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 =ρ
∇·D       !
∇·B
 =0     
  !
 = − ∂ B
∇×E ∂t
"  
 = J +
∇×H

∂D
∂t
#     

D       $C/m2 %


E   ! $V /m%
 B 
  ! $T  V · s/m2%
H 
  !    $A/m)
ρ   
    $C/m3 %
J      $A/m2 %

&
    
  
    
'
   
 

∇·D
 = 4πρ

∇·B
 =0

 = − 1 ∂B 
∇×E c ∂t

4π  
1 ∂D
∇×H
 =
c
J + c ∂t

 
D(statcoul/cm2
) E(statvolt/cm)
  B(gauss)
  H(oersted)
  ρ(statcoulomb)
J(statamp)


 
       !      
    
 q0
  (    ! E      
F = q0 E



  E  D  B
 H
 D  B  !  
 = 0 E
D  + P

 = µ0 H
B  +M


 0 = (1/36π) × 10−9 $#)%  µ0 = 4π × 10−7$*)%     


   
    
 P  
   M             +

                    
    P  M  !            
        
 
 
      
 P  M     
 !            
 
   P  M            ,


*  
                 
    D  B       E  H     - 
  
  J      E         .       /
 = f (E)
D 
J = g(E)

 = h(H)
B 
    
  
    
0
"                       
                 E  H      1 
  D = 0 χE   χ         
 = 0 E
D  + P = 0 E
 + 0 χE

 = E
= 0 (1 + χ)E 
2      $ 
    %        3   
 
D  = 0 n2 E
 = E 
 
 √
n= = r
0
                   
 
J = σ E

σ2             
     M = 0
          
 
 = µ0 H
B 

           


4     
 
            

    2
&   $
 % 2   µ          
'  2   µ           
 
0   
2 σ = 0 ⇒ J = 0
5    
2 ρ = 0
6  7  2   µ          
          !  2
∇·E
 =0

∇·B
 =0

 = − ∂ B
∇×E ∂t

 = µ ∂ E
∇×B ∂t

 D = E  B = µH
 
 
  

 

     D = 0 χE + χ(2) E · E +
(3)   ·E
 + ···
χ E ·E
    
  
    
5

 

   7 
B !
    E !     1     
   
  ,         
    E $    

 % 4    
B

 = ∇ × (− ∂ B ) = − ∂ (∇ × B)
∇ × (∇ × E) 
∂t ∂t

= − ∂t

(µ ∂∂tE )

  ∇ × (∇ × E)    ∇ · E
 − ∇2 E
 = ∇(∇ · E)  = 0    

2 
∇2 E
 = µ ∂ E2
∂t

#
        −

E       2

2 
∇2 B
 = µ ∂ B2
∂t

                


   
1 ∂ 2 f (r, t)
∇2 f (r, t) =
v 2 ∂t2
 v8  
 $ ./%     f (r, t)8 $  %    
                    
              
 
    
     !
4         
   


v = 1/ µ

       c = 1/√µ00 = 2.998 × 108 m/s      
      µ ≈ µ0   
1 c
v=√ =
µ0 0 r n
    
  
    
6

 
   
               
  
    

 k·r)
 r , t) = E0 ei(ωt−
E(
 k           *    !   7
               *     
    E(
 r , t)                 E(
 r, t)
      
 9


               
 r)
∇2 E
 = E0 ∇2 ei(ωt−k·

= E0 ∇ · [−ikei(ωt−k·r) ]

= −k 2 E0 ei(ωt−k·r)
= −k 2 E


∂2E

µ = −ω 2 µE

∂t2
  

k = ω µ

                        
"
                 
∇·E
 =0


  
∇ · [E0 ei(ωt−k·r) ] = E0 · ∇ei(ωt−k·r) = −ik · E0 ei(ωt−k·r) = 0


k · E0 = 0

⇒  !          


  $      B
 !%
#      

 = − ∂B
∇×E
∂t

−ik × E
 = −iω B



    
  
    
:

k × E
 = ωB


  k E  B        


  
     
  B
E     9            
2

z
E

B
y

"  
   B ! 

 |k|  ω µ0   n 
|B| = |E| = |E| = |E|
ω ω c

               7    E   B 7    


   !     !               
    B
H 2

|E|
 |E|
 µ
=µ = ≡Z
|H|
 |B|
 

    Z      (Ω)            


   Z0 = µ = 377Ω
0
0

     
    
 9 
           ;  
   

   
    S     9 
 !    
      
  !

S  ×H
 =E 

     9 
  J/(m2 · sec)        
7
            
    
 
! 
    
  
    
<

U = 12 (D
 ·E  · H)
 +B 

      
    B = nc E
1 B2 1 n2 1 r 0 µ0 2
U = (E 2 + ) = ( + 2 )E 2 = ( + )E
2 µ 2 µc 2 µ

       


    (J/m3) #      µ ≈ µ0  U
    ! 

U = E 2

 
  9 
    
       
          
2

∂Wmech ∂U  · dA

+ =− S
∂t ∂t s

Sin Sout
A U Wmech

 9 
      ;   
$Sout −Sin% 
   
A    
 ,   
   V         

 
  ! $U %  
 
     Wmech  
  
            
  9 
  
  |S|
 = v · U  v        U    7 

 
    $           9 
 S     
       J    
   U         
   
ρ%
               
      
 
; S      . 7 
/       S     
   I      7 
 
   
;  
  
        $W/m2 %
  
 = I k = I n̂
S
k
      
     
        
  

   1015   1011 1015


    
  
    
=
    
=E
S  ×H  = (E0 × H  0 ) cos2 (ωt − k · r)

# k × E = ω B ⇒ H = ωµ1 k × E   k = ω √µ



 = E0 × ( 1 k × E0 ) cos2 (ωt − k · r) =
S
 2
E0 cos2 (ωt − k · r) n̂
ωµ µ

-             



       
      $   n̂%   
          
        $  . 
 /       
 
 %
-    7 
  
;    
  
1  t0 +T  2
I≡ S
 = T t0 µ 0
E cos2 (ωt − k · r) dt n̂

1  2  t0 +T
= T
E
µ 0 t0
cos2 (ωt − k · r) dt n̂

> θ = ωt − k · r    cos2 θ = 12 (1 + cos 2θ)


  ω(t0 +T )   ω(t0 +T )
1  2 2 1  2
E cos θ dθ = E (1 + cos 2θ)dθ
ωT µ 0 ωt0 2ωT µ 0 ωt0

1  2 1  ω(t0 +T )
= E0 (ωT + cos 2θd2θ)
2ωT µ 2 ωt0

1  2 1
= E0 {1 + [sin 2(ωt0 + ωT − k · r)
2 µ 2ωT
− sin 2(ωt0 − k · r)]}

         $T ≈ 10−9  f ≈ 1 ?%   


 
      $ω ≈ 3.5 × 1015 *? 
 -2@
   
 60' %
ωT = 3.5 × 105
1 ⇒ ωT 1
11            
          
  
I ≡ S
 = 1
2
 2
E
µ 0
= 12 ( Z1 )E02

           I = √1µ · ( 12 E02) = v · U $ 12  
  7 

% #    

U = 12 E02
    
  
    
A

   
  
        
        
   
  ;   
  
  7
     
              

  
  
      > ?  F = qE + qv × B  +
 
 > ?       
J = qv
   > ?   7
  $)%  F1 = ρE + J × B  -         
   
   ρ  J        
∇·E
 = ρ/0 , ∇ × B
 = µ0 J + 0 µ0 ∂ E/∂t




 E
F1 = 0 (∇ · E)  + 1 (∇ × B)  − 0 ∂ E × B
 ×B 
µ0 ∂t
-   
∂   
 = ∂E × B
(E × B)  ∂B
 + E×
∂t ∂t ∂t

∂   + 1 (∇ · B) − 1B
F1 + 0 (E × B)
 = 0 (∇ · E)
 E  × (∇ × E)
 − 0 E  B  × (∇ × B)

∂t µ0 µ0

     ∇·B = 0   


              
 ∇ × E = ∂ B/∂t
  
          V      
 

    


∂   × B)dV

Ftotal + 0 (E  = [r.h.s.]dV
∂t v v

-                   



dPmech dPf ield
+ = [r.h.s.]dV
dt dt v

  
 × B)dV 1
Pf ield = 0 (E  = 2 
SdV
v c v
            !   
  
       
     !  

 2
g = S/c

   
   

  
 

  
  
   
    
  
    
&B
4           r.h.s.     
 
∇ · T dV → T · ds
v s


→−
− → 1   ¯ 0 2 B 2
T = 0 E E + B B − I( E + )
µ0 2 2µ0
 T     .    /    2nd      
r.h.s.             
  V 
4          
          
                   V 
            
|∆P | |g |V
f orce
P = = ∆t = ∆t
area A A
   ∆t  
 
    c∆t       V = A·c∆t

|
g |A·c∆t 
S
∆t
P = = |g | c =
A c
C    
    
 

P  = S /c = I/c


         
      #    
  
    1.34 × 103J/m2 · s # 
      
 
 
        
       
      
4.46 × 10−6 N/m2   
     ∼ 105 N/m2 

      


 
  


  

D        
        ! E  H 

    
 0 exp i(k · r − ωt)
 =E
E
 0 exp i(k · r − ωt)
 =H
H
     E 0  H 0               
 


       ?  ! E   H         
             !  
        
  ?    
      !        ?
 
    
  
    
&&
H

        7     ? 


      ?  
;          #    
     ? 

                  
   , 
      . /            
!     ?     ,         1      

   
  >  
      ?     
  . /  

     ,         



   


D         ?         E0   ? 
7
           ,   ± π2       !
    
 = E0 [x̂ exp i(kz − ωt) + ŷ exp i(kz − ωt ± π )]
E
2
  eiπ/2 = i
 = E0 (x̂ ± ŷ) exp i(kz − ωt)
E
         
         E 
   
     
    ω 
    
           


  "     
 



         1      !      

     
          
    

                     
   


 
    
  
    
&'
H

       ?           


 
! 
          
 
    
!                          ?
H

       !     


 0 = (x̂E0 ± iŷE  ) exp i(kz − ωt)
E 0

 
  
 

 
 


"
 
             ? 
     ?

           ? !          !
  
                $     ?% "

         

         
    D          ? 
         
  ? -       ! E       
         E 1  E 2   E 1  
    
      ?
    
  
    
&0
(Incident wave)
E2
E

Transmitted axis
θ (Transmitted wave) of polarizer

E
1

 E  
 θ            
    7
  ! 
E1 = E cos θ
"         I1  
         ! 

 
I1 = I cos2 θ
              #    ? 
     θ
                       
  ?     ? 
  (  
    cos2 θ  12 
>
         ?             ?
    ? 
   
  P      !   
               ?
Ipol
P =
Ipol + Iunpol

          


    ?        

     Imax = Ipol + 12 Iunpol  Imin = 12 Iunpol 
Imax − Imin
P =
Imax + Imin
 Imax  Imin                

   
      ?
"                  π2 
  
    $                 
  % D     ? 
      
     ?

 
      "            π
   
   
    
  
    
&5
Fast Fast

Slow Slow
π/2 π

Fast Fast

Slow Slow
π/2 π

Quarter waveplate Half waveplate

 

  
    

     
   ?         
 0 = x̂E0x + ŷE0y
E

 E0x  E0y    "


      7
     iφ
E0x = |E0x |e x
E0y = |E0y |eiφy
         !    
        
 


E0x |E0x |eiφx
=
E0y |E0y |eiφy
   ?    E        
 
            E      
      
     
   ?     

  ?         


 E   #   


      ?          ?      
  ?  



1 1 1
+ =2
−i i 0
      

     ''        


   
    >        
  B A



A
     


  B
   E     a b
c d

           




a b A A
=
c d B B
    
  
    
&6
 
    
            E    

          2




atotal btotal an bn a1 b1
= ···
ctotal dtotal cn d n c1 d 1

     E          
7
  ?   


       ?   1
0
0
0

>   9  ?          0


0
0
1


1 ±1
       ±45◦ 1
2 ±1 1



#       1
0
0
−i

F 7    #     ?   1
0

0
i
1 ±i
#     ±45◦ √1
2 ±i 1



* 7    1 0
0 −1



eiφ 0
      0 eiφ



eiφx 0
G     
 0 eiφy



G
 1
2
1 i
−i 1
D     ?

1 −i
> 1
2 i 1
    
  
    
&:
        !  " #

4         
      
 
       
     
       

   
            , 
     µ

E E
i t

ki
kt

Bt
Bi εi, µi εt, µt

#        7            ;


   
             "    7
       
             , 
        #        ;    
         #   

! " 

Incident

k θ
i r
ni kr
θi
Reflected

kt
Transmitted

θt

y
nt
z

D                     



 ,           ;         
 7                   

   
   2
    
  
    
&<
exp(iki · r − iωt)     
exp(ikr · r − iωt) ;  
exp(ikt · r − iωt)    $ %  
                      
    t          φ = k · r − ωt         
                      
    
ki · r|z=0 = kr · r|z=0 = kt · r|z=0
" z = 0   
r = xx̂ + y ŷ
ki = (ni ω )(k i x̂ + k i ŷ + k i ẑ)
c x y z
kr = (ni ω )(k r x̂ + k r ŷ + k r ẑ)
c x y z
kt = (nt ω )(k r x̂ + k r ŷ + k r ẑ)
c x y z

 x̂ ŷ  ẑ        x y  z      (kxα , kyα, kzα)
            ;        α = i
r   t      z = 0
ni (kxi x + kyi y) = ni (kxr x + kyr y) = nt (kxt x + kyt y)
"                    x  y    
ni kxi = ni kxr = nt kxt
ni kyi = ni kyr = nt kyt

kxi = kxr kyi = kyr
kxi = ( nnti )kxt kyi = ( nnti )kyt
                  ;
                    
  x
 y         4        
      
!        
       ki      
         ki      
y

ki

kt x

kr
plane of incident
    
  
    
&=
#          kx ky   kz           
>  !        x − z           4
  
  
z

ki kr

Incident θi θr Reflected
n
i x

n
t
Transmitted
θt
kt

          (kxα , kyα, kzα)   α = i r  t


kxi = sin θi kyi = 0 kzi = cos θi
kxr = sin θr kyr = 0 kzr = cos θr
kxt = sin θt kyr = 0 kzt = cos θt


   kxi = kxr   !                 
; 

θi = θr

"  ni kxi = nt kxt                   


 

   

ni sin θi = nt sin θt

#  
   
   

4          
             
  
            7     
    
  
    
&A
    
  

D · ds = 0
s
s B · d
 s=0

 · dl = − ∂  B
E  · ds
∂t s
H · dl = ∂
D · ds
∂t s

#       !     


  "    
                         
    
  
dA

i
dh
t

n̂         i  t1 ds = −n̂dA 


 i  ds = n̂dA

 t   !      
 
 i · n̂ = D
D  t · n̂
 i · n̂ = B
B  t · n̂

      .       D  B      


 / -   D i B i  D t  B t             

  !      i  n   
-       
              

!        
dA

i
dh
t
t


t̂             " dh → 0  ; φB = s
 · ds = 0
B

 φD = s D · ds = 01    
 i · t̂ = E
E  t · t̂
 i · t̂ = H
H  t · t̂
    
  
    
'B
       . 
       E  H    
   /      E i H i  E t  H t       !
   
  !   i  n   

$ " $ 



         
        ; 
                  ,     
*    
              
            
       
                       
  ;      

      ;          
             $C   ?      E !    

  ?        %2
&    ?   E ⊥      
$     σ -  H   ?   %
' 9   ?         
E
$    π     ?   %
 
 


#    ?       !              


 
  

Ei
kr
Bi ki Er

θi Br
ni

y(y) θ x(x)
nt t

Bt Et

kt

z(z)


  %! 


 ⇒  "#$  
   
E


 ⇒  "
#$  
   
E
    
  
    
'&
     2
 i = ŷEi exp i(ωt − ki · r)
E

ki = ωni (x̂ sin θi + ẑ cos θi )


c
  B i = ω1 ki × E i   
 i = ni (−x̂ cos θi + ẑ sin θi )Ei exp i(ωt − ki · r)
B
c
 ;  2
kr = ωni (x̂ sin θi − ẑ cos θi )
c

 r = ŷEr exp i(ωt − ki · r)


E

 r = ni (x̂ cos θi + ẑ sin θi )Er exp i(ωt − ki · r)


B
c
         2
kt = ωnt (x̂ sin θt + ẑ cos θt )
c
 t = ŷEt exp i(ωt − kt · r)
E
 t = nt (−x̂ cos θt + ẑ sin θt )Et exp i(ωt − kt · r)
B
c
-               $  r = 0% #    7
                !      ? 

       D !        ! #     
       
-  $ẑ%  B 2
ni nt
sin θi (Ei + Er ) = sin θt Et
c c

   $x̂%  H 2
ni nt
cos θi (Ei − Er ) = cos θt Et
µi c µt c
+ 
      !        Ei + Er = Et   
Et       
ni nt
cos θi (Ei − Er ) = cos θt (Ei + Er )
µi µt
"

           !     
   !"
   
 


Er ( µnii cos θi − nt
µt
cos θt )
rs ≡ = ni nt
Ei ( µi cos θi + µt
cos θt )
    
  
    
''
C 
   
    nt = ni sin θi / sin θt         

ni ni sin θi
cos θi (Ei − Er ) = cos θt (Ei + Er )
µi µt sin θt
µt tan θt (Ei − Er ) = µi tan θi (Ei + Er )
  
Er (−µi tan θi + µt tan θt )
rs ≡ =
Ei (µi tan θi + µt tan θt )
 
Ei + Er = Et      
    !   
 

Et 2µt tan θt
ts ≡ =
Ei (µi tan θi + µt tan θt )

   # 


      !    
  
C                 θi   θt  !
    
                   
  7
   µi ≈ µt ≈ 1 4    
     ! I  


rs = − sin(θi − θt )/ sin(θi + θt )

ts = 2 sin θt cos θi / sin(θi + θt )

 
 


# 9   ?              


  !   , 
&
    
  
   θi → 0'       
   

    
  
    
'0

Ei

Bi Er
kr
ki
Br
θi
ni

y(y) x(x)
nt θt
Et
Bt
kt

z(z)

#
           
−i tan θi + t tan θt
rp =
i tan θi + t tan θt
2i sin θi
tp =
cos θt (i tan θi + t tan θt )
   µi ≈ µt ≈ 1

rp = tan(θi − θt )/ tan(θi + θt )

tp = 2 cos θi sin θt /[sin(θi + θt ) cos(θi − θt )]

   %    &


 '
 

Ai Ai

Sr
Si

ni θi θi
Ao

nt θt S
n t

At
    
  
    
'5
 #  I                7

   ! E         !   E   
*                      
;          ?
    I  
              nt       
  
     I       ni     *
   
   !           
   
     I        
    
            ./  
    
 7
     
 .    /       
  
     A    W   
        

    


      ?
J   ,        ?              
          + !
          
A0    
Ai = Ar = A0 cos θi
At = A0 cos θt
   9 
 Sα $      
%      
   1    Wα  
 
      Aα  
  
Wα = Sα · Aα
 α = i r  t   
  Sα = 12 µ Eα2  
   µα ≈ µ0  √α = nα√0
α
α


#      Wi = ni
2
0 2
E A
µo i 0
cos θi

# ;   Wr = ni
2
0 2
E A
µo r 0
cos θi

#      Wt = nt
2
0 2
E A
µo t 0
cos θt

           $       9


  ?   %
Wr E2
R≡ = r2 = |r|2
Wi Ei

Wt nt cos θt Ei2 nt cos θt 2


T ≡ = 2
= |t|
Wi ni cos θi Er ni cos θi

!
   
   &
 

#     
 
          
   
     !   ;       
  
2
    
  
    
'6
n =1, n =1.5
i r
0.2 1.0

Brewster Angle

0.0
0.8

P Glancing incident

Power Reflectivity (R)


-0.2

Field Reflectivity (r)


S 0.6

-0.4
S

0.4

-0.6

P
0.2
-0.8 Brewster Angle

-1.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
incident angle incident angle

#          


       2
ni=1.5, nr=1
1.0 1.0

0.8
0.8
Total Internal Total Internal
Reflection Reflection
0.6
Power Reflectivity (R)
Field Reflectivity (r)

0.6

0.4

0.4
S
0.2
P Brewster Angle S

0.2
0.0 Brewster Angle
Critical Angle P Critical Angle

-0.2 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
incident angle incident angle

*       


        
    
   

 
          θ = 0◦        
        !            
!             9   ?       
        
     ;       
9   ?         θ < 10◦
 ;        I    θ = 0◦         
  I       θ → 0◦  
sin(θi + θt ) = sin θi cos θt + cos θi sin θt
    
  
    
':
  
2 sin θt cos θi
ts =
sin θi cos θt + cos θi sin θt
+ 
  >  sin θi = nn t
i
sin θt    
2 cos θi
ts = nt
ni
cos θt + cos θi
"     θi = 0   θt = 0  cos θi = cos θt = 1

t= 2ni
ni +nt
 T = ( n2n+n )2      
i
i
t

+ 
       

r= ni −nt
ni +nt
 R = ( nn −n
+n
)2      
i
i
t
t

    ?   tp  rp
             

    


           5K  
    ;   7
 
            
      

L&6       &B        ;   R = 0.04 
                   ;  

     7;   
        
$*  7;   
          %
   

  
       
     ;    ?  
  ?   
     
      .+
/ # 
    ;  I       ? 

rp = tan(θ −θ )
i
tan(θ +θ )
i
→0 t
t
 θi + θt = 90◦
           
    
nt sin θi sin θi
= =
ni sin(90 − θi )
◦ cos θi
+ !
 
  +
 θB 

θB = tan−1 ( nnti )

    +


  9   ? 
     
 
          ni > nt  nt > ni
    
  
    
'<

    


    ;        


 
     . /
   .  /    ni > nt  $#   



   % #    
ni
θt = sin−1 ( sin θi )
nt
4 ni > nt        nn i
sin θi > 1 > !   
 
 θc 
 
  nn sin θc = 1   
t
i
t

θc = sin−1 ( nnti )

"     
             θt = 90◦    
    
  
4 
 
           

Et ∝ e−ik·r = e−ikt (x sin θt +z cos θt )

4        
ni sin θi
sin θt = sin θi =
nt sin θc
  

sin θi 2
cos θt = ± 1 − sin2 θt = ± 1 − ( )
sin θc
-  θi > θc       
  #        
  
   

sin θi 2 π
cos θt = −i ( ) − 1 ≡ −iα θc < θ <
sin θc 2
 
sin θi 2
α= ( ) −1
sin θc
               
Et ∝ e−ikt (x sin θt +z cos θt )

1+α2
Et = e−kt αz e−ikt x
      
        $  
 x  %  
        z    $      
     %
             H       
    
  
    
'=
        
            
 
    
           z          
  1      
;  
 !      
             !    
     
  9 

#  ! E  H      $ 7 
 9 
% 
 
 = 1 Re(E
I · n̂ = S  ∗)
 ×H
2

#   
; 
             kt ⊥ E t
  1
I = St · n̂ = Re[(Et × H t∗ ) · n̂]
2
1  t × ( 1 kt × E  t ∗ )] · n̂}
= Re{[E
2 µt ω
1
= Re[Et2 (kt · n̂)]
2µt ω
 
kt · n̂ = kt cos θt = −iαkt
 
  
  St · n̂ = 0      

 
 
       
4  !       z = 1/γ      z    
      1/e   
  1 γ        
1 1
=
γ kt α
4         
   

 
   7
            !          
  ;   +             ;     7
             
       
    ;    
      
 

Variable attenuator Prism coupler


    
  
    
'A
 ! ;  I    
√   9   ?       
 
cos θt = iα  sin θt = 1 + α2
#    ?  
sin(θi − θt )
rs = −
sin(θi + θt )
sin θi cos θt − cos θi sin θt
= −
sin θi cos θt + cos θi sin θt

1 + α2 cos θi − iα sin θi
= √ = eiφs
1 + α2 cos θi + iα sin θi

# 9   ?            ! 


    sin α cos β = 12 {sin(α−
β) + sin(α + β)}

tan(θi − θt )
rp =
tan(θi + θt )
sin(θi − θt ) cos(θi + θt )
=
sin(θi + θt ) cos(θi − θt )
− sin 2θt + sin 2θi
=
sin 2θt + sin 2θi
sin θi cos θi − sin θt cos θt
=
sin θi cos θi + sin θt cos θt

sin θi cos θi − iα 1 + α2
= √ = eiφp
sin θi cos θi + iα 1 + α2
           ;       &  Rs = Rp = 1 
 !
     
        ;      
4            !   
  
  
;        
   !         9
  ?    
α sin θi
φs = 2 tan−1 √
1 + α2 cos θi

α 1 + α2
φp = 2 tan−1
sin θi cos θi
    
  
    
0B
180

160

140

Phase change (ϕ)


120

100
S
80

60

40

20

0
40 50 60 70 80 90
Incident angle (θ)

                    ;    


 
   1               
      .

/          ;   
     
      


4    
     90◦ 
 
       
      ;       &   ni  nt    
 !   ;        9   ?       
      
                 D  
          4    
    90◦   
       !      7  
   
   
         
      
  
            
    
      


      ;     !
    
 
  
 
  ;  
  ;  
 

          7   #
    
       
       
 
        & $    
      
     &M%      
          
                    7
  (    
 
      ;        
    C   7       
 
  

$    θi    &  ' 
  90◦%     7   ;
 .
 
    /           7
     

    
  
    
0&
 
  
 
   
 
  
   

         
      .   / 
   D = E  B = µH     µ 
       

                  


      !  
    4    
     J = σE $ σ          %
-        
∇·E
 = 0
∇·B
 = 0

∂B
∇×E
 = −
∂t

∂E
∇×B
 = µσ E
 + µ
∂t
           
      
  
∂2E
 
∂E
∇2 E
 = µ + µσ
∂t2 ∂t
        !               .7

     / 4        !  7      

    #          ω        
 r, t) = E(
E(  r)eiωt

       


iσ 
∇2 E(
 r) + ω 2 µ( − )E(r) = 0
ω
   (                    
        -  !   
 
   

˜ =  −
ω
          
∇2 E(
 r) + ω 2 µ˜E(
 r) = 0

4            


  
   1  
∇2 E(
 r) + k̃ 2 E(
 r) = 0

 
iσ ñω
k̃ = ω µ( − )=
ω c
    
  
    
0'
 ñ = n(1 − iκ)    
      κ      
 ! 
        ?       
    
             

 z    
 r) = E
E(  0 exp(−in ω z) exp(− z )
 0 exp(−ik̃z) = E
c d
          
  d = c/nωκ   . /  
 
n  k̃          µ  σ

c2 µσ
n2 = [ µ2 2 + ( )2 + µ]
2 ω

2 2 c2 µσ
n κ = [ µ2 2 + ( )2 − µ]
2 ω
#       ωσ
  n2κ2  c2ωµσ  
2


2
d µσω


   
  1/ σ      
     
             10N
  

 
 

4  
 #       ;          
        &%            '%   µ 
              #       ; 
                
  #  ! ;               

 θt          
ni
sin θ˜t = sin θi
ñt
      ;  I          
       ;         ? 
  
      ?  ;        4     
       
             
 ;       
(n−1)2 +(nκ)2
R = |r|2 = ñ+1
ñ−1 ñ −1 ∗
· ñ∗ +1 = (n+1)2 +(nκ)2
4n
= 1 − (n+1)2 +(nκ)2
    
  
    
00
-        
   ñ = inκ     
(inκ − 1)(−inκ − 1)
R= =1
(inκ + 1)(−inκ + 1)

  . ;/    


        
              
       
  $k̃ = ω µ( − iσψ )% "   
 ;    $AB  A6K%   
             
        

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