TE 0224

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB

Laboratory Manual

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRM UNIVERSITY
S.R.M. NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203.

FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
 DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

TE0224 ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB

(2011-2012)

Revision No: 2 PREPARED BY,

Date:
Mrs.Kavitha Narayanan

Mrs.S.Murugaveni

HOD/TCE
 TEO224 ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB

List of Experiments

1. AM Modulation and Demodulation(Envelope Detector)

2. FM Modulation using PLL

3. Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

4. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis

5. Analog Multiplexing.

6. Study of FM detection

7. Amplitude Modulation using Pspice

8. AM Modulation using Matlab

9. FM Modulation using Matlab

 1. AM MODULATOR & ENVELOPE DETECTOR
AIM

To study the amplitude modulation and demodulation and to calculate the

modulation index values for various modulating voltages
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Transistor BC108
2. Resistors
3. Capacitors
4. AFO
5. CRO
6. Diode OA79
7. Millimeter
8. Regulated power supply
9. Breadboard and connecting wires
THEORY
Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a carrier
signal is varied in accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is referred
to as the modulating signal and the output of the modulation process is called as the
modulation signal.
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which is the amplitude of the
carrier wave is varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The
envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the
following two requirements are satisfied
(1). the carrier frequency fc must be much greater then the highest frequency components
fm of the message signal m (t)
i.e. fc >> fm
(II) The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is
greater than unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated.
PROCEDURE
1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit.
2. The power supply is connected to the collector of the transistor
3. Modulated Output is taken from the collector of the Transistor
4. Calculate Vmax and Vmin from the Output
 Vc = 63mv fc = 500Khz fm = 1Khz

Modulating signal Email (V) Emax(V) Modulation index

Vm(v) M = Emax-Emin x 100
Emax + Emin

2 1.05 1.2 6.66

4 1 1.35 14.89

6 0.9 1.4 21.73

8 0.8 1.5 30.43

10 0.7 1.6 39.13

15 0.4 1.8 63.64

20 0 2 100

AM DETECTION

THEORY:
The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating Signal
from modulating signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector
circuit is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the
envelope of an AM wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier
frequency and phase, demodulation can be accomplished by extracting envelope.
An increased time constant RC results in a marginal output follows the
modulation envelope. A further increase in time constant the discharge curve become
horizontal if the rate of modulation envelope during negative half cycle of the modulation
voltage is faster than the rate of voltage RC combination ,the output fails to follow the
modulation resulting distorted output is called as “ diagonal clipping : this will occur
even high modulation index.
The depth of modulation at the detector output greater than unity and circuit
impedance is less than circuit load (Rl > Zm) results in clipping of negative peaks of
modulating signal. It is called “negative clipping “
PROCEDURE
1. T he circuit connection are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The amplitude modulated signal from AM generator is give as input to the
circuit.
3. The demodulated output is observed on the CRO
4. The various values modulating voltage signal frequency corresponding
demodulated voltage and frequency are noted and the readings are
tabulated.

SAMPLE READING

Fc = 500 KHz fm = 1 KHz

Emin (v) Emax (V) Em(p-p) Modulation index

M = Emax-Emin x 100
Emax + Emin
1.05 1.2 0.16 6.66

1 1.35 0.24 14.89

0.9 1.4 0.32 21.73

0.8 1.5 0.44 30.43

0.7 1.6 0.56 39.13

0.4 1.8 0.8 63.64

0 2 1.04 100

RESULT:

Thus the amplitude modulation and demodulation circuit were designed and the
modulation index for various modulating voltage were calculated.
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define Modulation.
2. What is modulation index?
3. Differentiate under modulation & over modulation.
4. List the advantages of AM modulation.
5. What are the different AM modulations Techniques?
6. What is detector?
7. When Diagonal clipping and Negative clipping occur in demodulation and how it
is overcome?
 2. FREQUENCY MODULATION
AIM:
To generate a frequency modulated wave-using IC 566

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. AFO
2. IC NE566
3. Resistors
4. Capacitor
5. CRO
6. Bread board and connection
7. RPS
THEORY:
Frequency modulation is a process of changing the frequency of a carrier wave in
accordance with the slowly varying base band signal. The main advantage of this
modulation is that it can provide better discrimination against noise.
FREQUENCY MODULATION USING IC 566

A VCO is a circuit that provides an oscillating signal whose frequency can be

adjusted over a control by Dc voltage. VCO can generate both square and triangular
Wave signal whose frequency is set by an external capacitor and resistor and then varied
by an applied DC voltage. IC 566 contains a current source to charge and discharge an
external capacitor C1 at a rate set by an external resistor. R1 and a modulating DC output
voltage.
The Schmitt trigger circuit present in the IC is used to switch the current source
between charge and discharge capacitor and triangular voltage developed across the
capacitor and the square wave from the Schmitt trigger are provide as the output of the
buffer amplifier.
The R2 and R3 combination is a voltage divider, the voltage VC must be in the range ¾
VCC < VC < VCC. The modulating voltage must be less than ¾ VCC the frequency Fc
can be calculated using the formula

Fo = 2 (Vcc-Vc) R1 C1 Vcc

For a fixed value of Vc and a constant C1 the frequency can be varied at 10:1
similarly for a constant R! C1 product value the frequency modulation can be done at
10:1 ratio
FORMULA:

Modulation index:

β = ∆ f/fm where ∆ f = Fmax – Fmin /2

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The modulating signal FM is given from an AFO (1KHZ)
3. For various values of modulating voltage Vm the values of Fmax and Fmin are
noted
4. The values of the modulation index are calculated.

SAMPLE READING

Vm Tmin Tmax Fmax Fmin Modulation

Index
Β = /∆f / fm

1.15 0.03 0.07 33.33 14.28 9.5

2.1 0.02 0.1 50 10 50
5.3 0.01 0,125 100 8 46

RESULTS:

The FM circuit using IC566 was designed and the modulation index for practical
and Theoretical.
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define Frequency Modulation.
2. What is Frequency deviation?
3. Differentiate under modulation & over modulation.
4. List the advantages of FM modulation over AM modulation.
5. What are the different AM modulations Techniques?
6. What is detector?
7. When Diagonal clipping and Negative clipping occur in demodulation and how it
is overcome?
 3. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM:
To study and obtain pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Transistor
2. AFO
3. IC NE566
4. Resistors
5. Capacitor
5. CRO
6. RPS

THEORY:
Pulse amplitude modulation is a scheme, which alters the amplitude of
regularly spaced rectangular pulses in accordance with the instantaneous values of a
continuous message signal.
Then amplitude of the modulated pulses represents the amplitude of the
intelligence.
A train of very short pulses of constant amplitude and fast repetition rate is
chosen the amplitude of these pulse is made to vary in accordance with that of a slower
modulating signal the result is that of multiplying the train by the modulating signal the
envelope of the pulse height corresponds to the modulating wave .the Pam wave contain
upper and lower side band frequencies .besides the modulating and pulse signals.
The demodulated PAM waves, the signal is passed through a low pass filter
having a cut –off frequencies equal to the highest frequency in the modulating signal. At
the output of the filter is available the modulating signal along with the DC component
PAM has the same signal to noise ratio as AM and so it is not employed in
practical circuits
PROCEDURE:

MODULATION
1. Make the circuit as shown in circuit diagram fig A
2. Set the pulse generated’s output to be 41vpp at 100HZ
3. Set AFO’s output at 2 vpp 100HZ
4. Observe the output wave form on a CRO
5. Tabulate the reading.
DEMODULATION:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (b)

2. Given the modulated output with AFO used to the input of the circuit.
3. Vary the potentiometer so that modulating signal is obtained.
4. Measure the amplitude of the signal and verify with that of the input.
SAMPLE READING:

PAM

Modulating voltage Vm (V) Pulse Amplitude modulation (V)

SAMPLE READING:

DEMODULATION

Modulating voltage Vm (V) Pulse Amplitude demodulation (V)

RESULT:

The pulse amplitude modulation circuit is circuit assembled and studied and
demodulated wave also done.
 4. PRE –EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS CIRCUITS
AIM:

To study and test the chateristics of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Transistor
2. AFO
3. IC NE566
4. Resistors
5. Capacitor
5. CRO
6. RPS
THEORY:

PRE-EMPHASIS CIRCUITS

The circuits are the transmitting side of the frequency modulator. It is used to
increase the gain of the higher frequency component as the input signal frequency
increased, the impendence of the collector voltage increase. If the signal frequency is
lesser then the impendence decrease which increase the collector current and hence
decrease the voltage.

DE-EMPHASIS CIRCUITS:

The circuit is placed at the receiving side. It acts as allow pass filter. The boosting
gain for higher frequency signal in the transmitting side is done by the pre-emphasis
circuit is filtered to the same value by the low pass filter. The cut off frequency is given
by the formula

Fc = 1/2π RC
Where R = 2 π fc L

DESIGN FORMULA:

Fc = 1/2 π R C (assume =R = 10 KΩ, C = 0.01μf)

R
=
2π
fc
L;
L=
R/2
π
fc
PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connection are made as shown in the circuit diagram for the pre-
emphasis and de-emphasis circuits
2. A power supply of 10V is given to the circuit
 3. For a constant value of input voltage the values of the frequency is varied and the
output is noted on the CRO
4. A graph is plotted between gain and frequency
5. The cut frequencies are practical values of the values of cut off frequency \are
found, compared and verified.

SAMPLE READING

Pre emphasis
De emphasis
Frequency

Vo (v) Gain (db) Vo (v) Gain (db)

RESULTS:

The characteristics of pre –emphasis and de emphasis circuits were studied and a
graphs was drawn between gain (in db) and frequency and fc was found.
 5. ANALOG MULTIPLEXING

TIME – DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

AIM:
To perform time division multiplexing and de- multiplexing using PAM signals.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. TDM Trainer Kit – ST 2102

2. CRO
3. Patch Chords
4. Probes
THEORY:
An important feature of pulse-amplitude modulation is a conservation of time.
That is, for a given message signal, transmission of the associated PAM wave engages
the communication channel for only a fraction of the sampling interval on a periodic
basis. Hence, some of the time interval between adjacent pulses of the PAM wave is
cleared fro use by the other independent message signals on a time –shared basis. By so
doing, we obtain a time –division multiplex system (TDM), which enables the joint
utilization of a common channel by a plurality of independent message signals without
mutual interference.
Each input message signal is first restricted in bandwidth by a low- pass pre-alias
filter to remove the frequencies that are nonessential to an adequate signal representation.
The pre-alias filter outputs are then applied to commutator, which is usually implemented
using electronic switching circuitry. The function of the commutator is two-fold: (1) to
take a narrow sample of each of the N input messages at a rate f that is slightly higher
than 2 wave, where W are the cutoff frequencies of the pre-alias filter, and (2) to
sequentially interleave these N samples inside a sampling interval Ts = 1/fs. Indeed, this
latter function is the essence of the time –division multiplexing operation .Following the
commutation process, the multiplexed signal is applied to a pulse –amplitude modulator,

The purpose of which is to transform the multiplexed signal into a form suitable for
transmission over the communication channel.
At the receiving end of the system, the received signal is applied to a pulse
amplitude demodulator, which performs the reverse operation of the pulse amplitude
modulator. The short pulses produced at the pulse demodulator output are distributed to
the appropriate low-pass reconstruction filters by means of a decommutator, which
operates in synchronism with the commutator in the transmitter. This synchronization is
essential for satisfactory operation of the TDM system, and provisions have to be made
for it

PROCEDURE:

1. Take the inputs from the function generator and give it to the channel in the
transmitter (Ch0..Ch3)using a patch chords
2. Note down the amplitude and time period of each signal that is available in
(Ch0...Ch3).
3. Measure the voltage and time period at the transmitter output.
4. Using a patch chord, connect transmitter output to receiver input.
5. For synchronization purpose, connect the transmitter clock and receiver clock
and also Txch0 and Rx0.
6. See the output before the filter and the filter for all the channels connected.
RESULTS:
Time division multiplexing and de-multiplexing using PAM signals was
performed and respect ion forms were plotted.
 6. STUDY OF FM DEMODULATION

In fm demodulators, the intelligence to be recovered is not in amplitude

variations; it is in the variation of the instantaneous frequency of the carrier, either above
or below the center frequency. The detecting device must be constructed so that its output
amplitude will vary linearly according to the instantaneous frequency of the incoming
signal.

Several types of fm detectors have been developed and are in use, but in this
section we will study two of the most common: (1) the slope detector, (2) Foster-seeley
discriminator.

SLOPE DETECTION

To be able to understand the principles of operation for fm detectors, you need to

first study the simplest form of frequency-modulation detector, the SLOPE DETECTOR.
The slope detector is essentially a tank circuit which is tuned to a frequency either
slightly above or below the fm carrier frequency. View (a) of figure (a)is a plot of voltage
versus frequency for a tank circuit. The resonant frequency of the tank is the frequency at
point 4. Components are selected so that the resonant frequency is higher than the
frequency of the fm carrier signal at point 2. The entire frequency deviation for the fm
signal falls on the lower slope of the band pass curve between points 1 and 3. As the fm
signal is applied to the tank circuit in view (b), the output amplitude of the signal varies
as its frequency swings closer to, or further from, the resonant frequency of the tank.
Frequency variations will still be present in this waveform, but it will also develop
amplitude variations, as shown in view (b). This is because of the response of the tank
circuit as it varies with the input frequency. This signal is then applied to the diode
detector in view (c) and the detected waveform is the output. This circuit has the major
disadvantage that any amplitude variations in the RF waveform will pass through the tank
circuit and be detected. This disadvantage can be eliminated by placing a limiter circuit
before the tank input. This circuit is basically the same as an AM detector with the tank
tuned to a higher or lower frequency than the received carrier.

Figure (a) - Slope detector. VOLTAGE VERSUS FREQUENCY PLOT

Figure (b) - Slope detector. TANK CIRCUIT

Figure (c) - Slope detector. DIODE DETECTOR

FOSTER-SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR

The FOSTER-SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR is also known as the PHASE-SHIFT

DISCRIMINATOR. It uses a double-tuned RF transformer to convert frequency
variations in the received fm signal to amplitude variations. These amplitude variations
are then rectified and filtered to provide a dc output voltage. This voltage varies in both
amplitude and polarity as the input signal varies in frequency. A typical discriminator
response curve is shown in figure (d). The output voltage is 0 when the input frequency is
equal to the carrier frequency (fr). When the input frequency rises above the center
frequency, the output increases in the positive direction. When the input frequency drops
below the center frequency, the output increases in the negative direction.

Figure (d) - Discriminator response curve.

The output of the Foster-Seeley discriminator is affected not only by the input
frequency, but also to a certain extent by the input amplitude. Therefore, using limiter
stages before the detector is necessary.

CIRCUIT OPERATION OF A FOSTER-SEELEY DISCRIMINATOR

Figure (e) shows a typical Foster-Seeley discriminator. The collector circuit of the
preceding limiter/amplifier circuit (Q1) is shown. The limiter/amplifier circuit is a special
amplifier circuit which limits the amplitude of the signal. This limiting keeps interfering
noise low by removing excessive amplitude variations from signals. The collector circuit
tank consists of C1 and L1. C2 and L2 form the secondary tank circuit. Both tank circuits
are tuned to the center frequency of the incoming fm signal. Choke L3 is the dc return
path for diode rectifiers CR1 and CR2. R1 and R2 are not always necessary but are
usually used when the back (reverse bias) resistance of the two diodes is different.
Resistors R3 and R4 are the load resistors and are bypassed by C3 and C4 to remove RF.
C5 is the output coupling capacitor.

Figure (e) - Foster-Seeley discriminator.

CIRCUIT OPERATION AT RESONANCE

The operation of the Foster-Seeley discriminator can best be explained using

vector diagrams figure (e), view (B) that show phase relationships between the voltages
and currents in the circuit. Let's look at the phase relationships when the input frequency
is equal to the center frequency of the resonant tank circuit.

The input signal applied to the primary tank circuit is shown as vector ep. Since
coupling capacitor C8 has negligible reactance at the input frequency, RF choke L3 is
effectively in parallel with the primary tank circuit. Also, because L3 is effectively in
parallel with the primary tank circuit, input voltage ep also appears across L3. With
voltage ep applied to the primary of T1, a voltage is induced in the secondary which
causes current to flow in the secondary tank circuit. When the input frequency is equal to
the center frequency, the tank is at resonance and acts resistive. Current and voltage are
in phase in a resistance circuit, as shown by is and ep. The current flowing in the tank
causes voltage drops across each half of the balanced secondary winding of transformer
T1. These voltage drops are of equal amplitude and opposite polarity with respect to the
center tap of the winding. Because the winding is inductive, the voltage across it is 90
degrees out of phase with the current through it. Because of the center-tap arrangement,
the voltages at each end of the secondary winding of T1 are 180 degrees out of phase and
are shown as e1 and e2 on the vector diagram.

The voltage applied to the anode of CR1 is the vector sum of voltages ep and e1,
shown as e3 on the diagram. Likewise, the voltage applied to the anode of CR2 is the
vector sum of voltages ep and e2, shown as e4 on the diagram. At resonance e3 and e4 are
equal, as shown by vectors of the same length. Equal anode voltages on diodes CR1 and
CR2 produce equal currents and, with equal load resistors, equal and opposite voltages
will be developed across R3 and R4. The output is taken across R3 and R4 and will be 0
at resonance since these voltages are equal and of appositive polarity.

The diodes conduct on opposite half cycles of the input waveform and produce a
series of dc pulses at the RF rate. This RF ripple is filtered out by capacitors C3 and C4.

OPERATION ABOVE RESONANCE

A phase shift occurs when an input frequency higher than the center frequency is
applied to the discriminator circuit and the current and voltage phase relationships
change. When a series-tuned circuit operates at a frequency above resonance, the
inductive reactance of the coil increases and the capacitive reactance of the capacitor
decreases. Above resonance the tank circuit acts like an inductor. Secondary current lags
the primary tank voltage, ep. Notice that secondary voltages e1 and e2 are still 180 degrees
out of phase with the current (iS) that produces them. The change to a lagging secondary
current rotates the vectors in a clockwise direction. This causes el to become more in
phase with ep while e2 is shifted further out of phase with ep. The vector sum of ep and e2
is less than that of ep and e1. Above the center frequency, diode CR1 conducts more than
diode CR2. Because of this heavier conduction, the voltage developed across R3 is
greater than the voltage developed across R4; the output voltage is positive.

OPERATION BELOW RESONANCE

When the input frequency is lower than the center frequency, the current and
voltage phase relationships change. When the tuned circuit is operated at a frequency
lower than resonance, the capacitive reactance increases and the inductive reactance
decreases. Below resonance the tank acts like a capacitor and the secondary current leads
primary tank voltage ep. This change to a leading secondary current rotates the vectors in
 a counterclockwise direction. From the vector diagram you should see that e2 is
brought nearer in phase with ep, while el is shifted further out of phase with ep. The
vector sum of ep and e2 is larger than that of e p and e1. Diode CR2 conducts more than
diode CR1 below the center frequency. The voltage drop across R4 is larger than that
across R3 and the output across both is negative.

DISADVANTAGES

These voltage outputs can be plotted to show the response curve of the
discriminator discussed earlier (figure (d)). When weak AM signals (too small in
amplitude to reach the circuit limiting level) pass through the limiter stages, they can
appear in the output. These unwanted amplitude variations will cause primary voltage ep
[view (A) of figure (e)] to fluctuate with the modulation and to induce a similar voltage in
the secondary of T1. Since the diodes are connected as half-wave rectifiers, these small
AM signals will be detected as they would be in a diode detector and will appear in the
output. This unwanted AM interference is cancelled out in the ratio detector and is the
main disadvantage of the Foster-Seeley circuit.
 7. AM MODULATOR USING PSPICE
DESCRIPTION:

This circuit uses two signal generators to simulate an Amplitude Modulated RF

carrier wave. The output can be used to simulate the response of LC and tank circuits.

Two signal generators are used in this circuit, one representing a high frequency
(200 kHz) RF carrier, VG2; the other signal generator is used to inject a 1 KHz audio
signal. The two signals are mixed and amplified by the transistor and an amplitude
modulated signal appears at the collector of the T1 (2N 2222). The DC component is
removed by C2 and R3 and the RF output now appears across the load resistor R3.
SPICE NETLIST:

The spice net list is shown below. Copy all lines between *AM and .END and paste into
a new text file called Vmod.circuit or similar.
Vcc 1 0 30
VG2 2 0 DC 0 AC 1 0 SIN (0 10M 200K 0 0 -90)
VG1 4 0 DC 0 AC 1 0 SIN ( 0 5 1K 0 0 -90 )
C3 5 0 100N
C2 6 3 470P
C1 2 7 100N
R5 0 7 15K
R4 7 1 56K
R3 0 3 1K
R2 4 5 4.7K

R1 1 6 10K
QT1 6 7 5 Q2N2222.

LIB EVAL.LIB.
.TRAN 2us 10 ms.

.PROBE

.END

To produce an output in Spice Opus start the program and load the new Vmod.cir the
modulated signal appears across R3 which is now node 3 and earth. After loading the
circuit the command "listing" will display the net list. The command "run" will then
simulate the circuit; "display" will print a list of all variables in the circuit. The command
plot v(3) will display the AM wave between node 3 and 0 i.e. the load resistor R3.

Note to speed up simulation, the RF carrier has been limited to 200KHz only, and the
output waveform just shows two complete cycles of the audio wave, i.e. 2ms as the
modulating frequency is 1k.

RESULT: Thus Amplitude Modulation using Pspice was generated.

 8. AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AIM:

To generate the waveform for Amplitude modulation using Mat lab Simulation.
THEORY:

In Amplitude Modulation or AM, the carrier signal

Has its amplitude

Modulated in proportion to the message bearing (lower frequency) signal

To give

The magnitude of

Is chosen to be less than or equal to 1, from reasons having to do with demodulation, i.e.
recovery of the signal

From the received signal. The modulation index is then defined to be

Figures 1 and 2 are some mat lab plots of what the modulated signal looks like for

. The frequency of the modulating signal is chosen to be much smaller than that of the
carrier signal. Try to think of what would happen if the modulating index were bigger
than 1.
Figure 1: AM modulation with modulation index .2

Note that the AM signal is of the form

This has frequency components at frequencies

Figure 2: AM modulation with

modulation index .4 Matlab code for
PROGRAM:

t=0:0.001:1;

vd=8*cos(2*pi*5*t);

vc=0.1*cos(2*pi*15*t);

ft=vc.*vd;

am=ft+vc;

figure(1)

plot(t,vd);

figure(2)

plot(t,vc);

figure(3)

plot(t,am);
 Carrier signal

Original singal(informationsignal)

Amplitude Modulated signal

The AM waveform in time and frequency domain.
fm=20HZ,fc=500HZ,Vm=1V,Vc=1V,t=0:0.00001:0.09999

fm=20;
fc=500;
vm=1;
vc=1;
interval=0.001;
% x-axis:Time(second)
t=0:0.00001:0.09999;
f=0:1:9999;

% y-axis:Voltage(volt)
wc=2*pi*fc;
wm=2*pi*fm;
V1=vc+vm*sin(wm*t);
V2=-(vc+vm*sin(wm*t));
Vm=vm*sin(wm*t);
Vc=vc*sin(wc*t);
Vam=(1+sin(wm*t)).*(sin(wc*t));
Vf=abs(fft(Vam,10000))/10000;

% Plot figure in time domain

figure;
plot(t,Vam);
hold on;
plot(t,V1,'r'),plot(t,V2,'r');
title('AM waveform time-domain');
xlabel('time'), ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;

% Plot figure in frequency domain

figure;
plot(f*10,Vf);
axis([(fc-2*fm) (fc+2*fm) 0 0.6]);
title('AM waveform frequency-domain');
xlabel('frequency'), ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;

%Plot modulating signal

figure;
plot(t,Vm);
title('AM modulating signal');
xlabel('time'), ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;

%Plot carrier signal

figure;
plot(t, Vc);
title('AM carrier signal');
xlabel('time'), ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
clear;

Result:
Thus the waveform for Amplitude Modulation is generated using Mat lab
 9. FREQUENCY MODULATION
AIM:

To generate the waveform for frequency modulation using Matlab Simulation.

THEORY:
Frequency modulation uses the information signal, Vm(t) to vary the carrier
frequency within some small range about its original value. Here are the three signals in
mathematical form

• Information: Vm(t)
• Carrier: Vc(t) = Vco sin ( 2 π fc t + φ )
• FM: VFM (t) = Vco sin (2 π [fc + (Δf/Vmo) Vm (t) ] t + φ)

We have replaced the carrier frequency term, with a time-varying frequency. We have
also introduced a new term: Δf, the peak frequency deviation. In this form, you should be
able to see that the carrier frequency term: fc + (Δf/Vmo) Vm (t) now varies between the
extremes of fc - Δf and fc + Δf. The interpretation of Δf becomes clear: it is the farthest
away from the original frequency that the FM signal can be. Sometimes it is referred to as
the "swing" in the frequency.

We can also define a modulation index for FM, analogous to AM:

β = Δf/fm , where fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.

The simplest interpretation of the modulation index, β, is as a measure of the peak

frequency deviation, Δf. In other words, β represents a way to express the peak deviation
frequency as a multiple of the maximum modulating frequency, fm, i.e. Δf = β fm.

Example: suppose in FM radio that the audio signal to be transmitted ranges from 20 to
15,000 Hz (it does). If the FM system used a maximum modulating index, β, of 5.0, then
the frequency would "swing" by a maximum of 5 x 15 kHz = 75 kHz above and below
the carrier frequency. Here is a simple FM signal:
Here, the carrier is at 30 Hz, and the modulating frequency is 5 Hz. The modulation index
is about 3, making the peak frequency deviation about 15 Hz. That means the frequency
will vary somewhere between 15 and 45 Hz. How fast the cycle is completed is a
function of the modulating frequency.

PROGRAM:

The frequency modulation (FM) waveform in time and frequency domain

.
fm=250HZ,fc=5KHZ,Vm=1V,Vc=1V,m=10,t=0:0.00001:0.09 999

% setting
vc=1;
vm=1;
fm=250;
fc=5000;
m=10;
% x-axis: Time(second)
t=0:0.00001:0.09999;
f=0:10:99990;
% y-axis: Voltage(volt)
wc=2*pi*fc;
wm=2*pi*fm;
sc_t=vc*cos(wc*t);
sm_t=vm*cos(wm*t);
kf=1000;
s_fm=vc*cos((wc*t)+10*sin(wm*t));
vf=abs(fft(s_fm,10^4))/5000;

% Plot figure in time domain

figure;
plot(t,s_fm);
hold on;
plot(t,sm_t,'r');
axis([0 0.01 -1.5 1.5]);
xlabel('time(second)'),ylabel('amplitude');
title('FM time-domain');
grid on;

% Plot figure in frequency domain

figure;
plot(f,vf);
axis([ 0 10^4 0 0.4]);
xlabel('frequency'), ylabel('amplitude');
title('FM frequency-domain');
grid on;

%Plot modulating signal

figure;
plot(t,sm_t);
axis([0 0.1 -1.5 1.5]);
title('FM modulating signal');

RESULT:
Thus the waveform for frequency Modulation is generated using Mat lab