2.

We are to define and discuss cavitation.

Analysis In the flow of a liquid, cavitationis the vaporization that may occur at locations where the
pressure

drops below the vapor pressure. The vapor bubbles collapse as they are swept away from the low
pressure regions,

generating highly destructive, extremely high-pressurewaves. This phenomenon is a common cause for
drop in

performance and even the erosion of impeller blades.

Discussion The word “cavitation” comes from the fact that a vapor bubble or “cavity” appears in the
liquid. Not all

cavitation is undesirable. It turns out thatsome underwater vehicles employ “super cavitation” on
purpose to reduce drag

3.

We are to define and discuss the capillary effect.

AnalysisThe capillary effectis the rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter tube inserted into the liquid. It
is

caused by the net effect of the cohesive forces (the forces between like molecules, like water) and
adhesive forces (the

forces between unlike molecules, like water and glass). The capillary effect is proportional to the cosine
of the contact

angle, which is the angle that the tangent to the liquid surface makes with the solid surface at the point
of contact.

Discussion The contact angle determines whether the meniscusat the top of the column is concave or
convex.