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testimony in Venezuela since 1968. The peri in which ation leaves see for dopan i allowed by another in which reflection, exp TRuuon, asiicenee andthe etinony of fering ar anbted inc Be canoes eae tn tit the specs of Edmond Dantés hovers above thee SOAS whic a times ate eare-ending res. Neverthe, in them a “Community i coaing ctx with We Trina crate ofthe detest, Someone once observed that ou dents June pied mone slogoent works than have out vitor, perp be ie nag more tence such work ed tothe very iis Sacks ere ofthe dened no neces a sign of ig hun bu ahora tme out for thought The writer's pepective sans creet au ths bt bot aecery respite Which allows pat event tobe see terpreed as coherent whole, Aratically ad select, Sey slog ab relecoon canbe even more profitable dan che mubtancy Sian dtce pid. The Pom of he Ci. the work upon which Span cus age founded, open withthe banished orang back fora Teclogk attr auodoned homes, eat seaming fom the eye.” The eifeake por ete and ko ofthe hope ofretur, And Latin Aenean Gites inet se sbo weting thi log and painfl poem, But in sharing SE Son waa naonal pt, hey ea founding dhe Tain Amer ican nerary communiy ofthe ire Carlos Fuentes erica (1928) Cav foes has ved suse, a ected a ope the Une Stes ee lat Arena Are of Meco Cy, es ses many ofhis wasn Fee Dutch rot aay, He eons nove Whee the A tC 958). ‘scr ol the cig oom ter, ums Need enone e ery one OF spanan Aree, oe fl tates ir compe, Hkh wore (nes 2 expermentaten wih tence, sat, end rave pespectes ete, ues, oe s0 than ote wt of te Boo, ele the cect iste aed bounces ofthe moweere trough see of Hs ese. Funes San ancpoee wate fen cami he ety oF eden oa ara foe sped a goer wie inthe cance erg Nery an eon. Hs rate rineyconcemes wi he seach fr Mesa ey aes, De (ahr tecltresuncenes rans After leap ls burs cocicas (G98m, epublica Aura 42d Te Dat Ate C162). |A Gungeof Sin wen he Premio Blt Bre in 197, and was olives & ctustoora Uno 1987, cl The Ore ee 1998) ests 80 frO- Ghiced a umber of po, son ste, ec ey colectere, n whch ne cn teretre fence of low coureyran Octo Pe Hs dau lanai free ta alowed fi to tov wey ano bead Ns menstena sea Yen camps we Ns exe Wo Me ing Ha thea 18D rd 1850s — fen nt novel Dw (920, about i romnce ah cress Jen Seber, Ms 2) Ne evan Tre 998) 3 mee abiotic br. Beans {© ster pee ar eral writen n Eras How | Beg to Wie” fst epee nthe tien mesazre Gort kat er ncrpated mo seh (he (182). seen stares Furor per dade remade of Se sty asin ns cecrpveers ithe nels Map Seat How I Started to Write ‘was born on November 11,1928 under the sgo I woul have chosen, ‘Scorpio, atl on 3 date shred with Dosoeviey, Crommetyck, ad ‘Vonnegut. My masher was raced fom 2 steaming-het movie house in Wee eEns before Colonel Buendla tok hit son to dicover een the rope She wan seeing King Vidor'svemion of Lo Bole wih John Gi Herska tan Gn Perhaps the pangs of my bi wer proved by his mom lene eaeen version of Pucsn's oper. Since then, the operate sane aneatogrphic have had stugeotwae wih my wordy 26 if ex ‘evtng the Score of fiction to se rom slene musi and lind mgs, “AD et me wo cle up my biogrspy, cook plein the se tenn a of Parana City, wre my fer Ws beginning his diplomatic (Siete an aeache to the Bex legion, (Inox days, embusies were ‘Sublet ony in dhe most important expta—no pace where the mean SRREE Sowcreund temperature was pespetal an dhe nineties Since my ithe ess cominced Menican atonal he probe of where I wat tebe bom hal o be resalved under dhe sin, not of Scorpio, but of the {Eage nl the Serpent. The Mexican legason, however, though it had ‘ction have even eel midwife ad the Mine ‘ders Boots bachelor ffm Sinaloa by the pane of Ignacio Nor, ‘Sho cewnble the poet Quevedo ss one pincenez resembles anther, ‘Mould Have none of me suddenly pearing on de legion parqet even JFihe Angel Gabel had announced mes fare Mexican writer some, bei debatable, mest 3 fr coul? wor be boen in fctitos,extratertodal Mexico, nether ‘would be bor in hat even more itios extension of the United Se ‘SPAmerica, the Canal Zone, where, atu the bec hoya wee So, emuccs ta terion iction—the Menica gation the Caal Zone— Ted's mewikaly silent clve-p of fob Gillet 1 arived in the wick of ‘inca the Gon Hospital in Panama City 2¢ leven that evening "Tn problens af my baptnen then arse, As f he Waters ofthe 0 eihbting oceans touching each other wth the ion fingers of the Tet were not cnough, {had to ndergo a double ceremony my eligious tapins took pice in Patan, because my modher, a devout Roman Cade (es demanded with a much wegency Titra Shandy's peas, “kboug dough low niin! means. My ssional bap took pice 3 feu mans beer ia Menico City, where my ithe, an income cobin dial poseater eo the end insuad tha I be eegsered inthe cv rol ‘Mielsed by Benito Juier Thur, Fappea asa nave of Mexico Ciy fr [Tea purposes and this anomaly father tates cena et of my Han ny rung Tam Mexican by wld by imagination All cae ta headin che 1950s, By then ny er was counselor ofthe Mexican Enibsy in Wasingzo, D.C. an yew up ne want, ‘Gorld ofthe American tis, more or ler betteen the inanguration of {itst Romevel andthe interdison of Caen Kane. When facived fre Duck Tracy had just met Tess Trucare AS Uf, Cla Kent 8 smceting Lois Lane. You are whit you ex. You ae bo the comics you pene 3 child “Ke home, my fither made mie read Mesican history, stay Mexican eogpiy nd undestand the nan, the dre and defeats of Meco epEhentem country, Idea though, sented by my her nourish 2 tn imagabin with yet another marvels Bction: a land of Oz vhs grew cates ron, a nkcape and Sou 0 ifzen fom those of| the United Stes dha hey semed a fanasy “A erelfanosy the history of Mexico Wasa history of crushing tes, shes Tien wot that of iy D.C. publicschol, which eebrted ‘Mone, one victory alge another, Gam Vorktoen to New Orleans to Chapultepec wo Appomatos to San Joan Hil o Bello Wood: had this Sain never known dees? Somesznes the names of United States vie- (uct were de sme a the numer of Mexico's defeats and humitions: ‘Monterrey, Verses, Chapultepec. lade rom the Falls of Montezana toiheshores of Tipe Inthe map of my magiaton, the United Stes “Spindel westward, Mesico conte southward, Mig] Hes, he {her of Mexican independence, ended up with his head on exhib on [ane atthe city pte of Chins. nage Geomge and Maths beaded Mount Veron "To dhe south, sad songs, swect nos, imposible desires. To the on sek-condence ith in progres, boundless optimism. Mexico, he ingiaey country, dened of painfl pas the United Sats, the real County, denned ofa happy Kure "The French equate iteligence with ronal dicous, dhe Rusians ‘with nese sa searching. Fora Messen seigencesimseparble fom lctwanes-in hi ar ny oer hing, wee are quite Kaien, ‘Rani slypess, and the cu of appesances, 1 balla fa are Kana {eam present everywhere in Lia Amen Rome, more than Madi, ‘Sur apelin hs see ‘ore, at ch the United Sete Seemed a world whee ineligence seat equted th enery, zee, enhosanm. The North Amesican word Und es with ts enengye me cannot se ourselves, we must se pow The United State a wort fall of chereades,priegving. singin in the pin: the baton tie, the Orca tars, the masa comedies annot be ‘Rpeael dewhere. in Mexico, the Hallywood statuette woul! come {ipped in poioned pant n France, Gene Kelly would constantly op in Tas tps to rele dame, donee ss ony thangs inpresed theaseles on me dang those yeas. The UUnted Sater would you bebieve i—vas a country where thing worked. where oth ever broke don: eins, plumbing, rsd, pune Thali, penona ecunty seed fo fine pete, a east a the eye Keel of young Mesican diplomst's son ving in 2 residential hoe on Wein Stet Ses fing Metin Hl Pak, whe akg oti mune ad wine tr pes med rene ee Wore Hopman doh cea tose msc ata ae Sea ete ataraee ns eee lee ft nd Sly Mes oor pss tea Soares acca eee gmat | Perel Dyson my ety beeps et doen tans wut hn rs hon dn ys Sa SaLTisneede oy opemner oer bee Lar bees {Sj tivo apt he ch pe Re ous aa usr tnd ary owt ne ey ay Lass Sonttaty ac Posen be ena eat ey Spiradihe cole woof ema Bes doe a stout ety Mean bch en alight ca ca ate Gries ine wot bed my pe peace The soon tt Tacchini Tertafastediaaind aa bes aly nios ae wine abe ees eS heoeoe sn ose (Sasw ous pot td Pana Rested sbsecas Iain Sng metre Cnte Sen show twa ioe Bogep 0 eu mel nny rpc ce aes Joe pecan wat be Ge noet ny eane a ML nets pover mtd at see pee pea ee young cued powngep ke. hats paying ct ato erate neg agin, sneak rset rie emer initia eee ‘Spice pled fens. ono wel-banga he ep ae MPSedoretehecton nd each ln Ree then rel esi open worm by aco ig a the Ue Sone nh es Teka bom am he lds fOr sn tp ine Othe need nD, nd ths nage ef wee era aot eee teva inthe rh Aen er nny al ad teri euihsisenen dtc he mo hese tel Ck onbadoscl we We Breese ae ae ae a a ee Otte Rae disse hey son te bat To ea choot public hoo, nonconfsions and eoucsonal—re~ ees od ther ely eas ths bie in che se fey of my teen and chu, an above al bebeved oy in ily losis wy, a ft wor. I ee get and in al oseupaons to be popu inthe sited Snort wn oct oy hte he ves ful” 28 Se ee twas pop 1 wt “ep” Una» dy in March 2 pan. On tat day min om ater wor te imagery Mar py cldhoed, the Peet of Mexico, Liar Cans he holdings cig ol compani The headings the amen pe denounced te “commun” goverment of Mes No ed preety dened the ivan of Mec in he 1 me of ponte proper, and Mens, under nena boy- Ext were need to de theo S “sn psn, ecm a gaa ny school: Cold shoes cae pes and mets lw Chien kw how aan ce cry otha cy tee ee othe mae renga ew ngs tang, seer, things thet reve ‘Mignone msn. Ti won ne reserved frame ofr Mes. $2. hoc he ame tine, ab exec bean oy of eleven aived ‘Bs coon. Fle wor sow andi ly a ed om the Nis {Si esyssemember iy dark snd wemblng, is agen oo Sep ae bogeys wh thc eat ues: he ey of Bad ‘Fin aneense ot to hs Areca companions Th young man, hs Bein had rn atemateal rid adhe wks nda TEES Conca Euopesn: he wore sore ans and high woven sockingy ‘etenppcketsand anor of pac courtesy adhe ppl, Tyres nkered prone, Depreaon-era isons of Dice {riley Cooke Puc Schoo! on Then Steet NW. Me eck ofaenaon andthe shock fenton we vomtines oe andthe sme Wat was dat made othe ai, less of wat was “Eicon thn of themes, of hie own espacio recog the ‘Shes in the an Tiscover hat my Ge’ country wat a.nd that bonged to ie Mesic wa my en etched an ena: Hans Beier ered Thawcahan Theines om Mesico se son forges sooher gre TREC econ all inporant for wonder en dys medi fete be Sivunenuy ay 4 Cental Buopenn Jew. fd no nove what became thin, Over te yeas Ive aye expested seh receive a Nabe Brine mone ofthe weet Suey ihe Hved, henge el nto on Amcian society That lon athe psoas f Presiden Cindene he esta oer nese; he ot pps he ep ceory of los, seductive images of hese North American wo Hews sso, Spnsh sd Inn, wth wey, gen, ad hs Taok in hiseyen ihe wer ying to omer te nd ancient ‘Was tha pt mine 2 wal? Could dem de dears ofthe county seny revealed in pola ots omen ren demaresion fone on a mp or hllsk of saci 2 yearbok? I beeve then had the ition cat | wold no ese wt Dame © gp mpl ‘width common desiny which depended yon slater enn {he commeniy ef ine The Unted Sees fad nde me Bebe hate eon fr theft; Mec, Cissy the event of 1958, made te incon tha only na acto he patent can emake preset he Ps hve the fue to bes Mesa won to dent 2 hunger for Deng. 2 deste for dy vote in many fngtten cen an many ee tunes yeu to come, but sot hee, no inthe fsa, inthe Man tine of Meco ter ued oder in he tone serpent of Teo: tihtcin and inthe pegevone angel of Onc, ‘Ofcoune, slappers inchs l hs cep mosings ad ne Proof cf entence ou a st at ws, rote tap pas, 2 indo ae Staion In 1939 my her took me oe 3B st he od RKO-Ket Jn Wahingn, ies call Mon of Cont sa stared Richard Dix 2am onton, When Div Howson proied he secon of he Re public of Tous om Mexico, jumped on he hese sexta proained Er my own and om the ill heh of ay asso en yean Vir Mésis! Death ote ngs” My cnr er aed oe oot of the thst but hs pide oe cul ot es aking my ie rebelio lew the Hing Se So 1 apesed forthe Stine in» newspyper nd became ell Clery forte sowed ony apa ed ‘Rosy Whol sunt Perk Everyone sha be ous fw Blea five Th te wake of my She’ diplomacy co Che and cere fly the uve ofthe Sp ngage, of ain Arena pl- idcsandip advent, Proienr Roce ested enormous peste to apy sncuons and even invade Meso o pons my coun or {Stn it oon wel Likewt,he i notte o dead dhe Cen fades communis, and svi demwericly eleted t power {Gc under tbonncn of the Popul ron Inde ey oie the wig SF Chiles pall Mc os contagion active noon, active patie, ee™ {orl canpeig all spoke ue pla hah of he mos democratic ‘ttn American aos. Che wa «polly setae couey. Ie Mts mo coinence that ews ao che counry ofthe eat Spanish ‘Rmenan poets Cass Mis, Vico Hebe, abo Nem Toul cine to know Nenida a Branch fend many yous er. “This King Mi of pocy would wate, his rary teamen eed _ from a gazed hous and a pamees mb,» beau soag co the Spanish Tnguage The Conquistador, he wi took our gold, br they ews thee Hag they tw eur words Nenu god, earned in Chile, wo he reper ofall One aeroon on the beach a Lota southern Ce, ProPie ner a they came cut tole, os thee Rard work many Funder deen entcting dhe col ofthe Pcie Ocean. They st around ‘Sout a sng to guitar music, poem Bom Nero's Can Gener {Toll them tha the author would be eid to know thi his poem had bean etco msc “Wachee? chy ave ein spre, Fr them, Nad’ poste ha po nthe, it came fom abt had ala be sng ike Homer's, fevas the pocty, as Croce sad of the Ma, "Tun pop intro portant,” of Ie Bose pocirng people, Iwas dhe document ofthe engl ientty poety and hstory. Tene in Chie that Spanish could be the language of fee men. Tw ae lean i my lifetime, in Cul 1973, che fagisy of both our apne and our Beedom wien Richard Nixon, unable to destroy Aer= thar Semoerey, mertly helped to deoy Chilean democracy, the sane ‘Bing tcomi Beedne had done ia Czechosiovakin, "hs anonymous linguage 4 lnguage tat belongs al, s Nevada’ poem belonged to thve miners on de beach, ye ngage tha an be [EEdupped, tapered someximes jad, sometimes murdered. Late immunize this pradox: Cle offered me and the other weiter of my “rucrason in Santiago both the ovens ah of comered angus, Senn ad dhe proteccan ofthe Lavin of oar nes, the lingua fans of tema word the English ungoage- At the Grange Schoo, wader the Creme benny ofthe Ade, Jore Donoso and Jorge Edwans, Robero ‘Tones the te ais Albert Heyomany, and mys by then ll bung Znueurs, wrote oo int exerci aerate within ths mti-Banni ‘Weal ansrenuoas cro county races, gt cand ram ce oie, apd Tesperted hile reading Soonbume; and we were subjected tage {doce ur rughy, skin, pode for Beaks, and 2 sf wpe ip in “ty dete Bot when Montgomery broke through Et Alain the enmbled school towed ape inthe ar and hip-hip-hooryed to dean South America, clubs were named er George Canning nd obalears fer Lord Cocbrane, no matter dat Eng lpn inning independence Tew Englsh cconomie inp, om il ix Mexico tells sa [Bnesaiat There wa cre hil in oor bears oar Spanish conguero™ hadeen besten by the Enh the defeat of Pip Is nsneble Armada penta fr the eimes of Cont, Pare and Vali, Been was ‘empire, tee she wa democratic one in'Wahinggon Id begun writing + pesonal magn +» Engh, with my own ding, book reviews, and epochal bits of news, 1 oo Heese seeeE eee sea eect HeaeaeeeEE Eee eecEeECEeeaees esa sited of single copy, penciled and crsyonned, andi ciculion es limited eo ou aparnent bung. Thea, a age fuitecn, in Che, Teme lacked on + more ambions pret, sng with my sciolmate Roberts “Toned a wast Caroan saga that ant cline in itn 2 ilo alice Sans Sous?) where a blick yan kept 2 mad French mists n= fet. Allchis was setin the eal nineteenth centr adi the fl ene {Shades of ane Eyre! Refesons on Rebeccs! Fans of Joan Fontaine he Pale was bur dow, slong with che world of avery Ber where to bein? Tome and I were log with our Bray fae remit ae The Grange, avi eaden of Duras pr A sel-xspeting novel, in oar view, had to str in Maree, fl ew ofthe Chea Tan ‘the martyrdom of Edanon Danis Bet we were writing in Spanish not ln French, and our chaaces had to speak Spanish. Bot, what Spa? My Mesican Spansh, oe Roberts Chilean Spanish? We came te 2 or of compromise’ the charter would ye lke Andalsions Thi was probably 2 ct homage othe nd om which Calum ale. "The Mexian punter Davi Alfio Sgucitos wa then in Chie psiting the heroic mural of 2 school i the town of Chili, which id been Akevataed by one of Chil’ periodic enthuses, He had been implicated ina Sans atempe oa Trotsky fein Mexico City and his commision to pane 2 marlin the Southets Cone was» bind af honoray ex. My father, chargé afin Sango, where hin wa o pres the prouly independent Chileans to brea teltons wth the Besn- Rome ‘vos, ose above polis inthe nme fae and received Sigur rgslay forlunch tthe Mesicin Embusy, which wat desious mason, wor ‘of Willam Becklord’s flies, bu by an enriched faa aloe cle Fa “Ekall omSancigo's broad Peto de Vallva Avenue “This Gothic grocsque contained a Chincre room with nodding Bad dts, an ofce im what war loi se Westmister Priomentry se, [Napoleonic Tobie, Louis XV dining rom, Art Deco beoomn, For entne logan, many bass of Dane, nd. Sally, wae Chilean veyed in the back le was here, under the bling Aust grapes, tht foro Sigua to Siar lac an ten 19 me ead oo by then 40D-page-long opus, AS he drowsed offi the shade, [ganed aa lot my ft reader. The oe, too, ws lot: Toren, who now teaches philwophy of science atthe Uni vesty of Puerto Rico, as no copy; Sigur is det nd, bess, he Slep ght eeoogh my reading, Umpc feel abou i ike Marlowes B= "ahs about foricason: that was sn another county, and, besides, the wench is dead Ye the experience of wating hs higly imitative melo rama was noc los on me eernatonal eng isle conscous seach for lnguage (or lnguages, rather) wete pur of 3 constant atenpe at & breakthrough in my fe: My upbringing tug me that eure ae ot soled, and peih when deprived of contac with what i irene and thalenging, Reading, weisng, teaching, laming, ae all actives med inducing cvianions to each othe. No cule beeved inca ‘ious ever ince then and quite contol toy tans ety folaion dent stained i cnt conan breakbrough "Rhetoric, aid Willam Buder Yeu he ng af on ight with shes: poeuy i the are of our fight with ounelves My page om English o Spanish detennied the coneret expresion of wht before in Washington, had been the revelation of identity, T wanted o wre sd [wanted eo wien oder o show myself at my Ment and my country swe rea: now, i Chie, a6 {sated co sce my fit sore, even publishing them in school stgasne, eared tha us fat we Spansh. The Englsh guage eral id not ned another wre. Tae Enlsh language has alas ben ava kicking, and it ever becomes doy, these wl always bean Ian. Tn Chile T came to now te posible: of our lnguoge for giving wing t feedom and poste. The imprevion wis enduring i inks me Forever to dat sad and wondfl lever within me, and tears formed me into a man who knows how to dren, lve inland write nl in Span. Tea left me wide open eo an inceantitetopaton ‘What happened to this universal lngage, Sp, which aes the se cententh century cemed thea language of he, xcaton, diatisition, and personal power and became fr ton offen 4 language of mourning, ‘erly, shetoial applause, and abstract power? Whete were the thre ‘of my tation, where could I, weng in mid-twenties century in Latin Ameria find the dire ink othe great ing presences when staring to ead my lost Cervantes, my od Quevedo, dead because he could not folate one more winter, my Gongor, abandoned in + gl of lone? A saeen T fll went to live permanently in Mesico and there {oan the answer tomy ut fr ety and lange. the cin si of 1 plate of sone and dase that the nogitve Indian image of another Inghlind, that of cent Spain. Bue, berween Santiago and Mexicn City, {spent si wonder mone i Argsoina, They wers in spe of het levity, so nportane in this eaing sa wekngof mse that Tmt give them der fall wor. Buenos Aires ww then alvay the met bel sophisticated, and caed ty am Lain Ameria, Bu in dhe ame 1944 asec pavements malted in the het sd the sty smelled of cheap swatime guolne, hide fom the port, and chacolte Elis fo the

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