CLAUDIA ROSS, Ph.D. Simplified morphology for easier reading comprehension 200 sets of practice exercises Pronunciation key thoughout _- Chinese/English and English/Chinese glossaries Use with these courses: (A Beginning Chinese | [2% Beginning Chinese il [= Mandarin | (7 Mandarin Il (7 Elementary Chinese (7% Intermediate ChineseSCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF CHINESE GRAMMAR CLAUDIA ROSS, Ph.D. Professor of Chinese Department of Modern Languages and Literature College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Torontoareata lecitet oe Claudia Ross is coordinator of the Chinese language program at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, MA, and has 20 years’ experience teaching Chinese as a second language. She received her Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Michigan. Schaum’s Outline of CHINESE GRAMMAR Copyright © 2004 by McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. i 34567890 CUS/CUS 098765 ISBN 0-07-187764-6 Acknowledgments I wish to thank the following people for their assistance in the development of this book: ding-heng Ma, Hsiu-ling Lin, Weina Zhao, Yu-tzu Zhang, Jocelyn Ross, Adam Ross, Grace Chen, and the reviewers and editors of the Schaum’s series, All errors are, of course my own.Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Contents Conventions Used in this Book NUMBERS Counting Estimates and Approximations Ordinalization Reading Numbers Fractions and Percentages NOUNS, NOUN PHRASES, AND NOUN MODIFICATION Nouns Noun Phrases Noun Modification VERBS AND VERB PHRASES Properties of Mandarin Verbs Stative Verbs Activity Verbs Achievement Verbs Membership in More than One Verb Category ADVERBS Characteristics of Adverbs Common Adverbs Categorized by Meaning PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Commonly Used Prepositions Properties of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases The Meaning of Mandarin Prepositions Prepositions and Verbs THE SUFFIXES 7 le’ # zhe > AND i8/i guo JT le 5-7 le V-T le V-# zhe V-28/it guo THE RESULTATIVE STRUCTURE AND POTENTIAL SUFFIXES The Resultative Structure Potential Suffixes: - 44 T deliio able to and - # { bulido unable to ili 46 88 111 119 135Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 CONTENTS QUESTIONS AND QUESTION WORDS Questions Question Words as Indefinites LOCATION, DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT, AND DISTANCE Location Directional Movement Distance THE #¢ ba CONSTRUCTION COMPARISONS More Than Less Than Equal To Not Equal To Including the Activity in the Comparison PHRASE AND CLAUSE CONNECTION Important Features of Phrase and Clause Connections Addition Disjunction Sequence and Simultaneity Contrast Conditionality Cause-and-Effect FOCUSING CONSTRUCTIONS Topicalization % shi ... & de He J chile ... 9h yiwai 3e/3# lidn Passives SPEAKER PERSPECTIVE Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases Sentence Final Particles ANSWERS TO EXERCISES Index 147 172 190 195 208 243 252 275Conventions Used in This Book Presentation of Examples Examples are presented in traditional characters, simplified characters, and pinyin romanization. AZRA RE RAPRA BE o zhé bén shti hén yéu yisi. This book is very interesting. When no character in an example has a simplified form, a single line of characters is presented. Ab HIRE ° w6 didi hén gao. My younger brother is very tall. In pinyin examples, capitalization is used only for proper names. RRER GCP BR ° RRER CFP At wo hén xihuan chi Zhonggud fan. I like to eat Chinese food very much. Ungrammatical Forms Ungrammatical examples are occasionally presented to indicate improper usage. All ungrammatical forms are preceded by @. Ungrammatical forms are always presented along with grammatical forms. BAA OMAR wo de péngyou péngyou de w6 my friend Conventions used in tone marking neutral tone This book follows the conventions of Beijing Mandarin in the use of neutral tone: » The classifier 4¢|/\ge is presented in neutral tone. ® The second syllable of most nouns occurs in neutral tone: (e.g. 44k méimei AA péngyou) ® The infixes# biti and #4 dé in resultative verb compounds are presented as bu and de (e.g. #45, kandejian able to see, 8 7 B| maibudado unable to buy).vi CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS BOOK tone_sandhi In spoken Mandarin, certain tone sandhi (tone change) rules apply. 8 Third tone change: Third tone is spoken as second tone when it occurs before another third tone (e.g. ni h4o becomes nf ho, wo: xihuan becomes w6 xihuan). In this book, third tone change is represented in the tone spelling only if the change occurs within a single word. It is not indicated if the change occurs across word boundaries. In this way, the two syllable words 4] vA and * # are written in pinyin as kéyi and shuigud (not as kéyi and shuYgud) but the two word phrase Lak is written in pinyin as hén hao, not hén hio. = Special tone changes: # bt: becomes bit when it occurs before a fourth toned syllable (e.g. bi: hut becomes bit hui, bi: dul becomes bu dui. In this book, fourth tone change is represented in the tone spelling within and across word boundaries. " The numbers — yi one, ’ + gi seven, and /\ ba eight sometimes change to second tone before a fourth toned syllable (e.g. —/\yige, yikuai). In this book these numbers are always represented in first tone. Conventions for writing de a] de ~ the marker of noun modification: BSNS ABA a) tishtiguan de shi the library's books. 3%, de - the marker of pre-verbal modification of activity verbs: fir fit 28 A toutou de kan secretly take a look ft de - the a of post-verbal modification of activity verbs: RAE pao a kuai run fastCONVENTIONS USED IN THIS BOOK - the potential infix in resultative verb compounds: pk JL Ott A chidewan able to finish eating - the marker of extent modification of adjectival stative verbs: tte BAG HS AR RER © Aa RAT IE ARRR © ta léi de zhanbugilai. He is so tired that he can't stand up. Conventions for writing zud #& zud as the verb meaning to do or to assume the role of: PE WS Zuo cai zud shi to cook to work 4 zud as a constituent in noun compounds: VER VF ak zuoye homeworkNumbers COUNTING Numbers 1-99 When numbers are used for counting, they occur without any additional words: — yi 1 = & 2 — san 3 WwW si 4 x wi 5 x lit 6 k q 7 nw ba 8 HK jit 9 + _ shf 10 OQ ing 60 OR #& ling 0 The numbers 11-99 are built upon 1-10 as follows: fe shfyi Il 2+ sanshi 30 — shfér 12 +H sanshiwtt 35 +2 shisan J3 w+ sishf 40 +2 shisi 14 v+HA sishiwi 45 +E shiwt{ 15 B+ —— witsht 50 +H shilit 16 A+R wishiwi 55 +4 shfqi 17 a+ litshi 60 HA sh{ba 18 AK+H litshiwi 65 +H shijiti 19 t+ qishi 70 =+ érshf 20 ++H qishiwi 75 a+— — exshiyi 21 A+ bashf 80 ata érshftr 22 A+# bashfwti 85 a+ ershisin 23 A+ jitishi 90 =+w ershist 24 Ate jitshiwi 95 —2+h ershiwi 25 AtA jitishijit 992 NUMBERS (CHAP.1 = érand Wy/ 7 liing # When counting numbers without a following classifier, the number “2” is always = er: —yi, —@, = san... (For more on classifiers, see Chapter 2: Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Noun Modification.) | « When the number “2” is part of the number 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, or 92, it is always — er: += shfér + —-+-= ershfér +» =-+= sdnshfer ... = Jn all other cases, when the number “2” occurs before a classifier, it is Fa/7A liang. (See Chapter 2: Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Noun Modification.) aA mg A aA AA liang bén shi liang ge rén two books two people 1. Complete the chart by converting the Chinese numbers to Arabic numerals and the Arabic numerals to Chinese numbers: Arabic Chinese Arabic Chinese Numeral Number Numeral Number 1. | 14 8. =—+=. ér shi ér 2. =—+= érshfsan 9. | 92 3. | 28 10. --X shi ba 4. B+ wit shf lit 11. | 77 3. | 39 12, ALA bai shf ba 6. | +-+w di shfst 13. | 26 7.) 67 14. | w-+— si shi yi Numbers 100-10,000 a bai 100 + qian 1,000 %/ wan 10,000