CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background situation in paper made.

Mendel's laws discovered and introduced by Gregor Johann Mendel years
1822-1884. With the discovery of Mendel asked as the Father of Genetics.
Mendel did his research using pea plants on account of its short, easy to grow,
reproduce and flowering much perfect.
Although Mendel's laws are the basis of heredity traits, further research
found that many genes that do not fit Mendel's laws. If the comparison with
F2 phenotype results Monohybrid cross and dihybrid under the laws of
Mendel is 3: 1 and 9: 3: 3: 1.
In addition, the study also revealed that it is caused by an interaction
between genes. This interaction produces aberrant phenotype ratio of Mendel's
laws, better known by the apparent deviation Mendel law. Apparent
irregularities Mendel's law is a form of crosses that produce different
phenotypes ratios with dihybrid basis according to Mendel's laws. Although it
looks different from the actual phenotype ratios obtained a modification of the
ratio of the sum of the original phenotype of Mendel's laws. In this paper are
discussed in more detail about the apparent deviation Mendel law.

1.2 Formulation of the problem

From the before, the formulation of the problem on this paper :

1. Does the sense Deviations the irregularity of Mendel's Law?

2. What are the characteristics of Mendel's Law irregularity deviation?
3. What kinds of Mendel's Law irregularity deviation?

1.3 Purpose
The purpose of this paper :
1. Know the Law Moot Deviations understanding Mendel.
2. Knowing the characteristics of Mendel's Law irregularity deviation.
3. Describe the various deviations Mendel's Law irregularity.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

Apparent irregularities Mendel law is a form of crosses that produce different

phenotypes ratios on the basis of Mendel law. Although it looks different from the
actual ratio of phenotypes, but this irregularity obtained a modification of the ratio
of the sum of the original phenotype Mendel's laws.

2.1 Polymery

Segregation in a 15:1 ratio is of general importance because it is connected with

the presence of polymeric genes. This type of inheritance determines the
inheritance of quantitative characters. In the case of polymery, one can see the
combined action of several genes, causing a similar effect. Because these genes
influence the same character in an identical way, it is customary to depict them
with one latin letter and an index number for different alleles, A1, A2, A3 and so
on. Such a polymeric character is demonstrated by the red colour of wheat grains.
The inheritance of red colour in wheat grains is shown in Fig.4. It can be seen that
1/16 of all F2 plants have four dominant genes (A1A1A2A2) and have the most
intensive grain colour; 4/16 of all grains have three dominant alleles (type
A1A1A2a2); 6/16 have two (type A1a1A2a2) and 4/16 have one (type A1a1a2a2); all
these genotypes determine grain colour of various intensity. Genotype a1a1a2a2,
present in 1/16 of all grains, determines the white colour of grains. Fig.4 shows
that the frequencies of the above five classes are expressed in the binominal
series: 1+4+6+4+1 = 16, which reflects variability in grain colour, depending on
the number of dominant alleles in the genotype. Thus the range of genotypes in
the case of polymeric genes can be represented by a binominal curve of variations
of a given character. The greater the occurrence of such genes in heterozygous
condition, the more combinations of genotypes with various numbers of dominant
alleles are obtained in F2.

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Polymeric inheritance is intrinsic for many factors of economic value, namely:
butterfat yield, egg yield, weight and growth of domestic animals, fertility and
maturation rate, spike length, cob length, sugar content in the root crop of
sugarbeets, etc. The skin pigmentation of man is also inherited through polymeric
factors.

In conclusion it must be said that polymeric inheritance is extremely complicated,

and, to date, the theory of polymeric genes provides the best explanation of the
nature of inheritance of quantitative characters.

2.2 Complementary genes

The ratio 9:7 in the case of dihybrid segregation in F2 is observed when an

individual gene cannot act separately, but a certain character is developed in the
simultaneous presence of both complimentary genes. On crossing plants with
white flowers (AAbb) × (aaBB), plants F1 were produced with red flowers. In
generation F2 segregation was observed in the ratio of 9 red : 7 white. Thus for the
development of red colour, the presence of both dominating genes was necessary,
as in F1 (AaBb) and in 9/16 of plants F2. Three other classes of the generation,
developed in typical dihybrid segregation, produced only one type of plant, with
white flowers. That can be explained with the help of the formula for dihybrid
segregation, in which all the red plants are underlined:

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Fig. 1The inheritance of corolla colour and Fig.2 Inheritance of seed colour
shape in Antirrhinum majus at incomplete in Triticum at the interaction of two pairs of
domination in one pair of characters genes (polymery)

The ratio 9:3:4 for dihybrid segregation occurs only when one of the types of the
generation with a dominant gene cannot be distinguished from the double
recessive. The following example of crossing mice (Muridae) illustrates this.

The crossing of a black mouse (CCaa) and an albino (ccAA) yielded F1 bearing
both dominant genes, having genotype CcAa and hair colour of the wild type, the
so-called aguti. On inter-crossing such hybrids, the following picture of
segregation is received: 9 aguti : 3 black : 4 white.

2.3 Epistasis-Hipostatis

the interaction between two or more genes to control a single phenotype. The two
dominant genes influence each other and some of the dominant genes cover up
other dominant genes.

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Epistasis-hypostatis occurs due to the interaction between dominant genes located
in different locus (non- Homologous dominant gene).

Dominant gene that covers up other dominant genes Is called epistasis gene,
while dominant gene that is suppressed is called hypostasis’ gene.

The interactions of the two genes which control comb type was revealed because
we could identify and recognize the 9:3:3:1. Other genetic interactions were
identified because the results of crossing two dihybrids produced a modified
Mendelian ratio. All of the results are modifications of the 9:3:3:1 ratio.

Example : 12:3:1 Ratio

Phenotype: Fruit Color in Squash

With this interaction, color is recessive to no

color at one allelic pair. This recessive allele
must be expressed before the specific color allele
at a second locus is expressed. At the first gene
white colored squash is dominant to colored
squash, and the gene symbols are W=white
andw=colored. At the second gene yellow is dominant to green, and the symbols
used are G=yellow, g=green. If the dihybrid is selfed, three phenotypes are
produced in a 12:3:1 ratio. The following table explains how this ratio is obtained.

Genotype Fruit Color Gene Actions

9 W_G_ White Dominant white allele negates effect of G allele

3 W_gg White Dominant white allele negates effect of G allele

3 wwG_ Yellow Recessive color allele allows yellow allele expression

1 wwgg Green Recessive color allele allows green allele expression

Because the presence of the dominant W allele masks the effects of either
the G or g allele, this type of interaction is called dominant epistasis.

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Remember that epistasis is the interaction between different genes. If one allele or
allelic pair masks the expression of an allele at the second gene, that allele or
allelic pair is epistatic to the second gene.

2.4 Gene Interactions

The genes of an individual do not operate isolated from one another, but
obviously are functioning in a common cellular environment. Thus, it is expected
interactions between genes would occur. Bateson and Punnett performed a
classical experiment that demonstrated genetic interactions. They analyzed the
three comb types of chicken known to exist at that time:

Chicken Varieties Phenotype

Rose Pea

Single Walnut

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Result: The F1 differed from both parents and two new phenotypes not seen in the
parents appeared in the F2. How can this result be explained? The first clue is the
F2ratio. We have seen this ratio before when the F1 from a dihybrid cross is selfed
(or intermated). This observation suggests that two genes may control the
phenotype of the comb. The gene interactions and genotypes were determined by
performing the appropriate testcrosses.

A series of experiments demonstrated that the genotypes controlling the various

comb phenotypes are as follows.

Phenotypes Genotypes Frequency

Walnut R_P_ 9/16

Rose R_pp 3/16

Pea rrP_ 3/16

Single rrpp 1/16

It was later shown that the genotypes of the initial parents were:

Rose = RRpp

Pea = rrPP

2.5 CryptomereCryptomere are the non-allele dominant genes that seem

hidden when They
stand alone and the influence will appear after dominant genes appear At the
same time. Cyptomere can be found in the formation of linaria flower (Linariamar
occana).

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In Cryptomery, the influence of dominant genes will appear when they appear at
the same time.

The crossing between red linaria and white linaria produces purple linaria as the
F1. If the offsprings are crossed each other, the phenotypic ratio of F2 generation
produced is 9 purple : 3 red :4 white. The ratio can be declined into 9 : 3 : (3+1).

In advanced experiment it was found two Determiner factors of the color

formation in linaria flower, which are the presence or absence of antocyanin
pigment and pH condition in cell plasma The gene forming antocyanin is
dominant, while the one that acts as acid environmental determiner is recessive.

Based on picture In Cryptomery, the influence of dominant genes will appear

when they appear at the same time ,It is known that purple color is the hidden
color. The color will appear if two dominant genes appear at the same time. The
genotype possibilities for red flower are Aabb and. Aabb; those for purple flower
are AABB, AABb, AaBB, and, AaBb; and those for white flower are aaBb. aaBb,
and, aabb.

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUTIONS

Apparent irregularities Mendell law is a form of crosses that produce different

phenotypes ratios on the basis of dihybrid legally Mendell.

3.1 Polimery is a phenomenon where there are many alleles of genes not but
affect the character / nature of the same. Polimeri have characteristics: the
more dominant gene, then the nature of the character stronger. Phenotype
Ratio F2 red : white = 15 : 1
3.2 Chryptomery is an event in which a factor is not visible effect by itself, but a
new look effect if there are other factors that accompany it. Has properties
there are new characters appear when there are two dominant gene alleles are
not together. Example : the cross of Linaria maroccana Phenotype ratio F2
purple : red : white = 9 : 3 : 4

3.3 Epistasis-Hypostatsis is event in which dominant genes cover effect from

other dominan genes which not same allel. Genes which covers called
epistasis and genes which covered by other genes called hypostatsis

3.4 Complementery is coorperation form between two dominant genes which

complete each other to show character. Example : the marriage two people
who are deaf-mute Phenotype ration F2 normal : deaf-mute = 9 : 7

3.5 Allel interaction is event which appear character because interaction between
dominant genes and resesif genes. Example on wattle / comb in chickens.
Walnut F2 phenotypic ratio: Ros: Pea: Single = 9: 3: 3: 1

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 Reference

Anonim, PenyimpanganSemuHukum Mendel. 2013.

http://biologimediacentre.com/penyimpangan-semu-hukum-mendel/accesed
on November, 30 2014

Anonim. Non-Mendelian In Heritanc : Epistasis, Hypostsis, Polygenic And

Criptomere.2014. http://newsciencebiology.blogspot.com/2014/03/epistasis-
hypostsis-polygenic-and.htmlaccesed on November, 30 2014

Demin, Y.S.Mendel’s law.2013.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/b3310e/b3310e03.htmaccesed on November,
30 2014

McClean, Philip. Gene Interaction. 2000.

2http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel6.htmacces
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