PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT KV NO.2, NSB, VISAKHAPATNAMWZ wes Soe aye => edhe teres are KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO. 2 NAUSENABAUGH, VISAKHAPATNAM DE! YSIGS CERTIFICATE This is to certify that RAHUL KUSHWAHA, a student of class XII-A has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of MR. RAMNA RAO ( Subject Teacher ) during the year 2013-14 in partial fulfillment of physics practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi. Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacherACKNOWLEDGEMENT \wthe accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time | am utilizing to thawk all the people who have been concerned with project. Primarily | would thank god for being able to complete this project with success. Then | would Like to thank my principal Mr. S.V.Babu and physics teacher MrRaMWa Rao, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and male it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project. Then | would Like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful tn vartous phases of the completion of the project. Last but not the least | would Like to thank my classmates who have helped me a Lot.INDEX 1.CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AIM OF PROJECT INTRODUCTION THEORY APPARATUS REQUIRED PROCEDURE FOLLOWED OBSERVATION . CONCLUSION 10, PRECAUTION 1, BIBLIOGRAPHY © PNaaOs wD festINTRODUCTION The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux LiMkeed with a coil changing, an ent is induced in the neighboring éoll. A transformer is aw electrical devite which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely Used device in both Low and high current circuit. As sueh transformers ave built in an amazing strength of sizes. Whelectronic, rweasurement and control clreuits, transformer sizewmay be So small that it weight only a few tens of grams where avin high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. Iw a transformer, the electrieal energy transfer from one circuit to another cireuititakes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer whieh tnereases the voltages is called a step- up transformer. Avtranisformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for hign and low current circuits. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between the ratio of - 1. Input and output voltage. 2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.When an altering evf. is supplied to (the primany coll py alternating current starts falling in it. The alte primary produces a changing magnetionflux, Wwhichdinduces altering voltage in the primary as welbemas tw the sécowdary. In a good- vg current in the transformer, whole of the magmatic flux Linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, andethen theinduced emf. induced in each tur of the secondaryiis equal to tant induced in each turn of the primary. Thus @feE, ane &: be the instantaneous values of the e.mt’s induced imthe primary and the secondary and Np and N. are the wo. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and Ab 7d. = vate of change of flux in each turnoff theg@otl at this instant, we have E, = -N; Ab /le (4) ana 6 = -Ne ab/dle (2) Since the above relations ave true at every ti by 4, we get +4] gAS Epis the instantaneous value of back emf induced in the primary coll pz, so the instantanéous current in primary coil is due to the difference (& - & ) in the instantaneous values of the applied ana back emf. further if Rpis the resistance 0, pzp2 coil, then the instantangous current Ip im the primary coll is given by lp = €-&)/R, E-G = Rs When the resistance of the primary ts smalyites ican be neglected so therefore E-& =OorejSe Thus back e.m.f = input emf Hence equation 2 can be writtenias E/E = Es / © = output Gm / pueem.f = Ns / Np = K Where Kis constant, called turn or transformation ratio Np? Ns O0Q0000 QUU0) {| aIN & STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER Step Down Transformer Primary Secondary 1000V 200V 2A 10A 2000 Ww 2000 W Es < EG sok <1, hence Nz < Np a = \ value of primary current at the sare instant And | = value of secondary current at this instant, then Inputpower at the instant = El and Output power at the same instant = EI tf thereareno losses of power in the transformer, then wput power = output power or el = Eels or are = pi =IN & STEP-UP TRANSFORMER Step Up Transformer Primary Secondary 100 10A 1000 W 1000 W E> €sok > 1, henSan, > Ns AS, R > 1, SO lp > TAOS |p Le. current in secoMdary isWeaker when secondary voltage is higher. ose iw current iw the Henge Waateven Wwe Qain iv vol SATO t iw a step down transformer, Similanppit can be shown, tl whate. wv the same y WE Lose in voltage, we gain in current ratio Thus a step up transformer tn reali Yy steps down the current § a step down transformer steps up the current.EFFICIENCY Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the imput power. Le. TL = output power /imput power = le Eel Thus im an ideal transformer, where theregis Wo Rower bosses = 1. But in actual practice, there are many (Power losges; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less thangoye Output Power efficiency, n = x 100% Input Power _ Input Power - Losses x 100% Input Power _ Losses x 100% “Input Power ENERGY LOSSES lowing are the major sou. ass in @ trans, 1. Copper [pgs is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This ts due to joule heating of conducting wires. 2. tron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron cove of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.4. Hysteresis loss i« etization and a 5. Magneto striation i.e. humming no APPARATUS REQUIRE eofatra stormer COPPER WIRE VOLTMETER. AMMETERCIRCUIT DIAGRAM The mutual inductance term in the primary citcult represents the load of the secondary. Ithas the negative sign because it helps the source to produce more current in response to increasing load in the secondary circult. The mutual inductance term in the secondary represents the coupling from the primary and acts as the voltage source that drives the secondary circuit, PROCEDURE 1. Take thick tron roo and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large nurnber of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say G0). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller mumber of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on [t. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer. 3. Connect pl, p2to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and arameter respectively 4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through stand 2 5. Now connect stand s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer. &. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of tums in primary and secondary coil. USES OF TRANSFORMER A transformer is ued th almost all 4.c. operations- a > tn voltage vequiatonforT.v., refrigerator, computer, alr conditioner, ete. > A step down trawsformer ts used for welding purposes. > A step dowuvtransformer is used for obtaining large current» DiA step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays AWA NEON advertisement. > Transformers ave used in voltage regulators and stabilized power suppltes. > Transformers ave used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances. > Small transformers ave used in Radio sets, telephones, loud spealeers and electric bells eteSOURCES OF ERROR 1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect. 2. Eddy current caw change the readings. CONCLUSION oss the secondary cotl spect to the imput voltag 1. The output voltage of the transformer depends upon the ra i (Ns/Np) with f the tra ormer across th dary cHELP FROM INTERNET INFORMATION FROM LIBRARY HELP FROM TEACHERS 1) NCERT textbook class 12 2) NCERT physics lab Manuel 3) INTERNET 4) www.yahoo.com 5) www.scribd.com 6) www.google.com