SCIENCE CAREER COACHING A Complete Science Solution Hub... PHYSICS Unit - 9. Ray Optics Class - 12" By Umesh Rajoria SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Near Mahalaxmi Dharam Kanta, Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar (Raj.) Mob. : 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Roy opdics 8 Reflection of Light Sphouta} Mirrors New Cartesian sign Convention Mirns formula for Concave mirror Mirror formula for Convex mirror Lineon. Magnification of a Sphmical mirror Umesh Rajoria Practicle application ef sphuucal Mivwrg Refraction Refrachom throu a Rectan lass Sick e geen Real olipth 4 apparent oepth of a tank Total internal yveflection Application of total Interna) reflection Spherical Yefrachng surfaces Refraction fiom vaver 40 denser medium at a Gnvex spherical vefracting Surface Refraction from rowk 4to denser medium| ot a tncave spherical Refracting surface: Refraction from denser te vanon medi Lenses Lens Maker's formula Lens formula Linear magnification produced by a Lens Combination of Lenses In Contact Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoria «| Prism +] Aiapersion of; Light “| Scattering. of Light : Eye ‘| Defects af Vision | Simple Microscope (magnifying. ac) -| Cempoimd Microscope ‘| Astronomical Telescope Reflecting type Adcleacope Ccasseg vonian Telescope.) Nesstonian reflecting type telescope «| Resalving. power. a Ver Tmportant Question. THERE WILL BE OBSTACLES. THERE WILL BE DOUBTERS. THERE WILL BE MISTAKES. BUT WITH HARD WORK, THERE ARE NO LIMITS. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859__ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING | 9.RayOptics | Ray + SY wr - Umesh Rajoria Ak 4s the strait aight Li faioueal oo “end? in ring from one Sint te qnother. et sie me iY, CPAics thers hore Uses the weprese nt = macroscopic phenom rec Linear propegatton > reflection , refraction ete. Re flection of Light - Retlection is +he phenomena of change in the path of Light tsithout any Cheenge- j n’ meolium. Mivrox- 4 smooth ond wel polished sur we replecd & veg ularly most ef the Jagd folti om at Cotled A mirror. A normal B M! angle of { angle of incidence} reflection Mz Fo fig MiMz Js a mirror surface plane ACTEY eh on the mirror oy cleng A 4 we imcolent yoy om Jia ued angle ° sa Feoudel” whore ON OF mel to the mir weoy at o.- Trecent x ux retectecd along om at LNB =VY, It w cally veplecte| yous ome! ¥ Gs Known a ange of re flection. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859___SCIENCE CAREER COACHING unesnyon Laws of reflection - at) Angle of incidence 24 equal sto angle of replection. Cone he Tee LEME ER TLS Some pina 2 Sphericod Mirrors - A spherical mirror is a part of a hollow spree whose ema Aide Ww regjectmg omd “other side. 53 opaque. There are two Sy pes of Spherical Mirrors —- Ci) Concave mirror —- as chose v-eplectin SUrmface OA towards -the centre of the sphere of hich the minor JA Qa past. AS Shown “in Big ue (Cad @) Corvex mirror — tohose reHecting Sweface is aw bom the contre of the SPhane cohtth the mirvov Us aA part. As shown in be Cb). Some Impovtant Terms - Ci) Centre of Curvature Ce) - The Centre of the Sphere of which the miror forms & art iA Calltcl the Centre “of Curveture . Gi) Radius of Curvature CR) - \ Tha. waockus of the sphare of which the M1 vor forms Qa part 32% called “the radius of Curvature of the sphrical mirror: , T+ ws Apacrenteo| by 'e', Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Gi) Vertex or Pole- Umesh Rajoria . Tre middle point or centre of the Spherical mirror Us Colltel vertex or pole ok the minor. Tt ds Arprnentesl by P. Gv) Aperture of the mirror - The cliameter M)M, of the sphericod minor JA Catled aperture LUrrar aperture oh the miwsor- Ww) Aingular aperture - The ange MiCM, > subtended) at C by te by the chia Ob the spherical mivsor is Ceatteol (vi) Paincipal axis - The. Abrod Aine joining tre pole. amd she cemtre of Cwrwoature of spherical mirroy extended both sicles 4s called Principal axis of the minor. Wily Paincipel Section- A sect of the sphuicol minrex cut by @ Plane persing +n pole. and Centre ob CUSN the. minor Ws Catteal painc po section of athe Mirroy- (Wii) Principed focus CF) - T+ Gs a point om the prinupel ants of the mireoy at colich wouys imcicunt on the minor in a Orection parallel do Ghe pAincipel axis actually meet ox appear +o cliverge abten reglection fom the mirror: % In core of a Convex minor, F is a virtual point, oheredare) the says after restection appear to diverge. *K In Gre of O Concave minor F as & real point cchually, on "gs ody 1 reflector $m the mizor Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859__ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Concave minor Convex mirror Principal axis *~ The cast ime 1 Fo dsom the ole P ok the spre TOT wide es eT ee dng (f ) ot mirror. New Cakztesion sign Conventions - QL) AN the distances Ant measured fom pole CPD of Spherical rotrvor: (2) Re U8taners measured inn the lirecton Ck incidence of; Light ase taken at positive and the Adtonced asuseccl in a clirvection opposite Ao the Hrechm of inciolence. of Lgnt a2 taken ap ive C3) The heights measured upwards and perpendicular do the pkincipal axis of the minor ane 4Fakary positive and the heights meatuzel downwards are Faken ar Object on the left Direction of incident light A Distance towards the left (—-ve) Distance towards the right (+ve) Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Relation between f omd R (a) Concave Mirrer - fe R/a K The focal length of a& Concave mirror “4s equal Ad the raciuk of Curvature of the mirror. Ce) Convex Mirror - «#————_ R———» *® Focal length of a Convex minor is equal to helt oF ute racius Se Curnvotiure. Some [Some Important Rules | Rules = ==) Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contaut wu.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Mivyor Formula Pr Concave Mirror Mixror formula vs a Avlotion between foced Length of the ‘mivor and clistancea of object amd image. om the minor. Let P be the pole, F ia tre pkincipal fotws and C +s the Centre of Curtetur2 of a Concave minor of Amal{ apertura. Also” PF= f be focal lun and PC=R be the radius of curvature of the iror. (a) Real Image - Whan the object “3 held in fromt Of @ Concave mirror md the principal focus F of the mirror, then image formed 4s real. Let am object AB va hell perpenclicular do the p&incipol axis oH the mirvor beyond c. A Toy Li Starting pom A and incident ON the minor old AG pox Dae the principod axis, ges reflected the minor andl passes theo F. Another rouy of fags incident adeng AP Cis replectes| along pA" such tat LaAPB = Li ‘= Lepal: Lr The dtwo veplected x actually meet at A! which vs veal image o she pomt ad A third rouy Starting wm A amd ing on the minor along AC falls normally en the mirror omd retrace its oaths meeting the +wo veflected rays ot Al: Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Fam a’ draw A's endicular, om the princi Axis. Therefore aia’ is real pet eertecl image on recipe formed by Pre flecHon from the Concave mindr. AS A ABC od AA'alc ane similar, So thet~- AB _ cB Aiea! ~ cae —- —«® Again Q& A ABP amd Aalalp are Aimilar, So ted Ae = PR aa > Pe S From 294 -@D ond es. Q@) we Get - pB=+v , pes -R then SRA 2 Tu —-R-AV Vv or UR —- UV = -VR + UV UR+ VR = 2uUV Bi vicling both sides by UVR , we get- 1 ,t 22 v tu R A+ 2 1 Tat a the weanireel Vv u Mirror fox mula Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Mirror Formula for Convex Mirror - Umesh Rajoria , The 1 2 formed In Q convex mirror us al virtuel and erect, whatever be the posi tion of the jel. Let P be the pole, F Gs the primdpel focus and c@ is the | cevchre. of Cuavoture of G4 Convex mirxsor of 4malt ap UALR. bet PF =f Us the focol len omd PC = R othe radius ok Curveture of the mirror, AB is am object held im foot of mivror perpencdiculak Ao ts principal Axis. A 0 Lat starting om A and incident on the mirror alond AD’ in a Aivebtion paral to the principal axts a seflectéol olong DE- & producing back, DE appenrs to Come F. Arar xr A incident on the minor along AP GA reficlteby along PG such +hot ™ ZAPR = Li = LRPG@= Ly 61 produang back , PG meets DBF at Al. Therefpre A’ as virtuel? image of A- A thixcl roy incident on the mimor along ac fouls norm on ‘the mirror and retacs ts Kine om wveflecton’ This also appears a0 Ceme from aA’. Bra A'S perpendicular sto paincipal ads. Theretove , A'R SA vitehicd Imoge the object AGB formed after reflection at hd cobvex mine: As A ABC and AalBlc ane Kimi lor, So -thed - AB _ cB ———, Ae ~ ee © Es Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Agein ab AaABP omd slop are Aimilar , So — AB -~ PB aa pel — © cQ =.= _PB cB Pe! ‘Ss measuring the all Aistances Pom the pole P, we cam write - CB = PR+ PC cel = Pe — PB Sob . - PBt+ PC _ _PB __ y <9. (3 fee ees @ Using New Cartesian sign Conventions - PB=-U, pae= +V amd pc = +R So pom 5 (D> we Get - ~rutR = TUL R-vV Vv —-uV+VR = +UR + UV ow VR +UR = 2uv ivicling both gides by uUvR 5 we Ft - VR = UR = 2uUV uve uve uvR, jt + 1 2 u Vv R L | a to4+t i: Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Concave Mirror psa [eas foe ee between] between Cand F] cond oo er “* ee ma on othin [Pete fic vim] Soe [voted [eer | Convex Mirror Obiect [mage y | Pesition | size | Nature | Grierson Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131, 9309068859 dtSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Linear Magnification of Q@ Spheucoal Mirror - Linea mogniticotion ox Simply rification a Spherical a ds the roto of HL. oh the ge formed by the minor 40 the Size of the “cejecs, Tt os repruented hy ™. m = Sze ef imoge (1) _ As Size ok oe coy AB We assume thet O us postive. . Magnification (mM) will be + vel udken us +VE Cue. tmoge ts exect) omd m will be negative when T° us VEGOH ve, Cte. tmage is invertect ). For both Concave omd Convex mimaxr we Know that A\p! - PB! AG PB Tn Cose of Concave mirror , when image formes Js seal, ar Shoum in figure: Using new Cartesian Sign Conventions - AB = -T , AB= +0, Ppa =-y , pa=-u , fy L£\< { , Zs oO Mm So hue m ~~ ls m= *K The positive or edive si of M Ww Acdemined pom ne sgn op Oajo. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria When image med ss virtual Aas Ahoven in fre Uy) 5 Haig New “Cartesian siqn Convertor - Ale! = +1 5 AB= +0 PR =+v , PR=-u m- AB’ - pp AB PB we get — m=t:eMV oO -u ue ——1 So m dea Positive, Im Coue of Conver mirror ats shown in figure using. nen Cartesian sign Conventions — aie = 41 A= +0 2 ! PR =+V 5 PR=-uU m =_1 =< +V 0 —u m=z I z--M 0 u So mM 4d Poditive. Note - Gi) When mol, rmoge termed is enlorgect. Giy when MeL , image pormecl Us climinishact. Gi) lhe m us positive’, rmage must be erect (ie. virtual) Uv) when m ss Fe PORTE HQ must be inverteol Che. reat) (v) In Cor50 Qa , Cemeave mindy, magnification may be Aitive oy but in Code Convex Mirror 5 mag nigicetion re “positive only. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [13 |SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Practical Applicatons of Spherical Mirrors - (1) A Convex mimor wa usecl as QQ reflector in Street Lomps- AS @ neautt, the Li Ahe_ Lamp clivergos ever. a Lorge axea. Gid A Convex mirror Us usecl as a drivers mirnr in al vehicles Like cans and scooters etc., for Aooking ot the tboffice ot the rear off the vehicle. Such A mimor has a much wicker fed of viet) as Comparecl| so a plane mirwor or a Concave mirror. The images formed are Amallr omd ergct. Gi) A Concave mirror wa used as a veffector in search igts , head Lights of motor vehicles, telescope 5 Solar cokers etc. Gv) A Cmcave mivsor Ws ako usecl as & Shavi mivcor or make 4p mirror as ut Can form exect and magnifieal emoage - An object ia czol 18 tm. -in mt Q mirror. cost TE the image et ot Peet Be rignt 2 the mirror, colewate its focod Length. Is the INDY Convex or Concave 2? “what ta dhe nedure Ff; the 1m e ? What its the yaoius °F Curvature of; the mirror ? SI. Here U=-]8Cm. » v= UCM. ! Vv UH from t= 1 + ft St = a - a = Zz fF Y 12 36 So fF = 36/7 = 5-14 Cm. As focod dingth a positive y the mirror must be Convex. The tmoge i& virtiol, erect omd gmaleer in size. Also R= 2¢F = 2xS'1U = 4028Cm. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria a A small candle 25 Cm in size +4 placed 27¢m- mn peat 5 Q Concave mirvor ob soclius ok Curvature 36 ‘em: AE what catanw the mirne should 4 sCrean be placed in oles to receive a Shap rage? Describe the nodusc Gnd size of the Imoge - I Comelle is moved closes te the minor, How woud the Screen have to be moved ? Sol See of candle (0) =2Sscm. 5 Y=-27em. R--36cem , f = Rife = ~18cm. As jo, 4 a ei i_L uv §$ se PG Beit 4, . =A = - 54cm. Vo=-18 27 > sy ov VE So the Scxeer Should be Placed at su cm. fom the mivror On the 4ame sick as the object. Ty ZT Wd size of image theo ar the Imoge is reo - = I. -v =eyv WloeW)N~.-= = TM 42 vw o “uu —i = (-su) coe S 25 27) 7 fe = Sah Minus sign Indicetes that imoge 4s inverteol. When the Candle. wu cies Closer +0 mirror, the screen has do be mov away the miror. Howeve._s- &ohan Comdle us at Q “distance Less than 13 Cm the mirer , image. med would be virtual anol screen ua not vequived, as the virtuel image can nol be taken om the Screen. eh Use the mirsor equohion to Show tat — Se (q) An ebject placed between f and 2f of a Concave mirror produus a real image beyond 27. (2) A Convex mirsor al procluces “a virtual image inclepenclent of tre Lococlio of; tHe object - (c) An object placod between the pele and focus of A Concave. mirvwr produus a virtual + erdanged imoge . Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Ca) for a mirror pesty for concave mirror f<0 amd ulul 7IF1 > +K Vv lul >Ifl or Bei Sur < A quo, L “A Bel Tat v> -)2¢g1 Hence. image form beyond 2f on the same side ok object. Gs) for conver mirmr f>0 ond uU etm fer f emel lula be positive + >o Hence vV>se Hence A Virtual Imege of object 4a form. Cd Por Concave mirror fo, Ux +e. v uy WF) L z Here (U} < |$] Seo thet Jul 7 THT > + >o or V>o Vv Here the Image va formecl on RHS of mivwr te. virtued image. 5 LK = JL = + Alsoby —p = Ty 7 Tuy eS te Iw) ta, > > m el Hence imege is erlorgect « ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131, 9309068859 16