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Resumen Electromagnetismo PDF
Resumen Electromagnetismo PDF
=ρ
∇·D !
∇·B
=0
!
= − ∂ B
∇×E ∂t
"
= J +
∇×H
∂D
∂t
#
&
'
∇·D
= 4πρ
∇·B
=0
= − 1 ∂B
∇×E c ∂t
4π
1 ∂D
∇×H
=
c
J + c ∂t
D(statcoul/cm2
) E(statvolt/cm)
B(gauss)
H(oersted)
ρ(statcoulomb)
J(statamp)
!
q0
( ! E
F = q0 E
E D B
H
D B !
= 0 E
D + P
= µ0 H
B +M
2
& $
% 2 µ
' 2 µ
0
2 σ = 0 ⇒ J = 0
5
2 ρ = 0
6 72 µ
! 2
∇·E
=0
∇·B
=0
= − ∂ B
∇×E ∂t
= µ ∂ E
∇×B ∂t
D = E B = µH
D = 0 χE + χ(2) E · E +
(3) ·E
+ ···
χ E ·E
5
7
B !
E ! 1
,
E $
% 4
B
= ∇ × (− ∂ B ) = − ∂ (∇ × B)
∇ × (∇ × E)
∂t ∂t
= − ∂t
∂
(µ ∂∂tE )
∇ × (∇ × E) ∇ · E
− ∇2 E
= ∇(∇ · E) = 0
2
∇2 E
= µ ∂ E2
∂t
#
−
→
E 2
2
∇2 B
= µ ∂ B2
∂t
√
v = 1/ µ
c = 1/√µ00 = 2.998 × 108 m/s
µ ≈ µ0
1 c
v=√ =
µ0 0 r n
6
k·r)
r , t) = E0 ei(ωt−
E(
k
* ! 7
*
E(
r , t)
E(
r, t)
9
r)
∇2 E
= E0 ∇2 ei(ωt−k·
= E0 ∇ · [−ikei(ωt−k·r) ]
= −k 2 E0 ei(ωt−k·r)
= −k 2 E
∂2E
µ = −ω 2 µE
∂t2
√
k = ω µ
"
∇·E
=0
⇒
∇ · [E0 ei(ωt−k·r) ] = E0 · ∇ei(ωt−k·r) = −ik · E0 ei(ωt−k·r) = 0
k · E0 = 0
−ik × E
= −iω B
:
k × E
= ωB
z
E
B
y
"
B !
√
|k| ω µ0 n
|B| = |E| = |E| = |E|
ω ω c
9
;
S 9
!
!
S ×H
=E
9
J/(m2 · sec)
7
!
<
U = 12 (D
·E · H)
+B
B = nc E
1 B2 1 n2 1 r 0 µ0 2
U = (E 2 + ) = ( + 2 )E 2 = ( + )E
2 µ 2 µc 2 µ
U = E 2
9
2
∂Wmech ∂U · dA
+ =− S
∂t ∂t s
Sin Sout
A U Wmech
9
;
$Sout −Sin%
A
,
V
! $U %
Wmech
9
|S|
= v · U v
U 7
$
9
S
J
U
ρ%
; S
.7
/ S
I 7
;
$W/m2 %
= I k = I n̂
S
k
I = √1µ · ( 12 E02) = v · U $ 12
7
% #
U = 12 E02
A
;
7
>? F = qE + qv × B +
>?
J = qv
>? 7
$)% F1 = ρE + J × B -
ρ J
∇·E
= ρ/0 , ∇ × B
= µ0 J + 0 µ0 ∂ E/∂t
E
F1 = 0 (∇ · E) + 1 (∇ × B) − 0 ∂ E × B
×B
µ0 ∂t
-
∂
= ∂E × B
(E × B) ∂B
+ E×
∂t ∂t ∂t
⇒
∂ + 1 (∇ · B) − 1B
F1 + 0 (E × B)
= 0 (∇ · E)
E × (∇ × E)
− 0 E B × (∇ × B)
∂t µ0 µ0
× B)dV 1
Pf ield = 0 (E = 2
SdV
v c v
!
!
2
g = S/c
&B
4 r.h.s.
∇ · T dV → T · ds
v s
→−
− → 1 ¯ 0 2 B 2
T = 0 E E + B B − I( E + )
µ0 2 2µ0
T . / 2nd
r.h.s.
V
4
V
|∆P | |g |V
f orce
P = = ∆t = ∆t
area A A
∆t
c∆t V = A·c∆t
|
g |A·c∆t
S
∆t
P = = |g | c =
A c
C
P = S /c = I/c
#
1.34 × 103J/m2 · s #
4.46 × 10−6 N/m2
∼ 105 N/m2
0 exp i(k · r − ωt)
=E
E
0 exp i(k · r − ωt)
=H
H
E 0 H 0
? ! E H
!
?
!
?
&&
H
D
? E0 ?
7
, ± π2 !
= E0 [x̂ exp i(kz − ωt) + ŷ exp i(kz − ωt ± π )]
E
2
eiπ/2 = i
= E0 (x̂ ± ŷ) exp i(kz − ωt)
E
E
ω
"
1 !
&'
H
"
?
?
? ! !
$ ?% "
D ?
? - ! E
E 1 E 2 E 1
?
&0
(Incident wave)
E2
E
Transmitted axis
θ (Transmitted wave) of polarizer
E
1
E
θ
7
!
E1 = E cos θ
"
I1
!
I1 = I cos2 θ
# ?
θ
? ?
(
cos2 θ
12
>
? ?
?
P !
?
Ipol
P =
Ipol + Iunpol
Slow Slow
π/2 π
Fast Fast
Slow Slow
π/2 π
?
0 = x̂E0x + ŷE0y
E
E
7
?
? 1
0
0
0
# 1
0
0
−i
F 7 # ? 1
0
0
i
1 ±i
# ±45◦ √1
2 ±i 1
* 7 1 0
0 −1
eiφ 0
0 eiφ
eiφx 0
G
0 eiφy
G
1
2
1 i
−i 1
D ?
1 −i
> 1
2 i 1
&:
!
"#
4
,
µ
E E
i t
ki
kt
Bt
Bi εi, µi εt, µt
!"
Incident
k θ
i r
ni kr
θi
Reflected
kt
Transmitted
θt
y
nt
z
x̂ ŷ ẑ x y z
(kxα , kyα, kzα)
; α = i
r t
z = 0
ni (kxi x + kyi y) = ni (kxr x + kyr y) = nt (kxt x + kyt y)
" x y
ni kxi = ni kxr = nt kxt
ni kyi = ni kyr = nt kyt
kxi = kxr kyi = kyr
kxi = ( nnti )kxt kyi = ( nnti )kyt
;
x
y 4
!
ki
ki
y
ki
kt x
kr
plane of incident
&=
# kx ky kz
> ! x − z 4
z
ki kr
Incident θi θr Reflected
n
i x
n
t
Transmitted
θt
kt
kxi = kxr !
;
θi = θr
ni sin θi = nt sin θt
#
4
7
&A
D · ds = 0
s
s B · d
s=0
· dl = − ∂ B
E · ds
∂t s
H · dl = ∂
D · ds
∂t s
i
dh
t
i
dh
t
t
t̂ " dh → 0 ; φB = s
· ds = 0
B
φD = s D · ds = 01
i · t̂ = E
E t · t̂
i · t̂ = H
H t · t̂
'B
.
E H
/ E i H i E t H t !
! i n
Ei
kr
Bi ki Er
θi Br
ni
y(y) θ x(x)
nt t
Bt Et
kt
z(z)
%!
⇒ "#$
E
⇒ "
#$
E
'&
2
i = ŷEi exp i(ωt − ki · r)
E
Er ( µnii cos θi − nt
µt
cos θt )
rs ≡ = ni nt
Ei ( µi cos θi + µt
cos θt )
''
C
nt = ni sin θi / sin θt
ni ni sin θi
cos θi (Ei − Er ) = cos θt (Ei + Er )
µi µt sin θt
µt tan θt (Ei − Er ) = µi tan θi (Ei + Er )
Er (−µi tan θi + µt tan θt )
rs ≡ =
Ei (µi tan θi + µt tan θt )
Ei + Er = Et
!
Et 2µt tan θt
ts ≡ =
Ei (µi tan θi + µt tan θt )
rs = − sin(θi − θt )/ sin(θi + θt )
Ei
Bi Er
kr
ki
Br
θi
ni
y(y) x(x)
nt θt
Et
Bt
kt
z(z)
#
−i tan θi + t tan θt
rp =
i tan θi + t tan θt
2i sin θi
tp =
cos θt (i tan θi + t tan θt )
µi ≈ µt ≈ 1
rp = tan(θi − θt )/ tan(θi + θt )
Sr
Si
ni θi θi
Ao
nt θt S
n t
At
'5
# I
7
! E ! E
*
;
?
I
nt
I ni *
!
I
./
7
.
/
A W
# Wi = ni
2
0 2
E A
µo i 0
cos θi
# ; Wr = ni
2
0 2
E A
µo r 0
cos θi
# Wt = nt
2
0 2
E A
µo t 0
cos θt
!
&
#
! ;
2
'6
n =1, n =1.5
i r
0.2 1.0
Brewster Angle
0.0
0.8
P Glancing incident
-0.4
S
0.4
-0.6
P
0.2
-0.8 Brewster Angle
-1.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
incident angle incident angle
0.8
0.8
Total Internal Total Internal
Reflection Reflection
0.6
Power Reflectivity (R)
Field Reflectivity (r)
0.6
0.4
0.4
S
0.2
P Brewster Angle S
0.2
0.0 Brewster Angle
Critical Angle P Critical Angle
-0.2 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
incident angle incident angle
θ = 0◦
!
! 9 ?
;
9 ? θ < 10◦
;
I θ = 0◦
I θ → 0◦
sin(θi + θt ) = sin θi cos θt + cos θi sin θt
':
2 sin θt cos θi
ts =
sin θi cos θt + cos θi sin θt
+
> sin θi = nn t
i
sin θt
2 cos θi
ts = nt
ni
cos θt + cos θi
" θi = 0 θt = 0 cos θi = cos θt = 1
t= 2ni
ni +nt
T = ( n2n+n )2
i
i
t
+
r= ni −nt
ni +nt
R = ( nn −n
+n
)2
i
i
t
t
? tp rp
;
?
?
.+
/ #
; I ?
rp = tan(θ −θ )
i
tan(θ +θ )
i
→0 t
t
θi + θt = 90◦
nt sin θi sin θi
= =
ni sin(90 − θi )
◦ cos θi
+
!
+
θB
θB = tan−1 ( nnti )
θc = sin−1 ( nnti )
"
θt = 90◦
4
Et ∝ e−ik·r = e−ikt (x sin θt +z cos θt )
4
ni sin θi
sin θt = sin θi =
nt sin θc
sin θi 2
cos θt = ± 1 − sin2 θt = ± 1 − ( )
sin θc
- θi > θc
#
sin θi 2 π
cos θt = −i ( ) − 1 ≡ −iα θc < θ <
sin θc 2
sin θi 2
α= ( ) −1
sin θc
Et ∝ e−ikt (x sin θt +z cos θt )
√
1+α2
Et = e−kt αz e−ikt x
$
x %
z $
%
H
'=
z
1
;
!
!
9
# ! E H
$7
9
%
= 1 Re(E
I · n̂ = S ∗)
×H
2
#
;
kt ⊥ E t
1
I = St · n̂ = Re[(Et × H t∗ ) · n̂]
2
1 t × ( 1 kt × E t ∗ )] · n̂}
= Re{[E
2 µt ω
1
= Re[Et2 (kt · n̂)]
2µt ω
kt · n̂ = kt cos θt = −iαkt
St · n̂ = 0
4 ! z = 1/γ z
1/e
1 γ
1 1
=
γ kt α
4
7
!
; + ; 7
;
tan(θi − θt )
rp =
tan(θi + θt )
sin(θi − θt ) cos(θi + θt )
=
sin(θi + θt ) cos(θi − θt )
− sin 2θt + sin 2θi
=
sin 2θt + sin 2θi
sin θi cos θi − sin θt cos θt
=
sin θi cos θi + sin θt cos θt
√
sin θi cos θi − iα 1 + α2
= √ = eiφp
sin θi cos θi + iα 1 + α2
;
& Rs = Rp = 1
!
;
4 !
;
! 9
?
α sin θi
φs = 2 tan−1 √
1 + α2 cos θi
√
α 1 + α2
φp = 2 tan−1
sin θi cos θi
0B
180
160
140
100
S
80
60
40
20
0
40 50 60 70 80 90
Incident angle (θ)
4
90◦
;
& ni nt
! ;
9 ?
D
4
90◦
!
7
; !
;
;
7
#
& $
&M%
7
(
;
C
7
$
θi & '
90◦% 7
;
.
/
7
0&
. /
D = E B = µH µ
#
ω
r, t) = E(
E( r)eiωt
iσ ñω
k̃ = ω µ( − )=
ω c
0'
ñ = n(1 − iκ)
κ
!
?
z
r) = E
E( 0 exp(−in ω z) exp(− z )
0 exp(−ik̃z) = E
c d
d = c/nωκ . /
n k̃ µ σ
c2 µσ
n2 = [ µ2 2 + ( )2 + µ]
2 ω
2 2 c2 µσ
n κ = [ µ2 2 + ( )2 − µ]
2 ω
#
ωσ
n2κ2 c2ωµσ
2
2
d µσω
√
1/ σ
10N
4
# ;
&% '% µ
# ;
# ! ;
θt
ni
sin θ˜t = sin θi
ñt
; I
;
?
? ; 4
;
(n−1)2 +(nκ)2
R = |r|2 = ñ+1
ñ−1 ñ −1 ∗
· ñ∗ +1 = (n+1)2 +(nκ)2
4n
= 1 − (n+1)2 +(nκ)2
00
-
ñ = inκ
(inκ − 1)(−inκ − 1)
R= =1
(inκ + 1)(−inκ + 1)