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O The National Association of Licenced Driving Schools
Drawings: Roar Horgen
Photos: Tore F r e d e n l u n M e Iversen a.0.
Layout and production: Zoom Grafisk AS
Cover layout: Digital Kopi AS
Cover design: O The image bank
English translation: Jorgen Aall Myhre

May 2000

ISBN 82-7310-115-0
PREFACE

Most people are regular road users, be it as drivers, passengers,

cyclists or pedestrians. In every town and city and all over the
countryside innumerable numbers of vehicles and more vulner-
able road users are out and about every day.

It is in the interest of society as well as the individual road user

that everything is done to ensure the safe and orderly flow of
traffic. Road accidents are the source of immeasurable human
pain, suffering and sorrow to those involved. And the cost to
society is enormous.

Information and training are among the measures implemented

to promote road safety. It is important to influence all road
users, not least the motorists.

The majority of the Norwegian driving schools are organised in

The National Association of Licensed Driving Schools. The
association has produced this book as an element of driving
instruction quality assurance. It is the hope of the authors and
the Association that the book will meet the driving schools'
requirements and thus contribute to the efforts towards impro-
ved road safety.

We are grateful to The Norwegian State Railways, Ofotens and

Vesteraalens Steam Ship Company and Sunnhordland Bridge
and Tunnel Company A/S for contributing photographs.

The National Association of Licensed Driving Schools

The authors
rers, passengers,
ADVICE TO READERS
-
A plan for the practical part of the training with refer-
ences to important sections of the book is given on pages
205-216. J -5,- 3-11:c+yF.q

Iand a l l over the 1 Keep in mind that the theory is important to the training as
n lore vulner- well as to the driving test.

2 Read the table of contents. Take a quick glance through the

Mdua road user book to get an overall picture and make up your mind about
I~xderlyflovv of what is most important to you.
murable human
.And the cost to 3 Then read more thoroughly. Underline and make notes, and
test yourself to ensure that you remember what you have read.

ps implemented 4 Sum up what you have read and make sure you have a com-
fhnce all road prehensive picture. Make use of the register on page 292.

5 It is a good idea to recall those parts of the text that are most
are organised in relevant to the particular practical exercise before you start
g Schools. The driving.
ment of driving Make use of the plan for the practical part of the training on
the authors and page 205.
driving schools'
; towards impro-

Active participation is important for the training. Dis,

zys, Ofotens and cuss the subjects with others and ask your instructor'!
. . .
'lordland Bridge heory and :losely rel; 1.
'ograph.

Schools
 Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Cars are useful ........................................................................9

Driver's licence ..................................................................... 10
Driver training .......................................................................11

CHAPTER 2 THE HUMAN FACTOR

The human road user ............................................................ 15

Driving means making proper decisions ..............................16
Our senses are important ...................................................... 19
Perception. awareness and response time ............................ 21
Speed and distance ...............................................................24
The driver's handling and control of the car ........................ 26
Vulnerable road users ...........................................................27
Factors that influence your driving skill ............................... 31
Alcohol and driving ..............................................................33

CHAPTER 3 THE CAR. THE ROAD AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

The car .................................................................................. 36

Periodic inspection of passenger cars .................................. 59
The road and its environment.
(road. junction. carriageway. lanes. road markings etc.) ...... 60
Road trafflc legislation ........................................................70
Road user. vehicle and road .................................................71

CHAPTER 4 BEHAVIOUR ON THE ROAD

The driver's tasks ................................................................. 72

Basic rules for road users .....................................................73
Driving position. mirror and seat belt ..................................74
 Observing .............................................................................76
Signalling ..............................................................................84
Adapting speed .....................................................................86
Position on the carriageway .......................................... ....... 98
Giving way ....................................................................... 115
Reversing and turning round ..............................................131
Standing and parking ........................................................... 135
The hazards of driving ........................................................145
Night driving ......................................................................151
Level crossings ...................................................................159
Driving on priority roads ....................................................162
Motorways .......................................................................... 167
Overtaking .......................................................................... 172
Slippery roads ..................................................................... 181
Large vehicles, motor cycles and mopeds .......................... 186
Horses on the road .............................................................. 188
Safe, efficient and environment-friendly transport ............ 189

CHAPTER THE DRIVER'S RESPONSIBILITIES

Insurance. registration. being fit to drive.

regulations concerning alcohol. driving while impaired.
what to do at the scene of an accident. first aid .................. 193

Plan for practical training ...................................................205

CHAPTER 6 OUR SOCIETY. ITS DEVELOPMENT. ITS NEED FOR

TRANSPORT AND THE ENVIRONMENT

I MAIN FEATURES AND TRENDS IN

NORWEGIAN COMMUNICATIONS

Communications and society .............................................. 217

Transport as a communicationsjunction ............................. 218
Mobility ...............................................................................219
Transport by boat.train and aircraft .................................... 221
Sea transport ....................................................................... 221
Railway transport ................................................................ 222
Air tiansport ........................................................................223
 _'I
I - ' I ,
7
' -- I

'I, s , I

' I

I1 ROAD TRANSPORT, ITS DEVELOPMENT AND

SIGNIFICANCE

Before mass motorism...................................................... 225

Mass motorism ...................................................................
226
Car and culture ................................................................228
Driving forces behind road traffic ......................................229
Passenger transport ....................................................
....... 230
Town and country ............................................................ 233
Road accidents as a health issue......................................... 236
The environment.................................................................
240
Protecting the environment ................................................ 242

The car: servant or master? ...............................................245

Explosive growth in global motorism ................................245
The car, the machine that changed the world .....................247

APPENDICES 1 Traffic signs and rules relating to traffic signs ...............252

2 The traffic rules ............................................................. 269
3 Road markings, traffic lights and signals by the police .. 277
4 Excerpts from regulations concerning drivers' licences . 2 8 1
5 Excerpts from the Road Traffic Act ...............................284
6 Index .............................................................................293
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Cars are useful
The passenger car is an everyday convenience to most people.
Improved design and materials make the modem car reliable.
Cleaner fuel and strict controls rninimise damage to the envi-
ronment. But road traffic still pollutes too much. Pollution and
road accidents impair the quality of life for many people.

Almost everybody owns a cal; and the effects are positive as

well as negative.

We should appreciate the value of the motor car to society and

to individuals. The car appeals to people's craving for speed,
action and excitement. We cannot tolerate irresponsible drivers
who show no consideration for the life and health of others or
the environment.
The driver training and the driving test should ensure that the
drivers develop skill in handling a car. The contents of this book
should give learner drivers the necessary background.

A majority of those that obtain a driver's licence are young people

of 18-20 years that use cars and m t o r q c k sfor pleasure.
 Driver's licence
Drivers' licences are issued for the following classes, depend-
ing on the kind of car or motor vehicle:
Age
class limit Valid for

A 18/21 & & HEAVY MOTORCYCLE

A1 16
& LIGHT MOTOR CYCLE

PASSENGER CAR AND

B* 18
-, L-p LIGHTDELIVERY
VEHICLE

C1 18 LIGHT LORRY

C 18 LOW

D 21 BUS
V V

Dl 21
r MINIBUS

l8l2' 1 r- TRAlLER for licence classes

B , C , C l , D , orD1

S 16 & FULL TRACK MOTOR

CYCLE

T 16 TRACTOR

* ) A Class B driver's licence is validfor passenger cars with not more thun 8 seats. It is forbidden to carry
passengers in the goods compartment of a delivery vehicle. A Class B licence is also valid for moped.
10
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Driver training
The instruction at a driving school follows a plan established by
the authorities. Its objective is:

Objective
tird skl&requid to m a b hifnitr dn'ping
mdcasposslble
con- to optimal flow oI tnlfnc ,
take accownt of the safety and health of othersand o
the uwlronment
comply with the leglslotfon, p r o ~ n sand male-
relating to rtmd t d l l c as well as other ngulntin=

I Health The instruction must emphasise health, environment and safety

Environment in order to safeguard the well-being and quality of life for
Safety everybody on the road and in its vicinity.

1 Driving is Driving is a demanding skill, and the surroundings change all

demanding the time. It takes more than skilful handling of the vehicle to be
b.: a good driver.
k-
L: Theory and A combination of theory and.practica1 training gives the best
. :
- practice results. The only way to learn to drive a car is to practise driving
in trafflc.

&bidden to cany You will gain the practical skills more quickly if the instructor
validfor moped can build on knowledge you have already acquired.
Regulations The driving school will give you a leaflet containing detailed
information concerning the training.

Driver's licence

Fit to become To obtain a Class B driver's licence you must

a driver be of sober habits and otherwise be of good character
have sufficiently good eyesight and mental and physical health
be between 18 and 71 years of age

A doctar's certificate is not normally required for a Class B

licence. Biltilsynet (the Motor Vehicle and Driver's licence
Inspectorate) will decide if a medical certificate is required on
the basis of a personal declaration by the applicant.

Barred from A person who is found guilty of an offence may be barred from
obtaining a obtaining a driver's licence until the expiry of a certain period
driver's licence of time.

Offence
I

1 Sentence or conviction for intoxication1 Up to ,ears

Driving without a driver's licence ( At least 112 year

Driving without a driver's licence and
causing serious damage At least 1 year
Sentence or conviction which would
entail suspension of the driver's licenc
4 The minimum
suspension
 I Compulsory 'o obtain a driver's licence, compulsory driver training
training in traffic, on slippery roads and at night at a driving
school must have been completed.
-

It takes considerable and varied training to become a safe driver.

. , A:.: , ,. 9 .;

Pupil . < . . <

A combination of professional instruction at a driving school

and private driving practice produces the best result.

The pupil's The person accompanying the pupil at practice driving must be
companion at least 25 years of age and must have been in the continuous
possession of a driver's licence for the past 5 years.

Choose practice areas which are appropriate to the pupil's level

to make the driving efficient and cause minimum inconvenien-
ce to others. See page 205.

1 Suitable car A car that is used for private driving practice must be capable of
being stopped quickly and efficiently from the companion's
seat. A rear view mirror for the companion must also be fitted.

The car must display, at the rear, a clearly visible letter <<L>>
in
red to signal practice driving.

Practice driving
from 16 years
The pupil's The instructor or companion is considered to be the driver
obligations during practice driving, but the pupil also has certain obliga-
tions.

During practice driving the pupil shall:

be alert and cautious
not be under the influence of alcohol
not be unfit because of illness, tiredness etc.

Application Application for a driver's licence must be submitted on a

special form that is available from the driving school or biltil-
synet. The application is dealt with by biltilsynet.

A fee must be paid to obtain the driver's licence.

The test The test is the same for everybody and is conducted by biltilsy-
net It consists of a theory test and a driving test. More informa-
tionmay be obtained from biltilsynet.

Provisional driver's The driver's licence for a passenger car is normally valid for
licence life. However, your licence is <<provisional>> during the first 2
years. If the driver's licence is suspended because of traffic vio-
lations during the provision period, a new test will be required
as well as a new provision period.

Theory test.

Driving test.
 CHAPTER 2
THE HUMAN FACTOR
The human road user
Interaction Driving is no easy task. The driver must interact with other road
users and at the same time master the car and the road condi-
tions to make the driving safe.

The driver must interact with other road users.

Understanding It is important to road safety that the traffic rules, the signs, the
the traffic road and the vehicles are made to make it easy for the road
users.

Here is what you can do yourself:

get yourself thorough training
be observant
drive carefully
consider the environmen~

Traffic- -'-~ouldbe human.

 Driving means making proper decisions
Driving makes great demands on the driver's decisions. You
must know how your senses and your brain function in order to
1:
learn to drive safely and efficiently.

Imagine a driver when an obstacle suddenly appears in front of

him.
What happens from the moment the obstacle appears until
the driver has stopped his vehicle?

- - - ",-kc .-- -
--- decide --
perceive
E--,-
------- observe -------
-yi>
-----
I .

The eye observes the obstacle and sends a message to the brain.
The brain interprets the signal and the driver is then in a posi-
tion to decide what needs to be done and pel3'or-m the proper
action.
hoper decisions 1 1 ' Driving The sequence of events from the situation arises until the driver
has carried out the proper actions is:

We shall take a closer look at these steps below.

The driver's ability and inclination to make decisions that make

the driving safe and eficient, is called his decision quality. It
depends on
experience and knowledge
how the traffic situation is perceived
values and attitudes with respect to life and health

v- <?.Vi7

h i
- z. \
mi-

The upperpicture shows a situation where the

t~nobstructedview is insuflcientfor safe overtaking.
 The driver who decides to overtake all the same, is influenced
in his judgement by for instance a bad temper, a disposition for
taking risks and over-confidence in his own skill.

Be responsible The illustration below shows a passenger interfering with the

driving. Would a comment like that make you reckless ant
ignore safety?

Are you
chicken?

Think safety
Unfortunately, the driver's decisions are not always based on
safety considerations.

Consider your own safety and health, and that of others. Your
decisions behind the wheel must not be governed by conditions
I 1

%a
-!

that tempt you to choose haphazard and dangerous ways of

driving.
 Our senses are important
Our eyesight is the most important sense when we drive. But
we also make use of our hearing and other senses.

Zones of vision The illustration below shows the zone of vision for a person
with normal eyesight on both eyes.

The zone of vision is nearly 180 degrees. But the acute vision or
jeld of perception covers only 3-5 degrees. Lateral vision out-
side this field is less acute.

Observing takes time The eyes function by focusing on one object at the time. This
takes about 0,5 seconds. If the driver is tired, as much as 3
seconds may be needed before the attention is transferred to the
next object.

finnel vision Note that a driver has to look farther ahead on the road as
the speed increases. This has the effect of creating a kind of
tunnel vision.
Shift your
attention

The driver must shift his attention to see the whole trafic
situation.

Tunnel vision makes it difficult to see vehicles approaching

from the sides. The driver must therefore move his eyes to see
the whole junction, as this illustration shows.

The driver may have problems observing the car and the motor
cycle if he just looks straight ahead.

<<Read>>
the traffic The driver must continuously aread>>the traffic situation by
moving his eyes to observe those elements which require
special attention.
 Perception, awareness and
response time
Human perception
Faulty perception when driving may have disastrous results
because there is so little time for changing one's mind.

What may happen ?

The perception depends on

being attentive
knowledge and experience

Experience counts Experienced drivers perceive-situationsmore quickly than inex-

perienced drivers.
This is shown in the illustration below.

What may happen?

-
Lack of attention is a common cause of appklents on the road.
 The Road Traffic Act requires drivers to be alert at all time^

Attention
when driving.
Being alert means to pay attention.
I
-
W the driver
-.w a&..---- not nnv
.-* AMP 7-J
attention.
-----.---7
h---e mav
-' --, _ late
- - so
be _ _ in
- obcpr-
I, 1
ving the danger sigr s that an accident s unavoidable. Paj
attention at all times what dis;tinmishe good drivers from

Inattention is
dangerous

The picture below shows the driver creating a dangerous situ-

ation because her attention is elsewhere.

The response time is influenced by the driver being unprepared

and caught by surprise. I
 Response time is usually taken to last 1 second. But it has been
found that drivers may have a response time of 2-3 seconds.

It is good to be able to respond quickly in an emergency, but it

is better to avoid dangerous situations by paying attention and
thinking ahead.

increase the
ts.

Many conditions inpuence the driver's attention and response

time. .;
lack of sleep and concentration
dangerous and unexpected situations
disturbances inside and outside the car
alcohol, drugs and dangerous medici'nes
Oblivious
to the speed
Speed and distance
It is often difficult to assess speed and distance correctly. This
may lead the driver to carry out dangerous actions.

You are oblivious to the speed when you assess your own speed
wrongly. Underestimating your speed is particularly dangerous.

You may become oblivious to the speed when

you drive for a prolonged time at the same speed
the road is wide with good visibility and open landscape
it is quiet in the car
r-
there is loud music in the car

You may be less oblivious to the speed ifyou

pay attention to speed limit changes
check the speedometer
throw quick glances through the side windows
brake determinedly to a lower speed
change to a lower gear
 1 I
Assessing distance

A survey showed that 100 metres was assessed as 115 metres,

and 200 metres as 280 metres.
The driver estimated the distance to be 80 metres longer than it
actually was.

'0 th Assessing speed

timc
vis

Surveys have shown that 60 km/h is assessed as 45 km/h and 80

kmh as 60 km/h. The drivers estimated the speed to be 20 km/h
slower than it actu'ally was.

17ae driver behind the wheel on the illus&-&n above is abut

turn @. If the oncoming car is going fast, there is a risk of colli-
sion even though the driverfeels there is ampk timefor a left turn

At d i s t m s exceeding 300 metres, assessing whether the on-

coming car is travelling at 20 W or 80 km/h is not possible.

1
rhe perception of speed and distance is erratic. Give
yourself an adequate margin of safety. 1
 The driver's handling and control
of the car
Skill When he has perceived the situation and made his decision, the
driver must cany out controlled actions.
This requires skill in co-ordinating steering, braking and
change of gears rapidly, precisely and fluently.

. 3

His driving skills enabled this driver to avert the accident. -%

g;
.r
Ability But skilful hadhg of the car is no guarantee for safe driAg.
The profkient driver takes no unnecessary risks that woyld create
critical situations. Shehe has regard for their own safety a.y well
as the safety of others and for the environment when driving'. .

.-6'
c-

Young people are quick to acquire the necessary handling

skills. This may mislead them into believing they are champion
drivers.

Overrating is Drivers who overrate themselves because they are good at hand-
dangerous ling the car, represent a serious hazard. They often take unwarran-
ted risks anAdrive too fast without considering the consequences.
Young men are mast prone to overrating their ability
because they handle the car weiL That is the main reason
br this group being invdved in a large nwnber of fatal
 l
llv
andling and control Vulnerable road users
Is drivc. ..- must
Iaccept restrictions on the use of cars for the benefit of
the vulnerable road users
be more careful where children and elderly or dis-
abled persons are about

Children by the road Children are not miniature grown-ups. They are simply
children with their own needs and interests, and their sensory
organs and physical strength are not yet fully developed.

As a driver you must recognise the following about children

children are small
their sense of vision is not fully developed
their sense of hearing is not fully developed
they pursue their own objectives and interests
they are not good at perceiving distance and speed
they do not comprehend traffic-related concepts like pede-
strian crossing, traffic lights etc.
they do not readily distinguish between right and left.

They are small It is not easy to be small. You may get an impression if you take
up a position between two cars and bend down until your head
is at the level of that of a 5 year old, see picture below.

Children are short, it is therejore dz*tflcultjortnem to ooserve meir

surroundings, and it is dificult for the driver to observe them.

Vision Children's' sense of vision is not fully developed. Their field of

perception is very limited compared to grown-ups. They cannot
readily switch their attention from near-by to distant objects.
 use

You cannot, as a driver, assunce: chat the child makes observa-

Hearing
tions the way you do.

Their sense of hearing is not fully developed. Children cannot very

well determine from which direction a sound comes either. Using
your horn to alert children is therefore not a safe procedure. It may
even frighten the children so they run on to the carriageway.
ren's safety
hands
j
-. .

Children play Play is normal behaviour for a child. They have a strong urge to
participate and be active. A child who runs on to the car-
riageway in pursuit of a ball is simply behaving normally.

Children play, they do not behave l i b rational c@!8estrians>>.

Speed and We have seen that grown-ups do not assess distance and speed
distance very well. It is even more difficult for children. A child may for
instance run out in front of an approaching car in the firm belief
that it will stop instantly.
 Children trust grown-ups. A child imagines that an approaching
driver will be aware of its intention, e.g. to run across the road.

Words we use Children's concepts are down to earth. It is therefore difficult

for them to comprehend words like pedestrian crossing, traffic
lights and warning signs.

Children need simple explanations.

The children's safety When you think about it, you cannot hold children responsible
1 your hands for not being more mature. As a driver, you carry sole responsi-
bility for not causing any danger or injury.

The driver must anticipate that a child may run across the road.

road users Elderly people were born and raised when traffic conditions
were completely different. Surveys have shown that they asso- '
ciate traffic with danger, accidents, rush and noise. They
feel overtaxed and scared.
 The elderly may have impaired eyesight or hearing and other
infirmities. They find it more difficult to get the whole picture
of the traffic, and they walk slowly.

Crosszng tne carnageway oecomes very aemanaing becau:

the time for crossing allowed by the trajjic lights may be inad,
quate.

The disabled As a driver you should also be aware that some pedestrians may
actually be severely disabled persons.

Blind people and people with greatly impaired eyesight use a

white stick to feel their way and alert drivers. Seeing-eye dogs
for blind persons are coming into use.

' Personality and social

Distractions

Strong emotions
The trafic mks require drivers Jo: be particularly careful to
keep low speed and pull up if necessary when passing a person
who carries a white stick or is accompanied by a seeing-eye dog.
 We have seen that children lack maturity and hence do not easi-
ly learn traffic rules and proper behaviour on the road. Keep in
mind that there are also grown-ups who haven't learnt proper
traffic behaviour, they may be mentally retarded or may have
suffered from some illness.

Some road users encounter greater problems than others.

Factors that influence

your driving skill
greatly impaired eyeslght use a
~dale&$nvers. Seeing-eye dogs

may impair your skills. Your skills may vary from day

Bad driving habits combined with everyday problems may lead

to the driver taking chances and making mistakes that increase
the risk of an accident It is important that you know who you
are and do whatever is needed to avoid being a dangerous driver.

Taking with his passengers, lighbng a cigar&e or being occu-

pied with the music system may tdge the driver's attention away
from the road and cause danger..'You must concentrate entirely
on the driving when the traffic is heavy.

A driver who is worked up and angry may find it ditlicult to pay

attention ail the way, and he or she may compensate by steppin8
too hard on theaccelerator. Try to calm down, don't let yourself get
provoked and give others a break even if you are in your <aighb>.
Fatigue: A driver who is tired, is less capable of being alert to whatever
takes place around the car and of taking considered actions.

Fatigue leads to
reduced attention
longer response time
sloppy and slow movements

Exhaustion Exhaustion means that the muscles and the nervous system are
worn down by physical or mental exertion. Lack of sleep will of'
course also lead to exhaustion.
'"

Drowsiness Drowsiness is not caused by exhaustion, but by tedious activities.

Driving a car over long distances may be tedious. It is normal to
get drowsy after driving some 200 km.The eyelids feel heavy,
arms and legs feel limp and cold, shivers run through the body.

Have a break When this occurs, the driver must pull up and get out of the car
to recover. The break doesn't have to last more than 4-5 minu-
tes. Sometimes a driver is really depleted from lack of sleep
and will soon feel drowsy again. In that case nothing but sleep
will do.

Experiments have shown that a person who has not been to bed
all night will be less attentive and have a longer response time,
corresponding to an alcohol content in the blood of 0.8 %o.

2 - HOW to get y w driver's 1

- -
 - -----

Alcohol and driving

0 000 impaired Alcohol is the most widely used and abused intoxicant avail-
ivers able. Every year close to 250 000 drivers take to the road while
under the influence of alcohol. This adds up to 4.5 million trips
with impaired drivers, whch is the equivalent of nine thousand
journeys between Trondheim and Oslo.
eS $ad the nervous system are

Drivers up to 39 years of age account for about 50 9% of all

driving under the influence of alcohol.

ad risk The risk of being killed while driving under the influence of
alcohol, as compared to sober drivers, is as follows
young people under the age of 25: 326 times higher
middle aged between 25-49 years: 112 times higher
older than 50 years: 19 times higher

Young people driving under the influence of alcohol have a

very high fatality risk and constitute a problem group.

Some reasons why so many drive under the influence of alcohol

despite the high risk of getting killed or incurring substantial
economic loss
they don't realise that their driving is impaired
it is difficult to assess the alcohol content accurately
they gamble on not being caught
they need transport
 E
Separating myths from facts concerning the effects of alcohol is *I
an important measure to combat driving under the influence d
alcohol:

Myths Facts
Driving under the influence 50 % of all car accidents ar-
of alcohol is not dangerous. caused by driving whil-
impaired.

I drive better after a few This is proof that your jud 'sk of
drinks. gement has already sufferec getting kille

Alcohol has no effect on me An alcohol content as lot

because I can cany my as 0.3 %O affects the drivin E.
liquor. adversely.

My friends think I am tough True friends don't want yon

when I drink and drive. to lose control and injure
yourself and others.

I am not responsible for my On the contrary. You am

drunken friend's driving. morally responsible for pre-
venting a person you care
for from driving after
having consumed alcohol.

I have had a solid meal, so A full stomach may delay the

the alcohol has no effect on effects, but the alcohol will
me. enter the blood eventually.

Black coffee and an ice- These have no effect on the

cold shower sober me up rate of depletion of alcohd
quickly. in the body. Rather, they
may make you feel refres-
hed and mislead you to beli-
eve that the alcohol is gone,

Physical activity and a sau- Only time will reduce the

na make me sober up effects of the alcohol.
quickly. Running, hard physical
labour and sweat make no
difference.
 The legal limit is a blood alcohol content of 0.5 %o. But it has
been found that the effects of alcohol are present at an even
lower content.

We will emphasise two of those effects which influence the driver

the sense of risk and the inhibitions wither while the confi-

--
dence in one's driving skills rises
the actual driving skill deteriorates

-0..of
etting killed

The risk of getting killed is 1 000 times higher with an alcohol

content above 1.5 %o.

Serious accidents are often related to drivers influenced b y

alcohol.

Alcohol The body needs time to rid itself of the consumed alcohol.
metabolism The concentration of alcohol in the blood diminishes by
0.1-0.15 %o per hour. Keep in mind that the body is not up to its
usual self for some time after the alcohol is gone.
 CHAPTER 3 THE CAR, THE ~5; -P
pz-
ROAD AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 1
The car
Modern cars are reliable, robust and easy to drive. They are
usually comfortable as well. The driver should know enough
about the car to treat it properly, which will help make the
driving safer and at the same time reduce the operating costs.

The first part deals with things you need to know in order to get
full benefit from your driving lessons. That will make the
training easier for you. The clutch

The second part describes in more detail how the car is con-
structed and functions, as well as its care and maintenance.

Driving wheels

Engine, clutch and transmission.

The training will be easier when you acquaint yourself with the
car's functioning before your first lesson.

Engine and The engine provides the power that moves the car. It is usually
transmission fuelled by petrol (gasoline) or diesel oil. The engine power 1
makes the crank-shaft rotate.
The rotary motion is transmitted to the driving wheels by
means of the transmission The revolutions per minute (RPM) I
is a measure of the engine's speed of rotation. You increase the 1
RPM by depressing the accelerator pedal.
 Engine
Drive shaft \ Clutch

Gear box

/-
Differential

The clutch The clutch is adjacent to the engine, it cc..,~sts of two discs and
its purpose is
connecting the engine to the driving wheels (engaging)
disconnecting the engine from the dnving wheels (disengaging)
Engaging and disengaging are shown in the illustrations below.

Disengaging:
The clutch pedal is fully
depressed and the two
discs are completely sepa-

1
rated. The foremost disc
rotates with the engine, the
rearmost is stationary -
and so is the car.

Partially engaged:
When the pedal is relea-
sed, the rearmost disc will
be pressed against the
foremost disc by a spring,
causing the rearmost disc
to rotate. This will start the
car moving.

Fully engaged:
The pedal is released all
the way. The spring forces
the two discs together with
enough force to make
them rotate as a single
unit. The rotary motion of
the engine is transferred to
the driving wheels.
37
 You make use q f t k clutch when you:
start driving
pull up
change gears
drive very slowly (crawl)

The gear box The gear box is next to the clutch. It contains a number of gears
of various sizes.

Five forward speeds Engaging gears in different combinations make the car move
one reverse slowly or fast; we speak of low gear and high gear. Most pas-
senger cars have five forward speeds (<<gears>>)
and one reverse.

Each gear is used for a certain speed range.

The diagram shows an example of how the speed of a car varies

with different gears. For any chosen geaI; the speed of the car
may be vaned by using the accelerator to regulate engine speed.
electing me proper As you can see from the diagram on the preceding page, a
speed of 40 k m h may be attained in two ways
second gear and high engine RPM (open throttle)
third gear and lower engine RPM (less throttle)

A low gear transmits more torque to the driving wheels than a

high gear. That is why you sometimes have to change down
when going uphill. First gear is used to start the car moving.

Keep in mind that the gear you select must neither let the en-
gine be too heavily loaded nor run too quickly (overrevving).

The picture shows a gear lever where the position of the gears is
displayed on the knob.

'
I The position of the jive
gears is in the pattern of an
H. A latch or other device
prevents the reverse from
being engaged unintentio-
nally.

I
The crossbar of the c<H>>marks the neutral position. This dis-

--
connects the engine entirely from the wheels. The engine can-
not move the car even with the clutch engaged.

The connection between the engine and the wheels may thus be
severed in two ways
clutch depressed connection severed
The gear shift lever engaged in the clutch

tine clutch pedal released connection severed

The gear shift lever in the gear box
in neutral

Note that the connection is severed in two places when the

clutch pedal is depressed and the gear shift lever is in neutral: in
the clutch as well as in the gear box.
 More about the car, its care and maintenance

We shall take a closer look at the car's functioning, care and

maintenance. It is important for safe driving that the vehicles
function properly and are properly maintained.

The vehicle regulations The vehicle regulations lay down requirements for vehicles in
order to make them safe and efficient for driving.
Modem road traffic puts heavy demands on cars and other
vehicles. 1 Polluting the 3
;.

It is very important that the vehicle's standard does not deterio-

rate from use. You prevent deterioration by proper use, care and
maintenance and by having the necessary repairs done when
I environment

the need arises.You must keep in mind that once you own a car,
a lot of money will be needed for its upkeep. You may keep the
costs down by sensible use and regular maintenance.

the arlver IS required to make sure that the vehlc~eIS E

in safe and statutory condition before commencing to Exhaust
drive
the driver is responsible for the vehicle being in safe
condition when driving

Statutory condition This means that you must asceirtain that the car complies with
all the requirements of the vehicle regulations before you start
to drive. Furthermore, visibility through the windshields and in
the rear view mirrors must be adequate.

--
Safe condition Faults may occur during driving with the result that the car is no
longer in statutory condition in all details. However, the car

1.
may still be driven to the nearest place where the fault may be Catalytic
repaired, provided that it is in your opinion still in safe condi-
tion. Examples of non-statutory but nonetheless safe condition:

audible signal the car may be

ceased to function driven to a garage.

defective bulb the car may be driven Unleaded petrol . 7

in headlight in the day-time to the
nearest garage or other
outlet where a new bulb
may be fitted.
 It is not safe to go on driving if a serious fault occurs e.g. in the
car's braking system.

on cars and other

iclc'
iom
e nt repairs done when
once you own a car,

The petrol engine emits large quantities of carbon monoxide

and other harmful gases. Ifyou breathe carbon monoxide, your
blood's capacity for transporting oxygen to your body will be
impaired. Breathing carbon monoxide may be fatal.

So
never start your engine in a closed garage; take your car out-
doors immediately when the engine has started
make sure that the exhaust system does not leak, allowing
exhaust fumes to enter the compartment
switch off your engine immediately when you have stopped
ult that the car is no driving

As of 1 January 1989 all new cars are fitted with a catalytic

still in safe condi- converter. It removes harmful gases, leaving only harmless
ess safe condition: emissions to the atmosphere.
'
Cars with catalvtic converter must run on unleaded fuc
only.

The switch to unleaded petrol is an important measure to pro-

tect the environment. Unleaded petrol is therefore cheaper than
t garage or other petrol containing lead.

-
where a new bulb
Always use unleaded fuel if your car was designed for it.

J
L
It is cheaper and pollutes less.

41
Care of the engine Regular maintenance, carried out by a dealership garage
according to the manufacturer's instructions, is your best
guarantee for your car being reliable at all times and not subject
to abnormal wear and damage.

In addition you must yourself keep an eye on

the functioning of the lubrication system
h e functioning of the cooling system

Sufficient oil and adequate oil pressure are needed to give the en-
gine proper lubrication. You may check the amount of oil by
inspecting the dip-stick which is located on the side of the engine.

The oil level should be between minimum and maximum.

Oil pressure There is adequate oil pressure if the oil pressure indicator lamp
on the instrument panel lights up when the ignition is switched
on and atingushes as soon as the engine runs. The indicator
lamp lighting up dming driving indicates that there is not enough
oil or that there is some other fault in the lubrication system. You
must then pull up immediately. .An engine running without
proper lubrication wiIl be wrecked within few Illlinutes.

The engine oil and the filter (which purifies it) must be changed
regularly.

check the engine's ail level at frequent intervals (prefer-

ably each time you fill petrol). Replenish as required
change oil and oil filter in accordance with the car
manufacturer's instructions in the user's manual
keep an eye on the oil pressure indicator lamp on the
instrument panel, the engine immediately if thp
lamp lights up du niving
 The combustion which takes place in the engine produce:s heat.
The engine needs cooling, otherwise it will be ~recked.

There are two ways of cooling car engines

air cooling
water cooling

Air cooled engines have cooling fins. The driving speed and a fan
create a stream of air over the cooling fins and cool the engine.
This cooling system requires little maintenance and attention.

Most cars are water cooled. One of the advantages is that it pro-
vides better means of heating the compartment.

The illustration shows how the water is forced through the en-
gine by means of a water pump, taking with it the excess heat.
The water cools down in the radiator where a fan and the speed
of the carforce air toflow through small apertures.

The cooling system is equipped with a thermostat to maintain

proper working temperature, which is 85-95°C. The temperature
rises quickly to its proper value and stays there independent of
the working load of the engine and the out-door temperature.

Fan belt The fan is driven by the fan belt which also drives the alternator.
The alternator produces power for the car's electrical system
and for charging the battery. The fan belt must be in good con-
dition and have correct tension. The engine will overheat and
the alternator will not function if the fan belt breaks or the ten-
sion becomes insufficient. You cannot go on driving very long
after that.
 . . Oil pressure Battery charge Temperature

Make it a habit to keep an eye on the temperature gauge, the battery

charge indicator and the oil pressure indicator when you drive.
I
The cooling liquid is under pressure when the engine is hot. Be
careful if you remove the cap from the radiator. Unscrew it
slowly and allow the to escape first. Otherwise you
II
may get a spray of steaming hot water in the face.

Drum brakes

Be careful when you unscrew the cap.

Anti freeze The radiator must be properly filled with water. Anti freeze is
added to keep the water from freezing which may cause the
engine to crack; it also prevents rust. Anti freeze should there-
fnre be used throughout the year.

Check list for the coolini stem

keep an eye on the temperature when you drive
have the fan belt checked regularly
we the garage check whether there is sufficient anti

The battery The battery delivers power to start the enginc

You should keep the battery properly maintained to have sufici-
ent power at all times.
replenish with distilled water in all the filling holes until the
liquid is 1 cm above the plates
keep the battery terminals clean
 The car snau na a root DraKe ana a p a n g DraKe, ~ o r nor
which must be rclvust and effective.

Brake fluid

The foot brake acts on all wheels. When you apply the brake
pedal, you build up pressure in the brake fluid (blue). Thisfor-
ces the brake shoes (red) against the brake drums which are
attached to the wheels themselves.

Braking
Drum brakes Brake fluid pressure forces
the brake shoes against the
brake drum which rotates
with the wheel. This brakes
the wheel.

Brake
drum

Terminate braking
When you release the bra-
ke pedal, the pressure in
the brake fluid drops. A
spring pulls the brake sho-
es away from the brake
have sufici- drum, allowing the wheel
to rotate freely again.
bles until the
Disc brakes Disc brakes are now fitted to the front wheels of all new cars.
The drawing illustrates how they function.

Brake fluid
reservoir
Brake failure
Braking indicator light
When you apply
the brake pedal,
pressure is built
up in the brake
fluid.

The pistons force

' I
Broke pad
two -brake pads
against the brake
disc which rotates
with the wheel.
This brakes the
wheel.

Single circuit brakes

Let the Disc brakes are open and do not heat up as quickly as the drum
engine brake brakes shown on the preceding page. Brakes do not work so
well when hot, and may fail altogether after prolonged use. You
should therefore change to a lower gear and let the engine help brakes
with the braking on long downward slopes. 1'
I-'

Dual circuit brakes

-
A leakage in the brake pipes will cause the brake fluid pressure
to drop, resulting in total brake failure.
To prevent this from happening,
If a leakage occurs, one of the circuits will fail. But the other
circuit will still work. As you can see from the drawing on the
preceding page, the brakes will still work on both front wheels
and one of the rear wheels.

If one brake circuit develops a leakage, a red indicator lamp

on the instrument panel will light up. You will then have to push
the brake pedal further down, and brake action will be impaired
and uneven.

The leakage indicator is often combined with the indicator that

lights up when the parking brake is applied.

Older cars may have just a single circuit braking system. Leak-
age may cause brake failure on all wheels.

Most new cars have a "booster" that automatically assists in

depressing the brake pedal. The advantage is that less force is
required of the driver.

Consult your owner's manual or ask an expert whether your car

is fitted with power brakes.

We advise you to never switch oflthe engine when going down-

hill because
the booster will not function
the steering wheel lock may prevent you from steering

You can easily check the booster unit yourself. After having
switched off the engine, depress the brake pedal 6 or 7 times.
Keep the pedal depressed and start the engine. If you then feel
the pedal being pulled downwards, you can rest assured that the
booster is functioning.
L -
Check your brakes The braking system is constantly subject to stress and wear. You
should therefore know something about braking requirements
and how the brakes are checked.

Pedal travel -.-,e.

4" On new cars brake action is achieved with almost no pedal
. --
- - movement. As the brake lining gets worn, you will need to push
--I

the pedal further in.

Full braking action is

required before exceeding
2/3 of maximum travel.
.ct evenly

Excessive pedal travel m a y

-
result in the vehicle not
being able to stop in an
emergency.

Full braking action is required before exceeding 2/3 of maxi-

mum travel. Otherwise the vehicle may prove diflcult to control
in an emergency.
-
Have your brakes adjusted at an authorised -age to
retain short pedal travel.

Disc brakes and some drum brakes are self-adjusting.

Withstand pressure. Corrosion and wear may render the braking system faulty or
leaking. The braking system is required to withstand a pedal
pressure of 100 kgf (kilogram force).
 Withstand 100 kgf
(kg force)

Check your brakes by pressing the pedal downwards and keeping

up the pressure with full strength for about 5 seconds. The pedal
must feel fmand not yield. The engine should be running.

A car with a leaking brake system must not be used until it has
been repaired. A car with a dual circuit braking system may be
driven to the garage.

Brake action is stronger on the front wheels than on the rear

wheels. Otherwise there would be a tendency for the car to
skid. But'the braking force should be evenly distributed be-
tween the two front wheels and between the two rear wheels.

yppding 2/3 of m i -
" i f J ~ l to
t control

The drawing shows the effect of uneven brakes. You canfeel the
car pulling to one side.

Hosing the undercarriage with water, or driving on very

wet roads, may lead to impaired or uneven brake action.
Since braking generates heat, excess water may be evaporated
by applying the brakes carefully.
Be effective The brakes must be able to almost lock the wheels with full
load on dry asphalt at any speed. Worn linings and drums may
impair the efficiency of the brakes.

Brakes should not seize, but take effect gradually as pedal

pressure is increased.

The parking brake The parking brake must be able to hold the car stationary, even
on a steep gradient. It should not be used when driving, other.
than in an emergency. Be aware that a rear end skid is likely
when you use the parking brake for emergency braking on a
slippery road.
The parking brake should be kept properly adjusted, just like
the foot brake.

Checking the brakes Check list for the braking system

inspect the brake fluid reservoir regularly. Loss of
fluid indicates leakage
test the brakes at regular intervals to see if they with-
stand heavy pedal pressure
check pedal travel, and make sure that the brake acts
evenly and without seizing

Faults n I repaired by a garage.

Steering The car must have good steering. rqhisimplies that:

the steering is accurate
ring
the car stays on course

the steering wheel moves without undue effort

the steering wheel returns to the central position by itself

turning the wheel through a given angle will produce the

same change in direction at any speed

Steering Play on the steering wheel must be kept within narrow limil I

wheel play ensure precise steering and to keep the car on the right cour
 Unsteady steering may resk.-, rom
unsuitable or worn tyres.
incorrect positioning of the load
worn steering components
front wheels not properly aligned

Turning the steering wheel through a certain angle should pro-

duce approximately the same change in direction at all times.
Some cars tend to take a narrow turn (oversteering) or wider
turn (understeering) when the speed is increased.

The less your car tends to oversteer or understeer, the better.

You may then get used to how the car responds to steering
rheel movement.

radically as a result of
incorrect positioning of a heavy load
- new tyre Q: ! :. ': ' . .
fitting
changes in tyre pressure
- 4

wALi , ..
L
A - A
lou should get the feel of the steering before you pick up speed
ihen you have put a heavy load in the boot or on the roof, and
vhen you have changed tyres.
51
 -
"%

Steering
maintenance
L
A heavy load may easzly agect the steering.

Inspection and maintenance must be carried out by a repair

shop or garage at regular intervals in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions in the owner's manual.
I
Carrying capacity The car's registration card states the number of adults that may
be carried. Above that, one child below 15 years of age may
Extra passenger be carried in the rear seat. Restraint for the extra passenger
must be provided if the rear seat is fitted with seat belts.

Keep in mind that the weight of an addtional child may over-

load the car when you cany the maximum number of adults.
There will also be little or no allowance for luggage. Overload-
ing may damage the car and affect the steering.
I

Trailer load Using a car to tow a caravan or trailer is becoming more and I
more common.
The total weight of the laden trailer must not exceed the I
maximum permitted trailer weight as stated in the car's
registration card.

The distribution of the load on the trailer must be approximate-

ly even. Your steering will be affected if the load is too heavy at
the back. kre pressure

Check list for the steering

get expert help if the car becomes difficult to steer
investigate if you hear clicking sounds or if there i
uneven resistance when you turn the steering wheel
uneven tyre wear is an indication of faulty steering
 res Tyres have a tread pattern to get a good grip on the road. The
tread will be worn down gradually during normal use.

The tread pattern n l u ~ at

t no point be less than 1.6 mm
deep on summer tyres and 3 mm on winter tyres. It is
advisable to change tyres before they become too worn.
I
Wear reduces the gripping power of the tyres and increases the
risk of aqua-planing.

iler must not exceed the

ht as stated in the car's

Tyre pressure The maximum contact area between the tyre and the road sur-
face, and hence the greatest wear area, is obtained with correct
tyre pressure. Too high or too low pressure results in unsteady
steering and increased tyre weal:
ome
ng :
Note that there should be equal pressure in both front tyres. The
urn
Zition same applies to the rear wheels. However, the correct pressure
in the rear wheels may be different from the pressure in the
front wheels.
Studded tyres Studs improve the gripping power of your tyres on snow and
ice. If studded tyres are used, they must be fitted to all the whe-
els. Whether studded or not, both tyres in front must be equal,
and both rear tyres must be equal.

Studded lyres are

not allowed in .
7.2..f
2.L
.'
. Southern Norway:
From the Monday
following one week
afer Easter Sun-
day until 31 Octo-

North Norway:
From 1 May until
15 Octobel:

Studless tyres Studless tyres are a good alternative Parking lights and
Studded tyres are not allowed from the Monday following one rear lights
week after Easter Sunday until 31 October, unless road condi-
tions make it necessary. The corresponding period in Nordland,
Troms and Finnmark is from 1 May until 15 October. Studs
cause great wear on bare roads and make grooves which in-
crease the risk of aqua-planing and impair the steering. The
wear on asphalt also produces pollution near the road.

Wheel balancing Wheels must be properly balanced. If you can feel the steering
wheel shaking, the reason is most likely that the wheels are not
balanced. You may have your wheels balanced at a petrol station.

Check la rr tyres
tread ~ e p t hmust be not less than 1.6 mm for summer
tyres and not less than 3 mm for winter tyres
tyres must be free from defects and properly balanced
on all wheels
correct tyre pressure
tyres on the same axle must be of equal type
 Effective lamps are needed for safe driving.

The full beam head-

lamps must illuminate
the road surj5ace at
i least 100 m in front of
the car:

Dipped headlamps
direct the beam down-
wards and do not dau-
le as much as the full
beam. They must illu-
minate the road sur-
face at least 40 metres
in front of the car.

There shall be an indicator on the instrument panel which

shows when the headlamps are on full beam. On most cars this
is a blue lamp.

and To make cars more easily visible to other road users, they must
also b- '"-' with parking lights in front, rear lights, lamps for
registration plates and
rear reflectors.

Front:
two white parking
lights

Back:
at least two red
lights
white light illumina-
ting the registration
plate
two red reflectors
Reflectors
on trailers

Triangular reflectors indicate that the vehicle ahead is a combi-

nation including a trailel: You must take this into account ifyou
intend to overtake.

Braking lights A car must have red rear lamps that light up when you engage
the brake pedal.

red braking lights

Direction indicators A car must have amber direction indicators to enable the driver
to give a signal in advance when he intends to make a turn or
change lanes.

*flashing direction in-

dicators in front
1 *flashing direction in-
dicators at the sides

*flashing direction in-

dicators at the rear
 t Hazard
warning lights
A car must have flashing warning lights in front and rear for use
in the case of an emergency. This is obtained by activating all
the direction indicators simultaneously.

'I Running lights .In Norway cars are required to have lights turned on at all
times when driving. This makes them more easily visible,
particularly for persons with impaired eyesight. Dipped head-
lamps are normally employed if the car is not fitted with special
running lights which light up automatically when the engine is
started. Running lights may be fitted to all cars.

Auxiliary lamps A car may be fitted with lamps which are not mandatory, e.g.
curvelfog lamps. If you install such lamps yourself, you must
take care to observe the regulations relating to auxiliary lamps. To
? that the vehicle ahead is a comb& be on the safe side, have an authorised garage do the installation.
1 musf take this into account if you
I
Proper lighting The lamps of the car must be in proper condition in order to
illuminate the road well without dazzling other road users.
light up w en you engage
Headlamps have a single bulb for full beam and dipped beam.
The illustration below shows you how the bulb and reflector
1 function:

Dipped beam:
A small shield below the
I
filament directs the light
3
Dipped beam filament beam d ~ ~ ~ w a ~ d s .

the driver
l a turn or

Full beam:
~ u lbeam
l filament The light beam is directed
straight ahead.

II
k$ashing direction in-
t
r
dicators at the rear

L
 If the bulb is not fitted correctly, it will not light up the road
properly and there will be more danger of dazzling oncoming
traffic.
I
f
!
i

I
I' I

On a correctly fitted bulb, only Ihspection, where?

the upper part of the lamp will be
lit when the beam is dipped.

L
L

Adjustment Adjustment of the full beam and dipped beam of the headlamps itial inspection
nust be performed by an expert at a garage or repair shop.
1
,
Check list for lamps
keep the lenses clean
check the bulbs regularly
make sure that bulbs for full and dipped beams arc
correctly fitted
replace bulbs for full and dipped beams (not halogen
bulbs) and check the adjustment every year Inspection not
carry spare bulbs in the car later than

Vehicle registration A vehicle registration card is issued when the car is registered.
card It contains the following information
the chassis number of the car
time of registration
tyre dimensions
number of passengers allowed
permitted trailer weight
latest date of inspection by biltilsynet

Check tist for the car

study the owner's manual carefully
check the bmkes, steedng, tyres and lamps to see tha
they are in g d condition and f u n c h properly
have the nexsmry care, maintenance and repair
carried out as r e q u i d

A
rec1
mor
Periodic inspection of passenger
17 j.
,.. --.
All passenger cars in Norway must undergo a technical inspec- .!
tion every other year.

-tion, where? The inspection is carried out by approved garages, NAF test
stations, the traffic stations of The Public Roads Administration
or individual test stations; it is commonly referred to as the EU-
inspection.

The objective is to contribute to road use becoming safer and

more environment-friendly; it is thus a measure directed at road
safety as well as a healthy environment for the general public.

The initial inspection must be carried out during the fourth

year of registration of the car.

The car's owner must make arrangements for the inspection

himself.

The last digit of the registration plate indicates when the car
must be inspected and approved:

.Inspectionnot Last digit 1: January

.later than Last digit 2: February
Last digit 3: March
Last digit 4: April
a is registered Last digit 5: May
Last digit 6: June
Last digit 7: November
Last digit 8: August
Last digit 9: September
Last digit 0: October

The year of registration and the last digit of its registra-

tion number decide when the periodic inspection has to
 The road and its environment
In order to drive safely in traffic, you must know the meaning of
markings, signs and other information along the road.

This chapter gives an overview of this kind of information and

introduces some basic concepts relating to the road traffic
environment.

This illustration of a situation, as seen through the windshield,

shows a typical road and its environment.

The road

All the provisions of the traffic rules apply on roads. Note that a
road must be open for general traffic in order for it to be con-
sidered a road for the purposes of the Traffic Rules.

This means that the road is free to use for everybody, and to
some extent is used by regular road users.

The carriageway The carriageway is that part of the road which is intended for
regular driving, that is where vehicles travel.

Lane The carriageway may consist of one or more lanes. The lanes
may be separated by road markings, but if there is room for four
rows of vehicles abreast, then the carrjageway has four lanes
even if there are no markings.

'X'
?

*
,

1 :

. .
..
 It is thus the width of the carriageway that decides if there are
for instance two or four lanes.

The part of the road that is outside the carriageway, may be

either pavement or road shoulder.

The pavement is usually at a level some cm above the caniage-

way and separated from it by a kerbstone.

Road shoulder Where there is no pavement, there is frequently a part of the

road outside the white edge line. This area is called the road's
shoulder.

A junction is often the scene of conflict between different road

users because they follow intersecting courses.
 There are sometimes special facilities for pedestrians and Yellow lines
cyclists outside the carriageway to separate vulnerable road
users from car traflic.

Lanes for pedestrians Such facilities are called pedestrian lanes and cycle lanes when
and cyclists they are separated from the carriageway by markings only.

Footpath and cycle A footpath and a cycle path is where the facility is separated
path from the carriageway by a ditch, a fence etc.

Road markings Road markings are lines along or across the road, hatched
areas, arrows etc. Road markings may be white or yellow.

Yellow markings and In Norway yellow markings are basically used to separate traf-
white markings fic in opposite directions, while white markings separate traffic
moving in the same direction.

Continuous line

E
Lane line
In Norway wnen you unve in ivonvay, you Know mar
if there is a yellow line to your left, then the traffic on
the other side of that line is moving in the opposite
direct r
if there is a white line to your lef't, then the traffic on the
other side of that line is moving in the same direcfion

unctuated line
In other Nordic In the other Nordic countries, white is used for separating traf
countries j?c moving in the same direction as well as traflc moving in
opposite directions.
arrow road
 The picture below shows you the following yellow lines:
continuous line
lane line
combined line
Lane line
A

- Combined line (con-

tinuos line and lane
line)

It is forbidden to drive on or across a continuous line, or to

drive on the left side of it.

A lane line may be crossed provided it can be done safely and

without causing inconvenience.

line In place of the continuous, yellow line shown in the above picture,
you may find a hazard warning line which is a single punctuated
line with long markings and short gaps. It is not forbidden to cross
this lane, but overtaking is normally not advisable.

Centre lines are not used when the carriageway is too narrow
to accommodate two separate lanes. These roads have punctua-
ted edge lines.
Hatched areas Hatched areas are sometimes used to separate and guide the
traffic instead of traffic islands.

By using two colours and special markings, these hatched areas

often offer better guidance than traffic islands.

Warning signs

Yellow hatched area. White hatched area.

It is forbidden to drive on hatched areas.

Giving way line. Stopping line.

Giving way lines and stopping lines tells you where to stop in
front of junctions. Note that an arrow in the carriageway in
combination with a continuous line indicates mandatory
direction.

3 - How to get your driver's licence

 I
Traffic signs offer important information to all road users. Traf-
fic signs are grouped according to their significance, and their
shape and colour make it possible for us to tell the different
groups apart

Trafic signs are grouped as follows:

warning signs
giving way and priority signs
prohibitory signs
mandatory signs
information signs
direction signs
supplementary panels
signs giving service information
marking panels

The warning signs provide you as driver with safety informati-

on from the authorities. They are normally placed 150-250
metres ahead of the hazard outside built-up areas, and 50-100
metres ahead of the hazard in built-up areas; this allows you
adequate time to adapt your speed to the hazard.

Dangerous bend Dangerous bends, first

afer approximate- to lefr. The dangerous
ly 150 metres. section of the road com-
mences afer 200 metres
and goes on for 600
metres. ai

3 - How to get your driver's licence

-
 Giving way signs Signs regulating the drivershbligation to give way belong to
Priority signs this group. Note that these signs have various shapes.

Give priority to Give priority to Priority road.

crossing vehicles. oncoming vehicles.

Direction signs

Prohibitory signs Prohibitory signs tell you that certain vehicles or certain ways
of driving are forbidden.
They usually apply from the sign up to the nearest junction.

Supplementary panels
No entry for Prohibited for Speed limit.
vehicles. motor vehicles.

Mandatory signs Mandatory signs make a cetain; direction or way of driving

mandatory.

Signs giving service

information

P-
-
Mandatory direction Mandatory lane

.F!W.?F -
F : " '

1' .
.-.
.I -
.., . .
1. * : . .
I-. .
1 .

_-. '

I '

I' . ., .
i
.
I- , .
I.
g .-.
 These signs are rectangular; they are usually blue and have a white
border nnrl white ~vrrlbols.Tho examples are shown below:

Motonvay class A. Pedestrian crossing.

nirection signs The signs give information about roads and places. Tbvo examp-
les are shown below:

Advance direction panel. Direction arrow.

~lementarypanels An example is shown below:

Prohibited for motor

vehicles, but buses and
taxis are allowed.

I Gjelder ikke
buss og taxi
I
Signs giving service These signs tell you where you can get a meal or petrol and
information about many other facilities for road users. Here are three
examples:

Picnic site. Restaurant. Filling station.

Marking panels Marking panels give information about the road ahead and of
obstacles on or near the road.

Exit marking. Background Obstacle

marking. marking.

Traffic lights A number of junctions have the traffic regulated by traffic

lights. We shall revert to the correct way of driving in these
junctions later. Let us just take a look at what the lights mean:

Red light
It is forbidden to drive past the traffic light or to
cross the stopping line.

)I Means the same as red light, signal about to change

Green light
You may proceed if the road is clear.

' Pull up if you can without introducing a hazard.

(Light will be on for about 3 seconds).
nation 2 the road ahead and of There are special traffic lights for:

Public transport Pedestrians Cyclists

I

Obstacle , I
marki~g, Apply only to Apply only to Apply only to
trafic in public pedestrians cyclists
transport lanes
Nated traffic
'drivin these
the lights mean:
I There may be special traffic lights above the lane you are in:

;fie hrac light or to 1

Lane closed. Lane about to be Lane
closed, move to available.
another lane.

of precedence You must know the following order of precedence in order to

respond correctly:
&pal about to change
I

by @ice take precedtnn over any other @pal

t d f k lights take precedence over giving way s i p
a hazard. signs and rord markings take precedence over t d l l c
 Road traffic legislation
, Most people use the road almost every day, as drivers, passen-
gers cyclists or pedestrians. All over Norway, in the towns and
in the country, large numbers of vehicles and more vulnerable
road users take to the road every day.

The authorities, led by Stortinget, have laid down laws and

regulations for the purpose of creating maximum order and
safety for all road users.

The Road Traffic Act The comer stone of this legislation is the Road Traffic Act
which applies to the use of motor vehicles everywhere and to
nther traffic on the roads. !

811
The Road Traffw Act includes, among other lei ation imj
basic rules for road users iec
rules relating to driving speeds sli
vehicle requirements car
obligations of vehicle drivers
rules relating to motor vehicle drivers under the influ-
ence of alcohol
obligations in the event of an accident
penalties
ules relating to practice driving and driving instruction

Not all provisions are contained in the Road Traffic Act proper.

Traffic rules Pursuant to the act have been issued

Traffic signs basic rules for road users
Road markings regulations relating to traffic signs
regulations relating to road markings
which tell drivers and other road users how they should behave
on the road.

There are also special regulations relating to drivers' licences,

driving instruction, vehicles, driving hours and rest, overloading,
ticket fines, parking fees and the use of personal protective devices.

What you need to know about these provisions is included in Road safety
the appropriate sections of this book. There are also some
excerpts from the Road Traffic Act on page 283.

In addition to the Road Traffic Act, there are also the Act relating
to Obligatory Abstinence and the Motor Vehicle Liability Act.
 Road user, vehicle and road
We may look at the driver as the operator of a machine in a
given environment. The car is the machine, and the road with its
users, signs, traffic signals, road markings and surroundings
form its environment.
The authorities issue laws and regulations that must be follo-
\wed to ensure a safe and efficient flow of traffic.

Road accidents are caused by faults and deficiencies on the part

of the road users, the vehicles and the roads. Another cause is
that the parts of this complex machinery or traffic system do not
always function properly together.

One example is studded tyres which are intended to provide

improved safety on ice and snowy roads. But nothing is gai-
ned in terms of safety if the driver has no regard for the
slippery conditions and travels at high speeds because the
car is fitted with studded tyres. This happens all too often.

Studded tyres provide better traction. This increases safety, pro-

vided the driver does not increase his speed.

Road safety Measures to improve safety are

improved training for road users
improved roads
more protective devices in cars
simplified rules and regulations which are easy to understand
more traffic surveillance.
 CHAPTER 4
BEHAVIOUR ON THE ROAD
The driver's tasks
Interaction To drive a car is a responsible task that is performed in ever
changing surroundings, and it depends on interaction between
the various road users. As a driver, you have forces at your
disposal that other road users cannot match. This puts heavy
demands on you.

Interaction
between
drivers.

Lack of interaction
produces hazardous
situations.

flow and thc emvhmmcilt. You must be capable a

M d n g fn thb manner in order to rarry out your hm-
hps~~drlver.
- Basic rules ror road users
The Road Trafic Act states:

d l 1 road users should show consideration and be alert

ind cautious so that no damage is caused nor any danger
s performed in ever 1 :rested, and so that other traf'fic b not unduly obstructed
interaction between -
or inconvenienced. Consideration should also be shown
e forces at your : I tn na-nr lidnn nr i t n h g naor tkr -oAr
This puts heavy

m- Interaction
I This is the basic rule, and it applies to all road users. It applies
to drivers in particular, because cyclists and pedestrians are
more vulnerable than people sitting in cars.
between Alert Alert, as referred to in the basic rule, means observant. A driver
drivers, must take note all the time of what happens on the road in front,
behind and on both sides. He or she must sort out the pertinent
information from a steady stream of impressions.

Cautious in the basic rule refers to the actual driving. A cauti-

ous - or careful - driver is one who is always ready to keep other
road users informed by giving signals and otherwise, and
always adapts his speed to the circumstances and positions his
vehicle correctly on the carriageway.
r

To sum it up:
D I Alert or observant means taking note of all the import-
ant details in front of, to the sides of and behind the car.

1
Courteous
on the road

S q t belt

Cheewl and courteous on the road.

Drivers and other road users must show consideration to people

living near the road. Unnecessary and reckless driving is for-
bidden.

Driving position, mirror and seat belt

Start by adjusting High grip.

Seat the seat.
 I
Adjust internal and
external mirrors.

Good driving
adjusting position:

Erect

Arms
suspended

Knees
apart
Seat belts Seat belts prevent or reduce serious injury in the event of a c d LC
lision. The use of seat belts is therefore mandatory fa-
driver as well as for the passengers. Passengers riding --- - Imi
~ c seat
k are just a ~lnerableas those sitting in front. of 1

Safety devic

Observing
Your eyes provide you with more than 90 % of the informativn
needed for driving. Good eyesight is therefore essential for safe
driving.
C.
1

Failing to observe It has been found that inadequate observation is the one most
common driver mistake which causes accidents. This means
that the driver overlooks important details that are clearly
visible, e.g. pedestrians in a crossing or other cars.

How to observe We shall look at some simple rules that that will help you to
observe the trafic properly.

10va far ahead

keep your eyes moving
get the whole picture
make sure others see you and understand what you
are doing
leave yourself an out
<<lookfar ahead,, means
in built up areas: as far ahead as you can see the street
on open roads: at least 400 metres
in the dark: beyond your own headlights

Keep your eyes moving , .

5

You should look far ahead, but not fix your eyes rigidly on a far
spot. You must view the whole situation on the road by moving
your eyes all the time.

Ahead and to the sides

keep your eyes moving at short intervals
look repeatedly to both sides before and while crossing a
jupction
 - 1

Don't turn your head a ide to side. This

take as long as 3 seconds.>That is time enoughfor a dange
situution to develop inirrfront of the caz

to
To the rear d ithe sides:
take frequent looks in the.mirror
take a quick look in the mirror when a dangerous situation is,
observed in front of your car
take a look in the mirror before reducing speed or changing
position
* check the blind area just before changing lanes

Blind areas There are blind areas on both sides and behind you tkal. are
visible in'the mirrors.

a junction
your
+ .
 In the picture on the preceding page another car and a motor
cycle are shown in the blind areas. Neither of them will be
visible in the mirrors.

When changing lanes, the driver must make sure that the blind
areas are empty, by turning his head and looking over his left or
right shoulder.

from side to side. This may

time enoughfor a dangerous
-. .

Check the blind area before changing lanes.

erous situation is
Motor cycles are difficult to spot from the front or rear. A driver
must take this into account when moving to another position.

Get the whole picture

hind you thut are not A great many things happen at the same time on the road. If
you concentrate your view and your attention on one detail for
too long, you may overlook other details. You may then run into
another car that you ought to have seen.

a junction
YOU=

There is ofen heavy trafic in junctions.

 Junctions require special attention from drivers. The picture
shows a situation where there is a lot going on at the same time. happen? J

1 Car behind - may try to overtake or have

trouble stopping

2 Car door about to open - driver maystep on to the

carriageway

3 Car from left - may fail to observe duty to

give way

4 Pedestrian - may step into the road

Study the picture at your leisure. But on the road you won'i

A driver must therefore never drive too fast for

observing everything that happens. You determine how
difficult the driving is going to by maintaining mode-
-ate --2ed.

Think ahead
' t i
-.-;-.-ought to be able to forecast the events of the next 10 seconds.
This means 50 metres ahead when driving at 20 kmh, and
about 150 metres when driving at 50 kmh.
The photographs on the next page show situations on the road
that require the driver to think ahead.
What happen here?

When driving in city trafic, a driver must always remember

that busy pedestrians may step into the road.

Make sure others see you

A driver should never take it for granted that other road users
can see him and understand what he is about to do. Take a look
at the picture on the next page.
 Hers the driver of that car see11 you, and will he wait?

As a driver; you have several means of making others see you

and making them aware of your intentions.
drive slowly SO you don't take other people by surprise
move your car into a pasifion where it may be seen
use running lights or clip$ headlamps
give signals well in advance

Predictable driver If you do this, then you are a "predictable driven>.

F:
&
'I 't
?
The driver in Ji.ontof you signals with his direction indicator
5 seconds before reaching the junction, allowing you time to
adapt your driving accordiagly.
 Leave yourself an out
An alert driver will always look for a way of getting out of a
potentially dangerous situation.

The driver of this carfollows too closely behind the lorry ahead
of him. He cannot see much of the road ahead, and it could be
dangerous ifthe lorry were to make a sudden stop.

This i~ safer distance, and the driver stands a good chance of

stopping.

,oureyes open We will conclude this section by urging you to use your eyes
all the time when you drive.
Predictable driving

Alerting other road

users

Light signals

We cwsider a signal to be well in advance when it is given 5-8

seconds &e the action takes place.
I

1
Braking lights Your braking lights automatically light up to give a signal when
you apply the brake pedal. You may reduce the gsk ofbeing hit
by the vehicle behind you if you step lightly on the brake peaal
a cogple of times before you commence braking.
Signal with your horn or with your headlamps only when
necessary. It is forbidden to use such signals just for fun or to
say hello to friends, for example by winking your full beam
headlamps.

Small children are often unable to determine where the noise

comes from when the driver uses his horn. Signalling to a
child does not eliminate the danger.

Signalling is not the only way of informing other road users of

your intentions. The speed and position of your vehicle also
provide information to others.

7 -7
Adapting speecr

. .osition
r

Other mad users learn this driver's intentionsfrorn the way he

adapts his speed and positions his vehicle.
85
 Adapting speed
The car's momentum is an expression for the forces accumula-
ted by its speed.

You may put these forces to a useful purpose, for example when
you climb a slippery slope.

Destructive force But the momentum becomes a destructive force when the car
collides with another car or a pedestrian.

Passengers and the luggage inside the car also possess a

momentum which will be released in the event of a sudden stop
or a collision. Speed and road grip

Avoid loose articles in a cal: All passengers Cars are made more collision-proof all the
should use a restraint. time, but speed still kills.

The heavier the car, the The car's momentum, and its damage potential, increase with
greater the momentum the car's weight.

Speed is the deciding As a driver you are in a position to determine the magnitude of
factor the momentum because it depends on your speed.

If you collide at 80 kmfh, the forces released are four times

greater than at 40 kmlh.
 brce When driving around a bend, the tendency for the car is to
move straight ahead; and a steering force is required to keep it
on course.

You supply this force by turning the steering wheel when you
drive.

The steering force acts in the contact surface between the tyre
and the road.

and road grip The available steering force will not be sufficient if the speed is
excessive or the road grip inadequate. The car will then proceed
straight ahead and off the road.

Driving off the road is a common type of accident among young

drivers.
.- ..
I

-
F
J
.'

The steering force that will be needed increases with the weight
of the car. It may therefore become more diffxcult to negotiate
the bend with a full load than when driving an empty car.
Road grip

Your safety when driving depends on the ability of the tyres to

take hold on the road.

This ability to take hold, or friction force, is called road grip.

I
The quality of the road grip depends on several factors
the conditions (winter, summer, road surface, dry or wet)
the speed (the road grip is weaker at high speeds)
the tyres (condition, type)
the car's weight (a heavy car has a stronger road grip) I
ambient temperature (stronger road grip at low temperatures)
.-

I
wnen the wheels spin, all of the available road grip is used
up and there is no road grip for steering. The same thing hap-
pens when the wheels lock and skid on the road surface.

I You must be able to stop on

of the road of which you h
structed view.
You cannot steer a car when the wheels are locked.

i::

<.
.. .. . ...
., .
. .
. .-.
. . I::

L . >.:
..
I .
. . ., _ L

. . .. : ; 8 . '
., I , I
-
..
8
. ~.
,
: :8 >,
.. . .. ,.
..
..
. !. .
;i,
I I.
t.,
. .. .,. .
. ..
 The driver must always keep in mind that

Adapt speed before You should use your brakes before the bend so that maximum
road grip will be available for steering in the bend.

If you have to brake while in the bend, it is important that you

do not brake too sharply. Otherwise you may risk having too
little road grip left for steering and so you won't make the bend.

,our speed

Wet roads sometimes offer very poor road grip. At speeds as

low as 60 km/h the tyre may begin to <<float>>
on a film of water
between the tyre and the road surface.

The traJgic rules say

Drivers must be able to stop on that section of the road of
which there is an unobstructed view, and before any con-
ceivable obstacle.

: You must be able to stop on that section
'
of the road of which you have an unob-
structed view.
There may be a child hidden behind the
garage who could run across the road.
You must then be able to stop immedia-
tely.
Stopping lpquires time The driver needs time to respond, and then the braking re-
md distance quires a certain distance. Response distance

The stopping distance is response distance and braking dis-

tance put together.

It often takes some time before the driver perceives the hauqd when
a dangerous situation arises. This period is called the perception
time. The perception time is often crucial for stopping in time.

The response distance is the distance covered by the car from

the moment the driver perceives the hazard until he applies the
brakes.
Metres per secona
The braking distance is the distance the car travels from the
moment the driver applies the brakes until it has come to a
standstill. Normal situations

Emergency braking
on dry asphalt

The stopping distance is the response distance and the braking

distance put together: But a short stopping distance is of no
help if the perception period is too long.
Longer response time A1
in an emergency ve
as,

Danger zone w
vic
on
The response time usually varies between 0.5 and 3 seconds.
You may read from this table how far the car travels during the
response time:

1 ;g
I
Speed

90 km/h
' - lsec.
Response distance
I 2 sec.

;:;
44 m
50 m
24 m
42 m
58,5 m
66 m
75 m

The yellow column shows how far the car travels in one second
at the given speed.

he table below shows you what braking distances and stop-

ping distances to expect when braking in a normal and com-
fortable manner:

In emergencies, when you apply the brakes with full force,

braking distance and hence stopping distance will be shorter.

2Q-kmlh
,-
40 km/h
50 km/h
60 km/h
80 kmih

An emergency arises suddenly and unexpectedly. It is therefore

very likely that the response time will be longer than we have
assumed here.

We can see from this that you need about 100 m unobstructed
view of clear road ahead if you are to drive safely at 80 kmih
on a summer road.
Emergency braking on The.
a winter road is like the emergen - braking distance on a winter rc# 'the
normal braking on a of'ten about four times longer than on a summer row the
summer road the emergency braking distance on wet asphalt in th the
summer may be twice as long as on dry asphalt the

Speed is crucial

Immediate punish- l
m ti
n g n bend faster than the mad grip allows, wi
ment for violating the lake you drive off the road.
laws of physics. DrMng too claw to th - % M e in hont of you will make I
-
 The Road TrafficAct tells you to adapt your speed to
distance on a winter road is the location
mger than on a summer road the road conditions
distance on wet asphalt in the the view
;long as on dry asphalt the trafiic conditions

The driver is These provisions make it clear that you alone are responsible
responsible for adapting your speed when you drive.

You not dr

It is forbidden to drive so slowly that you cause undue hin-

aws of drance or disturbance to your fellow road users.
nents:
For the protection of special categories of road users, the tr&c
rules list some cases where you are under a special obligation to
proceed at very slow speed or make a complete halt if needed.

This applies in particular when driving past

children or a school crossing patrol
blind persons or others suffering from illness or infirmi-
ties that hinder them in the traffic
tram or buss at a regular stopping place

Reduce speed early, atsw when them b traiec behind

yon. The more vehl* that have to reduce speed, the
deer the situatkon for the vulnerable road users.
General There are two general speed limits in Norway:
speed limits

The speed limit is 80 km/h in the left drawing, and 50 k m h in

the right one.

I f there are no signs indicating the maximum speed, then you I

must judge for yourselfwhether you are in a built-up area.

Special The authorities may also decide that special speed limits shall
speed limits apply to certain sections of the road. These special speed limits
are indicated by signs: to tl
I Slowing
F

down The
measures dov
sect

The

End
liiizi,
h Norway: The maximum speed indicated by a sign applies to the road on
which the sign is placed until changed by another sign.

w
One maximum speed sign on the right
side conjinns the current sped. limit. A
change in the speed limit is indicated by
signs on both sides.
This sign indicates that the speed
limit is increased to the nearest
general speed limit. A this case 80
km/h.

Special signs are sometimes used in residential areas:

These special speed limits This speed limit applies to dl roads in the entire m a Contribute
to the people living in the area keeping a sa$e living enviivrunent.

Slowing dowu There may also be special measures to make traf'fic slow
measures down in those zones. They may be of various kinds, like narrow
sections, bumps etc.

The zone sign applies until cancelled by one of the'following signs:

End of speed End of built-up Pedestrian

limit zone. area. precinct.
[ahppmob la8 01 MOH
' s p ~ v z valq!s?nu?
q puv qq?s!n01 paads s?q
1--- = -:
- :??.?
,zA~{;;,:
C
--.-
. -- -.-
-
-
-- .-
-- -. i- I,,
,.: C , I ,
- 3ss-w amssta
4,.
Earn 3 #3,#/l'.fi a,,,, LIpUa@ aJouc a$VaJ3"*"+,+"l/l ""9 I""'m3 '
 The distance to the hazardmay also be indicated on a supple-
mentary panel below the sign: -?

to the hazard. Danger zone. Advance warning of pedestrian

crossing shall always have a
supplementary panel.

A warning sign may have a supplementary panel that indicates

the recommended speed:

The supplementary panel indicates

the highest speed that may be pro-
per under normal conditions.

The bend is unusually tricky for this

road section.

Some vehicles are subject to lower speed limits for safety

reasons
buses and lorries with a permitted total
weight exceeding 3.5 tons: 80 km/h
car with trailer: 80 kmlh
car towing a trailer without brakes and
weighing more than 300 kg: 60 kmlh
%
.T.
;3.1 k..:,
These vehicles must stay within their prescribed speed limits,
even if the speed limit indicated by signs is 90 km/h.

t your driver's licence

 Position on the carriageway
This topic includes:

Distance to the vehicle in the lane and relative to

position in^
infront. other rod-users.

Making use o f h correct lane. ,i

.* +p
;:+
.. The :
Distance to the The trafic rules state t h e :A,-,
t ' 5
vehic
vehicle in front
The distance to the vehicle in front shall be so great that A lon
Rear end collisions there will be no danger of a rear end collision in the the
event of the vehicle in front slowing down or stopping.

Overtaking

Good view Proper distance is also necessary to get a good view of the road
ahead of the vehicle in front and its environment.
'1
 ~e seconds rule The so-called 3-seconds rule is a simple rule of thumb for
maintaining adequate distance to the vehicle infiont:

rl-

the lane and relative t(7

rs.

Pick an object like a traffic sign, a tree or other fixed point

7
along the road.
. Start counting slowly to 3 the moment the vehicle in front pas-
ses the object by saying: a thousand-and-one a thousand-
and-two a thousand-and-three.
1

You have proper distance if you complete the counting before

you pass the object.

The 3- second rule gives you the minimum distance to the

fI
vehicle in front.

Longer distance A longer distance is required when

the road is slippery
the speed is in excess of 80 km/h
the vehicle behind you is too close

1
Basic rule for position
on the carriageway
 Changing to the
opposite lane

Basic rule:
Well in advance

B
'I -'

I vehicle in the middle of the lane. The car on the right is stationary, and you have to use the lane
provided for oncoming trafic. Use your direction indicators,
look around you and change lanes well in advance. This provi-
des you as well as vehicles behind you with a better view.

you must give way to vehicles approaching from behind

when you change lanes
you must give way to oncoming vehicles if the obstacle is on
your side of the road.
hold back well in advance if you decide to wait
assess possible hazards from passing the obstacle, and main-
tain proper distance

roads
re are
of the Exception from the
basic rule

In this case you should postpone changing lanes until you have
an unobstructed view of the mad to the lef.
H
Turning right at a
junction

Position yowr car as cbse to the 3gm Rerb as posszble well in

advance, and make the turn as tight as possible.

Advantages
it is clear to other traffic where you intend to go
you avoid getting two-wheelers on the inside as you make the
turn
you take up less space

Turning left at a
junction

VJCLLVrl YVUl as close to the middle of the carriageway as

LUI.

possible. Keep in mind that you must always allow space for
oncoming vehicles.

Advantages
it is clear to other traffic where you intend to go
you allow room for others to overtake on your right 'hrning off or
crossing the
carriageway
 A large vehicle towing a trailer sometimes has to swing out to
the left before making a right turn in order to avoid mounting
the pavement, although thls is contrary to the rules. Such
vehicles may likewise be unable to keep to the middle of the
road before making a left turn.

as possible well in
.7--
""?-

biz

This road train needs both lanes, and you should hold back.

Two vehicles Two vehicles approachimg a junction from opposite sides and
hm&g left both intending to turn left, m y turn left without crossing the
other vehicle's path.

Keep in mind that the oncoming vehicle may hide another

vehicle that travels straight ahead.

lhrning off or The rule that says you should keep right as far as possible or
crossing the stay as close to the middle as possible before making a turn,
\the right to enter ff carriageway also applies where appropriate in other situations.

you to the right If the carriageway is narrow and there are cars behind as you
re about to are about to turn left, then let them pass before you make the
turn so they will not have to wait for you.
 ' M O @ ~ ~sancudt@
VJ~ gal q 1 8 u ! ~ ? l pajaldzuo~sl Bu~ywanoayi amo auvl
-ymp m PMs? auq 1q8u a u ' ~ 4
3 ~ Xrtva~ iy8p q j oi tun1a.i rsnw n o X - . i b i i ~ c ; 3 ~
:suo~)~nlys
8 u y ~ o ~ayl
~ ouyj pasn aq LEUIa u q ljaI ayl Ins
.awl ya1 ayl jo asn ayl sp5q.10~ aInr 3 p q a u
Change of lanes should be pegormed well in advance. The
heavier the trafic, the earlier the change of lanes.

Important
the traffic situation decides when it is safe to make the change
you must give way to vehicles travelling in the lane you are
about to enter or cross
adapt your speed to the tr&c in the adjoining lane
change of lane must be performed before the continuous line
begins
make room for others who intend to change lanes

The rules for changing lanes do not apply where the number of
lanes is decreased because the road narrows.

These drivers should cutapt their speed to each other and pm-
- I
ceed alternately as far as possible by *zipper actions.
 The better you are able to plan ahead, the fewer changes of lane
will be needed:

Avoid changing Choosing lane

lanes unnecessa- fnone-way
rily size&

Moving into the correct lane requires plunning.

Traffic signs and road markings may require you to depart from
the traffic rules relating to the use of lanes.
I
I One-way tra86c
ma ob~tr~eted
I view

Lanes proceeding
through a junction
vegkryss

When two lanes have signs pointing in the same direction, you
should choose the lane which is best suited to where you intend
to go in the next junction.
I
j
the fewer changes of lane I The rules for driving on multilane roads also apply to one-way
streets.

lane
'Y

If the road with one-way traj'ic is long or the view is obstruc-

ted, then you should choose the right lane as you enter even if
uire you to depart from you intend to turn lejl at the far end.

traffic
~ucted

Choose the right lane in accordance with the basic rule of posi-
tioning.

Hazards of driving on the left side

I pedestrians may not be aware of cars driving on the left side
! and may step on to the carriageway without looking
same direction, you I cyclists frequently risk going against the prescribed direction
to where you intend drivers approaching from the left at junctions may not antici-
pate traffic on the left side

I
I
 When you approach a roundabout, you should position your
oundabout car as you would in a regular junction.
-.

1
Regular juncnon.

Make sure you keep well to the right in the

roundabout when going straight ahead. Mandatory
lanes
Signals and position in Driving in a roundabout is like driving through a bend to the
roundabouts left with a number of inkrpcting rods from the right.

co
This

Kegular road.
The car in the left lane must change lanes
before leaving the roundabout.
 There may also be traffic signs in a roundabout that require you
to position your car differently from what you otherwise would

roundabout as well. You may chose the left lane even i f you
intend to go straight ahead.

the
*
, I . , . .

the

lB!mmw,-
This driver is re, -ed to use the left lane.

Optional lanes

You may drive on either side of this sign.

 2""
em-
me to the far right on st
OW-moving vehicles
r -

The picture shows a section of the road with a lane for overta-
king. At the point where the carriageway narrows, trafic in the
right and left lanes must alternate, making the two rows merge
by <<zipper actionw.

Three lane
roads are
dangerous

Sections of the road with "

may be a trafic sign proh%ting overtaking for trific in the
direction where there is one lane only.
Traffic lane panel This sign tells drivevs intending
turn right to use the right lane,
drivers intending to go straigh
A ~blictransport lanes TI
Q

ahead or turn left to use the left lane

These signs mean that the left lan

Traffic lane signs proceeds straight ahead and leads tl
National Highway Ed, and that couri
ty road NO, 25 proceeds ffom th
right lane.

Reversible lanes The picture shows trafic lights and road markings that are use,
in connection with so-called reversible lanes, that means lane
where the trafic may change direction.

ling line

I
The direction of travel is indicated by light signals above the
lanes, red crosses meaning closed to trafic facing the signal
and green arrows indicating that trafic is allowed

Red crosses indicate that the lane is prohibited to t r a c

facing the signal. The direction may change in the middle lane.
Note that a yellow line in this case may separate traffic going in
the same direction as well as in opposite directions.

I
 blic transport lanes These signs designate special lanes reserved for public transport
to make it easier for these transports to get through city traffic.

k m
I. Taxi
The left sign means that only buses may use this lane, the right
sign pennits taxis as well. Similar signs, but with a red diagonal
bar, or the next junction, mark the end of a public transport
lane. A road sign indicating other use for the lane also marks
the end of a public transport lane.

When a public transport lane ends and merges with another

lane, vehicles in the former must give way to traffic in the latter

Except for buses and trams at regular stopping places, vehicles

may not stop in a public transport lane.

The line separating public transport lane from regular lanes is

a dividing line which is a broad, punctuated line.

The following may also use public transport lanes

uniformed emergency vehicles
motor cycles
mopeds
cyclists
prohibited to t r a c
ge in the middle lane. Cars must remain in their lane when an emergency vehicle with
flashing blue light approaches, leaving the public transport lane
clear for the emergency vehicle.
Prohibited traffic

Prohibited actions

Pedestrians

The cyclist may choose to use the carriageway.

The cyclists m& use the cycle lane on the &ht side only.
 Giving way
The safe flow of traffic depends on clear rules with respect to
how road users on intersecting courses are to relate to each
other.

The right hand rule The traflc rules say

drivers must give way to vehicles approaching from the
right, also when this is a result of the dnver making a left turn.
Not obstruct or a road user who has the right of way shall not be obstructed
inconvenienct or inconvenienced.
Indicate clearly the driver who is required to give way shall clearly indicate
that he intends to give way.

Car A must give way to both car B and cyclist C.He is also
required to demonstrate clearly that he is going to comply by
reducing his speed and maintaining eye contact with the other
drivers.
The sequence will be: Car B, cyclist C and finally car A.
 You will often be required to give way to pedestrians at junctior

This car must give way to the two pedestrians and to the cycli

Giving way to drivers r n ~ ;ive way to pedestrians using or about ta

pedestrians enter a pedestrian crossing
driver making a turn must give way to pedestrians a].,
cvclists crossing the street he is about to enter

Giving way at
:--ncti---,

You must give way to vehicles from the You must give way to oncoming vehicles
right and pedestrians in both pedestrian
crossings.
and vehicles from the right as well as to
pedestrians. I
- -

you should pull up before the junction

you should avoid stopping in a pedestrian crossing
 at junctions: Traffic signs are sometimes used to indicate when to give bay,
and these signs take precedence over the traffic rules. Two main
traffic signs are used for this purpose at junctions:

Give priority to cros- Stop before the intersec-

:sing vehicles. ting road.

Both signs tell you to give way to vehicles coming from both
directions on the intersecting road. None of them means that
ans and to the cyclist. the intersecting road is a priority road.

F
e junction
a pedestrian crossing
Speed and distance

Drivers approaching the junction must assess the speed of and

distance to the crossing vehicle.

If the speed limit is 50 kmlh, a gap of 100 metres is required in

both directions in order to cross the road without obstructing cxr
inconveniencing the intersecting traffic. When turning left, you
will need a gap of about 150 metres to traffic from the right.
The corresponding distances in an 80 k m h zone are 150 metres
and 250 metres.

to the right from the junction.

Note that:

You may find this sign on priority roads as well This sign means:
as on regular roads. If on a priority road, it 1. Dangerous junction.
gives advance warning of a dangerousjunction. 2. Give way to traficfrr
the right.
 I..
, .-

Since the giving way sign does not mean that the intersecting
road is a priority road, you must take care to ascertain whether
the road which you have just entered is a priority road or not.

C You do that by looking for this sign:

1 pt:&Fad>> sign

') Priority road

v Vehicles on intersecting roads are

i
required to give way.

This is the only sign that can tell you whether you drive on a
priority road.
e sign is frequently The sign is usually repeated after every junction in order to give
keaeated this information to road users entering the priority road.

Priority status is usually given to main arteries with heavy traf-

fic. The purpose is to enhance traffic flow and safety.

k of rear end A hazard associated with this type of roads is that drivers may
become less alert. It is therefore important that you consider the
traffic behind you if you have to make a stop on a priority road!

I d

Rear end collisions are a common accident type on priority

roads.

It is therefore important that you are especially alert at junc-

tions on priority roads too. Furthermore, you will frequently
find pedestrian crossings at junctions, and you must give way to
pedestrians even if you drive on a priority road.

The end of a priority road is marked by this sign:

End of priority
road.
 There may be signs giving advance warning of traffic light con-
trolled iunctions.
#.

A This sign gives advance warning of

trafic lights. It is also used for advan-
ce warning of temporary trafic lights,
for instance in connection with work
on the road.

If you see this sign before the brow of a hill or a bend where
visibility is obstructed, you must anticipate that there may be a
line of stationary vehicles down the road.

In addition to observing the traffic light, you must also take

note of what goes on, as you would in any other junction.

rsoceeding straight . Ifyou intend to go straight ahead in this situation, you mustpay
head through the particular attention to
unction . the tr&c light which may change to yellow
the possibility of pedestrians being hidden behind the cars in
the left lane
the possibility of a line up at the far side of the junction
Flashing You will sometimes come across a flashing yellow traffic light
yellow signal at a junction.
This means that you should show special caution.
Signs or the right- You must give way according to the traffic signs where there
hand rule? are flashing yellow traffic lights. The right-hand rule applies if
there are no traffic signs.

Making turns in
traffic light controlled
junctions

Making a t u n at junctions controlled by trafic lights withouj

arrows, ofen leads to a <Givewayw situation.
If you make a right turn, you must give way to pedestrians m 1
the street you enter if they face a green pedestrian traffic light.
You should however comply by proceeding towards the pedes-
trim crossing to accommodate the traffic behind you.
-* - 4--
w
Giving way to If you make a left turn, you will have to give way to oncoming
pedestrians and vehicles as well as pedestrians in the pedestrian crossing in the
oncoming vehicles street you enter.
You should proceed into the junction to give way.
 C
flashing yellow trafiic light Some junctions have traffic lights with arrows for right or left
turns.
a1 caution.
e traffic signs where there
e right-hand rule applies if

It- .-.
'2

The car that is about to turn left may proceed because there is a
green arrow while the oncoming cars and the pedestrians in the
pedestrian crossing to the left have red light and must wait.

Drivers who intend to make a turn at a junction, must obey the

arrow signal if there is one. A green arrow allows you to drive
even if the main traffic light is red.

Fllter arrow The picture below shows a tr&c light that has a filter arrow.
The driver who is about to turn left has proceeded into thejunc-
tion and is waiting for the oncoming vehicles and anypedestri-
ans in the pedestrh crossing to the left. He may continue when
there is a gap in the trafic, or when the green filter arrow is lit.
 traffic have pretty much Drivers must give way to other road users when Pse or she
p e c t
emergeshm
a parking area
a stopping place
a market place
.
a property, farm road
a filling station
a pedestrian street, pedestrian pre
~ i n cor
t similar area

Car C must give way to the pedestrian as well as to car D, but

not to car E. Note that the right hand rule applies in the parking
area, so car3 must .-
give way to car A.

o drivers must leave pedestrians sufficient space on the road

drivers crossing a fodtpath, pavement or pedestrian lane shall
give way to pedestrians

m drivers shall gi& \w@p.topedestrians when driving in a pedes-

trian street or pedestrian precinct
you are required to stop for passengers entering or leaving a
nt and behind must wait bk tram which has stopped at a stopping place where there is no
tsaffic island

1
You must show special consideration to children and school
crossing patrols. The same-applies when passing blind or elder-
ly persons.
125
Gidng way.@bus

I
Meeting another Meeting drivers shall, if necessary
vehicle -* well in advance make room by moving to the extreme right of
the road
t slow down or pull up
on tells
Narrow roads, where vehicles going in opposite directions may
find it difficult to pass, often have special passing places. They
are identified by this sign:

Plan ahead
-m
"29
Passing place.

When the road is narrow and winding, the driver shou~uu

find out how the road proceeds ahead of him in order to
oncoming traffic. You may for instance look over a
across a valley.
- II
Advance warning of Advance warning of narrow road may be given by signs:
narrow road

AA Road narrows. Road narrows on

the right
Road narrows o
 or less you must give way i
iver has signalled that he ,

The supplementary panel tells you that the available road width
is 3.5 metres. That is not enough for safe passing. Vehicles
coming from both directions must give way.

If you approach the narrow bridge in the picture above, you

B g to the extreme right 01 have to assess speed and distance in order to decide if you
should proceed or wait.

Your best way of signalling'your intentions is to position your

opposite directions may vehicle clearly.
passing places. They

b e driver should try to

k i n d e r t o lookfor
kmk over a fjord w

This sign means that you must give way to the oncoming vehi-
cle. You are not allowed to proceed if this means that the onco-
ming vehicle has to stop.

Priority over vehicles from opposite direction which is visible

next to the oncoming car in the picture.

The oncoming vehicle

Road narrows on faces this sign
the leJt
 .snaqs asn o s p Lam Larl~,-Q@A anlq S u q s 1 3 ~L q d s p asnm
p3 L3uaZ1ama uo a e u a a q pm s&mqzrclm 'am a q o d
31pg Jaw0 03 &M a@
aru qpxI.~ooja ro q a d a p k a moq p o a~Bupqua 1 s g d 3 .
3';~~ar)
m p o q LVM a ~ ?asnm
mysapad JO auamallad 'qpQooj 'lap~noyspa01 %pad
k3 'awl apL3 a m0.y A a ~ a S a p ~ ay,
e 3 03 no 8uylom 1sg3L3 .
- a a qlad~ooj'am1 m y s a p a d ruamahad
uo BulpL3 uaqM smysapad 01 AVM Jsnur s)sg~A3 .
nrnl a m 3-IU UaqM qp4
o 01 ABM ah18 asnm <<urtqgal a p l m a 8uyyam sasg3L3 .
s1q13X3 ~ o J s u o ~ q pn p8a~d s
 ull to the All road users must give clear road to emergency vehicles dis-
Im d e a n d stop playing a flashing blue light by pulling to the side and stop-
ping if necessary.

it until the oncoming car has

the obstruction is, must give On roads having more lanes, the cars in the right lane should
yield to the right while cars in the 1ef lane should yield to the
lef. This allows the emergency vehicle to pass between the
rows. Note that the car in the front has driven partly on to the
must give way to other pavement and a little bit past the stopping line.

Other road users Road users must not obstruct or inconvenience

entitled to clear road group of pedestrians being led
column of military or civil defence personnel
funeral procession

path or a footpath must Regulations concerning clear road also apply on priority roads
and motorways.

Trams and railway trains shall be given clear road.

eymay also use sirens.
"Lk.ains and trams Driver of vehicles on rails must nonetheless give way to other
must obey signs traffic where a <<Giveway* sign is installed.

Pn~stram must gzve way as rndzcated by the sign.

-
5 How to gct y o u driver's lictnce
 'LVM %up@ PW suoy~3unC~ U ~ U I ~a3yapa ~
~ U OImauaD
i
-uoy3unT
..yl a peaqx lq8p.q~spaa30.1d UIBQ ay) 30 luo.13 uy n3 ay) z
-paa3o~d01 ma
;y)30 IUOJJ uy m3 ay) M O 01 ~dols LEW sm3 8upo3uo aql I
J o O m a d o aAaqJ
a d a q pvOA .(Val3 ~ u ? A ? ~SXVM
I
i
1 krning round Reversing is hazardous, turn the car round instead.

You may turn round by

turning off the carriageway to your right and turning at the
side of the road
making a U-turn on the carriageway
turning and reversing on the c-arriageway

Turning round outside the carriageway

Less risk

This sign means that U-turns and other turns are forbidden all
the way up to and including the nearest junction.

Unless prohibited, U-turns are also permitted at junctions. But

look out carefully.
.auv1 i @ ~9211 u?paa2o~dpuv asJanad p v a aqi SSOJ~V wnj
 Standing and parking
A stationary vehicle may cause danger by obstructing other
traffic or blocking the view for other road users. The implica-
tion of the basic rule consequently is that cars and other
vehicles may not stop or park in a manner that creates

r
danger or undue inconvenience.

\\UbCC1116 ,,hicle st..,, , .,. ., ..., ,. ..,.

,,,, ..dt lea,,
the vehicle.>>Brief halt to let passengers get on or off or
to load and unload is not considered to be parking. 7

This is parking, even ifthe driver stays in the vehicle.

Standing <<Brier halt, no longer than requlrea to let passengers

get in or out of the vehicle or to load or unload,>.This is
nnt rnnnidered tn he nark in^.

Brief halt, no longer than required to let passengers out.

Stopping in the traffic Stopping is ; necessitate by the

KC s i t u a t i o n- .- T i ' <
- - - - --
2
- -
 I
Why the difference It is reasonable in many shopping streets to let passengers get in
between standing and or out or to load and unload. But parked cars would cause so
parking? much inconvenience that they must be forbidden.

In some streets there is so much traffic, or the view so obstruc-

ted that vehicles cannot be allowed to stop even briefly.

No standing in certain Standing or parking is prohibited

places at a junction or within 5 metres of a junction.
on a pedestrian crossing or closer than 5 metres before the
crossing.

4topping
-,'
lace

?lu distance is mearuredfrom where the kerb, the edge of the/

road or the edge line starts to curve.

parking in certain I
m a

Notc L I K Z ~the cdVo standing* applies beJure the crossing in the

direction of travel only.
 Standing or parking is also prohibited
on a bend, on the brow of a hill or any other place where visi-
bility is limited
in a tunnel
on a pavement, pedestrian lane, footpath, cycle lane or cycle path
on a cycle crossing or closer than 5 metres before the crossing
on a motonvay or on a slip road entering or leaving a motorway
within 5 metres of a level crossing
in a public transport lane
in a lay by for bus stop, tram stop or taxi stand or closer than
20 metres to the sign marking such stpping place.

You may nonetheless stop briefly at a stopping place in order to

allow passengers to get in or out, provided you do not integere
with the operation of bus, taxi or tram.

in certain You may stop, but you may notpark in thefollowing places
in front of a vehicle entrance or exit
in a passing
in a pedestrian street or precinct
crossing in the on the carriageway of a priority road where the speed limit is
fhtv the higher than 50 km/h
The basic rule applied The basic rule, stating that your car should not in any way cause 'king signs
to parking damage, create a risk or cause undue obstruction or incon-
venience for other road users, also applies to parking.

Parking on the left

Parking on the Leji side of a two-way street may be Izazardorss

because an oncoming car m y be hidden from your view. I
Parking sides

Cars parked. on both sides of a narrow street may cause an

obstruction to other tram. I

T e n the door
of your cal: I
 Parking signs You must recognise the signs that regulate standing and parking.

No parking.

This sign means that it is forbidden to park, but not to stop

briefly to let people in or out or to load or unload the vehicle.

m y be hazardous No standing.
1

This sign means that it is forbidden to park, and also to stop

briefly to let people in or out or to load or unload the vehicle.

The restrictions apply

on the side of the street where the sign is installed
from the sign to the nearest junction, regardless of whether
the intersecting road is to the right or left.

a narrow street may cause an

L.

lhe car on the near side is not allowed to park between the sign
and the junction. The car on the far side is lawfully parked
because the restriction does not apply there.

Sometimes there is a supplementary plate with an arrow below

the sign, indicating that the parking restriction does not apply
all the way to the next junction, as shown on the next page.
 at a1
ods

End of No parking

The supplementary plate means that the restriction ends

and not at the nearest junction, see picture below.

Parking prohibited to the near-

est junction in both directions.

The supplementary plate shown above indicates that parking is

prohibited all the way between two junctions.

The sign prohibiting standing or parking betwe'en two junctions

is usually installed just after the first junction. The restriction
then applies to the entire block.
Parking prohibited at Prohibition of standing and parking indicated by signs applies
specified hours at all times. However, the restriction may be limited to the peri-
ods specified on supplementary panels.

No parking between 8:00 and 17:OO

(8:OO-15:OOon Saturdays).

Short term parking, limited to 3v

minutes.

, d 30 min 1

Restrictions apply during rush

hours and to passenger cars.

The above signs apply to rush hours and passenger cars and
mean
no standing between 8:00 and 10:00, Monday through Fri-
day, applies to all vehicles
no parking for passenger cars between 10:OO and 17:OO on
weekdays except Saturday when the period is 10:OO-1500.

These restrictions are for shopping streets where though traffic

in the morning makes it necessary to prohibit standing altoget-
her. Lorries and light delivery vehicles may park during the
period 10:OO-17:00, but passenger cars are only allowed to stop
briefly to let people in or out or to load or unload the vehicle.

The supplementary panels may have other symbols than those

shown here. Note that times specified with black figures apply to
 working days and figures in brackets apply on Saturdays. Ties;
specified with red numbers apply to Sundays and holidays.
I
$$Parking zone
a-.: .
?>
Some central urban zones with heavy traffic may have special
regulations for standing and parking. Signs are installed at the
entrances to these zones to inform road users of the restrictions. I
Sone Zone with special regulations for
parking or standing.

8-18
(8-16)

End of zone with special regula-

tionsfor parking or standing. I
Parking meters

Ticket vending
machines

Multi-storey
Time limits The upper sign means that parking is not allowed within the car park
zone between the hours of 8:00 and 18:OO on regular weekdays
and 8:00 and 16:OO on Saturdays.
'1
In addition to time limits, parking within the zone may be
restricted by
allowing parking in special areas only, sometimes subject to a
parking fee
date parking

Marking of parking Parking spaces are marked either parallel to the carriageway,
spaces diagonally or at right angles to the camageway as shown on the
next page.
 apply on Saturdays. Times [

users of the restriction

special regulations fo
Diagonally.
,
., , . -
1-.

- 7 -,:
. _.

right angle

I
r parking or standing. I
1parking meters diagonal or transveirse parking space
driving forward into it.
This makes it easier to get the vehicle in the proper position.
<1

I Ticket vending Sometimes a ticket vending machine is installed instead of park-

machines ing meters to cover a section of the road or an area. You must
then purchase a ticket and leave it clearly visible in the car.

Multi-storey To enable people to use their cars to busy locations like large

E+
g is not allowed within the
18:Won regular weekdays
car park business and commercial centres, airports etc., parking facili-
ties have been made available in multi-storey buildings.
These reduce the need for parking on streets and roads.

g the zone may A ticket showing the time of entry is issued to you when you
enter the car park. When you come to pick up your car, you will
only, sometimes subject to a be required to pay for the actual parking time. After having paid,
you may use the ticket to open the barrier and drive away.
The spaces in the multi-storey car park are numbered. Make sure
'
you remember the number, that makes finding the car easier
3

ri
parallel to the carriageway;
xrriageway as shown on the
4 Make use of the multi-storey car park when you want to
park in a busy location. That is safer than parking in
roads with heavy traffic. :
- -.
Show consideration Take care and be considerate when you park, for the si
when you park other road users and the rules as well as your own car.
If you obstruct others, the result may very well be damage
your own car.

Dangerous Parking which constitutes a danger or obstruction to others is

parking course forbidden, and it may be expensive if you get caught.

Obey the parking Municipalities and private companies operate parking are
regulations where you pay for parking.
There is strict surveillance to ensure correct payment and use
the available space. If you pay too little, or not at all, you ris
paying a heavy penalty.

I
Towed away You may even risk having your car removed and brought to a
collection site. You will then have to cover all the costs of
towing and storing the car.

Improper parking may cost you a lot of money.

 The hazards of driving
Driving a car is a high risk activity compared to most jobs and
sport and leisure activities. The risk of getting involved in an
accident is therefore considerable. A major accident leads to
loss of life, the survivors may suffer life long disabilities and
the material damage may be substantial.

More than I30 000 road accidents happen every yeal:

. ,
..*I'

,, ,$ 4\;

Most people think that an accident is something that only hap-

pens to other people, not to themselves.

sense
:urity
Risk conscious or
oblivious to risks
a1 skill Driving a car is a social skill because ,,.~,~
your-driving has consequences for other road users
traffic requires interaction where all road users are mutually
dependant on one another
safety on the road depends on mutual respect and consideration
the behaviour of the individual road user has a bearing on the
others' attitude to trafF~c.

Risk takers and people craving for excitement enjoy hazardous

activities.

I'o seek excitement on the road is anti-social and mor-

;ally dangerous. 1
. - -
The most frequent road accidents leading to injury and death
are:
Young drivers in Young, inexperienced drivers and their passengers are most at causes
weekend accidents likely to be involved in accidents. These accidents frequentlv !accidents?
occur in week-ends.

I
The typical week-end accident: Young and inexperienced
driver; old car; frequently too m y passengers, alcohol anf
excessive speed on unfamiliar roads during the night.

What young Young drivers have been asked in a survey how they drh
1
drivers say Among the answers, three points may be mentioned:
.1
excitement and daring: Young men in particular say that hij
speed driving gives them a wonderful feeling of exhilaration

confidence in own skiJl: Young men tend to be over-con:

dent. Young women are more realistic.

showing off: Many drive too fast to impress their friends.

Ten killed in one Daredevil driving at high speeds may have dramatic cons
week-end quences. The toll of one week-end was ten drivers and passa
gers under 23 killed. Even if the driver survives, he or she m garding the
become disabled or acquire serious mental problems or su em
stantial financial obligations.

You are responsible Young people have always been more daring and fearless th
their elders. But since driving is so potentially dangerous 3
give you this advice:
 their passengers are ma A study involving 13 000 accidents showed that mistakes made
. These accidents frequent by the driver had contributed to the accident happening in
7 about 90 % of the cases. Faults or deficiencies relating to the
road which could have a bearing on the accident were found in
about 30 % of the cases. Faults relating to the cars contributed
to about 10 % of the accidents. The total is more than 100 %,
since many accidents may be attributed to more than one cause.

But about 60 % of the cases were attributable only to the dri-

vers' mistakes. The most common mistakes were

1 failur
2 excessive speed under the circumstances
3 lack of attention
4 wrong emergency response
... 11
-- -- .--
- --

Drivers often make mistakes because they do not recognise the

risk. So they do not perceive the dangers, or they disregard
them.

When the driver dkregards the dangers, the cause may often
be that he or she
has no respect for other people
overrates hisher own skill
allows others to induce h i d e r to take chances
hopes it will turn out all right
misjudges the handling qualities of the car and the driving
conditions
Not recognising the Many accident happen because the driver does not
dangers the danger.
The reason is usually that
the driver lacks experience and does not think ahead
the speed is so high that the hazards are overlooked .
the driver is under the influence of alcohol

Hazards We must adapt the speed to accommodate for visible and#

sible hazards.

Althol
joes n
3s500
road 1
only a

.
. -., .-: ,
, 1.- a ,
.

4
,
: 1,;;
I !
( The danger is easily visible here, and the driver may ada
. :..: - .
7 . .

.
speed well in advance.

1here may be some hidakn danger behind the bend that the dri- I
I
ver cannot see. He must adapt his speed accordingly. This redu-
ces the risk.

Avoid traps

- 15 b. .. 'i,
. .
.
, I:

, la-
.
" ,,,.i

. ..
 It has been demonstrated that the risk is greater at higi
speeds. A good precaution is therefore to reduce speec
when driving in the dark.

Although the light from the car's lamps appears to be strong, it

does not by far equal daylight. We can see objects as far away
as 500 metres during the day. But the full beams light up the
road for only about 100 metres, and the dipped beams for
only about 40 metres.

Imagine that you can suddenly <<turnon>>the daylight. You

would then be able to see further ahead and observe the
obstacles as shown on the next page.
In daylight

It is not the intensity of the light from the car's lamps that deter-
mines how clearly you can see the road in front of you or the
obstacles on it, it is the amount of light reflected back to your
eyes by the road and the objects.

Reflectors
are best

DARK COAT
about 5%
CREY COAT
about 10%
UCHT COAT REFLECTOR
about 80% nearly 100% 1
The drawing shows that a dark coat reflects only about 5 % q Night vis
the light from the car; a light coat about 80 % and
nearly 100 %. 5 .
->-.

-
_.
-..--y-- . .
.- "'
-

Road lighting
As a driver you must nonetheless expect that there may be
pedestrians wearing dark clothes. They don't realise that you
can hardly see them.

Illuminating the road may help, but cannot fully

I Dazzling
.I

ill

the lack of daylight.

Yours vision is not so good when you drive in the dark, nor is
your eyes' ability to make out details. You miss information and
you may not be recognise pedestrians, animals or parked
vehicles until it is too late.
 Colours You see colours clearly in daylight, but in the dark you see only
faint nuances of colo& or shadesof grey, as shown in the pictures
below.

1
the car's lamps that deter-
Driving in daylight is like watching colour TI!

ad in front of you or the

lkht reflected back to your

Driving when it is dark is like watching poor quality black and

LlCHT COAT REFLECTOR
about 80°h nearly 100% white 17.i

coat reflects oizly about 5 % of Night vision When you go from a dark room into the sunlight, you need
about 80 % and a reflector approximately 30 seconds to adapt your eyesight and see
clearly. Conversely about 30 minutes is needed to adapt your
eyesight when going from light to dark.

This may cause problems to the driver

--ess expect that there may be when entering a tunnel in daylight
bes. They don't realise that vou at dusk
when leaving a well-lit area

I but cannot fully compensate for Dazzling A driver may be dazzled by

facing a low sun in the morning or in the evening
I
pen you drive in the dark, nor is
light from an oncoming vehicle

letails. You miss information and

I
~edestrians,animals or parked
I
Intense sunlight may make you nearly blind, In that case
-
mast DUN uu at once. L i ~ h from
t an oncomin~vehicle
also dazzle you.

Dazzling is caused by the eye being struck by an intense q

light. The driver may then faiJ to spot a pedestrian next
oncoming car. The pedestrid wilI only be visible at a dii
ce of abut 25 hetres.

lf%e@Yei s ~ q
with light, and

This is what
would see if
weren't d a d 1

Continual light from oncoming vehicles and fatigue increas

the risk of being dazzled. This problem increases with age, an
impaired eyesight develops gradually and is not easily recogn. A ei
sed. Dazzling may be a problem. and
ma'
 Visibility with full Illuminated road on full beam about 100 metres
beam, dipped beam Illuminated road on dipped beam about 40 metres
and when meeting When meeting another car a
pedestrian is visible at about 25 metres

BY COMPARISON:
In daylight a pedestrian
is visible at least 500 me
The eye is flooded
with light, and the
pedestrian is only
visible at a distan- ,, ,
, ,nning lighc, , ,.ppeu neau during
2 Use headlamps on full beam whe i is dark
..,
ce of 25 metres.
mps and their use 3 Dip your headlamps if they dazzle the driver of th
oncoming vehicle or the vehicle in ft

I
This is what yo#
would see if you
weren't k l e d . 1

bcles and fatigue increase

ease with age,
not :asily recc ?timelig A car with the lights on is more easily visible, even in daytime,
and this improves safety. Daytime lights have therefore been
made mandatory.

All drivers must have their lights switched on duriny

the day to be more easily visible. -
Meeting When tww c ~ r meet
s in the dark, both drivers must we
headlamps to illaminate the road as well as possible and
their speed according to the visibility.

keep full beam until the distance is about 200-300 mecre:

* reduce speed
dip the headlamps

estrians or animals

change to full beam when the distance is about 2 car le

get closer befare changing if on a narrow road
 It has been common practice to dip the headlamps as soon as
the oncoming car does so. You are not advised to follow this
practice, since many drivers dip their headlamps when the dis-
tance is still too great.

Driving behind The proper time to dip your headlamps when catching up with
another car another car is when you can see your lights beginning to <<climb
up>>the vehicle in front. The distance will then be 100-200
8 . metres.
v"#
.,

F
U'
I

Dip your headlamps bvherz you are 100-200 metres brhind the
other vehicle.

Overtaking Overtaking is even more dangero~lsin the dark, and accidents

in the dark must be avoided
consider the situation carefully to decide if overtaking is safe
both drivers must use their lamps to illuminate the road as
well as possible

Consider carefully whether overtaking is safe and necessary.

157
How to use the

. -
thc o\-csrahing \,chicle ch;~nfcsto f i ~ l lhcam when just behind
(he overtaken \,ehiclc kccps fill1 beam until the o\~el-rahin;
\chicle has just passetl E'
Parking I'arhing lamps mn\t be lit on \chicle, standing o r parketi on
the road \\ hcncvc~the l ~ g h to~ \ 1\1h111ty ~ l l ~ l h11c I I L ' L C ~ ~ C111
~~!
o ~ t l cto~ m,lhe rhe ~ c h ~ cv141ble
le 1 0 otllc~i

Emergency stops Turn on the hazard warning lights and put out your hazard
warning triangle at once if a breakdown or an accident forces
you to leave the car on the carriageway where it may constitute
a hazard to other traffic.

Take course in It is mandatory for learner drivers to complete a practical cour-

night driving se in night driving. We recommend that you take this course as
soon as your driving school is able to hold one.
 Level crossings
Level crossing accidents account for a only small proportion of
the road accidents. But they tend to be very serious.

ges to full beam when just behind

ps full beam until the overtaking

t
n vehicles standing or parked on
or visibility make it necessary in
ible to others.
You must keep in mind that the train driver cannot possibly halt
the train if you happen to be on the crossing. It is entirely up to
you as a driver to make sure that such a situation does not
OCCUI:

Level crossings may be secured by means of

barriers or half-barriers
traffic lights
audible alarm
gates

These signs are installed to give prior warning of railway or

tram level crossings:

and put out your hazard

or an accident forces
ageway where it may constitute

to complete a practical cour-

end that you take this course as Level crossing with barrier Level crossing without
(or gate) barrier (or gate) .
Count-down markers Supplementary plates may be installed below the signs c h 0 4 ~tsignals
on the preceding page to inform drivers of the remain c
tance as he approaches the crossing.
A

Count-
markel

The signs below are installed just in front of the crossing:

b drive a

Level crossings with sbq

railway line.

M V C L C l (Ysscrtgs wun
than one railway line.

vb;l; A- I
This picture shows how the signs are placed at the appro
a level crossing. '?:-;V.' '

oad

Note that the distance from the hazard wa

sing is diyided in 3 equal parts by the coh

your driver's
: 111k Light signals Light signals at level crossings may be different from the traffic
3: ill lights at road junctions.
15,";li

The signal is either a red (steady orflashing) light or a white

flashing light, which mean:
red light: STOP
white light: THE ROAD IS CLEAR

There may be an audible signal (warning bell) that starts

sounding when the light changes from white to red.

I urivers must not rely entirely on the flashing wnlte

, light. They mu-' ?lso check for themselves that no train
I is ~ n n r n ~ r h i n g

How to drive at a 'it

eve1 crossing

You must look to see if a train or tram is approaching, even 4

the crossing is secured.

When approaching a level crossing:

Zlear road give way and stop if necessary for tram or train.

look before you cross to make sure that no train or tram is

approaching.

drive slowly so that you are able to stop at a safe distance

from the crossing.

Do not " -3t to cross if you see, hear or receivc

6 - How to get your driver's liccace

1 watp 1nq 'wopaag jo asuas t! noA an12 ABW 8uy~up~ B O Juado
 As driver you must actively seek information from the road and
its environment, anticipate what may happen and decide on
which actions to take.

4 common observa~~on error when driving on open

meads is that the driver fails to inform himself of the
,ituationin front of the vehicle ahead.

Look farther The speed is higher, so it is important that you look farther
ahead ahead.

Relevant informution may be

the further course of the road
the width of the road, bends, the brow of a hill
the road surface (condition)
signs and road markings
other road users (in front and behind)
obstacles, or obstacles to be anticipated

The ability of the driver to think and to adapt his speed is

crucial to reducing the risks of open road driving.
paads Zu!~dvpy

tu"ll&to the farm road. But its
iljrst. Drivers coming
the tractorpulling up.
bout to let them over-
eed is that you must
which you have an ,
the road,particular-
am ual~ult: the car ar
1 Leaving a priority
road
Direction panels are usually installed to give drivers advance
information of junctions and to enable them to leave a priority
road in a safe and efficient manner
The junction is 250-400
I ..
metres down the road.
,
- .
4 The name of the place is repeated on a direction arrow at the
junction:
, . L
:'
I . '
,.
. -
This sign indicates the
location of the junction.
b
Turning left Leaving a priority road by turning left is usually the most
demanding:
Vehiclesapproachingfrom behind represent a major hazard to
drivers leaving a priority road by turning lef.
The driver behind us may find it dificult to brake if he has not
paid proper attention.
You may reduce the risk of a rear end collision if you
always give a signal before slowing down
keep regular watch on the trafficbehind as you prepare to turn
avoid stopping before making your turn
allow traffic from behind to pass before you make the turn
interrupt the turn (and proceed straight ahead) if a dangerous
1 situation develops
never stop your vehicle at junctions or just behind the brow of
a hill or a bend
Junction hidden
by a curve

You are not familiar with the location, and you intend to drive I
to Aunli. Rearward visibility is about 250 metres.

You should then

give signal before the bend
look in the mirror just before the bend
anticipate that the junction may be just behind the bend
anticipate a stationary line-up behind the bend I
SM
J "..W.

tely be1lind thie bend The picture

turning left

Hazard even when Even if you do not intend to make a turn in that junction, yo
going straight on must anticipate a stationary line-up behind the bend caused b
a vehicle which intends to make a turn and is waiting for ofi
.,vehicles to uass.
corninn 1
The most: tragic accide
collision and driving off the road. The hints below should he!
you avoid them: I
- change
avvlu uverloaull~g ~ u ~ ~ s ~luading
ur- u e d w~llchn
the car's handling characteristics
-

avoid panic steering if your kerb-side wheels

. .. - get 4
side the paved carriageway -

concentrate on the driving. Limit other activities lik

using a mobile telephone etc.
be completely rested when you commence driving
 i
Motorways
Motorways have wide lanes and good visibility and there is no
crossing traffic. They make for easy driving once the driver has
become familiar with the high speed.

The picture shows a motorway class A.

Two classes There are two classes of motorway in Norway

motorway motorway class A
motorway class B
turn and is waiting for on-
Class A has a higher standard than class B.

Class A Motorways of the highest standard are identified by this sign:

Motorway class A.
rwding wmcn might
kristics
-side wheels get out-

t other activities like

rcommence driving
avdd getting too tired
 i%is sign tells you that the road
is a dual cadageway with a central reservation separating the Difference between .
traffic moving in opposite directions anatorway A and
is not intersected by other roads on the same level
has no direct access from roadside properties
a is for the exclusive use of motor vehicles and combinations
which can legally drive at least 40 kmh
is closed to mopeds

End of motorway class A is indicated by this sign:

End of motorway class A

Class B Motorways of the lower standard are identified by this sign:

J Motorway, class B

This sign tells you that the mad

has no direct access from roadside properties
is for the exclusive use of motor vehicles which can legally
drive at least 40 kmh
is closed to mopeds

End of motorway class B is indicated by this sign:

End of motonvay class B

roa,
h a 1 atsal reservation separating th
77ze diflerences between the two types of road are:
ons
class A has a dual carriageway with traffic in opposite
s on the same level
directions separated by a central reservation, often
ride properties
with a barrier, while class B has one carriageway for
vehicles and combination!
traffic in both directions.
i
class A is not intersected by other roads on the same
level. Crossing roads are taken care of by flyovers and
underpasses. Class B may have regular junctions
where other roads intersect

There is less risk of collision with crossing or oncoming traffic

on motorways class A.

Motorway traffic moves at relatively high speeds. Slow-moving

vehicles would tend to cause other vehicles to accumulate and
create a hazard. Vehicles which cannot keep a speed of at least
this sign: 40 km/h are therefore forbidden on the motorway.

Mopeds are not allowed on motorways because they are not

easy to spot and may be upset by the strong currents of air pro-
duced by larger vehicles.

Some motorways have a speed limit of 90 W,but the maxi-

mum limit may be lower. The driver must observe the <<Maxi-
mum speed>>signs.
roperties
k ~ c l e which
s can legally I
.
Sign indicating that the maximum
speed is 90 kmfi.
bv this sign:

You may only enter the motorway at the beginning or on special

slip roads.
 t lane

Use of the
acceleration lane
The driver entering the motorway must
use the acceleration lane and adapt his speed to tht
flow of traffic in the lane which he is about to enter
slip into a convenient gap as soon as possible

The driver already on the motorway must facilitate ,

entry from the acceleration lane
by moving to the left lane as shown y &.-

or by adjusting his speed to allow the car from tl

acceleration lane to slip in before him or behind hi1

Road markings
 Use the right lane You must use the right lane. You may use the left lane when
overtaking or when the traffic is so heavy that both lanes are
needed.

Leaving the You may only leave the motonvay where it ends or on special
motorway slip roads. Motonvay exits usually have an additional lane allo-
wing drivers who intend to leave the motonvay to reduce speed
(decelerate) and adapt to the lower speed of the road they are
about to enter.

,.ay n.,

F
and adapt his speed to th
hich he is about to enter
as soon as possible

way must facilitate thl

This car uses the additional lane to turn offfrom the motorway.

Drivers who intend to leave the motorway must

- move to the right lane well in advance
move to the deceleration lane as soon as possible
to allow the car from t h ~ then reduce meed
before him or behind him

As you can see, you will not obstruct traffic behind you if you
keep your speed until you have moved to the extreme right lane.
Then you may reduce your speed.

These rules concerning the use of acceleration and deceleration

lanes also apply on roads which are not motonvays.
 Overtaking
Overtaking involves some tricky decisions which often put
heavy demands on the driver.
Overtaking usually occurs at high speeds, and you must make
up your mind quickly whether
overtaking is permitted
the section of the road ahead is long enough
there are special hazards on that section
the car behind you has began to overtake
how the vehicle in front is going to behave
whether you will be able to get in front of the overtaken
Dual lane road vehicle without creating danger

I
Exceptions to the rule of overtaking on the left
Overtaking shall be on the right if the vehicle in front is
about to turn left
overtaking on the right is permitted when the traflic is heavy
when overtaking takes place in a lane which is for the exclu-
sive use of certain road users, such as a public transport lane

Overtaking on the right when the vehicle in front is about to

turn left.

When the trafic is heavy, the row of cars in the right lane may
pass the row of vehicles in the left lane.
Overtaking trams

Drivers may overtake on the right, but must stop and give
to passengers getting on or o$a tram at a stopping place w
there is no trcrfic i s l a d .

When overtaking a tram on the left, you must make su

you do not get in the way of oncoming traffic. Keep in
that trams are long vehicles and pick up speed quickly.

Overtaking a vehicle is forbidden at a junction or immedia

tely in front of it.
This rule does not apply when
Overtaking not overtaking on the right because the vehicle in front makes
allowed left turn
the carriageway has two or more lanes in the direction
vel
the traffic at the junction is controlled by traffic lights or police
the overtaken vehicle is a two-wheel cycle
it is mandatory for crossing traffic to give way

1
 You are allowed to overtake when it is mandatory for crossing
trafic to give way. Hazards: A vehicle may enter the road with-
out having seen us. The vehicle infront may be about to make a
left turn at the junction.

:tnt It is forbidden to overtake where visibility is obstructed by the

hill brow of a hill or a bend.

A driver approaching a pedestrian crossing must not overtake

a car or a tram that obstructs his view of any part of the
crossing. . --

No overtaking of motor vehicle

with more than two wheels.
-y
,

This means that you may not overtake another car. But you may
overtake a motor cycle.

End of <<No
overtaking*.

The section of the road for which the prohibition applies, may
also be indicated on a supplementary plate below the <<Noover-
taking>>sign.
175
 Warning signs You should usually avoid overtaking on roads where a w
5' sign is displayed:
1 . '

A
R o d narrows
'This is an example of a wanzing
that implies that you are advised
to overbake.

Road markings are Road m&kings are helpful ,when you intend to ov
helpful must not overtake where there is a ont ti nu
where k e is a hazard warning line unless the
of you is very slow. Overtaking is possible, if conditions
where there is a yellow lane line.

Lane line (shorl dash, A

long gap). \
'\ Edge line against

Continuous line.

.I

Combined line
h (continuous line
and lane line)
---

J .
trailer.
when Before yozc begin to overtake, make sure that you can do zt
safely, and especially that
the road is clear of oncoming traflic and other obstacles
the vehicle in front shows no sign of overtaking
there is no vehicle overtaking from behind
there is space for you to get back into the flow of traffic

Keep a safe ulstanc;~I I U U ~ult: SLUE: ul ulr: venlcle ulai you over-
take, and return to the right as soon as possible without causing
any danger or inconvenience.

Keep well to the left when overtaking another vehicle, and get
well ahead of it before returning to the right lane.

Where there are two or more lanes for tr&c in the same direc-
tion, the driver who overtakes does not have to return to the far
right lane immediately if there are more vehicles to overtake
shortly. The driver must return to the far right lane at once if
another vehicle approaches at a higher speed from behind.

don't When you obsme that a vehicle approaching fro8

behind intends to overtake on your left, you must
keep as far to the right as possible
not increase your speed

!side, On roads with limited visibility or when there is oncoming tram,

!d the driver of a slow-moving or large vehicle must, if necessary
make room by moving over to the right
reduce speed or pull up to let other vehicles pass.

This may apply in particular to a car towing a caravan or other

trailer.
177
 ---r
plear road

Drivers towing caravans or other trailers must keep a look-out

for other road I dsers that may want to overtake.
1

Overtaking The picture below shows A who wants to overtake B. The dis-
distance tance A will need for the overtakine de~endson the meed of the
two vehicles.

What distance will A need to overtake B?

1
If A drives at 80 km/h and B at 70 kmh, then A will need 45@
500 metres before he is back on the right side of the carriagewafr:
If B reduces his speed from 70 kmh to 60 kmh, A will on1
need about 250 metres.

Long trailer This shows the importance of the vehicle in front redn '
speed while being overtaken.
 Zlear road m addition to the mere overtaking distance, you must have a
margin of safety between yourself and any oncoming vehicle or
the point where you no longer have an unobstructed view of the
road.

For safe overtaking the clear road ahead must allow for
the actual overtaking
ample safety margin
n n m m i n ~vehicles

overtake B. The dis-

ds on the speed of the

The picture shows driver of carA overtaking car B. The bend is

360 metres down the road.
What distance does A have for completing the overtaking and
returning to the proper position on the right side of the road?

To answer that question, we imagine that another car may

emerge from behind the bend at any time, and that it will requi-
re its part of the available road space.

If A requires about 120 metres and he estimates that the onco-

ming car also requires 120 metres, that leaves some 120
metres between the cars before they meet. This is the mini-
mum safety margin required, because our assessment of speed
and distance is not very accurate.

If A actually needs 180 metres and the other car needs the same,
no safety margin is left. A head-on collision may result.

make sure you have ample safety margin

'ry with trailer, the if in doubt, don't overtake
res lnnger than do not exceed the maximum permitted speed
 Aqs :os -s@ua~ms Maj tz up8
sll~pqoq3 u y p sananb Buol a n
xva/3 p0.4
l
~ a "uoos(CqX q snq v OJUI$O zunj 09 Su?oS ST snq s ? q ~
9''
Is-\. . . .
 f Slippery roads
peduced gripping Slippery roads means impaired gripping powel: Slippery condi-
power tions exist on
wet roads
soapy surface
ice and snow

Reduced visibility Fog, rain snow or mud spray impair the gripping power and
also reduce visibility .

Aqua planing Water on the road may build up between your tyres and the road
s u f m e when you drive at high speeds, causing the vehicle to
~- $oat. Aquaplaning may occur without prior warning, even with
whether to finish ove good tyres.

ng the driver being

Let the other driver

m v e r may avoid overtakin

roads Soot and other pollutants may collect on the road in towns and
built-up areas. This may lead to the road becoming extremely
by soon, leaving the a slippery when it begins to rain. Fallen leaves and dirt from the
wheels of farm machines may also lead to a slippery road sur-
face when the rain starts.

Snow and ice Although water, soot and dirt sometimes cause slippery roads,
ice and snow more than anything else make roads slippery.
greatly reducing the gripping power
allowing grooves and edges to develop

This makes it difficult to steer and stop the car.

When are the
roads slippery?

Test your brakes

Equipped for winter

The speed Since your tyres do not grip well on a slippery fact
lere is only one remedy: Reduce speed.
 K ion, " -
The tyre grip on dry roads may allow you to accelerate and
steer at the same time, or to brake and steer at the same time.

On slippery roads your grip may be insufficient for steering if

you apply your brakes at the same time. Correct driving proce-
dure then is to do the necessary braking before arriving at
the bend, so that all the available road grip may be used for ste-
ering in the bend.

You will not be able to steer ifyou brake until the wheels lock. If
you have entered the bend toofast, the only recourse is to alter-
nate between braking and steering.
-
You must try to avoid sudden 8eleration,braking and
$ slippery. ;teering wheel movement on s l ~ ~ y e roads.
ry And do not
:hange to a lower gear in order to brake. Otherwise the
good condition are :ar may easily slip or skid. Keep a longer distance to
kg- Studs improve the vehicles in front than you would on dry summer roads.
+d ice. Keep in mind
dry asphalt or The car shown below has developed a rear end skid. The rear
of studded tyres end swerves into the lane for oncoming trafic. There is danger
of colliding with trafic moving in the opposite direction.

other items are also

OW

eu on a sr~pperysurface,
Em ..no A
 Pear@ .raj Yo01
PI9S aw 30 In0
xm noA sa uop~sodWnau ayl 01 ~ a a Supaqs q ~ am u.~~a.x
.
as1 pys pua mar aw JO u o p w ~ ~ay, y ~
p ur ~ a a Buuaals ay, urrq
u~d @pad y a n p am ssa~dap ..
no, AEM snl) u! p g s ay) 1 0 4 ~ 0 301 1Cr)pm ur@3 LWS
'fhis way

a of the rear end skid

d position as you come'

brake
depress the clutch
release brake
steer around the object

also braking and how

ame time. Look at the
,
- -- -- -

Large vehicles, motor cycles and moped@

Large vehicles By driving in a defensive manner and holding back in ce
situations, you make it easier for heavy vehicles to get throu
and you make the road safer.

The driver of this car haspuhd up to Let the lorry and trailer pass.

40 times more than the passenger car and be 4 times I

proceed uphill without stopping He also avoids the
risk of colliding with another vehicle which might be about
overtake the l o w

to make a turn
This car holds back until the lorry and its trailer have comple-
ted the turn.

This gives the driver of the lorry the time and space he needs
make the turn in a safe manner.

handling a heavy road train puts great demands on the driver.

186
 es and mopeds Motor cycle and Most collisions between a motor cycle or a moped and a car hap-
moped pen because the driver of the car did not see the two-wheeler.
holding back in certain
vehicles to get through This happens frequently when the motor cycle or the moped
approaches
from the right at a junction
from the opposite direction when the car makes a left turn
L
?
alongside when the car makes a turn
I
Cycle from the right
at a junction

rry and trailer pass.

er, which may weigh

'
be 4 times longer, to
avoids the possible
h might be about to Oncoming cycle when
the car is about to
makea left turn

Cycle coming along-

side when the car is
about to make a turn 9
i-r:
and its trailer have comple- -8
;arrd space he needs to
To avoid colliding with two-wheelers,you must
practice defensive driving
nts are common, and keep your eyes open
pay special attention at junctions
take care to signal before making a turn
check your blind areas before you make a turn or change
lanes
187
Horses on the road
Many people take an interest in horses, and you must be prepa-
red to encounter horses and people on horseback on the road.

The basic rule is that a person driving

a horse with carriage is considered to
be a vehicle. Ri&rs also have obliga-
tions and must obey the traffic rules.
Accidents involving a horse and a
motor vehicle frequently have seri-
ous consequences for all concer-
ned. A large horse may weigh more
than half a ton, and riders have little
protection and are often young.

Drivers have a special responsibility to animals on the road, and

even a well-trained horse may react instinctively and run away
if frightened.

As a driver, you must therefore take precautions to avoid'

a c t s when encountering a horse on the road or in a street: -
Reduce speed when you approach the horse
Make sure that the horse and the rider are aware of y

Maintain a steady speed and avoid ftrightening the

sudden braking, rewing of the engine or sounding
a Keep a good distance when you pass the horse and
 Safe, efficient and
environment-friendly transport
Most drivers take pleasure in driving which they associate with
reaching their destination quickly and comfortably. Obstacles
under way may lead to the driver taking improper risks, endan-

-
gering themselves and others. Our objective is fox the driver to ac-
quire a manner of driving that reduces the risk of accidents while
providing efficient transport and taking care of the environment.

A gentle driving manner @ene$ts road safety, transport eflcien-

cy and the environment.

A <<green>> or economic manner of driving is environment-

friendly and enhances safety, but it does not mean unreasonable
caution or abnormal slow speed. Although overly cautious
drivers may mean well, they still create potentially dangerous
situations by being an impediment to other traffic.

One should have a balanced view of the interrelationship of

safety, transport efficiency and the environment. Drivers must
contribute to efficient flow of traffic without undue danger or
risk of accidents. The driver should stay with the general flow
of traffic and contribute to solve the situations that develop
without jeopardising safety.
189
 This meam #hutthe a v e r Emergency actions
Defensive driving never takes any action that may hurt others
always complies with the regulations
does not at all times go to the legal limit
drives economically, keeps emissions low and saves the envi-
ronment
chooses routes with consideration to vulnerable road users
and residential areas
'.

or that the driver is in

It doesn't help that the driving is <<lawful>>
his <<rights>>if the result is an accident or deterioration of the
environment. 4

Three stages
1 recognise the hazard: comprehend how a situatio
may develop
2 prevent a dangerous situation: adjust the speed r
I
the car's position while retaining full control of tn
car
- avert an accident: carry out emergc1:y actions if th
control is partl! * wholly lost.

ink ahead

Failing to recognise hazards and retain control leads

driver becoming involved in emergencies.
 A skilled driver must therefore be able to perform controlled
emergency actions in order to escape from a critical situation.
The picture shows an example of this:

ns low and saves the em

to vulnerable road us

>, or that the driver is

or deterioration of

'-
how a situation 1

ust the speed a d

thll control of 1
I
Emergency actions in this case are
I
brake hard
release brake
steer around

lrhink ahead The emergency action is the last resort when the clear road in front
of the car is insufficient for stopping. Note that you must brake full
force immediately to reduce the danger as much as possible before
you let go of the brake and steer around. Do not let the ability to
perform an emergency action tempt you into reckless driving. You
will have gained nothing, and you are not as good a driver.

I; link ahead and be able to stop at any time is some-

th~ngto strive for on the road. A driver who thinks
ahead is able to plan his driving and make it gentle and
easy on the environment, he is prepared when encoun-
tering hazards and avoids accidents.
10-12 seconds The driver must observe carefully and think ahead. You are
foresight recommended to observe the road 10-12 seconds ahead of
you and evaluate potential hazards or obstructions.

" - ljrpicalfeatures that distinguish the skilled driver are

' practises the five <<see-rules>>
* anticipates the unexpected
allows a maximum of space around him in the traffic
co-operates with other road users
recognises that driving is not a private matter
can put himself in the position of others
dues not exceed the limits of his proficiency
can combine efficient transport with the pleasure of driving

L LLG U L L T G L W LLU b U . l l U L L L W m G bJ W LbLL C L U M G U & b L U L W p I

md consideration to the environment, fulfils his task a

he road. That benefits society and enhances
rspects of mdriving.
- . the p i t i 1
7- -

- How to get your dnver'~l~cencc

and think ahead. You are
10-12 seconds ahead of
1 CHAPTER 5 THE DRIVER'S
RESPONSIBILITIES
The purpose of rules and regulations relating to the ownership
and use of a motor vehicle is to provide for orderliness and
safety on the road. They include certain obligations which are
desi mated the driver's resnnnsihilities.
--

le driver's the vehicle shall have traffic insurance

iponsibities the vehicle shall have registration card and plates
the vehicle shall be in statutory condition
the driver must be fit to drive

Loss must be indemnified by the liable party, and a driver may

become liable in two ways in case of damage caused
when he has violated the regulations and consequently must
accept blame for the loss (liability in negligence)
lim in the traffic when his vehicle has caused damage for which he himself is
not to blame (strict liability or no-fault liability)
c matter
ers Third-party mc All motor vehicles shall have traffic insurance. This ensures
iciency $1 insurance compensation to anybody who suffers loss. Car owners have to pay
the pleasure of drivin an annual insurance premium. Thus accidental injury or damage
caused by road vehicles is covered collectively by the owners.

Third party motor insurance covers

personal injury suffered by drivers of other vehicles, passen-
gers and pedestrians
damage to another vehicle provided its driver is not to blame
damage to another person's property
injury suffered by the driver himself

Note that the driver of another vehicle, any passengers and

pedestrians who are injured may claim and are ensured full
compensation from the driver's insurance company, provided
they have not contributed to the accident that caused the injury.
If they, wilfully or through negligence, are in any way to blame
for what happened, the compensation may be reduced accord-
ing to how much thev are to blame.
w

The same principle applies to damage to another vehicle,

both drivers have contributed to the collision, the blanm
shared and compensation is to be paid accordingly.

Licence
 The compensation may be signijicantly reduced or rejected .Don't break the rulef
altogether if the injured person was a voluntary passenger in a
vehicle when he knew or ought to have known that
the vehicle was stolen or was used in connection with a crim
the driver was under the influence of alcohol or any othe
intoxicating or stupefying agent

Recourse Third party motor insurance covers injury suffered by

another person or damage to another car or to property caused
by the insured vehicle even if the driver is at fault and is
liable for the injury or damage.
Tk
3b
>om the driver if he re!
caused the injury or damage
- .. wilfully or through gross I Ye.
negligence :: - -la

was under the infiuence df alcohol

had stolen the vehicle
did not possess a valid driver's licence
as engaged in unlawful ~racticedriving
-

Qne of these c d t a n c e s is sufficie-nt.

Driving at 80 hnh in a built-up a m is an example of

negligenee.

Other insurance

kw). This covers the vehiole itself for accidental damage

well as fire damage and theft.

Bonus and loss of It pays to drive careMyI in: terms of money as' well. For
bonus year on the road without aa accidenh you are entitled to a re
or bonus of 10% on your insurance premium for third party
vehicle damage, up to a full bonus of 70 9%.But each
that results in payment of insurance reduces the bonus,
your premium more expnsive again.

Who settles a claim? The insurance company makes decisions on claims for

aceident repart that shows the come of events. The

body feels in a position to do so.

194
If you should happen to drive when under the influence of alco-
hol and cause injury to an innocent person who is granted a
compensation of NOK 100 000, then you will not only have to
go to jail, but you will also risk having to reimburse the in-
surance company a considerable amount.

Note also that your motor vehicle damage insurance (<<kasko>>)

will not cover the damage to your own car in a case like that.
Driving under the influence of alcohol has meant financial ruin
to a great many people.

The owner must register his car before he begins to use it, and
obtain a registration card and registration plates. The driver is
responsible for making sure that the registration card is in the
vehicle at all times when in use. A car that is not registered
may not be driven anywhere.

'ou must not o ? a car ifyou are unfit because you are
under the infiuence of alcohol or other intoxicating agent 1
- ill or infirm

exhausted or tired

The Road Traffic Act states

no one must drive or attempt to drive a motor vehicle when he
is under the influence of alcohol (not sober) or any other
intoxicating agent or stupefier, e.g. strong medicines identi-
fied by a red triangle.
if the driver has an alcohol content in his blood of more than
0.5 %O or in his breath of more than 0.25 milligrams per litre,
or a quantity of alcohol in his body that is capable of giving
such concentrations, he shall under any circumstances be
deemed to be under the influence of alcohol.
ignorance with respect to the actual alcohol content does not
exempt from penalty
the driver of a motor vehicle is not permitted to consume
alcohol during the six hours immediately following the
driving if he is aware or ought to have been aware that there
may be a police investigation into his driving.

You will in any case be considered to be under the influence of

alcohol if the content is in excess of 0.5 %o. But keep in mind
that the driving skill is impaired and that you may be liable to
punishment also when the content is below this limit.

The police determine the degree of intoxication by means of breath

tests or blood tests performed by qualified health personnel.
195
6 hours' abstinence Note that a driver must not consume alcohol for six ho
after driving e or she must be aw

ote that
- the higher the alcohol content, the more severe th
penalty
there will always be a heavy fine
a prison sentence may be the result of very dangerou
driving, even with a low blood alcohol content

A person suspected of driving under the influence of alconw

who refuses to have a blood test taken, shall have his driver's
licence suspended for at least two years.

Repeated violations A person who is convicted of driving under the influence of,
alcohol a second time within 5 years will face a more severe
penalty and the driver's licence will be suspended for life.

-
 alcohol for six hours
e or she must be aware
-- I

If you drink a beer with your dinner and a brandy with your cof-
fee, the resulting alcohol content will be between 0.5 and 1.0 %o.
Your body will dispose of the alcohol at the rate of 0.10-0.15 %O
f you have just driven per hour.
or damage, then you
If the alcohol content in your blood is 1.5 %O at 12:OO midnight,
your body will not be rid of the alcohol until 10:OO the next
morning at the earliest.

You must allow to make quite certain that

your system. Also note that
up to scratch even aftermas
'.,-

content, the more -vere thc

Iavy fine Professional drivers must in any case be s

e the resalt of very dangem
blood akohol content
-
Observe the rules We have discussed the various requirements concerning the fil
when you drive ness of drivers, and the consequences of driving when unfit.

The driver must make sure that the vehicle is duly registera
and in statutory and safe condition, and that he or she is fit t
drive. The driver must also make sure that the driving does nc
inconvenience or endanger anybody or cause any damage. H
or she must adhere to the rules.

The authorities may react to violations of the traffic rules or th

instructions given by signs and road markings, whether inju~
or damage was caused or not, by giving a formal warning o
ticket fine, a fine, by suspending the driver's licence for
minimum period or for life, and by imposing a prison sentenct

For example, if you drive at 80 kmlh in a built-up area, you

driver's licence will be suspended, and you will get a fine or
prison sentence.

Ticket h e To reduce the work load of the police, a ticket Jine may b
issued on the spot for certain trafic violations
minor speed violations
driving against a red traffic light
not obeying traffic signs
driving on or across a solid lane line or a hatched area
driving on the pavement
driving in the wrong lane when making a right or left turn
unlawful overtaking 1
failure to give way i
driving without lights
failing to give signal
not carrying a vehicle registration card /driver's licence
unlawful use of studded tyres or chains
using tyres with too little tread

The driver has the option to pay without being recorded in th

registry of fines. He may however refuse, in which case th
police will levy a regular fine. If this is refused too, the matte
will have to be settled in court.

What to do in the All road users must be prepared to help out in the case of ru
event of an accident accident and injury. The Road Traffic Act makes certain action
compulsory. Violations are subject to severe punishment. 4
i
rements concerning the fit-
s of driving when unfit.
Lvehicle is duly registered
and that he or she is fit to
e that the driving does not
or cause any damage. H e
i necessary. If you arrive at the scene of an accident, you must
ISof the traffic rules or the
markings, whether injury
wing a formal warning or
he driver's licence for a
nposing a prison sentence.
h in a built-up area, your
~dyou will get a fine or a
boEkt fine may
? or a hatched area
in^ a right or left turn
b
ard /driver's licence
b
rut being recorded in the
ifuse, in which case the
s refused too, the matter
$p out in the case of an
ct makes certain action
:vere punishment.
Pull up and A1 )erson who is involved in a rra~ncaccident must
offer assistance inullctdiately and help persons and animals that have s,,.
red injury, warn other traffic and call for medical assistal
ce and police if necessary Note that this applies regardle
of whether the person is to blame for the accident or not.
Road users who are not involved in the accident, but happen to be
at the scene, are also required to stop and offer assistance if
assess if your assistance is needed. If not, move on without delay.
Sometimes a number of curious onlookers gather at the scene of
an accident. This complicates the work of the emergency per-
sonnel and the police. That is why you should move on as soon
as you havn made r*lrP fhat your assistance is not required.
1
It is a serious offence to leave a person who has been
injured in an accident without offering to help. The
penalty is impriscmmentfor up to 3 years and suspension
F.f7
Personal injury If the accident has caused death or personal injury, everyone
involved must report to the police as soon as possible. You do not
have to report if you are convinced that the injury is negligible.
But keep in mind that an injury may be more serious than it looks.
Property damage If the accident has resulted in property damage, and if there is
nobody present that may look after the interests of the owner,
then the person who caused the damage must inform the
owner or the police as soon as possible. This will frequently
be the case when a parked car has been damaged, but damage to
a garden fence is also a common occurrence.
If you have the misfortune to cause damage to a parked car, you
may leave a written message on the car, stating your name,
address and telephone number. If this does not result in contact
with the owner within a reasonable time, then you must report
the damage to the police. Failing to report such damage is a
pumshable offence.
-
Give name and I
'ersons involved in a 1 6c accident have a mutual
address obligation to give their name and address. If the vehicle
~elongsto someone else, the driver must give the name
~ n daddress of the owner as well as hisfher own
Moving a vehicle A vehicle which, as the result of having been involved in an I
accident, stands where it constitutes a hazard or obstruction to
the traffic, must be moved without delay. However, it may be
left long enough for its position to be marked with a piece of
chalk or a sharp object.

A vehicle that has been involved in an accident that has caused

death or serious personal injury, must not be moved until its
position, skid marks etc. have been recorded and any necessary
measurements taken.

In the case of most accidents involving serious personal injury,

vehicles should not be moved until the police have arrived and
taken the necessary measurements.

In case of accident We have already emphasised the importance of trying to pre-

vent accidents by careful and defensive driving. But you should
nonetheless be prepared to take the necessary actions in case of
an accident, whether you were involved in it or just happen to
be there.

Useful articles You ought to have in the car I

accident report form

paper and pencil
a measuring tape and a sharp object or a piece of chalk Clear the airway

These items will enable you to mark the position of the ve-
hicles, take measurements and prepare a sketch illustrating the
situation.

Securing the It is important to secure the site of an accident right away to

accident site avoid more vehicles getting involved. All vehicles are required
to carry a hazard warning triangle for this purpose. You should
also have a reflective tape to put around your arm or a reflective
bandoleer. A torch is also useful.

Dangerous goods The orange plate indicates

that the vehicle transports
dangerous goods. The num-
bers on this vehicle tell us that
it carries petrol, which is
highly flammable. If a vehicle
l i k this is damaged as a
result of driving o f t h e road or a collision, you must keep at a
good distance because of the dangerous substance.
mg been involved in an
hazard or obstruction to
, ambulance.
ident that has caused
not be moved until its
orded and any necessary
serious personal injury,
police have arrived and
the position of the ve:
a sketch illustrating the
your ann or a reflective
e plate indicates
goods. The num-
First aid All drivers must be prepared to offer life-saving first aid to inju-
red persons The best way to acquire the necessary skills is to
take a first aid training course. We will describe some imme-
diate actions that may be taken while waiting for the doctor or
Road deathsfrequently result from
suffocation
loss of blood
shock
4
Suffocation There is reason to believe that many traffic victiks have been
knocked unconscious by the impact and then suffocated. If the
supply of oxygen is cut off, death by suffocation will result
within a few minutes. It is therefore important to prevent suffo-
cation.
Immediate actions to prevent suffocation are
clear the airway
artificial respiration
recovery position
Clear the airway When an unconscious person is lying on his back with his head
in the n o m l position, his tongue tends to fall back and block
the windpipe. Therefore his head must be tilted backwards to
clear the airway, see pictures below.
This will often be sufficient to start the patient breathing.
Artificial respiration If the person still does not breathe, artificial respiration i"i
needed. The most efficient method is mouth-to-mouth ar
illustrated below.
Recovery position

Elt the unconscious person':

head backwards, pinch his nosl
to close the nostrils and$ll you,
lungs with air:

Place your lips around the

ent 's I nouth, blow into his n
and watch his chest. I f the chest
moves, this is a sign that air
enters his lungs. I
d

-
First aid for shock

Remove your mouth and let the

air escape. I
-artificial respiration is Repeat these steps in regular breathing rhythm unbl the uncon-
is mouth-to-mouth as scious person starts to breathe.

Recovery position Once the patient is breathing by hime& he slaouId

the recovery position as illustrated below:

conscious person 's

ards, pinch his nose
nostrils and311 your

First aid in the case of Loss of large quantities of blood may be fatal. The loss of one
loss of blood litre of blood in an adult, and much less in the case of a child,
presents acute danger of loss of life. It is important to stop the
bleeding at once.

keep the bleeding area in a high position

press a compress (folded cloth, handkerchief or ready
made bandage) against the wound
if necessary, pr your h: :directly against the wound

Shock ollock may be a life-threatening condition. The blood circulation

is reduced because of substantial internal or external bleeding.

Signs of shock are that the person is abnormally quiet, pale and
has a cold sweat.
I

First aid for shock r i r s t uiu j u t - CS:

S~CUCK
wake the injured person lie on his back with his legs
lightly higher than the body
stop external bleeding
cover him with clothes or blankets to prevent loss of heal
try to make the shock-patient feel at ease

Moving traffic victims A 3,iiously injured person should not be moved unless this is
necessary in order to prevent a worse injury or another accident.

An ambulance should be used for transport unless a doctor

decides otherwise or unless transport in a passenger car is the
only way to save the patient's life.
203
How to behave at the Imagine that you arrive at the scene of an accident right after it
scene of an accident has happened, and that everybody is unconscious or trapped in
a vehicle.

This is what you should do:.

&e.q~su~vey
prvLyourawwhereitwfllbe~yvildbletu~thcr
tmmc:anastrftrbl?nyourhrPvdwPrnfosrtghts
iftEKlrisafb,putitoutorpcofltheinfarodpersol~
@d*
tnn!ol]tthe~dfbC~ufthedamaged
VOMdca

hjnrsd and in r#cd Or fnstant help. Start a r t l f l d

respiration at once if necessary
pntautwanrlng~seq~yas~le-at
1eswtlOOm~irwnthesccnt :.,-EA.;k -;
c d far doctor, police and amd&'

Some recommend putting out warning triangles first of all. We

don't agree that this is always right. What is the use of warning
triangles if the injured person suffocates in the meantime?

It is up to you to decide what to do first under the circumstan-

ces. If there are other persons present who may help, all the
described actions may be taken simultaneously. i
The driver's Obligations in the case of an accident is an important part of the
responsibilities responsibility carried by any driver. We will emphasise as
strongly as possible that everybody has an obligation to do
whatever he can to help and alleviate the situation when an
accident has happened and people have been killed or injured.

I I( 1 . ,I. However, the best way we drivers can assist each other is by
following the rules laid down by the authorities and also drive
carefully and with consideration (defensive driving).
7 I .:
Plan for practical training
The authorities' plan for practical training comprises the fol-
lowing seven modules:

1 Basic driving skills

2 Traffic skills
3 Driving in towns and built-up areas
4 Driving on open roads
5 Mandatory driving in trafflc
6 Mandatory driving on slippery roads
7 Mandatory night driving

Module 6. Mandatory driving on slippery roads and module 7.

Mandatory night driving, will not be dealt with here because
these have to be carried out on special practice tracks under the
supervision of a driving school. Read the text on driving on
slippery roads (page 181) and driving at night (page 151)
before you do these courses.

Each module comprises an objective and elements for practi-

sing. To make it easier for you, we have referred to that part of
the book where you may find the necessary theory to ensure
that you get the proper benefit from practice driving.

This is core material which you must know from the beginning:

1 4bout driving instruction (page 11) how the driver pr-

dves, decides and acts @age 16) the road user, the
rehicle and the road Omgc 71) basic rules fir tmf'fic
~haviour@egc 73) observing (pcrge 76) hazards of
Irfving (@age145), adapting speed oad podtionlng the

It pays to be familiar with these texts from your very first lesson
because this will make it easier for you to understand what
driving is about.
You will also need this theory throughout your training.

You will also have to study the texts which are relevant to the
individual driving lessons as the training progresses. ,
The references to theory are grouped under Action by the dri-
ver and Other information. We will also give you some help-
ful hints about points that require special attention.

Observing, giving signals, positioning, adapting speed and

giving way are actions which the driver must carry out to make
the driving safe, efficient and environment-friendly.

Reference to theory that is relevant to a particular action by the

driver is given, stating where in this book it may be found.

Other information is texts relating to specific elements for prac-

tice within the module.

!I
rhht
. or
Pa
Sti
OF
OP
ha

I B
'he
ob
US1
loc
sec

A4
he
OP'
mc
loc
ob!
red
nnc
 -
r o u b under Action bv the
w -
Module ' Basic driving ski11
Ne will also give you some hcl";
lire special attention.
1
ositioning, adapting speed and
The objec e here is to ensure that the pupil acquires
the necessary skill in controlling his vehicle in order to
Ae driver must carry out to make be able to concentrate on the exterior circumstances as
training proceeds.
- -

want to a particular action by the

fs book it may be found. Practice elements:

xific elements for prac- 1 Preparations before driving

The pupil must be capable of
- adjusting seat and head-rest and choosing the correct driving
position
- adjusting the rear view mirrors
- fastening and releasing the seat belt

2 Using the controls

The pupil must be capable of
- operating pedals, changing gears, and using ignition lock and
parking brake
- starting the engine and switching it off
- operating the direction indicators
- operating parking lights, full beam and dipped headlamps
- holding the steering wheel correctly
3 Beginning to drive and pulling up
The pupil must be capable of
- observing and giving signals
- using the accelerator, clutch and brake pedal
- looking at the road ahead
- securing the car when stationary

4 Making right and left turns at junctions

The pupil must be capable of
- operating the steering wheel with long, quick and precise arm
movements
- looking and steering correctly
- observing and signalling
- reducing speed before a bend
- positioning the vehicle correctly before, in and after a bend
5 Changing gears and breaking
The pupil must be capable of
- changing up while looking far ahead on the road
- operating the clutch and brake pedals correctly at the correct
time
- braking while looking far ahead on the road and observing in
the mirror just beforelwhen reducing speed
- normal braking in order to stop before an obstruction
- preparing to start off again by changing to low gear just before
stopping
- changing down while looking far ahead on the road
changing down whil lntaining lughly the ~eed
selecting the proper accordin to speeda COI

I
tions after braking

6 Crawling and hill start

The pupil must be capable of
- crawling by releasing and engaging the clutch pedal to control
and change the speed
- crawling and using the steering wheel at the same time
- starting uphill by using the parking brake to prevent the c,
from moving backwards
- using the foot brake to prevent the car from moving back-
wards
- using the clutch pedal to keep the vehicle stationary for a brief
halt before moving on

7 Reversing
The pupil must be capable of
- adopting the correct driving position and aiming correctly to
steer the car in the direction of specific points
- reversing by using the clutch pedal to control and change the
I
speed

8 Safety-checking the vehicle

The pupil must be capable of
- deciding whether the vehicle is in proper and statutory condi-
tion by checking for faults and wear on brakes, wheels,
steering mechanism, lamps, windshield wipers, defroster,
windshields and engine (oil, coolant and fan belt).

the road
corrmtly at the c o r n
ie road and observing ir
)re an obstruction
in^ to low gear just be-,--,
1
and road condi-
lutch pedal to contro
at the same time
hicle stationary for a brief
and aiming correctly
to control and change the
1
proper and statutory co
wear on brakes, wh
References to theory:
-
!- aheriflo=tfan: .' A S * *
.h=,d
- J Ls
- ving wition,mirrw and seat belt: page 74 and f a
I car: pages Mia.
-J driver's handling and control of the car: page
revusing and turning round: pages 131- 134
king: p 15-144
>fulhints:
le thorough and scrupulc ning. YOU I it be ab
o perform most of the GncxLlaca allilost withour thinkin
ty chec 'iy I np;inp;\ els by f.
'
Module Traffic skill,
tic driving skills and combines them with an ler.
standing of and adapting to the tramc. The pupil m w
use his s e w effectively, interpret his observations cor.
rectly and perform precise actions.
Practice ele..--.rts:
1 Applying and combining basic skills
The pupil must be capable of
- observing as the basis for action
- using his eyes systematically, looking far ahead, changing the
view between right and left and to internal and external mirrors
- informing himself of dangerous circumstances, obstructions
and potential hazards
- carrying out the proper actions like giving signals, positioning
and adapting speed
- when approaching or driving through a junction with little
traffic, perceiving the junction well in advance
- taking account of pedestrians in a pedestrian crossing or
approaching it
- taking account of oncoming traffic
- carrying out the proper actions at the correct times
- perceiving the various hazards relating to signs, road mark-
ings, the road configuration, uphill and downhill when driving
between junctions with little traffic
- changing lanes in the correct manner
- adapting speed correctly

2 Driving on roads with m r e than one lane in each direction

The pupil must be capable of
- identifying a multilane road
- applying the basic rule about which lane to choose
- perceiving situations that require changing to another lane
- making use of the left lane when expedient or necessary
- placing his vehicle in the correct position at a junction when
making a turn into the road
- giving signals, placing his vehicle in the correct position and
adapting speed

3 One-way streets
The pupil must be capable of
- identifying one-way streets
- position his vehicle correctly to suit his purpose
- observing special hazards

4 Driving in heavy trafic, at junctions and betweenjunctions

The pupil must be capable of
- observing the whole traffic situation
- adapting speed in a proper manner
- giving correct signals and choosing proper position
- choosing the best place for a stop caused by the traffic

5 Junctions controlled by trafic lights

The pupil must be capable of
- observing the whole traffic situation
- adapting to proper speed, depending on the traffic situation
- making the proper decisions when the light changes
- making a complete and correct assessment relating to making
turns in a light controlled junction
 I--'.. ' . -- - I
ugh a junction with httl 6 Roundabouts
in advance The pupil must be capable of
a pedestrian crossin - observing the whole traffic situation
- adapting speed
- placing his vehicle in the correct position before the round-
about, in it and when leaving it
- giving signals

-
A*m
References to theory:

by the drfw.
uorte lane in each direction I b s c d o n Signuls h i t i m i n g Adapting speed G i h g way I
ages 76-83 page 84 pages 98-114 pages 24 and 25 pgcs 115-1X.I
Wfic- page85 lh@c- 86-97 TraffcRulr-
Trp&cRules g#f,9ctrd

-
osition at a junction whe
Other information
in the correct position a the human factor: pages 15-35 '
- 5m,!
the road and its environment: pages 60-69 I .
the road traffic legislation: page 70 . I
protecting the environment: pages 242-244
the driver's tasks: page 72
basic rules: pages 73 and 74 8
- -- I
i

and between junctions
ielpful hints:
itudy the theory before and after practice driving. Follow the sequenct
~fthe lessons and get a good grasp of each element before proceeding
jet additional practice at home for every lesson that you have learnt a
lour driving school.
Module 3: Driving in towns and built-up areas

The objective here is to ensure that the pupil can ac -

to a demanding traffic environment, and drive withou
assistance in various traffic situations.

Practice elements:

1 Applying and combining basic skills relating to city trafic

The pupil must be capable of
- adapting to the rhythm of traffic under continuous driving

2 Special trafic regulations

The pupil must be capable of
- driving correctly in specially regulated local traffic
- driving across a level crossing

3 Turning round and parking

The pupil must be capable of
- stopping, turning round and parlung in streets with traffic
4 Driving in residential areas
Thepupil must be capable of
- choosing routes to avoid undue impact on residential areas
- driving in a manner that meets the residents' need for a s
environment
 References to theory:
-

muvation Signals Positioning Adiipclng speed Giving way

g-79-81 m e 8 4 paees98-114 pages&-97 page115
1Ml?4

atherfntorm~tkRI
krWecthg t h ~~i m m e n tp: a p 242-244 -
ning and laming mud: pgcs 131-134 - 1 :-I,

Jer continuous drivirIg

8nd gsrkiag: pages 135-144
t v c l t ~ ~ & ~ : ~ l s 9 - 1 5-
---3akhg a bram: page 174
-
:2t
. .-
I _
j 'r- :
I

~lpfisthints:
riving sbauld now be a cdsmnt, pnxkse and f i w i ~ gactivity
loose naamll rwtm in r v d d traffic envimmmt, Get to )aLOH
ru~gclf as a drivtr, aod be a w m af your stmn,g and wtrrk paints.

Module 4: Driving on open roads

Practice elements:

1 Basic driving on open roads

The pupil must be capable of
- keeping a steady course
- negotiating bends
- avoiding undue changes of speed
- changing lanes at high speed
- carrying out normal acceleration and emergency acceleration,
0-80 km/h
-carrying out normal braking and emergency braking, 0-80
krnh
- carrying out interrupted normal braking to be followed by
emergency acceleration
 2 Entering and leaving a priority road
The pupil must be capable of
- assessing speed and distance to crossing, entry and exit
tolfrom a priority road
- perceiving the significance of signs well in advance
- adapting to the rhythm of the traffic when entering
- taking account of heavy vehicles and motor cycles
- carrying out emergency actions at junctions

3 Negotiating bends and prolonged driving at high speeds on

open roads and motorways
The pupil must be capable of
- acquiring information relating to the road and its environment
- choosing the proper track and speed in bends, depending on
the curvature of the roads, visibility, road conditions, the ve-
hicle's load and the traffic

References to theory:

~XVUUUS uy the d ~ e ~
I - ovei
bwxition Signals Positioning .
A d q t i n ~ bed Giving way to v
!n page~98-114 page24 pgts 115-12 con
page 25 page3 126-12 -cm
87,88,89 , - taki
pages90+91,92 inte
-ma1
Other information t
hazards of driving: pages 145-150
driving on a priority road: pages 162-166
motorways: pages 167-171
be responsible, think safety: page 18
tunnel vision: pages 19 and 20

Helpful hints:
Pay more attention to the traffic from now on, rather than the m
handling skills. You will be required to contribute to the efficic
ow of traffic, without jeopardising your safety or the safety I
thers.

IS junctions
ng driving at high speeds
5:
le road and its environme
ed in bends, depending (
ty, road conditions, the v
Practice elements:
1 Driving under changing road and trafic conditions
The pupil must be capable of
- choosing a manner of driving that is conducive to safety, effi-
cient transport and the environment
- thinking ahead and assessing hazards properly and well in
advance
- taking account of hls own limitations and retain control at all
times when driving

2 Overtaking
The pupil must be capable of
- assessing the possibilities for overtaking with respect to clear
road and the traffic environment
- overtaking correctly by making proper decisions with respect
to when overtaking may begin, interrupting the overtalung or
completing it
- canying out the proper actions that follow from the decisions taken
- taking early note of vehicle approaching from behind with the
intent of overtaking
- making proper decisions and taking proper actions relating to
the overtaking vehicle's behaviour and nther pnqditions

he driver:

agiticrMg AdgpgIng sped Giving w

2 Other inforrnatioa .- .
reread driving on a priority road: p@es 162-166
1 reread overtaking: pages 172-180 !
reread about how to get there safeIy and consider the envirc
ment: pages 189-192
- --read hazards of driving: pages 145-150

Helpful hints:
[mp e your lity to t k a h d and srssesf; risks,
References to theory
When you master tiie various practi.ce elements and the
portant theory texts, then you have a good grounding for g
driving test.
 CHAPTER 6 OUR SOCIETY, ITS DE-
VELOPMENT, ITS NEED FOR TRANS-
PORT AND THE ENVIRONMENT
I Main features and lines of development
in Norwegian communications
Communications and society
forces Communication and society are inseparably linked together
The society's development is the driving force behind commu-
nication, and communication is in turn a prerequisite for the
proper functioning of society.

I
Road transport
constitutes an
important part of
. communications
our socieo.
31 in

I
ltion and The terms communication and transport are often used inter-
changeably, but the concept of communication is wider than
that of transport.
It usually includes postal services, telephone and telegraph in
addition to transport on the road, on rails, on the sea and in the air.

Samferdselsdepartementet (<<TheMinistry of Transport and

Communications>>) is responsible for all these activities in Nor-
way. Most states have a Ministry of Communications

We shall deal with road transport and road vehicles in particular

in this chapter, but we will also look at sea, rail and air trans-
port. These are the physical transports which most of us asso-
ciate with communication.
 There are negative aspects to transport, for example accidents
1
and problems relating to health and the environment. The
challenge is to secure efficient transport and improve safety on
the road while taking account of the environment and people's
quality of life.

Transport as a communicationsjunction 'I

The need to cooperate Transport by boat, train, aircraft and motor vehicle meets many
of the needs for contact and cooperation on the part of the
society as well as the individuals.

These means of transportation are so important to our daily lijd

that we may say that transport is a communicationsjunction.

The car, films and The car has contributed just as much to communication
television between people as films and television have.

Before looking at the various modes of transport, let us take a

quick 1ook at &e dev opmenl;s that have laid the found
for the modern meal of trar1sp01-t.
 Mobility
Work and contact People have always needed to move around in order to cany out
their daily tasks and stay in contact with one another.
Mobility is important all over the globe, and in most societies
people spend an average of 1 to 2 hours daily on moving from
I one place to another.

are
is a

This need for mobility is met in various ways around the world.

Primitive means of It was hard work in older days, and it was cumbersome to get
from one place to another. Roads were narrow, winding and
steep, and the means of transport were primitive in our eyes.

For example, when the National Assembly were to convene at

Eidsvoll in 1814 to prepare a constitution for Norway, a number
of representatives failed to get there in time for the vote because
of inadequate t.ransportation.
Walking or riding on horseback were normal ways of travel
before the advent of the cal:
Harnessing the forces Man's old dream of flying is an expression of the desire to har- A cl~angingsociety *
of nature ness the forces of nature in order to provide for a better way of and its needs for tra
life.

Leonardo da Vinci tried to make this dream come true in the

16th century. He made drawings of flying machines, but techno-
logy at that time was incapable of manufacturing such devices.
,'he transformatic

Modern means of
t communication

Leonardo's drawings.

Scientific The scientific revolution of the 17th century made possible th

revolution development 200 years later of means of transport that were t
fulfil the dreams of a more comfortable existence.

well be considered the slogan of this era. Isaac Newton saw

of inventions were to take development a huge step forward.

Industrial The basis for the industrial revolution in England towards the
revolution end of the 18th century was now established.
 A changing society All the new machines brought about changes in -society and
and its needs for trans- increased the need for transportation.

this dream come true in the

flying machines, but techno-
nortation
Raw materials and finished products needed to be carried, as
did people who moved from rural areas to the industrial towns
where there was work to be had and money to be earned.
1
. rie transformation in The change from a barter economy to a monetary economy in
.he 19th century Norway led to similar changes to the ones known as athe great
transformation, during the late 19th century.

The driving forces behind this development were economic

growth and the mechanisation, and these in turn laid the foun-
dation for the industrialisation of our country.

b Thus the need for greater mobility arose in Norway too.

This was to bring about major changes for the country

1
and its inhabitants.

Transport by boat, train and aircraj

Modern means of Modem communication developed in Norway in the mid-19th
communication century. The steam ship and the railway engine resulted from
James Watt's inventions, and the aircraft and the motor car
appeared towards the end of the centur-

bmfortable existence.

rknowledge is power>>could v
in of this era. Isaac Newton saw
idea of the law of gravity, and a h Sea transport
welopment a huge step forward.
The waterways are ancient traffic arteries. Boats on lakes and
rivers, and rafts and ships on the open sea have been means of
transportation from our earliest history.
The first human settlements in our country were most frequent-
ly in places which were accessible from the sea.
The express coaster The steam ship is a result of the industrial society requirin
in 1893 regular, safe and inexpensive transportation.
The coastal steam ship express (<<hurtigruta>>) between Tronc
heim and Hammerfest was introduced in 1893, and was ez
tended to Kirkenes and Beroen five vears later. 3

Old aad laew mode1 of the Express Coaste~: I

Other coastal lines . In time, a continuous coastal route developed between Oslo and Coal, diesel and
Bergen. dectridt;y

Technological progress led to mbre modem ships for the con-

veyance of passengers and goods.

Passenger transport is now provided by high-speed craft, and

there are harbour facilities answering to the demands of to-day's
sea traffic.

Railway transport
Railway in 1854 The Norwegian author Aasmund 0. Vmje said after visiting
England that the train was an example of man's ability to use
new technology to conquer nature.
Norway's first raflway was built between Oslo and EidsvolI
and was completed in 1854.

Wider@,-SASand
Braathens

Old railway train with steam engine.

f thtbindustrial society requiring I~"ryay~ ~ C I I L C I U L L J J y I d a d bYoI areas of the country.
ran\ The Rgros line between Oslo and Trondheim went into
;s ( < . tit.>) between Trond- operation in 1877.
1troc n 1893, and was ex- The Bergen line between Oslo and Bergen was ready for
traffic in 1909.
The Dovre line between Oslo and Trondheim was com-
pleted in 1921.
The Nordland line between Trondheim and Bod0 was
finished in 1962.

After the second world, rail transport has lost market shares to
air transport and road transport.

Rail transport has undergone changes to improve its efficiency, and

some unprofitable parts of the network have been closed down.

ped between Oslo and Coal, diesel and With the transition from coal and diesel to electrically operated
electricity trains, the railway has become the most environment-friendly
means of transportation.
modern ships for the con- As environmental considerations became more prevalent in the
1980s, the railway has regained some of its importance.

by high-speed craft, and

b the demands of to-day's

.Viqje said after visiting

le of man's ability to use A modern, electric railway train.

een Oslo and Eidsvoll

Air transport
Aircraft in 1903 The famous flight by the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright
took place in 1903.Thus began the development of air transport.

The first Norwegian airplane took off in 1912. Two years later
Norway's Trygve Gran achieved the major feat of flying across
d
the North Sea.

Wider&-SAS and Det norske luftfartsselskapwas formed in 1933, and Wid

Braathens Flyveselskap was established the following year.
Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and Braathens
both established in 1946.
 ---

Yesterday'spropefjer aircrafl.

Jet aircraft Both world wars helped to speed up the development of new,
faster aircraft. Jet aircraft and supersonic passenger aircraft
have been introduced after the second world war.

lhoaem passenger aircraft withjet propulsion.

Modern aircraft The advantage of the aircraft, as compared with boat, train and
car, is that it provides fast transport over long distances.

Modern aircraft have become less noisy and more fuel-efficient

in order to be more environment-friendly.

Airports Norway is a long country, and Norwegians now have the bene-
fit of a closely knit system of services between a large number
of airports.
The obvious disadvantage to most people is that flying is com-
paratively expensive.

The various forms for transport compete, but they also co-
operate with each other to exploit their individual advantages. I

8 - How to get your driver's h m

 I1 Road transport, its development and
significance

The motor car

I
appeared in 1884

Before mass
*
motorism
Few cars in There were not many cars in Norway before the first world war.
Norway
When the war ended, the number of C ~ T - grew
Q rapidly:
development of new,
passenger aircraft 3 motor vehicles in 1900 -
A
:-.
- - . . -.- .. -
>,

- 4

408 vehicles in 1910

1007 vehicles in 1913
Almost 50 000 vehicles in 1929. This number includes
25 000 passenger cars, 15 000 goods vehicles and 6 000
motor cvcles.

Poor quality cars and The mechanical quality of the cars was low by to-days
roads standards. Roads were built, but they were narrow and winding
and did not have a permanent surface

with boat, train and

md more fuel-efficient

The liberty of the The first coach companies were formed just after the turn of the
now have the h e - private car century. But the private car, more than anything else, changed
tween a large number our daily life. It provided the freedom to overcome distances
and enlarge our radius of action.
is that flying is com-
Henry Ford made public his plans for the T-Ford or the
<<peoples'car>>of his day in 1908. It was to be big enough for a
family, but small enough for one person to drive and look after.

8 - How to get your driver's licence

 L.--
T-Ford on exhibit.

Thus the efficient manufacture of cars made possible the deve-

lopment of what is known to-day as mass-motorism.

Downturn in 1929 But the aftermath after the crash of the world economy in 1929
and the second world war caused this development to slow
down. Most people had no choice but to make use of the tradi-
tional means of transport for the time being.

Mass motorism
When Tarjei Vesaas was awarded the international Venice
prize for literature, his family was asked what they intended to
do with the money. The author's son replied c<Volkswagen>>,
and this may be taken as typical for the average Norwegian's
dream in the post-war years.

The Volkswagen

The Volkswagen (peoples'car)or <(beetle),

as most people know it.
 Free to buy Mass motorism picked up speed in the 1960s, after post-war
from 1960 buying restrictions were lifted. Until then a special permit from
the authorities was needed to buy a car for private use, because
the country still did not have the resources to pay for massive
car imports.

The number of passenger cars increased by more than one and

a half millionfrom I950 to 1995

'he growth in number of cars from 1950 to 1995:

1950: 65 000 passenger cars
1960: 225 000 passenger cars
1970: 850 000 passenger cars
1980: 1 250 000 passenger cars
1995: 1 600 000 Dassenger cars

Road construction The road network developed as the number of cars increased. In
1960 there were some 51 000 kilometres of public roads, in
1970: 72 000 kilometres, in 1980: 81 000 kilometres and in
1995: 90 000 kilometres.

Number of cars per 1000 inhabitants in some OECD countries

Motor vehicle Country Number of passenger cars per

density 1000 inhabitants 1993

Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Iceland
Finland
United Kingdom
New Zealand
USA
Germany
Italy
Austria
The Netherlands

-
r people krww it.
Car culture J.J. Flink puts it this way in "Tht: ~ ; a ~l u l r u ~ t111
: 17,~.

<<Motorism symbolised above all material wealth,

higher standard of living, individual freedom and
improved life quality by combining the advantages of
urban and rural life>>
and The American publication uCruisinp and the European
%Racing>, are in many ways a quintessence of the car as a com-
ponent of a modern life-style that most people would recognise.

Norwegian author Rolf Jacobsen has expressed the man-car

relationship in his poem <<Nittikilometen, (<<Ninetykilo-
metres>>)in a collection <<Jordog jern>>(<<Soiland Iron>>)pub-
lished in 1933.
Part of the poem reads like this:

A motor calls
in dark forests.
You squeeze the wheel
with hard fingers.
Your heart breathes
- you pick up the day;
you wrest the hour
from the hands of heaven.

Driving forces behind road traffic

value The transport sector plays an important part in the creation of
value in Norway.

. . . Many people find employment in road transport, and road

. . ' . transport is indispensable to economic growth and development
in other areas of society.
-
A car for everyone Since owning a car became commonplace in the 1960s ~ I U
1970s, the urge to travel and the need to travel has increased '
substantially. By 1991 the number of vehicles had increased by
1.7 million.

Almost four times as many journeys were made in 1990 as in

1960, and the number of journeys by car increased almost ten
times during this period.

Passenger transport

Domestic passenger transport by means of transport 1970-9

Mill. passenger-kilometres

Air
Passenger car
inc
50000 1 * tr:
Rail 1
40000 Sea-

Women travellers have contributed most to the growth in p

senger transport over the past 20 years.

Driving forces
development in industry m d busincss
the education explosion Door to door i
women's liberation
-
prosperity development

vel has increased
ncreased almost ten
L
Explosive increase in
passenger transport
the growth in pas-
.-,
Door to door
transport
Passenger transport and private consumption 1970-94.
1970 = 100.
250
I
;Y The graph
illustrates the
correlation be-
tween passenger
transport and
private con-
sumption.
- Private consumption
- Passe~gertransport
i ? R t Z g R 8 = $ 8 % $ S ? $
e O O ~ I I e z I z z e e
Examples of the causes of the explosive increase in passeng-
er transport:
The largest increase has been in age groups associated with a
high level of travel activity.
An increasing number of people possess a driver's licence.
The number of single adults has increased, and single persons
of working age have their own cars.
A significant growth in the number of working women has
led to that group travelling more.
Significant increase in the number of kindergarten places.
Changes in the habitation patterns with scattered residential
quarters.
Greater distances between the workplaces and residential areas.
Journeys relating to home care and leisure activities have
increased.
The pattern of household purchases has changed from buy-
ing locally to shopping centres.
Increase in general prosperity.
Increase in journeys for the purpose of holidays, leisure
and bringing children.
Increased use of cars for business purposes.
 r
I

When other means of transport are used, they are often used in Subsidies
combination with a car.

I
I

i
I
!
I .
I

I Road tolls
I

Goods transport Road transport of goods meets international efficiency require-

<<justin timen ments in terms of <<justin time, delivery much better than
transport by aircraft, boat or rail in our consumer society.

Time is a scarce commodity nowadays, and this makes

more frequent and efficient movements necessary. It is
therefore expected that passenger transport on the road
will increase somewhat more than the average in the
future.

However, the authorities believe that the total growth in tran-

sport will level off in the future, because the most important
driving forces behind transport development will weaken in
the years to come.

Public transport Public transport by means of train, aircraft, bus, taxi, under-
ground and tram is offered as an alternative to the individual
transport by car, motor cycle, moped and cycle. The polluter
must pay

Infrastructure

Many people travel by bus and trazn

8 .
.. . .
1 8 .

I
,,-,-
I 7 '
) ',*'ii
', 1. I ::
,.
< .

?
-
8,
8
-
I A.,::.-l
1 -, .,
' I 1: ,,- ' ,,
, -
8 _I-.
.
, +' .m -

' I'
' 7
L
, I #
.

_
.-
.
--8 L-,.

I I..
Ji :,,<';-
'., "
,;.:; :, .
; ;y,'t . '
\.,:-? .
l f 7 ' '

{theyare often used h,
Subsidies Public transport receives public subsidies on grounds of wel-
fare, the environment and capacity.
Public transport travel has increased significantly during the
past twenty years. Air transport has contributed markedly to
this growth. In addition to aircraft, bus and train are the most
common means of public transport.

Financing road construction is a major cost to society. It has

therefore become customary to demand payment from road
users to augment public funds.

Road tolls Road tolls are used to finance new road construction, while
road costing means that a road user has to pay part of the cost to
other road users and to society associated with his or her use of
a particular road at a particular time.

;umer society.

Toll roads have become commonplace.

These are costs attributable to the road user when there is traffic
congestion and hence air pollution, noise and other impact on
the local environment.

1 The polluter
must pay

Town and country

Infrastructure Good road connections form an important part of the inland
infrastructure and for interstate commerce.
The roads are vital arteries that connect the parts of our long
and varied country.
 Tu
co:
Cb

Public roads The system of public roads today has a rural ICII~LII UI

.. ..
d
,
-.
:." .. 90 000 kilometres.
. . . . . 26 000 kilometres state roads
27 000 kilometres county road
37 000 kilometres district road

Transport plans for The authorities have tneretore preparea special tran-
major cities sport plans for the ten largest urban areas in order to
increase the capacity of the road system - ,: , bi
reduce congestion
-
,~$J:~LT .:
reduce the traffic costs I_.

reduce the adverse effects of the traffic i d h e a l t h and

the environment

Conserving rural
Norway
 Mainland Tunnels and bridges are built to replace ferry links and improve
: connections connections with the mainland, and road standards are enhan-
ced everywhere.

I
Conflict of interests
The three-leg link Sveio-Stord-B@rnlo.

Conflict of interest may arise between town and country and

4
between people living in the local communities and those car-
rying passengers and goods over long distances.

s, are classified as
strict roads now have

s and cities, corn-

Goods transport through a built-up area.

To avoid conflict between the various population groups and

road user groups, the authorities attempt to provide everybody
with equivalent transportation services.

Local traffic and Local traffic and long-distance traffic are separated physically,
long-distance traffic giving them their own road systems and by-pass roads.
we .< Evaluation of mortqlity and injury risks for various modes of
1 si transportfor the period 1985-94.
hat road users arri-
Means of transport Mortality Injuryrisk .-=T.
I (number of (number of i;%: I .-
'

fatalities per 100 injured and killed

ielps road users to' million per 100 million
ng of journeys and kilometres) passenger-kilometres)
Passenger car 0,50 .:a>..
, I 18,30
efficiently has its Taxi 0,07 . . i? A 4,80
mental problems Bus 4,lO
Train
Scheduled aircraft 0,15
Ship 0,06 Not evaluated
xrsons killed and
ating road safety. The table shows that the passenger car has the highest mortali-
ty and injury risk.
lons injured on the .A .
based on accident
:idents in Norway
Lost years in the 15-24 age group
Number of thousands per year.
..............................................................................
............................................................................. ,

Accidsnta at work Road accidents Accidents in the home

6 000 The diagram shows that road accidents are responsible for
lost years more lost years than accidents at work or in the home.

Road accidents take more lives in the 15-24 age group than any
other cause with the exception of suicides.

The number of lost years is the difference between the age

when killed and the number of years the person would normally
have lived if the accident had not taken place.

35 000 injured However, hospital statistics indicate that almost three times as
many people are injured each year as the number reported to the
police. Thus the correct figure is closer to 35 000 people.

Reduced
life quality
 The cost of
accidents

All too often the trip ends on the operating table.

This is how the cost and losses are calculated, including loss of
. . welfare.
18 million for each fatal accident
2 million for each accident involving personal injury
30 000 for each accident involving property damage

The next five years may see 1 800 persons killed and 10 000
passengers are the injured in road accidents.
, .
The cost is staggering, both to the individual and to society.
f social pressure,
d lack of driving
I

1
m m i o n , through 1 The greenhouse effect Carbon dioxide (C02) in particular causes global heating and
raffir;, kars the over- the risk of greenhouse effect. This causes changes in climate
brts t~hprove safety which may lead to dramatic consequences for all of us.

y af #4cial Affairs, t
I
and Ragearch, the Min
~rnentdAffairs and t
lea p d a l rqomibili

he dig
the h
e s p o n ~ I m~c ' IOC
mt W - h - J t r a ]
. j.1

Fossil fuel In addition to the emissions of C02, there are other dangerous
substances which result from the combustion of fossil fuels
such as petrol and diesel.

- Particles

- Vehicle-
kilometres
I
. -
. I

In addition to carbon monoxide (CO& ie&issions from road

trafic also include nitrogen oxides carbon monoxide
(CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC), sulphur dioxide a d
particles.
 Measures The problems may be atlev'iatedby
separating traffic from residential areas.
to the environment. sound barriers
of them. Others must prohibiting the use of cars in certain areas
making catalytic converters compulsory on cars to purify t
h
exhaust gas 4
using cheaper, unleaded petrol ~3 I

requiring cars to be less noisy - *

a problem both in mire stringent rules for the use of studded 1

The trafJic rules say:

The driver's
contribution
A driver can save petrol and help to reduce the problems affect-
ing health and the environment. He can do this by the manner in
7
I

which he drives, and at the same time benefit from cheaper

petrol bills.

g near roads that Low cost driving Here is some advice which may help you to drive economically
and still get there safely:

keep an ever1 speeu a avvlu UIII

.....
flexible driving and th ing ahead
avoid over-revving your engine, for instance when
starting off
turn off your engine when stationary for more than
one minute
.
--rrect tyre pressure saves petrol
,,far as possible avoid carrying a roof load or driving
with a mounted roof rack
avoid carrying unnecessary loads which increase the
weight of the car

Studless is environ- You save the environment if you choose studless tyres as long
ment-friendly as they are safe for your driving requirements.
 o f d p e n ~consumption.
l
lJ
III The future

Global mass motorism Global mass motorism requires global motonvays

which will deplete the earth's resources and pollute the
global environmc . I

The car is our master as well as our servant. It serves us by

offering freedom of movement, which we desire and also need
for the orderly functioning of society.
But the car when occupying centre stage also creates its own
demands and forces upon us problems that are not easily
solved, either nationally or internationally.

Vicious circle

'i
aae ror it. We also recorn-
rly tuned, as this will The sketch illustrates how we depend on the car to get to work,
ngine heater in the win- school, supemuzrket, sports etc.
d harmful emissions.

petrol costs and en- Explosive growth in global motorism

In the new millennium there may be an explosive growth in the
number of cars all over the globe.

Global motor vehicle

population rwn 1900 to 1950 the number of vi,&s inrreased
om fust r few to about 50 million.
F m 1950 to 1995 the number af passenger cars
facmawi fhm 50 million to 450 million.
.The growth rate since 1960 Bas been in the range d
100 million per 10 years.

This development is expected to continue, particularly because

India and China mass motorisation will come to densely populated countries
like India and China.
The motor vehicle population in China increased from 1.5 mil-
lion to 6.5 million during the years 1980 to 1992.
245
 - -- - - - - - -
- -- --

These cars have come to the end of the road.

As far as the transport policy in the ~ o r d i c
The Nordic countries countries is concerned, experts tell us that we
should take account of global motorisation by I
being better prepared, for instance by avoiding the
kind of problems we had during the oil crisis in the
early 1970s
reducing the greenhouse effect
developing new types of fuel

The car: the machine that changed the world

End and means Many have used the car to exemplify the machine that changed
the world.

This was done in a positive sense to illustrate that the car is a

useful implement for personal satisfaction and the good of
everybody.
But today people tend to be more critical, claiming that cars for
everybody is the means that became an end in itself.

From its position as the crowning achievement of technological

progress that was to give us all a better life, the car has become
an end in itself and the cause of impaired life quality for a host
of people.
 -
i:.

. 1

t ..

The earth is not a piece of machinery that can be re-

paired easily, but rather an organism where everything
is interconnected in a complicated whole.

If we put too heavy demands on it in the future, we may very

well see it striking back in a way that would have catastrophic
consequences for all of us who live on it.

m m ,not We must therefore see to it that the car is put back to where it
-P- was meant to be, a means of transport to reach a common
objective. This is the only way to be liberated from motorism
and regain our freedom.

~eworld, have no
lo want to introdu-
ioing so. The best
ie way in minimi-
ism which we can
,

he efforts of the
I.

ources are limit-

t has been made
APPENDICES
1 Traffic signs and rules ........................................ 252
2 The traffic rules .................................................. 269
3 Road markings, traffic lights and signals
by the police ....................................................... 277
4 Excerpts from regulations concerning
drivers' licences .................................................. 28 1
5 Excerpts from the Road Traffic Act .................... 284
Index ....................................................................... 293
r APPENDIX 1
TRAFFIC SIGNS AND RULES
RELATING TO TRAFFIC SIGNS

HAZARD WARNING SIGNS

104.2 Steep decline
100.1 Dangerous bend Advance warning of
to the right decline with gradient
10% or more.

A
100.2 Dangerous bend
to the left

102.1 Dangerous bends,

first to right

102.2 Dangerous bends,

first to left

104.1 Steep incline

Advance warning of
incline with gradient
10 % or more.
 110 Road workers
Advance warning of per-
sonnel at work on the
b road.
A
112 Loose chippings
Advance warning of sto-
A/: - ne chippings flying from
tyres on gravel road.
114 Falling rocks
Advance warning of fal-
ling material, e.g. rocks,
earth, snow etc., or that
there may be such mate-
rial on the road.
A
Road narrows on
116 Slippery road
Advance warning of
unexpected slippery
road. A supplementary
plate may e.g. explain
that this occurs when the
road is wet.
Road narrows on
118 Opening bridge
Advance warning of ope-
ning bridge. Opening
usually signalled by red
light or barrier.
120 Quayside, river
bank or ferry ramp
Advance warning of
open water ahead.
122 Tunnel
Advance warning of tun-
nel. Light conditions
may be difficult.
124 Dangerous junction
Advance warning of
dangerous junction whe-
re normal priority is
given to traffic approa-
ching from the right.
126 Roundabout
Advance warning of
roundabout.
132 Traffic light signal
Advance warning of light
signal.
134.1 Level crossing
with barrier or gate
Advance warning of
crossing railway or tram.
134.2 Level crossing
without barrier or gate
Advance warning of
crossing railway or tram.
 136 <<Count down
markers>>
Advance warning of dis-
e
tance to level crossing.
The supplementary plate
with three bars is placed
below signs nos. 134.1
and no. 134.2 which are
placed 150-250 metres
before the crossing. The
1
-
sign with one bar is
closest to the crossing,
about 50-80 metres from
it.
A
138 Railway lines
Indicates that railway or
tram crosses the road.
The sign is placed close
to the point of crossing.
The upper sign indicates
single track. The lower
:.:Elites more than
140 Distance to pedes-
trian crossing
Advance warning of
pedestrian crossing ahead.
The distance to the cros-
sing is always stated on a
supplementary plate
below the sign. The cros-
sing itself is marked with
sign no. 516.
142 Children
Advance warning of sec-
tion of the road where
children often use the
road or gather in connec-
tion with kindergarten,
school, playground etc.
144 Cyclists
Advance warning of
place where pedal
cyclists often cross or
enter the carriageway.
146 Animals
Advance warning of ani-
mals moving along or
across the road.
148 Two-way traffic
Advance warning of
oncoming traffic. The
sign is installed when
necessary to remind dri-
vers of this, e.g.. when
one-way traffic ends and
the road gets traffic in
both directions.
150 Aircraft
Advance warning of low
flying aircraft over or
near the road.
152 Cross-wind
Advance warning of pla-
ce with frequent strong
cross winds.
 154 Skiers crossing
Advance warning of pla-
ce where skiers frequent-
ly cross the road. / side road or an intersec-
155 Bridle path
crossing
Advance warning of pla-
ce where riders often
cross or enter the road.
156 Other hazard
A supplementary plate
below the sign indicates
nature of hazard.
I GIVING WAY AND
PRIORITY SIGNS
202 Give way
A 208 End of priority
The sign indicates that
the driver must give way
to vehicle traffic coming
I from both directions in
4 junction ahead.
The sign indicates that
) the driver must stop
completely before pro-
204
ceeding on to intersecting
road ahead, and that he
must give way to vehicle
traffic coming from both
directions on that road.
The point where the stop
is to be made is some-
times marked by a broad,
solid line (stopping line)
across the carriageway.
If no stopping line is
visible, the driver should
pull up as near the cros-
sing road as possible.
206 Priority road
The sign means that dri-
vers emerging from a
ting road are required to
give way in conformity
with sign 202 <<Give
way>>or 204 <<Stop>> there
installed. The sign appli-
es until it is cancelled by
sign 208 <<Endof priori-
ty>>or sign 202 <<Give
way>>or sign 204 <<Stop>>.
In lane marked by sign
531 <<Acceleration lane>>,
the traffic rules concer-
ning driving in such lanes
nonetheless apply.
Following this sign the
usual giving way rules
apply.
210 Priority junction
Advance warning of dang-
erousjunction where traf-
fic emerging from a side
road or an intersecting
road is required to give
way by the sign 202 <<Give
way>>or 204 <<Stop>>.
212 Give priority to
oncoming vehicles
The sign prohibits ente-
ring a narrow section of
the road if doing so com-
pels oncoming vehicles
to stop. Drivers approa-
ching from the opposite
direction are advised by
sign 214 <<Oncoming
- vehicle shall give way>>.
 214 Priority over vehicles 306.5 Prohibited for
from opposite direction lorries or drawing vc
The sign indicates that a hicles.
vehicle approaching
from the opposite directi-
on shall give way in con-
formity with the sign 212
<<Givepriority to on-
coming vehicles>>. 306.6 Prohibited for
cyclists
PROHIBITORY SIGNS

0
302 No entry
Driving past the sign is
prohibited to all vehicles.

306.7 Prohibited for

0
306.0 Prohibited for all pedestrians
vehicles
Applies to all kinds of
vehicles, including pedal
cycles. However, it is not
forbidden to push a cycle
or a moped.
306.8 Prohibited for
306.1 Prohibited for pedestrians and cyclists
motor vehicles.
Prohibition applies to
cars, motor cycles and
mopeds, but not to regu-
lar cycles.

306.9 Prohibited for

306.3 Prohibited for riders on horseback
tractors or motorised
equipment whose
design speed is less
than 40 kmlh.

312 Width limit

The prohibition applim
to vehicles, including
load, with a width
exceeding that indicated.

9 - How to get your drive~'sticem

I
 314 Height limit
The prohibition applies to
vehicles, including load,
with a height exceeding
that indicated.
316 Length limit
with a length exceeding
that indicated.
318.1 Total weight limit
for vehicle
The prohibition applies to
vehicles, the actual laden
weight of which exceeds
that indicated. For a com-
bination of vehicles, the
prohibition applies to each
individual vehicle.
318.2 Total weight limit for
comboitionof vehicles
The prohibition applies to
combination of vehicles,
the actual laden weight of
which exceeds that indica-
I
ted. The prohibition also
applies to single vehicle
whose actual laden weight
exceeeds that indicated.
306.9 Prohibited for 320 Axle load limit
riders on horseback The prohibition applies to
vehicles having an actual
axle load exceeding that
indicated, or an actual
bogie load exceeding 150%
of the indicated axle load.
322 Bogie load limit
The prohibition applies to
vehicles having an actual
bogie load exceeding that
indicated.
9 - How to get your driver's licence
-
0
ST0 PP
Kontroll
324 Stop for indicated
purpose
The sign indicates prohi-
bition
stopping
of passing
for the purpose
without
inscribed on the sign.
326 Stop for customs
0
The sign indicates an
obligation to stop for
Customs customs clearance in
conformity with current
customs regulations.
330.1 No right turn in
junction or turn-off at
or near which the sign
- is placed.
330.2 No left turn in
junction or turn-off at
or near which the sign
is placed.
332 No U-turns
The prohibition applies
up to and including the
next junction.
334 No overtaking
The prohibition applies to
overtaking of motor vehcles
with more than two wheels.
The prohibition does not
apply to overtaking which,
according to the tra£fic rules,
may legally be carried out
on the right. The prohibition
applies up to sign 336 <and
of no overtaking), or over a
section of the road indicated
on a supplementary plate
below the sign.
257
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uo paplsu! aq dam u%!s
ayl S p O J dl?&-auo CQ 'pa1
-psu! am saaam 8 q n d
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~ 8 q
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-3unf 1xau 01 dn 'pqpqsq
s! 1! q 3 l q ~
la 1ulod a q
m0.g $0 uog=.q
aql q sand& uqs a m
' p q d SF &is atp g 3 g ~
uo paor ayl jo ap!s ayl
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1 q w q q uZ!s ayi,
I S W J E ~ ONZLC
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lJaIa¶ no pewsul aq ~~
n%ysaql sp~?ar LZM-auou o
pemsuI=-~u191f!d
y 3 y ~ t q ~ am. mol dn
JO <<8upl~ed>> zss '<<sum
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 376 Parking zone
The sign indicates the
boundary of a zone
(area) in which special
(8-16)
regulations apply to par-
ked or standing vehicles.
The special regulations
in force are indicated by
symbols or inscriptions
on the sign. Symbols
may be used for sign 372
<<Noparking>>,370 <<No
standing>>,or 552 <<Par-
king>>,as well as any
inscriptions or symbols
authorised for use on
supplementary plates
below these signs. The
sign is in force until it is
cancelled by sign 378
<<Endof Parking zone,,.
MANDATORY SIGNS
-
402.1 402.8
h Direetion(s) to be
followed
Signs indicate that a
driver shall exit from the
*vL.l junction in the direction
shown on the sign.
For certain sections of
the road within the zone,
derogations concerning
parking or standing may
be prescribed by signs or
parking meters installed
there. The regulations
specified on the zone
sign do not apply to the-
se sections.
378 End of Parking
zone
The sign indicates the
point at which sign 376
<<Parkingzone>>ceases to
: . . . 1 apply. The symbol on
this sign corresponds to
the one at the entry to the
zone.
 P W pue
snq JOJ aual podsua~l '<<L~M.IO~OW:
a!lqnd 30 PU3 Z'OTS jo pug>>W Su%!s 01 'pal
-mSU! S! 118:s ayl y3XM
snq JOJ awl podsua~) 1e au~odayl WOJJ 1Qaga
a!Iqnd30Pu3 T'OTS u! art! sLv~.~o~our Ova:,
I -uo3 s a w 3gp.1~ a q u!
.sagd& I! q3YM UMOP p q suoyeln8a.1ayl
01 awl ay) ahoqv w e l d A1 ~ e ysa~e:,!pu!
l 1181s a u
-pnsn s! &!s s y ~'awl
, ayl a ==p 'AsmoloHI Z'zos
JO asn Jaylo 8up31pq p o ~
ayl aAoq JO sap~saqp a q d .L1dde 01
&!s awl 3133~ e Lq pal: asea:, SLBMIOIOUI8u!u1a:,
- p m 3 osp s! &IS a u -uo -uo:, s a p 8 3 r p . 1 ~ayl ul
-g3unf~xauayl 01 JO <caw1 UMOP ppq suo!~e1n8a~ ayl
v o d s w qqnd JOp u p ~vylsa~e:,!p~uZ!s ayL
01su . 3 ol~ dn ' p ~ s!d v ssap
11~ 3IE 4 ~ q~ayl
d u10g A ~ m o l Jo o ~Pu3 T'POS
saydde &!s a u 'awl pod
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ayl sw31puy &!s a u
p r q pua snq JOJ am1
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'sagdde 31 Y ~ M
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jo asn Jaylo %ugv:,!p! par
a v ahqe JO sap!saq p s q d
&IS awl :,~l,@r, e Aq pq
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O:, ~ ~ S ~ J L
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ayl tq UMOP p y suoge~n%a~
a q 1w.psale31py USISa w
8 ssap uqs JO
AEMJO~OUI 30 pu3 ~ ' ~ 0 s l@!J0 3 aual asfl T'POP
J

512 Stopping place
The sign indicates the pre-
sence of a stopping place
for bus or tram,and that the
regulations concerning stop-
ping places in the T&c
Rules apply. The sign may
be attached to the schedule
board of the public transport
company concerned.
514 Taxi stand
I Taxi The sign indicates the pre-
sence of a taxi stand, and
that the regulations laid
down in the Traffic Rules
concerning( taxi stands
apply. The sign is placed
besides or above tht beside the position to be
it applies.
FOS.2 Public transport
518 Footpath
The sign indicates a road or
track prepared for the use of
pedestrians. The sign also
indicates that the regulati-
ons specified in the Traffic
Rules concerning the use of
such facilities apply.
The sign is placed in a sui-
table manner according to
the local conditions.
520 Cycle path
The sign indicates a road or
route prepared for the use
of cyclists. The sign also
b0.1 End of public indicates that the regulati-
ons specified in the Traffic
Rules concerning the use of
0.2 End of p ' 'ic such facilities apply.
cansport lane ,UI bu! The sign is placed in a sui-
Ld taxi table manner according to
the local conditions.
n
522 Shared cycle path and
footpath
The sign indicates a road or rou-
te prepared for the use of pedes-
trians and cyclists. The sign also
1 indicates that the regulations
specified in the ~rafficRules
concerning the use of such faci-
lities apply.
The sign is placed in a suitable
manner according to the local
conditions.
. ,.-5-7 .
L .
524 Passing place
The sign indicates a special pas-
. sing place. Parking is prohibited
in a passing place. The prohibiti-
,, it on applies to the entire width of
-
I - , the road and on both sides of the
i. sign for the distance over which
the carriageway is widened.
1
526.1 One-way road 7*
The sign is placed facing the
traffic and indicates that driving
is only permitted in the direction
of the arrow from the point at
which the sign has been instal-
led, up to the next junction in
the direction of the arrow.
526.2 One-way road
The sign is placed parallel to the
direction of traffic and indicates
that driving is only permitted in
the direction of the arrow from
the point at which the sign is
installed up to the next junction
in the direction of the arrow.
528 Optional lanes 7
The sign means that the driver of a
vehicle may pass the sign on the
side which is most convenient.
The sign is placed in a suitable
manner according to the local
conditions.
26 1
530.01 Merging traffic
The sign indicates that
two lanes merge into
one, and that cars from
the two, streams of traf-
fic must merge by mutu-
al accommodation as laid
down in the Traffic Rules
(<<zipperaction>>).
530.11 Merging traffic
The sign has the same
meaning as the previous
one. It also indicates that
there is a separate lane
for oncoming traffic.
531.1 Acceleration lane
The sign is placed at the
through road. It indicates
that the lane is joined by
an acceleration lane and
that traffic must merge by
mutual accommodation
as laid down in the Traffic
Rules (<<zipperaction,,).
531.2 Acceleration lane
This sign is placed at the
slip road. Otherwise it
means the same as the
previous sign.
532.H End of lane
Traffic in the lane that
ends (right lane) must
change lanes and must
give way as laid down in
the Traffic Rules.
532.V End of lane
Trac in the lane that
ends (left lane) must
change lanes and must
give way as laid down in
the Traffic Rules.
534.V Start of lane
The sign indicates that
another lane is added to
the carriageway, in this
case to the left of the
through lane.
534.H Start of lane
The sign indicates that
another lane is added to
the carriageway, in this
case to the right of the
through lane.
536.1 Separate lane
joining
The sign informs the dri-
ver that traffic joining
from the right has a sepa-
1
- 542 End
precinct
d1
rate lane. Drivers inten- The sign if
ding to change lanes 540 .Pedef
must give way to traffic is no long7
in the other lane.
. .
536.2 Joining in
separate lane
The sign informs the dri- the reguld
ver that he is entering a fic Rules n
I
separate lane parallel to up areas q
the road on his left. Dri- lations api
vers intending to change cancelled I
lanes must give way to <<Endof bu
traffic in the other lane.
538 Lane allocation
The sign indicates the
number of lanes of the
carriageway, and the
1' 1E y
-q sign 544
direction of travel for 552 Parki
each. Advance warning The sign
of unusual use of car- which par/
riageway. sed unless
nes the ref
Traffic ~i
standing o
If the sup!
 540 Pedestrian precinct
The sign indicates the
boundary of an area in
which the regulations of
the Traffic Rules relating to
pedestrian precincts apply.
The sign also indicates that
the layout of the area is
such that any driving must
be done at very slow speed.
There are no particular
markings or advance war-
nings of obstacles. The
regulations apply until can-
celled by sign 542 <<Endof
pedestrian precinct,>.
I 542 End of pedestrian
Ezi indicates that sign
540 <<Pedestrian precinct>>
is no longer in force.
fr , 11 544 Built-up - area
The sign indicates the
entry into an area in which
the regulations of the Traf-
fic ~ ~ lrelating
e s to built-
up areas apply. The regu-
lations apply until
cancelled by sign 546
<<Endof built-up area>>.
546 End of built-up area
The sign indicates that
sign 544 <<Built-up area>>
is no longer in force.
552 Parking
The sign indicates sites at
which parking is authori-
sed unless this contrave-
nes the regulations of the
Traffic Rules relating to
standing or parking.
If the supplementary plate
828 <<Extentof area subjected
to standing and parking regula-
tions>>is mounted below the
sign, parking in the indicated
direction is nonetheless permit-
ted even when this contravenes
the regulations of the Trac
Rules relating to standing and
parking.
If the supplementary plate indi-
cates that parking is reserved
for specific categories of vehi-
cles or road users, parking is
prohibited for other categories.
If the sign is placed at or near a
specially designated area, e.g. a
parking area, the sign applies to
U r T '
the entire area.
Otherwise the sign applies only
to the side of the road on which
it is installed. In that case, the
sign applies from the point at
which it is placed, in the direc-
tion of travel, up to the next
junction or to a new sign 552
<<Parking>>, sign 370 <<Nostan-
ding>>,sign 372 <<parkingprohi- .
bitedu or sign 376 <<Parking
zone>>.
On one-way roads the sign may
be installed on the left side
only.
Where a miniature of the sign,
with or without a supplementa-
ry plate, is affixed to a parking
meter or its support, this means
that parking is permitted in .
,. conformity with the special
. rules relating to parking subject
.,+- -. to payment. In that case the
sign applies to the parking area
concerned, irrespective of regu-
lations of the Traffic Rules rela-
ting to standing and parking.
SERVICE INFORMATION SIGNS

7 The
602 First aid

-
sign indicates a hos-
pital, a first-aid station or
7 620 Caravan site
The sign indicates a
camping site primarily
intended for caravans.

first-aid locker. 622 Cabins

The sign indicates a
604 Telephone camping site primarily
The sign indicates the pre- engaged in cabins to let.
sence of a telephone availa-
ble to road users. Emergen- i24 Youth hostel
cy telephone is indicated
with the letters SOS on the
lower part of the sign. 626 Overnight accom-
modation
606 Fire extinguisher
The sign indicates the
I The sign indicates
approved overnight
presence of a fire accommodation.
extinguisher.
628 Picnic site
608 Garage The sign indicates a pic-
The sign indicates an autho- nic site with tables,
rised vehicle repair shop. chairs, rubbish bins etc.

1 630 Swimming

612 Toilets
The sign indicates the
presence of toilets open
to road users.

614 Refreshments
The sign indicates that
-
3
632 Tourist attraction
The nature of the tourist
attraction may be specifi-
ed on the sign.

634 Information
light meals are served, The sign indicates a tou-
but no hot dishes. rist information office,
tourist information map

h'
616 Restaurant or other information of
The sign indicates that interest to road users.
hot meals are served
DIRECTION SIGNS
618 Camping site
The sign indicates a , 700 Diversion for large
camping site primarily
used for tenting, the stan-
dard of which may be
E:y: indicates route
to be taken by heavy,
indicated with stars. wide, long or tall vehicles.
 704.1 No through road
The sign indicates that
the road is physically
closed.
704.2 No through road
IT11 The sign indicates that
the intersecting road is
physically closed.
706 Traffic lane signs
placed at the side of the
road
The sign indicates the
number of lanes up to the
nearest junction as well as
the appropriate lanes for
the various destinations.
724 Overhead traffic
rn rn lane signs
724.1 The sign indicates
the direction of traffic lea-
ving the junction for which
each lane is intended.
The sign indicates
1 724.2
the destination for which
the lane under each
arrow is intended
724.3 The sign indicates
I that the lane below the
sign exits from the road,
and the destination for
which it is intended.
-
r24.4 The sign indicates
the destination and direc-
tion of traffic leaving the
junction for which the lane
below the sign is intended.
724.5 The sign indicates
1240 the destination for which
the lane below the sign is
intended.
10 -Howto get your driver's licence
a 708.1 - 708.4 Road
identification signs
Green indicates an interna-
708. l 708.2 tional tratsc artery (EW-
pean trunk road). White
708.3 708.4
indicates a national high-
way. Punctuated,
around the sign indicates a
route leading to the road
identified by the number
shown.
710 Sign indicating
I I distance
The sign indicates the
distance, in kilometres,
to the destination shown,
or to the nearest junction
or exit.
712 Name plate for
town, village or other
place.
-
722.1 722.4 Direction
signs
These signs are placed so
that they point to or
along the road to which
they refer.
Nannestad
fi 722.1 Points to exit road
Lillestrarn
and deceleration lane.
722.2 Direction sign for
junctions
Stadion 0.8 1 722.3 Local direction
sign
722.4 Direction sign for
pedestrian andfor cycle
 720.1 - 720.5 Advance
direction panels
Provide advance information A Regular supplementary plates
about a junction or an exit
road, specifying the road
number andlor destination.
I
742 Temporary
diversion
The sign gives advance
warning of a temporary
diversion.
7744 Diversion arrow
The sign points to a tem-
porary diversion route.
SUPPLEMENTARY PLATES etc.
@
'- @
. -@-
vehicles
802 Distance
The supplemenkuy plate
indicates the distance to
the point at which the
main sign begins to apply,
or at which the correspon-
ding main sign is installed
(advance warning).
804 Extent
The plate indicates that
the main sign applies to a
particular section of the
road. The figures specify
the distance to the begin-
ning and end of the secti-
on of the road concerned.
806 Time
The plate notifies that the
main sign only applies
during the period or peri-
ods specified by hour.
Black figures apply on all
week-days except Satur-
days, black figures in
brackets apply on Satur-
days, red figures apply on
Sundays, holidays and
official festivals.
807 Symbols
807.1 Passenger car
807.2 Lorry and light
delivery vehicle
807.3 Bus
U Y PLATES etc.
entary p
1 Distance
:supplementary plate
icates the distance to
point at which the
in sign begins to apply,
~twhich the correspon-
g main sign is installed
1 807.6 Pedal cycle
vance warning).
l Extent
:plate indicates that
main sign applies to a
hcular section of the
j. The figures specify
1 warning signs
distance to the begin-
$ and end of the secti-
>fthe road concerned.
Time
plate notifies that the
n sign only applies
ng the period or peri-
specified by hour.
:k figures apply on all
k-days except Satur-
s, black figures in
:ketsapply on Satur-
r, red figures apply on
days, holidays and
:id festivals.
Symbols
1 Passenger car
m-
2 Lorry and light
lery vehicle
807.4 Combination of
vehicles
807.5 Caravan and its
towing vehicle if any
zyNldMotor cycle and
807.8 Disabled persons.
A symbol, when used on
a supplementary plate
below a sign, means that
the regulation or infor-
mation given by the main
sign applies to the cor-
responding type of vehi-
cle or road user.
A symbol, when used on
a supplementary plate
below sign 552 <<Par-
king>>means that parking
is reserved for the corres-
ponding type of vehicle
or road user.
A category of vehicles or
road users may be
exempt from the regulati-
on given by the main
sign by using the corres-
ponding symbol and the
words <<Gjelderikke>>
(<<Notapplicable to>>).
808 Inscriptions
Inscriptions are used on
supplementary signs
when it is not expedient
to give the regulation or
information by means of
symbols, figures etc.
810 Bent arrow
The plate indicates that
the main sign applies
after completing a turn in
the junction.
B Special supplementary plates
Supplementary plates below danger
-
812 Recommended speed
The supplementary plate
indicates the maximum
speed that is appropriate to
the indicated danger under
normal weather, road, visi-
bility and light conditions.
814 Actual clear width
of road
-
~ ~ ~ c ~ r o slogging
sing
818 Soft shoulder
Supplementary plates below priority signs:
822 Course of a
priority road
The plate displays a dia-
gram of the junction in
which broad lines indi-
cate priority roads and
.,_ .- . narrow lines indicate the
roads on which signs 202
<<Giveway>>or 204
<<Stop>>are installed.
 824 Advance warning
of stop sign
The plate is used with
sign 202 to provide
advance warning that
rn 1 time
834 Combined
regulations
Plate indicating parking
regulation by a combina-
tion of inscriptions, figu-
APPE

sign 204 is installed at res, symbols etc. used on

the distance specified. other supplementary
plates.
826 Cycle traffic in
both directions
-+ * The plate notifies that
cycling in both directions
is authorised on a cros- MARKING PANELS
sing cycle tracklroad.

Supplementary plates relating to

parking: 902. 904.
Background marking Direction marking
828.1 Indicates that main

0 sign applies in both

directions.

828.2 Indicates that main

Special S
Entry in
~ n

sign applies in the direc-

tion opposite to the 908.
direction of travel. 906V 906H 906 VH Obstacle marking
Obstacle marking (height)

828.3 Indicates that the

main sign applies in the
direction of travel.

830 Parking subject to

payment 912. 914V 914H
&i7 : The plate indicates that Exit road marking Tunnel marking
,,. -sit= special provisions con-
cerning parking subject
: 4,
, , to payment apply.
i) Military ,yehide

1
~mbined
tions APPENDIX 2 Regulations for motor vehicle and pedestrian traffic
ndicating parking (lkaffic Rules)
ion by a combina- of 21 March 1986
inscriptions, figu-
mbols etc. used on 5 1 Definitions
upplementary 5 2 Scope of the rules, exceptions etc.
3 Instructions
$ 4 Use of the carriageway
$ 5 Position of vehicles on the road
5 6 Making turns
5 7 Obligation to give way
8 Changing lanes
5 9 Special obligations to pedestrians
5 10 Clear road
5 11 Reversing and turning round
5 12 Overtaking
3 13 Special regulations regarding driving speed
$ 14 Signals
5 15 Use of lights
5 16 Inconsiderate driving and unnecessary noise, etc.
5 17 Standing and parking
$ 18 Special regulations relating to cyclists
5 19 Special regulations relating to pedestrians
5 20 Entry into force

O 1 Definitions
1. In these traffic rules, the following expressions shall have the meanings hereby
908, assigned to them:
Qbstacle marking a) Road: Any public or private way, street, open square (including storage yards, par-
s (height) king areas, stopping places, bridges, winter roads, f e w quays or other quays with
I direct road connection) which is open to regular traffic.
b) Junction: Any point at which a road crosses or merges with another road.
c) Carriageway: The part of the road where driving shall normally take place.
d) Lane: Each of the longitudinal parallel lanes into which a carriageway is divi-
ded by markings, or which is wide enough for a stream of traffic.
e) Shoulder: The part of a road which is outside the marked edge.
f) Footpath and cycle path: Facility for pedestrians, cyclists or combined pedestrian
and cycle traffic which is indicated by an official traffic sign. The facility is sepa-
rated from the carriageway by a strip of grass, ditch, fence or by other means.
914V 914H g) Pedestrian lane, cycle lane: Facility for pedestrians, cyclists or combined
runnel marking pedestrian and cycle traffic which is indicated by an official traffic sign. The
facility is separated from the carriageway by markings.
h) Pavement: Any paved strip reserved for pedestrians which is separated from
the carriageway by a kerb.
i) Military vehicle column and civil defence column: Four or more vehicles
 belonging to the military or the civil defence which are driven in a column
with a blue flag or light on the first vehicle and a green flag or light on the
rearmost vehicle.
j) Level crossing: Junction on the same level between a road and a railroad or a
tramway on separate rails.
k) Parking: Any stationing of a vehicle, even if the driver does not leave the ve-
hicle. Excepted are the shortest possible halt for picking up or discharging
persons, or for loading or unloading.
2. Apart from the above, the definitions in the Road Traffic Act and in the codes laid
down pursuant to the act apply.

8 2 Scope of the rules, exceptions etc.

1. The traffic rules apply to all traffic on roads.
2. Insofar as they are applicable, the rules concerning vehicle traffic also apply to
horsemen and persons leading saddle, pack or draught animals or leading or
driving farm animals.
3. Pedestrians include those who:
a) are on skis or roller skis,
b) propel wheel chairs or sledges or kick-sledges,
c) push cycles or mopeds or prams or use toy vehicles.

4. When it is necessary or of substantial help when on duty, the following may devi-
ate from the provisions laid down in or-pursuant to $3 4-9 of the Road Traffic Act
a) drivers of priority vehicles,
b) drivers of other vehicles in the service of the police,
c) drivers of vehicles being used for road work or similar work on or near a road, in
the service of the Motor Vehicle and Driver's licence Inspectorate (<<biltilsynet>>)
or the public parking control authorities. Nevertheless, these drivers shall at all
times observe the rules specified in $ 6 of the Road Traffic Act (speed regulati-
ons) and in $ 13 of the traffic rules (driving speed). The same applies to provisi-
ons regarding traffic light signals.
Drivers mentioned in this subsection shall at all times comply with instructions
given by the police.
When driving through a red traffic light signal, drivers of priority vehicles shall
reduce their speed enough to be able to stop at once for any crossing or oncoming
road user.
5. Tram drivers are governed by the traffic rules only when expressly stated. The
provisions of $9 3,5,6,9, 12,21,23 and 31 of the Road Traffic Act also apply to
tram drivers.

8 3 Instructions
1. Instructions provided by traffic light signals, official traffic signs or road mar-
,kings take precedence over the traffic rules.
provided by traffic light signals take precedence over those concer-
!.ring the obligation to give way indicated by official traffic signs.
 Special traffic light signals for public transport, cyclists or pedestrians take pre-
cedence over other traffic light signals.
2. Instructions given by the police or by officials of the Motor Vehicle and Driver's
licence Inspectorate (<<biltilsynet,>,
Customs and Excise authorities or the milita-
ry police take precedence over instructions given by other means. The same app-
lies to instructions given by other persons authorised to regulate traffic or inspect
vehicles, loads or drivers.
3. This section shall also apply to tram drivers.

8 4 Use of carriageway
1. Motor vehicles shall use the carriageway. It is prohibited to drive on footpaths,
pavements or pedestrian lanes.
Drivers other than cyclists must not use cycle paths or cycle lanes.
Cyclists shall only use cycle lanes on the right side of the roads.
2. Only motor vehicles or motor vehicles with trailers which can legally be driven at
a speed of at least 40 k m h on a horizontal road are allowed on motorways or slip
roads. The Directorate of Public Roads or those to wfiom it has delegated autho-
rity may make exceptions to this provision in special cases.
Mopeds may not be driven on motorways.

3 5 Position of vehicles on the road

1. Insofar as the circumstances permit, vehicles shall be driven on the right side of
the road.
On carriageways having two or more lanes in the same direction, the right lane
shall be used if the:traffic rules do not require or allow the use of a lane to the left.
Vehicles are to be kept well within the lane.
Cycles and other vehicles that are not motor vehicles may be driven on the right
shoulder of the road.
2. Driving in bus and taxi lanes is only allowed as specified by official traffic signs.
Nevertheless, motor cycles, mopeds, cycles or uniformed priority vehicles may
use such lanes.
3. The distance from one vehicle to the next shall be sufficient to preclude any dang-
a er of collision in the event of the vehicle in front slowing down or stopping. The
distance shall be sufficient for overtaking cars to be able to move into the space in
front of the overtaken vehicle without danger.
4. Drivers approaching or entering a junction shall drive in such a manner as to avoid
stops that will unnecessarily inconvenience or obstruct those on the intersecting
road. This subsection also applies to tram drivers.

3 6 Making turns
1. On.carriageways with two or more lanes in the direction of traffic, a driver inten-
ding to turnright shall well m idvance move into the lane to the extreme right. If he
intends to turn left, he shall well in advance move into the lane to the extreme le
2. When turning right, a vehicle shall keep as close to the right edge of the
way as possible.
 A vehicle turning left on a two-way carriageway shall keep as close as possible to
the centre of the carriageway.
3. When turning on to a carriageway with two or more lanes in the direction of traf-
fic, the lane which is most suitable may be entered.
4. Vehicles entering a junction from opposite directions and both intending to turn
left may drive to the left of each other.

8 7 Obligation to give way

1. A road user having the right of way must not be inconvenienced or distracted.
The driver having the obligation to give way shall clearly signal his intention to
do so by slowing down or stopping well in advance.
2. A driver shall give way to vehicles approaching from the right. The same applies
when a driver about to turn left will get vehicles approaching from the right.
3. A driver who intends to turn, shall give way to pedestrians or cyclists on the road flashing bldighl 1
he is about to enter.
4. A driver shall give way to others when he is emerging from a parking area, stop-
ping place, market place, property, filling station, pedestrian street, pedestrian
precinct or similar area. This also applies when emerging from a farm road or
other road which is not open to regular traffic, or when moving into the carriage-
way from a cycle path, cycle lane, road shoulder, footpath, pavement or pedestri-
an lane.
A driver entering a road from a cycle path or footpath shall give way to other braffic.
5. On roads with a speed limit of 60 km/h or less, a driver shall give way to a bus
whose driver indicates that it is about to leave a bus stop. The bus driver shall avo-
id danger.
6. If necessary, drivers meeting when going in opposite directions, shall move suffi-
ciently to the right well in advance and drive slowly or stop. If part of the road is
obstructed, the driver on the side where the obstruction is shall give way.

5 8 Changing lanes
1. A driver who intends to change lanes shall give way to drivers in the lane to be
entered or crossed.
The same applies to a driver who intends to move out from the edge of the road or
otherwise change his vehicle's position by moving in a sideways direction.
The provision in the first paragraph does not apply when there is a reduction of
the number of regular lanes in the direction of traffic. The driving speed is to be
mutually adjusted so that the vehicles can proceed alternately without unnecessa-
ry inconvenience or hindrance.
2. A driver in an acceleration lane shall adjust his speed to the traffic in the lane
which he is about to enter. Drivers in the lane to be entered shall facilitate the
entry of the vehicle from the acceleration lane.
A driver who intends to exit from a road shall enter the deceleration lane as early
as possible where such exists.
 5 9 Special behaviour towards pedestrians
1. Drivers shall allow pedestrians adequate space on the road.
2. When crossing a footpath, pavement or pedestrian lane, a driver shall give way to
pedestrians. The same applies to driving in pedestrian streets or precincts. At
pedestrian crossings where the traffic is not regulated by the police or a traffic
light signal, drivers shall give way to pedestrians already using or about to use the
crossing.
3. Drivers who intend to overtake a tram or bus on the right at a stopping place with-
out a traffic island shall stop and give way to passengers alighting or boarding.
4. Drivers shall avoid stopping in pedestrian crossings.
This subsection also applies to tram drivers.

O 10 Clear road
1. Road users shall give clear road to priority vehicles whose driver signals with a
flashing blue light
The road user shall stop if necessary.
2. Road users shall give way to trams and trains, and stop if necessary.
Road users shall make sure that there is no train or tram approaching before tra-
versing a level crossing, This applies even if the crossing has special safeguards.
Drivers shall keep a speed that allows them to stop, if necessary, at a safe distan-
ce from the crossing.
3. Road users shall not in any way obstruct or disturb groups of pedestrians moving
under supervision, funeral or other processions, columns of military vehicles or
columns of civil defence.
4. Subsections 1 and 3 of this section shall also apply to tram drivers.

5 11 Reversing and turning round

1. Any driver intending to reverse or turn round shall give way to other road users.
If the driver's view is obstructed, he must not reverse or turn round without the
guidance of another person unless he has himself ascertained that no danger or
damage will occur.
2. Reversing or turning round is prohibited on motonvays and on slip roads leading
to or from motonvays.

5 12 Overtaking
1. Overtaking shall take place on the left. However, the following exceptions apply:
a) Overtaking shall take place on the right if the vehicle to be overtaken is turn-
ing left or is clearly preparing to do so.
b) Overtaking of trams that are in motion or stationary may be carried out on the
right.
c) If the density of traffic is such that all the lanes in the direction of traffic are
occupied by vehicles proceeding at a speed determined by the vehicle in front,
the vehicles in one lane may overtake to the right of vehicles in other lanes.
d) Drivers in lanes reserved for special categories of road users may overtake to
the right of vehicles in other lanes.
2. Before overtaking another vehicle, a driver shall make sure that
a) the road is clear and unobstructed far enough ahead,
b) the driver ahead of him has not signalled that he intends to overtake,
C) there is no vehicle behind that has begun to overtake him,
d) he will clearly be able to re-enter the stream of traffic without disturbing it.
3. Driver overtaking on the left shall pull back into the right lane when he can do so
without endangering or unduly inconveniencing the overtaken vehicle.
4. When a driver perceives that the driver_followinghim intends to overtake him on
the left, he shall keep as far to the right as possible and refrain from increasing his
speed. If his vehicle is moving slowly or is bulky, and if your view of the road is
obstructed or there is oncoming traffic, the driver of the vehicle about to be over-
taken shall if necessary move over to the right, slow down or stop.
5. Overtaking immediately before or in a junction is prohibited. This rule does not
apply
a) on carriageways with two or more lanes in the direction of traffic,
b) when overtaking on the right because the vehicle ahead is turning left or cle-
arly preparing to do so,
c) when the traffic in the junction is regulated by traffic signals or a police officer,
d) when the traffic on the intersecting road shall give way as marked by an offi-
cial road sign.
Overtaking is prohibited when visibility is obstructed by the brow of a hill, on a
bend or in any other way. This rule does not apply when the entire manoeuvre
may be performed in a lane closed to oncoming traffic.
Insofar as they are appropriate, the regulations stipulated in this subsection also
apply to the overtaking of trams. They do not apply to the overtaking of two-
wheeled vehicles which are positioned to the right in the lane.
6. Drivers approaching a pedestrian crossing, must not overtake another vehicle 01
tram which obstructs any part of the driver's view of the pedestrian crossing.

... .. ' _.
$13 Special regulations regarding driving speed
1. A driver shall be able to stop on the section of the road over which he has an
unobstructed view, and in advance of any foreseeable obstruction.
2. A driver is under special obligation to proceed at sufficiently low speed and, if
necessary, stop at once when passing:
a) children on or near the road,
b) school patrols,
c) pedestrians carrying special signs to indicate that they are blind (white cane)
or accompanied by a guide dog,
d) other pedestrians who may be assumed to suffer from a disability or illness
which hinders them in traffic,
e) trams or buses which have stopped or are about to stop at a tram or bus stop.
3. Vehicles must not be driven faster @an at a walking pace in pedestrian streets or
precincts. -.I>;a J.?

4. On sections of the road with a specified speed limit of more than 80 km/h, motor
vehicles with a maximum permissible weight of 3.500 kg or more and motor
 vehicles with trailers shall not exceed 80 km/h.
5. ~ o t ovehicles
r with trailers that are not equipped with brakes shall not be driven
faster than 60 km/h when the trailer has an actual total weight of 300 kg or more.
6. Insofar as it is appropriate, this section shall also apply to tram drivers.

3 14 Signals
1. Unnecessary or inconsiderate use of audible or light signals is prohibited.
2. A driver intending to turn or in any other way make a significant change in the
lateral position of his vehicle shall, for the guidance of others, signal his intenti-
on.
3. Drivers of priority vehicles may demand clear road by using flashing blue lights.
Special audible signals may also be used, but only when necessary.
A driver of a vehicle being used for roadwork or similar work who is obliged to
deviate from regulations governing other road users, shall give warning with a
flashing yellow light when this is necessary to avoid danger.
4. Insofar as it is appropriate, this section shall also apply to tram drivers.

3 15 Use of lights
1. When driving under conditions of poor visibility, or when light conditions make
it necessary, the lights prescribed for a vehicle shall be switched on in order to
provide the driver with adequate visibility or to make the vehicle visible to other
road users. When driving a motor vehicle, regulation headlights on full or dipped
beam or approved running lights shall always be switched on.
2. Full beam headlights shall not be used so that another driver is dazzled. The same
applies when meeting a train, tram or vessel alongside the road.
3. Dipped headlights shall be used when full beam is not required or permitted.
4. Parking lights shall be switched on when a vehicle is standing or parked on a
road, when darkness and poor visibility makes this necessary in order for the
vehicle to be visible to other road users.
The headlights shall not be switched on when the vehicle is standing or parked as
described above.
5. Authorised auxiliary lights shall not be used for any other purpose than those for
which they are intended.
6. Insofar as it is appropriate, this section shall also apply to tram drivers.

3 16 Inconsiderate driving and unnecessary noise etc.

1. No unnecessary and disturbing driving with a motor vehicle is permitted in or
near residential areas. Idling or other use of motor vehicles that causes undue noi-
se or emission of smoke or fumes is also forbidden.
2. The route, speed and manner of driving in or near residential areas shall avoid
unnecessary disturbance.
 5 17 Standing and parking
1. It is prohibited to stop:
a) on bends where the visibility is inadequate, in tunnels, on the brow of a hill, or
at any other place where visibility is reduced,
b) in junctions or less than 5 metres from a junction. This distance is to be mea-
sured from the point at which the edge of the pavement, the edge line or the
edge of the road begins to curve.
c) partly or wholly in pedestrian lanes, on pavements, footpaths, cycle paths or
cycle lanes,
d) on pedestrian or cycle crossings or less than 5 metres from such areas,
e) on motorways or on slip roads leading to or from motorways,
f) less than 5 metres from a railway crossing on the same level,
g) in public transport lanes (does not apply to buses or trams at stops),
h) in a bus lay by, at a taxi or tram stop, or at a distance of less than 20 meters
from a sign indicating such stop. Excepted are stops to pick up or discharge
passengers, when this does not inconvenience buses, taxis or trams.
2. It is prohibited to park
a) in front of vehicle entrances or exits,
b) in a passing place on any part of the road where the carriageway is widened,
c) on pedestrian streets
d) in pedestrian precincts other than in specially marked places.
3. Parking in the carriageway is prohibited on priority roads with a speed limit over
50 krn/h.

5 18 Special regulations relating to cyclists

1. Cyclists may overtake vehicles other than cycles on the right.
2. Cyclists who intend to turn left may continue to keep to the right of the road and turn
where it is convenient. Cyclists must then give way to other road users. Such turns
may be made without regardless of the prescribed use of lanes as indicated by offici-
al traffic signs or road markings when these are not expressly intended for cyclists.
3. Cycling on pedestrian crossings, pavements, pedestrian lanes or footpaths is allo-
wed when there is little pedestrian traffic. Cyclists must not endanger pedestrians.
Pedestrians must not be obstructed or inconvenienced.

5 19 Special regulations relating to pedestrians

1. Pedestrians shall use the pavement, footpath, pedestrian lane or shoulder of the
road. If this is impossible or unreasonable because of the traffic conditions,
pedestrians may use cycle paths, cycle lanes or the carriageway.
A pedestrian using the carriageway shall keep to the far left in the direction in
which he is walking, he shall however keep to the far right when wheeling a
cycle. Where otherwise necessitated by special circumstances or risk of danger,
pedestrians may use the opposite side.
2. A pedestrian crossing a carriageway shall use a pedestrian crossing, footbridge or
subway whenever there is one nearby. Elsewhere the pedestrian shall walk
straight across the carriageway, preferably at a junction.
 Before crossing the carriageway outside a pedestrian crossing, a pedestrian shall
make sure that he does not endanger or in any other way hinder or inconvenience
any other road user.
The provisions of this subsection also apply to cycle paths and cycle lanes.

8 20 Entry into force

These regulations enter into force on 1 October 1986.
From the same date, the traffic rules issued by the Crown Prince Regent's Decree of
26 April 1957 are rescinded.

APPENDIX 3 t , d j ~

Road markings (Excerpts from the Regulations relating to Official Trmc Signs)
' 1,

$21 General provisions

1. Road markings are used to provide guidance, warning or control of the traffic,
and to make clear the meaning of other provisions given by means of traffic signs
or traffic rules.
2. Road markings consist of lines, symbols and inscriptions. Their meaning is indi-
cated in 8 22.
3. Except when otherwise indicated, lines across the road, symbols and inscriptions
are only used to supplement traffic signs.
4. Road markings separating lanes trafk moving in opposite directions are yellow.
Other road markings are white.
5. Reflecting road studs may supplement the regular road marking. In the case of tem-
porary changes, orange reflecting road studs may replace the usual road markings.

$ 22 The various types of road markings

A Marking along the carriageway
Marking along the carriageway is used for dividing it into separate lanes or to
indicate its outer edge.
Lane line
It is permitted to cross a lane line when done in conformity with the traffic rules.
Hazard warning line
Yellow hazard warning line indicates that the unobstructed view of the road
ahead is too short for normal overtaking. White hazard warning line indicates
special danger when changing lanes.
Continuous line
Unbroken line separating driving lanes
It is forbidden to drive across or on a continuous line. It is also forbidden to drive
to the left of a yellow continuous line.
Combined lines
The driver shall take account of the line that is nearer. However, a driver who is in
the lane intended for oncoming traff~cis always allowed to return to the right side
of the road.
 A double yellow hazard warning line separates lanes where the direction of traf-
fic may change. It is solely used in combination with overhead traffic lights that
display a red cross or a green arrow.
I
I
Triple
rials, 1
and
Dividing line
I reversing -
Broad, punctuated line separating normal driving lane from acceleration or dece- i Pr-
leration lane, public transport lane or special lane for slow moving vehicles. Triple

PA
I

Guide line When t ~ x e f l

Guide lines indicate the course of a driving lane or a turn through a junction. line.
Edge line vers, or
Continuous or punctuated line indicating the extreme edge of the carriageway. Red and 4
Hatched area
It is forbidden to drive on a hatched area with continuous outline.

B Marking across the carriageway Amber

Stopping line red, and @
The line indicates where a stop must be made at the instruction of a traffic sign or stopp:
a traffic light signal.
Giving way line
The line indicates where the obligation to give way starts.
5. An0w
the ri!

signals
Pedestrian crossing Arroww
The marking indicates that the trafiic rules relating to pedestrian crossings apply or green w
even if there is no sign 5 16 "Pedestrian crossing". Arrow fil$
Cycle crossing road onlp
The marking indicates where cyclists may cross. 6. Cycle si&
Standing area smallersi@
Parked vehicle must be placed inside the marked area. Cycle sign;
nals as
C Arrows triple lighf
Arrows painted in the lane ahead of a junction means that the lane is for road users 7. Pedestrim
who intend to drive in the direction or one of the directions indicated by the arrow. a green lid
The direction indicated by the arrow is mandatory if the lane is separated by a Pedestriakal
continuous line. crossed. If
Arrows painted diagonally in the lane indicate that the lane ends and that drivers signal is Q
must proceed in accordance with the traffic rules. signals as
A red sign
Traffic light signals (Excerptsfrom the Regulations relating to official tr-c signs) could obsf
5 23 Steady traffic light signals riageway r
1. Steady trafIic light signals according to these regulations shall mean triple light signals, A green si
arrow signals, cycle signals, signals for public transport, lane signals and dual light sig- en signal i
nals whose design, colour and interpretation are in conformity with these regulations. ning as a r
2. Traffic light signals for vehicles are installed as the main signal on the right side When the
of the road at the point where vehicles are required to stop when the light is red. use of the
An additional traffic light signal may be installed on the left side, overhead or
further down in the direction of travel. The additional traffic light signal displays
the same signal image as the main signal.
3. Triple light signals, which may be combined with arrow filter signals, cycle sig-
nals, pedestrian signals and signals for public transport are used at road junctions
and at isolated pedestrian crossings. Triple light signals may also be used for
reversing the direction of travel on a section of the road where traffic can only
proceed in one direction at a time.
4. Triple light signals mean as follows:
When the light is red, it is forbidden to drive past the main signal or the stopping
line. Pedestrians must not start to cross the carriageway if this could obstruct dri-
vers, or entail danger.
Red and amber lights displayed simultaneously have the same meaning as red
light, but indicate that the signal is about to change to green.
When the light is green, drivers may proceed past the signal or stopping line if the
road is clear. Pedestrians may cross the carriageway and cycle lane.
Amber light, when displayed alone, indicates that the signal is about to change to
red, and that drivers shall stop. Drivers may, however, proceed past the signal or
stopping line if the vehicle is so far advanced that a stop cannot be made without
the risk of danger.
5. Arrow filter signals may substitute or supplement triple light signals. Arrow filter
signals apply to road users intending to drive in the direction of the arrow.
Arrow filter signals may have one, two or three light apertures displaying red, amber
or green arrows. The arrow filter signals have the same meaning as triple light signals.
Arrow filter signal that applies to left turns may be installed at the left side of the
road only.
6. Cycle signals have the same design as triple light signals or arrow filter signals, but of
smaller size. A small panel displaying a cycle is installed over the upper light aperture.
Cycle signals apply to cyclists only, and takes precedence over all other light sig-
nals as far as cyclists are concerned. Cycle signals have the same meaning as
triple light signals.
7. Pedestrian signals have a red light aperture in the shape of a standing person and
a green light aperture in the shape of a walking person.
Pedestrian signals are installed on the far side of the carriageway or lane to be
crossed. If more than one signal is visible in the walking direction, the nearest
signal is the one to heed. Pedestrian signals take precedence over all other light
signals as far as pedestrians are concerned.
A red signal means that pedestrians must not start to cross the carriageway if this
could obstruct drivers, or entail risk of danger. Pedestrians already on the car-
riageway may proceed to the other side.
A green signal means that pedestrians may cross the carriageway. A flashing gre-
en signal indicates that the signal is about to change to red, and has the same mea-
ning as a red signal.
When the pedestrian signal is controlled by a push-button, pedestrians must make
use of the button to obtain green light. This is not necessary if a white light is dis-
played adjacent to the push-button.
8. Public transport signals have three white light apertures. Light emitted from the
upper, middle or lower apertures, or a combination of these, has the same mea-
 ning as light emitted from the corresponding light apertures of triple light signals. APPENDIX 4 :
Public lane signals apply to tra£fic in public transport lanes only. These signals take
precedence over other light signals as far as traffic in the public transport lane is con-
cemed:The signal may have a plate below the sign stating to whom the signal applies.
9. A lane signal is suspended over the lane to which it applies. The signal may display
a red cross, a green arrow or an amber arrow. The amber arrow may be flashing. I . Drivers' lice= are
A red cross means that it is forbidden to use the lane for traffic in the direction
facing the signal. A green arrow indicates that it is allowed to use the lane.
An amber arrow indicates that the lane will be closed shortly, and that drivers
must change lanes in the direction indicated by the arrow at once.
10.Dual light signals display steady red or steady green light. Dual light signals are
used at barriers, ferry ramps etc. where approaching traffic moves at low speed. A
dual light signal may be placed to the left of the carriageway.
Red light means that it is forbidden to drive past the signal or stopping line.
Green light means that it is allowed to pass the signal.
2. Class A, motor cycle
3 24 Flashing light signals Valid for mota cycle
1. Flashing light signals display red, white or amber light.
2. Red flashing signals display one or two alternating flashing red lights. driver of a mediu
Road users are forbidden to proceed past the signal. Halt shall be made at the
stopping line or at a safe distance before the signal.
Red flashing lights are used at level crossings, opening bridges, air fields, garages
for emergency vehicles, tunnels etc. where closing of the road is sometimes
required because of special danger.
3. White flashing lights used at level crossings indicate that drivers may proceed in
accordance with the traffic rules.
A white flashing signal is always installed in combination with a red flashing sig-
nal as evidence that the installation is in operating order.
4. Amber flashing lights indicate that road users must be specially cautious and alert.
The signal may be used in a triple light signal which is not in normal operation.
The signal may be used in conjunction with official traffic signs to indicate speci-
Also valid for full-tra

4. Class B, passenger c
I
al traffic situations.
The signal may be used at points where road users must exercise special care, e.g.
at road barriers, pedestrian crossings and other places where required.
Also valid for:
- a combination
S i i by the police (Excerptsfrom the Regulations relating to official trafFic signs)
Signals used by the police to regulate road traffic have the following meanings:
a) An arm stretched to the side means that road users approaching from the front or
from behind shall stop.
Road users approaching from the sides may proceed.
b) An arm stretched upwards means that all road users must stop. Drivers may, how-
ever, proceed if the vehicle is so far advanced that a stop cannot be made without
the risk of danger. Road users already in the junction, shall proceed to leave it.
c) Waving a lamp with red light back and forth means that road users approaching
the light shall stop.
:light signals. APPENDIX 4
se signals take EXCERPTS FROM REGULATIONS CONCERNING DRIVERS' LICENCES
)IIlane is con-
signal applies. Classes of drivers' licences:
ilmay display
x! flashing. 1. Drivers' licences are issuedfor the following classes:
Class A Motor cycle
the direction
Class A1 Light motor cycle
ie lane. Class B Passenger car and light delivery vehicle
d that drivers Class C Lorry
h's Class C1 Light lorry
$t signals are Class D Bus
!low speed. A
Class Dl Minibus
Class E Trailerltrailer equipment for B, C, C1, D, or Dl
Class S . Full track motor cycle
ing line. Class T Tractor

2. Class A, motor cycle

Valid for motor cycle with or without side-car.

Valid only for a medium heavy motor cycle until the holder has attained two years experience as
@, driver of a medium heavy motor cycle. This does not apply, however, if the holder has attained 21
: made at the years of age or the Class A licence was acquired after 21 years of age, see § 4 No. lc), first subpa-
ragraph.
blds, garages
is sometimes The requirement for two years experience as driver of a medium heavy motor cycle applies to dri-
vers' licences issued on or after 1 January 1997.
I -
g proceed in Also valid for full-track motor cycle with or without trailer sledge.

tflashing sig- 3. Class A l , light motor cycle

Valid for light motor cycle with or without side-car.
Rs and alert.
Also valid for full-track motor cycle with or without trailer sledge.
d operation.
ldicate speci- 4. Class B, passenger ca6 light delivery vehicle
Valid for motor vehicles, except motor cycles, with a maximum permitted total weight of less than
dal care, e-g. 3,500 kg and seats for not more than 8 passenger in addition to the driver (see however transitory
d* provisions in section 44, item 7, subparagraphs a and b).
Also valid for:
- a combination of vehicles consisting of a motor vehicle of class B and trailerltrailer equipment with
-csigns) a maximum permitted total weight of less than 750 kg.
eanings: - a combination of vehicles consisting of a motor vehicle of class B and trailerltrailer equipment
o the front or with a maximum permitted total weight of 750 kg or more, provided that the maximum permit-
ted total weight of the combination does not exceed 3500 kg. and the trailerltrailer equipment
has a permitted total weight that does not exceed the net vehicle weight of the drawing vehicle
(or the maximum permitted total trailer weight as stated in the drawing vehicle's registration
ts may, how- card, whichever is lower)
nade without - tractor with or without trailerltrailer equipment
3 leave it. - full-track vehicle and full-track motor cycle with or without trailer sledge
,approaching - three-wheeled motor cycle as defined in the vehicle regulations.
5. Class C, lorry
Valid for motor vehicle with a maximum permitted total weight of 3,500 kg or more and seats for of class Dl,
not more than 8 passengers in addition to the driver. exceed 12 00
Also valid for cle weight of
- a combination of vehicles consisting of a motor vehicle of class C and trailerltrailer equipment drawing vehi
with permitted total weight less than 750 kg (see however transitory provisions in section 44, senger transg
item 7, subparagraph c).
- ClassB 10. Class z tractor
- (rescinded) Valid for tractor,
- motorised equipment Also valid for
- a combination of vehicles consisting of motorised equipment and trailerltrailer equipment with full-track ma
permitted total weight less than 750 kg (see however transitory provisions in section 44, item 7. motorised eq
subparagraph c). ven faster tk

6. Class CI, light lorry

Valid for motor vehicle with a maximum permitted total weight exceeding 3500 kg, but not more
than 7500 kg, and not more than 8 passengers in addition to the driver.
Also valid for
- Class B
- a combination of vehicles consisting of a motor vehicle of class C1 and trailerltrailer equip-
ment with permitted total weight not exceeding 750 kg.
- motorised equipment
- a combination of vehicles consisting of motorised equipment and trailerltrailer equipment with
permitted total weight not exceeding 750 kg.

7. Class D,bus
Valid for passenger motor vehicle with more than 8 passengers in addition to the driver's seat.

Also valid for

- Class B
- (rescinded)
- combined automobile
- motorised equipment
- a combination of vehicles consisting of a motor vehicle of class Dlcombined automobile/
motorised equipment and trailerltrailer equipment with permitted total weight not exceeding
750 kg (see however transitory provisions in section 44, item 7, subparagraph c).
- ClassD1.
8. Class Dl, minibus
Valid for bus registered for not more than 16 passenger seats.
Also valid for
- Class B
- combined automobile with length less than 6 metres registered for more than 8 but not more
than 16 passenger seats
- a combination of vehicles consisting of a motor vehicle of class Dl and trailerltrailer equipment
with permitted total weight not exceeding 750 kg.

9. Class E, trailer/trailer equipment

Valid for trailerltrailer equipment with permitted total weight 750 kg or more which is drawn by a
motor vehicle
- of class B (class BE licence not required when the permitted total weight of the combination is
less than 3 500 kg, see item 3 above)
 - of classes C or D (see however transitory provisions in section 44, item 7, subparagraph c)
- of class Dl, provided that the maximum permitted total weight of the combination does not
exceed 12 000 kg. and the permitted total weight of the trailer that does not exceed the net vehi-
cle weight of the drawing vehicle (or the maximum permitted total trailer weight as stated in the
drawing vehicle's registration card, whichever is lower). The trailer may not be used for pas-
senger transport.

10. Class tractor

Valid for tractor with or without trailerltrailer equipment.
Also valid for
- full-track motor cycle with or without trailer sledge.
- motorised equipment with or without trailerltrailer equipment which is incapable of being dri-
ven faster than 30 km/h and which is not designed for the caniage of passengers or goods.

11. Class S, full-track motor cycle

APPENDIX 5 Excerpts from the Road Traffic Act
Updated as of 1 January 1996

Ij 1 Scope of the act

5 2 Definitions
Q 3 Basic rules for road users
5 Rules relating to road signs etc.
5 6 Rules relating to driving speeds
Q 9 Traffic regulation
Q 10 Traffic inspection etc.
Q 12 Obligations in the event of a traffic accident
Ij 15 Registration of motor vehicles
5 17 Use of motor vehicles
5 19 Inspection of vehicles
Ij 21 General obligations
Q 22 Motor vehicle drivers under the influence of alcohol
5 22a Breath tests, blood tests
Ij 23 The driver's responsibility for the condition of the vehicle etc.
5 3 1 General penal provisions
Q 33 Suspension of a driver's licence etc.
Q 34 Suspension of a driver's licence etc. for special reasons

INTRODUCTION

3 1 Scope of the Act

This Act applies to all motor vehicle traffic. It also applies to other traffic on roads or
in areas generally used by motor vehicles.

For the purposes of this Act, the term traffic shall also include stationary vehicles
andlor pedestrians on roads or in areas where it is generally permitted and usual to
drive motor vehicles.

The King may decide that the Act shall apply in whole or in part to areas other than tho-
se mentioned in this section, or that it shall not apply in whole or in part to such areas.

In the case of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, the Act applies with such modifications as
the King may stipulate due to local conditions.

3 2 Definitions
For the purposes of this Act, roads shall also mean streets and open squares, in-
cluding storage yards, parking areas, stopping places, bridges, feny quays or other
quays with direct road connection.

By vehicle is meant any device which is designed to be driven on the ground without
rails. Motor vehicles are vehicles propelled by an engine.
 The Ministry may decide that other devices shall also be regarded as vehicles under
this Act. Conversely the Ministry may decide that the Act shall not apply to certain
devices which fall within the definition in the preceding paragraph.

The King may stipulate the extent to which provisions of this Act or provisions made
,pursuant to it shall apply to trams and other vehicles driven on rails on or over roads.

ROAD USE ETC.

8 3 Basic rules for road users

All road users shall show consideration and be alert and cautious so that no damage
is caused nor any danger created, and so that other traffic is not unduly obstructed or
inconvenienced.

Road users shall also show consideration to persons living or staying near the road.

I 8 5 Rules relating to road signs etc.

le etc. All road users shall pay attention to official road signs, signals and road markings,
and must comply with prohibitions and instructions so given.

The Ministry issues rules relating to off~cialroad signs, signals and road markings,
including rules as to who is authorised to install signs and signals and to. This au-
thority may also be delegated to the districts (municipalities).

The competent authority has the right to install official road signs, signals, traffic control
equipment and fixtures for such devices on private and public property and to put road
markings in place. Compensation fixed by assessment is payable for damage and incon-
venience caused by such measures. In the case of public roads, the costs relating to such
measures shall be deemed to be road costs pursuant to the provisions of the Road Act,
but if the measures are taken in the interest of a particular person, he may be enjoined to
refund the cost in whole or in part in accordance with rules issued by the Ministry. In the
case of private roads, the Ministry may issue rules stipulating who is to defray the costs.

Official road signs, signals or road markings must not be used on or along roads
without the permission of the competent authority. The same applies to signs, signals
or road markings which may be taken to be official. If signs or signals are install or
roads marked without permission, the authorities may have the signs, signals or road
markings removed or it may demand to have them removed.

It is prohibited to alter, remove or deface official traffic signs, signals, traffic control
equipment, road markings or traffic barriers. .. .,-,..__

8 6 Rules relating to driving speeds

The driver of a vehicle shall adapt his speed to local conditions, road conditions,
visibility and traffic conditions,. so that .no danger or inconvenience is caused to
others, and so that other traffic is not unduly obstructed or disturbed. The driver shall
always be in full control of his vehicle.

Unless otherwise indicated by a road sign, the speed of a vehicle must not exceed 50
km/h in built-up areas, and 80 km/h in other areas. The Ministry may delegate to the
Director of Public Roads in a county, the police or the district (municipality) the
authority to decide whether an area shall be considered a built-up area for the pur-
poses of this Act, and may stipulate the demarcation lines of such an area.

Specific regulations relating to driving speeds, including lower speed limits for cer-
tain categories of vehicles, may be issued pursuant to section 4.
7)~
The Ministry may issue specific regulations relating to driving speeds outside of
roads or on roads which are not open to general use.

The Ministry may on a trial basis stipulate general speed limits that apply to certain
areas andlor at certain times, which are lower than the limits stipulated in the second
paragraph.

The speed limits do not apply to speed runs arranged on special tracks or on private
roads which are closed to all other traffic, and for which the police have granted per-
mission.

$ 9 Traffic regulation
The police may regulate the traffic as circumstances~require,and may deviate from
the provisions stipulated in or issued pursuant to $5 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and 8. The police may
also completely or partly close off a section of the road for short periods for the pur-
pose of regulating traffic.

Everyone is required to comply immediately with instructions and prohibitions con-

nected with the regulation of traffic given by the police either verbally or by means
of gestures, signs, signals or by any other manner.

5 10 Traffic inspection etc.

The dnver of a vehicle must stop immediately for inspection when so requested by
the police or control personnel from the Public Roads Administration. The driver
must produce the documents which he is required to have in his possession when dri-
ving, and immediately comply with orders given by virtue of this Act.

The Ministry may authorise other officials to carry out the inspection and give the
orders mentioned in the first paragraph.

8 12 Obligations in the event of a traffic accident

Any person involved in a traffic accident, whether he is at fault or not, shall stop
immediately and give assistance to injured people and animals, and otherwise take
 part in any measures necessitated by the accident. If necessary, such duty also rests
on others who are in the vicinity or arrive at the scene.

Persons involved in a traffic accident have a mutual obligation to exchange names

and addresses. The driver of a vehicle shall also give the name and address of the
. owner and in such case, the licence number of the vehicle.

Where a traffic accident has resulted in death or personal injury, and the injury is not
insignificant, those involved in the accident shall see to it that the police are notified
as soon as possible. The involved parties must not leave the scene after such accident
before the police arrive on the scene, unless this is necessaq or unless the consent of
the police has been obtained. Person involved in such accident who has to leave the
s outside of scene of the accident, shall as soon as possible inform the police of his involvement
in the accident and leave his name and address. Where a traffic accident has resulted
in damage to property, and there is no one present who can take care of the interests
at apply to certain of the owner of the property, the person having caused the damage shall as soon as
ated in the second possible notify the owner of the property or the police of the accident.

Vehicles which after an accident are situated so as to endanger or obstruct traffic,

acks or on private shall immediately be moved to a suitable place. Where consideration for traffic safe-
have granted per- ty so permits, those involved in the accident shall be allowed to undertake measuring
and marking before the vehicle is moved. Where the accident has resulted in death or
serious personal injury, any vehicle involved may be moved only if the police has
consented to it, or if leaving the vehicle in place until the police arrive causes sub-
nay deviate from stantial risk to or undue obstruction of the traffic. If vehicles involved in such acci-
1. The police may dent must be moved before the police arrive, those involved in the accident shall in
aiods for the pur- so far as possible undertake measuring and marking of the position of the vehicle.

Until the police arrive on the scene after a traffic accident which has resulted in death
prohibitions con- or serious personal injury to a person, no evidence must be removed nor other cir-
dly or by means cumstances of significance for the investigation altered unless absolutely necessary.
Those involved in the accident shall seek to prevent the removal of evidence and the
alteration of other significant circumstances.

so requested by
don. The driver VEHICLES ETC.
ession when dri-
3. 9 15 Registration of motor vehicles
Motor vehicles must be registered. The Ministry issues more detailed regulations
ion and give the governing the official registration of motor vehicles, licence plates (number plates) --
and registration cards. The Ministry may stipulate that trailers for motor vehicles
Ia t shall be registered as motor vehicles.
A....* . ,

Lor not, shall stop It is the duty of the person reporting a motor vehicle for registration to provide all the
hid otherwise take information required for the registration.
When the title to a motor vehicle changes hands, both the former and the new owner
of the vehicle shall notify the registration authorities in writing within 3 days at the
latest. The owner of a motor vehicle must notify the registration authorities within 3
days of any change of address.

A registration card may not be issued until evidence of insurance in conformity with
the provisions of the Automobile Liability Act, provided by an insurance company,
has been produced, or evidence is provided that the vehicle does not need to be insu-
red in accordance with the provisions of said Act.

The cosb of licence plates shall be borne by the owner of the motor vehicle unless
otherwise decided by the Ministry.

3 17 Use of motor vehicles

Unless otherwise stated in 3 16, a motor vehicle must not be used unless it has been
registered and legal licence plates affixed and a registration card issued. The regi-
stration card shall be carried in the motor vehicle at all times when it is in use.

The owner of a motor vehicle, or the person who has the use of a motor vehicle on
behalf of the owner, must always ascertain that any person he allows to use the motor
vehicle fulfils the conditions required for driving a motor vehicle.

3 19 Inspection of vehicles
It is the duty of the owner of a motor vehicle, or the person who has the use of a
motor vehicle on behalf of the owner, to produce the vehicle for inspection when so
required by the police or the Public Roads Authority. He must also furnish such par-
ticulars as required concerning the vehicle.

The Ministry may issue provisions relating to making the vehicle available for
inspection, approval and surveillance of bodies carrying out such inspections, and
payment for vehicle inspection.

The Public Roads Authority has the right to carry out inspections at dealerships for
the purpose of controlling motor vehicles, trailers and equipment which is subject to
approval on sale there.

D m R S OF VEHICLES ETC.

3 21 General obligations
No one must drive or attempt to drive a vehicle when he is in such a state that he can-
not be deemed capable of driving safely, irrespective of whether this is due to the fact
that he is under the influence of alcohol or any other intoxicating or stupefying agent,
or to the fact that he is ill, impaired, exhausted or tired, or to other circumstances.
The Ministry may issue more detailed regulations governing driving hours and rest
and regulations concerning working conditions for drivers or groups of drivers, as
regards the duty to keep a record of such conditions and as regards the keeping, sen-
ding in and checking of these records.

8 22 Motor vehicle drivers under the influence of alcohol

No one must drive or attempt to drive a motor vehicle when he is under the influence
of alcohol (not sober) or some other intoxicating or stupefying agent. If the content of
alcohol in his blood exceeds 0.5 %o, or if the amount of alcohol in his body may result
in the alcohol content in his blood exceeding this level, or the content of alcohol in his
breath exceeds 0.25 milligrams per litre of air, he shall in any case be deemed to be
under the influence of alcohol (not sober) for the purposes of this Act. Erroneous
assumption regarding the degree of alcohol content does not exempt from penalty.

The driver of a motor vehicle must not consume alcohol or any other intoxicating or
stupefying agent during the first six hours after he has finished driving, if he is awa-
re or ought to be aware that there may be a police investigation into his driving.
However, this prohibition no longer applies after a blood test or breath test has been
taken, or if the police have decided that no such test shall be taken.

8 22a Breath tests, blood tests

The police may require the driver of a vehicle to undergo a breathalyser test (provi-
sional breath test) if:

1) there is reason to believe that he has violated the provisions of 8 22,

2) there is reason to believe that he has violated other provisions of this Act or
issued pursuant to this Act, and the Ministry has decided that the violation may
have such effect,
3) he has been involved in a traffic accident, whether he is at fault or not, or
4) he has been stopped in a traffic control.

If the results of a breath test or other circumstances indicate that the driver of a vehi-
cle has violated 3 22, the police may require him to undergo a breath test, blood test
and clinical examination by a physician in an attempt to ascertain the degree of influ-
ence. As a general rule, this shall be the case when the driver refuses to undergo a
breathalyser test.

Breath tests are carried out by the police. Blood tests may be carried out by a physi-
cian or a registered nurse or a medical technician. A clinical examination shall be
performed by a physician if it is suspected that the driver is under the influence of
any substance other than alcohol or if other special reasons so indicate.

The Ministry issues specific regulations governing the tests and examinations men-
tioned in the above subsections.
 3 23 The driver's responsibility for the condition of the vehicle etc.
Before setting his vehicle in motion, the driver shall make sure that it is in proper and
statutory condition and that it is loaded in the proper and prescribed manner. He shall
also make sure that the vehicle remains in proper condition and properly loaded
when in motion.

The vehicle's owner, or the person who has use of the vehicle on behalf of the owner,
is required to ascertain that the vehicle is not used if it is not in proper condition.

PENALTIES AND SUSPENSION OF LICENCE

5 31 General penal provisions

Any person who wilfully or negligently violates the provisions of this Act or of regu-
lations issued pursuant to this Act, shall be punished by fines or by imprisonment for
a term not exceeding one year, unless the offence in question is subject to more seve-
re penal provisions. The same penalty shall apply to violations of conditions laid
down in decisions made pursuant to this Act or violations of the prohibitions impo-
sed in $3 35 and 36. Violation is a misdemeanour irrespective of the severity of the
penalty. Any person who through the negligent use of a motor vehicle causes signifi-
cant injury to or the death of another person shall be punished according to $5 238 or
239 of the Penal Code.

Any person who violates 3 22, first subparagraph, shall generally be liable to

a) a fine and a conditional sentence to a term of imprisonment if his blood alcohol

content is less than 1.0 %o, or the alcohol content in his breath is less than 0.5
milligrams per litre of air,

b) a fine and a conditional or unconditional sentence to a term of imprisonment if

his blood alcohol content is between 1.0 and 1.5 %o, or the alcohol content in his
breath is between 0.5 and 0.75 milligrams per litre of air,

c a fine and an unconditional sentence to a term of imprisonment if his blood alco-

hol content is higher than 1.5 %o,or the alcohol content in his breath is higher than
0.75 milligrams per litre of air. A fine and a conditional sentence may nonetheless
be applied subject to the conditions mentioned in 3 53,3rd subsection, litra e.

When determining the penalty pursuant to the second paragraph, particular regard
shall be paid to the degree of intoxication and the nature of the hazards caused by the
driving. Repeated violations of 3 22, first paragraph, shall be punished by a fine and
an unconditional sentence to a term of imprisonment.

Violation of 3 22, second paragraph, shall be punished by a fine and imprisonment.

Violation of the parking regulations issued pursuant to 3 8 shall be subject to an
additional charge as stipulated by the King.
290
 Other parking offences and violations of prohibitions against standing shall be
punished only if the parking or standing has caused or might have caused a serious
traffic obstacle or a hazard to persons or goods. Otherwise a charge will be imposed
on and properly loaded according to $ 3 1 a.

I .
The King may stipulate that a penalty may be substituted by the paying of a charge
in the case of other violations of regulations given in or issued pursuant to this Act.
t in proper condition.
5 33 Suspension of a driver's licence etc.
1. If the holder of a driver's licence or a licence for driving a moped is sentenced or
convicted for a punishable act, the chief of police or a person authorised by him
may take steps to suspend his driving licence or the licence for driving a moped
of this Act or of regu- for a specified period, or revoke it permanently, if this is necessary for reasons of
r by imprisonment for road safety or if it is in the public interest. The same applies if the holder is not of
subject to more seve- sober habits, or if his conduct is otherwise such that he is deemed unsuited to dri-
ve a motor vehicle.

2. The driver's licence or the licence for driving a moped shall be suspended for at
vehicle causes signifi- least one year if the holder of the licence has been sentenced or convicted for vio-
according to 53 238 or lation of the provisions of 22, first or second paragraph.

3. The driver's licence or the licence for driving a moped shall be suspended for at
least two years if the holder of the licence refuses to undergo a medical examina-
tion or to allow a blood test or any other examination of him to be carried out as
if his blood alcohol mentioned in 3 22a, third paragraph. -,. - --
'2ii1p-
ath is less than 0.5
4. If during the last five years the holder of a licence has been sentenced or convic-
ted for violation of the provisions of $22, or if during that period his licence has
of imprisonment if been suspended pursuant to subsection (2) or (3 ) above, his driver's licence shall
alcohol content in his be revoked permanently

a) if the holder during this period is sentenced or convicted for violation of the pro-
t 11 nis blood alco- visions of § 22, or
-I .

b) if the holder refuses to undergo a breath test, blood test or clinical ex-aminationby
a physician as mentioned in § 22a, third paragraph. .ast+i5 .

The driver's licence shall also be revoked permanently if the holder has caused or
contributed to a traffic accident and is sentenced or convicted for failing to give
assistance (see 12) to anyone who was injured as a result of the accident.

5. If the police find that the driver or owner of a motor vehicle, or a person who has
use of a motor vehicle on the owner's behalf, may with just cause be suspected of
a punishable offence which could result in the revocation of his driver's licence,
'shall be subject to an the chief of police or a person authorised by him may seize his licence until the
 matter has been finally decided. If the suspected holder does not agree to the sei-
zure, the matter shall be brought before the Court of Examining and Summary
Jurisdiction within 3 weeks. The same applies to a licence for driving mopeds
pursuant to 5 24, second paragraph.

6. The holder of the licence must hand the licence over to the police immediately if
the police demand it, or if a decision has been made to suspend the licence.

8 34 Suspension of a driver's licence etc. for special reasons

Where the police have just cause to believe that the holder of a driver's licence no
longer meets the requirements laid down for such a driver's licence with regard to
eyesight, health and physical ability, or that the holder does not possess the know-
ledge or the driving skill needed for road safety, the chief of police or a person aut-
r Index

.bstinence - 6 houlrs
Acceleration lane
Aeration lanes
Adapting the speed 8(
ALdditional
- -ir cooling
passenger

horised by him may order the holder - provided the latter wants to continue using his Air transport
driver's licence - to undergo within a set date such medical examination as is dee- Alcohol content 33,19:
med necessary and to submit to all or part of a new driving test. Where the police Alcohol
deem it necessary, they may order him to hand the licence over to the police until metabolism 34
further notice. Alcohol 33,193
Alert
If the holder fails to comply with such order as mentioned in the first paragraph, or Anti freeze
the medical examination proves unsatisfactory, or he does not pass the driving test, Arrows
the chief of police or a person authorised by him may suspend the licence. 5 33, sub- Artificial respiration
section 6 shall apply correspondingly. Assessing distance
Attentiveness
If the result of the medical examination is no impediment, or if the person in questi- Auxiliary lights
on passes the driving test, the authority concerned may issue a new driver's licence.
If warranted, the new driver's licence may be subject to special conditions or have B
Basic rules
limited validity.
Battery
The chief of police or a person authorised by him may suspend a driver's licence if Blind areas
the holder has not presented the required medical certificate within the prescribed Blind persons 4
time limit, see § 24, paragraphs five and six. Blood test I:
Boat transport d
The above provisions apply insofar as they are applicable to a licence for driving a Brake booster 4
moped pursuant to 9 24, paragraph six. Brake testing
Brakes 1
Braking lights
Breakdowns and

I ?dents 1

and C
Um
l 7
 the police immediately if
5 suspend the licence.

Curpin$~tY
$ w a ~reasons sxkmhllanc 170 -ya 41
of a driver's licence no 170 Qulylio 0fareGtins
b's licence with regard to cilmcmiaica 51
bnot possess the know- -'I
-wbgtarr, 39
police or a person aut- Air c o o 1 ~ Irrrcs, 105
Litmnrpm
1

lue using his @tion 101

3n as is dee- rlodrdcontent 33,195,1% CMdmnontBtrod 27
-I1

-
test. Where the police Qcunwd 128
over to the police until mmbolism 341% -*akwrry 201
33.1%. 1% Climbing lams- 110
* Alert 73 Chrteh 37
$4 in the first paragraph, or hti 44 153
driving test, 64 63,113 F
:e. 8 33, sub- 202 217 Fit aid 201

AttEntivcm
' Auxiliuy lights
25
22
57
-*-
C o m m twining
193
197
13
Flssbing yellow sigzvri 122
M
eh
t 89,191

G
B a ddvu's 12 Ckar box 38
WCN ~ S considtntion 74 Sood rim 79.98
BatbKy C d 8 SygEegn 43 Gnxmhaweffcclt 241
Blind arccls
Blind parrrolld D H
Blood m -goods UK) HIzard warning lights 57
Boat-gporc -m 150 #cadlights 55
Brake Booster k l i q 153 Health, environment
Brake testing Dc&ioo 17 and safety 11
B* Dewyemw 190 Human f a t o r 15
I Braking lim Dippadh 55
B-d IXredon indicawrs 56 I
Dimmxto*M99 Ioc oa tht: road 181
Drive train 36 Information signs 67
Dries liaanoc 10.12 Inmana premium
Drivers' reqmdbilities 193 bonus 1%
Driving f m Mind Interadion 71
230
 Cwko

Killed and injured

194
Keep your eyes moving 77
238
0
Objectives
Oblivious to the speed 24
Observation
One-way mad
11

76
107
-
I
. ..I

fltctors
..

Registration
--.,-A

Response distance
Rcspomtimc
q9.

90

2-
L Overtaking distance 178 Retardation lanes
mps and their use 155 nvertab;n- fbidden 174 Revmible lanes 112
171 I
-ps 55 157,172 Rewasing 131
ane line 63,176 Risk 33,35,14
Lana for ptdesuians -. Road markings 6
dcyclists king lights. s :.: r 55 Road nanrrws 12
hnes bu,~w,~wParking meters ; L i 143 Roundabwt
j 1m.12
~ a v i n gthe mot om^=* 171 parking signs, i. :5 2 139 Running lights 5
LRvel crossing% 159 Parking z o r i w 142
dfting a skid 184 Parking . I 135 8
,ight signal j- - e. F ' TW_ -
121 Passing pl - ->-~ r s I Safe condition 4
ight signals *la] 68 Pavement .Jt, -
.
: 61 Scat belts
ked wheels ? SY, 183 Podai prtssun 48 Shared cycle
r ir
Pedal travel 48 pedestrian ~ U U
Wm2-L JLLk Pedtstrh crossing 114,125 Single ri-;tcnitbn
ure others see you 81 Pedestrian precinct % Skill 5,lk 1
I Marking
.I,
''
A

p
66 Pedestrians
68 Pcnxiving sped
114 Slippe ,_
25 Sped limit z
,, 181
9

'+
i
Mass motorism +
226 Perceiving the traffic 21 Speed limits 9
' '"rcs per second 1
91 Periodic checks 59 Statutory CO~UIUUII 4'
* I
..,takes by the driver 149 Positioning 98 Steering wheel grip 7"
M~pods 187 Priority junction 117,118 Steering wheel play 5051 1
Motor cycles 187 Priority rwd 162 Suspension of a
Motor vehicle density 227 Proficiency 113,147 driver's licence 19
Motorways 167 Prohibitory s i p 66,114 Susbinablc &wlopment 24
Multilam roam 111 Protecting the
LMulti-storeycar park 143 envimmmt 242 T
Public transport I - . 113 'licket fine
Public transport 232 Toll roads
Vight driving course Pupil's companion 13 Traffic lane signs 11
Yigbt driving I Training
"'
ht vision R 'TLtc prtssum
parking Dnilwaytranspor
Reflect---
Registration
Response distance
Response time 1 ' Vehicle damage
Retardation lanes 17 1 insurance 194
Reversible lanes Vlll-ble&wrr 27
Reversing
~k 33,35. ~ a m i n ~ s i ~ 64,117,113
ns
Road markings ' 1 Week-end accidents 148
Road narrows heel balancing 54 *- 1 .-
Roundabout 108, ' h i t ~edge lines 62,63
. ' ' .
, .
.-
.,
, ,

Running lights m e lane l h

S
Safe condition llow lines
Seat belts
Shared cycle and
pedestrian route
Single circuit brak 4I

Steering wheel play 50,5 1

Suspension of a
driver's licence

Traff~clane signs
!,
ininl I

e pressL
FS