprocal gives U = 3.704 Btu/h ft?°F. From this U value and the other given data, we can find the heat transfer by the usual equation, O = UAFAT,,, where F is the correction factor to account for the & tube passes in this heat exchanger. We compute the log-mean temperature difference for a counter-flow heat exchanger (the basis for the correction factor method) as follows a= Fool =65°C)-175°C-140°C) yy ge a wont ~ Fem Luou } We have to compute the ratios R and P to determine the correction factor.11-90 April 25 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 5 Trnssou — Tbe 120°F -175°F Topestin ~ Toure: 65°F -175°F Doreitin ~ Tren 68°F -140°F _ Taseous ~Lsan 120° F-175°F | From Figure 11. 18(a) for one shell pass and any multiple of 2 tube passes we find F = 0.60 for these values of R and P. We can now find the heat transfer. 3.704 Bru fe F 523.6 f° )0.6)(44.25° F) = [B1.5x10" Btu/t] hf With fouling we have to add the fouling factor to our calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient U. fh? F 0.002 h . 2h. fe! Vd g Ln k fee FO FOF uh, jh 4 Bru Bru 50 Br Bru ° JAFAT y = Taking the reciprocal gives U = 3.676 Btu/hft2°F. The other data (correction factor and log- mean temperature difference) do not change and we find the heat transfer as follows 6, )0.s(820 7). SERA Cold water (c, = 4.18 =J/kg:*C) enters a cross-flow heat exchanger at 14°C at a rate of 0.35 kg/s where it is heated by hot air (c, = 1.0 kJ/kg:°C) that enters the heat exchanger at 65°C. ata rate of 0.8 kg/s and leaves at 25°C. Determine the maximum outlet temperature of the cold water and the effectiveness of this heat exchanger. ‘There are two possible limits to the maximum water temperature. The first is simply the temperature of the hot fluid entering, 65°C. However, itis possible that the maximum heat transfer will give a lower limit for temperature. We compute the maximum heat transfer by ‘computing the products of mass flow rate times heat capacity and finding which is the smaller 8kg LOKI 1K +s _ O&K ©) = Aine, = = ONS ge CRT 0.35 kg AAS ASLAM -s _ 1.463 KI C, = they. = 1403 FF “ ’ s keeC kt Cc ‘So Cnin= Ch =0.8 KW/'C. We use this to compute the maximum heat transfer. W OS AW (65°C 14°C) = 40.80 KF ase = Caio Fim FE °C This maximum rate of heat transfer gives the maximum outlet temperature of the water found as follows form the usual first aw energy balance. v tear °C ou =C-(Teegeoye Fen) =11-93 11-118 April 25 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 6 ‘The effectiveness is the actual heat transfer divided by the maximum heat transfer. The actual heat transfer can be found from the inlet and outlet temperature of the air. OS ET 650 — sc) c 40.80 Hot oll (c, = 2200 Jikg-*C) is to be cooled by water (cp = 4180 J/kgC) in a 2-shellpasses and 12-lube-passes heat exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are made of copper with a diameter of 1.8 cm. The length of each tube pass in the heat exchanger is 3 m, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 340 Wim2.°C. Water flows through the tubes at a total rate of 0.1 kg/s, and the oil through the shell ata rate of 0.2 kg/s. The water and the enter at temperatures 18°C and 160°C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the outlet temperatures of the water and the oil, We compute the maximum heat transfer by frst computing the products of mass flow rate times heat capacity and finding which is the smaller. 0.2 kg 2200 KJ 1AI-s 44007 s kgec kr c O.Lkg 4180 KAW ss 41817 c =the. = sy kgeC ko Oe = 418 WiC, We use this to compute the maximum heat transfer. $0 Crin= C. = a (160° -18°¢)= 5.93510! 7 = Coa (Tran —Tes Pea = Crs =, In order to find the heat transfer we have to find the heat exchanger effectiveness. We do this by ‘computing the NTU and using the charts that give the effectiveness as a function of NTU and the Tatio of Cni/Gmas. The surface area is required to compute the NTU. The heat exchanger in this problem has 12 tube passes, each of which is 3 m long, with a diameter of 1.8 cm = 0.018 m. ‘Thus the total heat transfer surface area is found as follows, ADL = 127(0.018 1 (2 m)= 2.04 m* 4187 Com 2 C Come OF °C For these values of NTU and Cnn /Gnss, we find ¢ = 0.061 from Figure 1 1-26(d) on page 637. ‘The actual heat transfer is the product of the maximum heat transfer and the heat exchanger effectiveness. 3.62x10" The condenser of a large power plant is to remove 500 MW of heat from steam condensing at 30°C (hig = 2431 kJ/kg). The cooling is to be accomplished by cooling water (cp = 4180 ‘ikg.°C) from a nearby river, which enters the tubes at 18°C and leaves at 26°C. The tubes of the heat exchanger have an internal diameter of 2 cm, and the overall heat transfer O= Qu, =(0.61)5.935x10° 1)April 25 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 7 coefficient is 3500 Wim?-°C. Determine the total length of the tubes required in the condenser. What type of heat exchanger is suitable for this task? From the data given we can compute the required area by computing the log mean temperature difference, 0°c -18°C 30°C (2¥e in) 30°C -26°C } Ifwe assume a simple configuration so that there is no correction factor, we can compute the desired tube length, Q 500x10° W UoRDyATin 350017 200.09 m\7.28°C) mK This length of tubes will obviously require a heat exchanger with several tube passes. After deciding on a final design we would have to recomputed the heat transfer to account for the correction factor in a multi-pass heat exchanger. o UjA,ATy =UpRD LAT, => L=