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Three-dimensional vibration analysis of

isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with
elastic boundary restraints

Article in International Journal of Mechanical Sciences · December 2014

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.09.005

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 International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijmecsci

Three-dimensional vibration analysis of isotropic and orthotropic

conical shells with elastic boundary restraints
Guoyong Jin n, Zhu Su n, Tiangui Ye, Xingzhao Jia
College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, a three-dimensional (3-D) solution method is presented for the free vibration of isotropic
Received 16 March 2014 and orthotropic conical shells with elastic boundary restraints. The formulation is derived by means of
Received in revised form the Rayleigh–Ritz procedure based on the three-dimensional elasticity theory. Displacement compo-
19 July 2014
nents of the conical shells are represented by Fourier series in the circumferential direction and a double
Accepted 10 September 2014
Available online 21 September 2014
Fourier cosine series supplemented with several auxiliary functions in thickness and meridional
directions. The supplementary functions in the form of the product of a polynomial function and a
Keywords: single cosine series are introduced to ensure and accelerate the convergence of the series representa-
Isotropic and orthotropic tions. To validate the present method, the convergence behavior is demonstrated, and several
Conical shell
comparisons of the numerical results with those published in the literature and obtained by ANASYS
Three-dimensional elasticity theory
are performed. Numerous new results for the isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with elastic
Free vibration
Elastic boundary restraints boundary conditions are presented. The effects of the geometrical parameters, orthotropic properties
and boundary conditions on the natural frequencies of conical shells are illustrated.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction detailed descriptions on this subject may be found in several

Shell structures are extensively used in various engineering
applications, particularly in aerospace, marine and structural
engineering. In order to ensure a reliable design, a detailed
understanding of their dynamic characteristics must first be
determined. In the past several decades, various shell theories
and different computational methods have been proposed and
developed by researchers in order to predict the vibration beha-
vior of the shells. The shell theories mainly include three-
dimensional (3-D) elasticity theory and two-dimensional (2-D)
theories which reduce the dimensions of the shell problem from
three to two by making certain hypotheses regarding the stress
and strain fields along the thickness of the shell and can be
classified into three main categories: classical shell theory (CST),
first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), and higher-order
shear deformation theory (HSDT). A number of computational
methods have been proposed and developed, such as Rayleigh–
Ritz method [1–3], Haar wavelet method [4], differential quad-
rature method [5,6], finite element method [7], meshless methods
[8–15] and discrete singular convolution method [16–38]. More
n analysis of thin isotropic conical shells under different classical
Corresponding authors. Tel.: þ 86 451 82569458; fax: þ86 451 82518264.
E-mail addresses: guoyongjin@hrbeu.edu.cn (G. Jin),
xiuzhu0403@163.com (Z. Su).
monographs respectively by Qatu [17], Reddy [18], Carrera et al.
[19], and Leiss and Qatu [20].
As one of the common shell structures, conical shells play a
significant role in many industrial fields. However, compared with
the studies of the cylindrical shells, the literature about conical
shells is limited. Most investigations [21–41] were carried out
based on 2-D theories. Saunders et al. [21] applied Rayleigh–Ritz
method to compute the frequencies for free vibration of isotropic
thin conical shells with free or simply supported boundary
condition. Garnet and Kemper [22] also employed this method
to study the lowest axisymmetric modes of truncated conical
shells, and the transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia
effects are accounted for. The axisymmetric modes and natural
frequencies of isotropic thin conical shells were obtained by
Goldberg et al. [23] using numerical intergration method and
classical shell theory (CST). Tong [26] developed the power series
expansion approach to analyze free vibration of isotropic and
orthotropic conical shells. Free vibration of isotropic conical shells
was studied by Shu [27] using a global method of generalized
differential quadrature (GDQ) on the basis of classical shell theory
(CST) and two types of boundary conditions were considered
including simply supported and clamped edges. Free vibration
boundary conditions was carried out by Liew et al. [28] using
the element-free kp-Ritz method based on CST, and the kernel

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.09.005
0020-7403/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
208 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221

particle (kp) functions were introduced to approximate the two-

dimensional displacement field. Sofiyec et al. [29] studied the
vibration and stability of non-homogeneous orthotropic conical
shells subjected to hydrostatic pressure using the Garlerkin
method in the context of CST, in which the material properties
of conical shells vary continuously in the thickness direction. The
free and forced vibration of isotropic conical shells were studied by
Li et al. [31] by the means of Hamilton's principle in conjunction
with the Rayleigh–Ritz method based on the first-order shear
deformation theory (FSDT). Some researchers [32–38] have ana-
lyzed the free vibration of the rotating conical shells by different
methods. Liew et al. [39] and Lim and Liew [40,41] investigated the
Fig. 1. Coordinate system and geometry of a conical shell.
free vibration of shallow conical shell using pb-2 Ritz method on
the basis of shallow shell theories. There is a limited amount of
literature [42–45] concerning the vibration analysis of conical and the distance of P from the axis of revolution is expressed as
shells based on 3-D elasticity theory. Leissa and Kang [42] and
Rðr; sÞ ¼ Rðr; sÞ cos α ¼ s sin α þR1 þ r cos α
Kang and Leissa [43] presented a three-dimensional method of
analysis for determining the free vibration frequencies and mode
shapes of thick shells with variable thickness. The relations of the Cartesian coordinates (i.e. x, y and z) and
From the review of the literature, the available 3-D elasticity the curvilinear coordinates (i.e. r, θ and s) are given as
solutions for the vibration problems of isotropic and orthotropic
x ¼ Rðr; sÞ cos α cos θ ¼ Rðr; sÞ cos θ;
conical shells are relatively scarce, and most of the previous
y ¼ Rðr; sÞ cos α sin θ ¼ Rðr; sÞ sin θ;
studies regarding the conical shells are confined to the classical
boundary conditions. However, elastic boundaries are often z ¼ s cos α  r sin α
encountered in engineering applications, and there is a consider-
able lack of corresponding research regarding elastic boundary
conditions. 2.2. Energy functional
In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) solution method is
presented for the free vibration of isotropic and orthotropic According to 3-D elasticity theory, the linear relations between
conical shells with elastic boundary restraints, which can be strains and displacements of an elastic body are given as follows:
considered as an extension of the authors' previous works [46–48].
1 ∂u 1 ∂H 1 1 ∂H 1 1 ∂v 1 ∂H 2 1 ∂H 2
The formulation is derived by means of the Rayleigh–Ritz proce- εrr ¼ þ vþ w; εθθ ¼ þ wþ u
H 1 ∂r H 1 H 2 ∂θ H 1 H 3 ∂s H 2 ∂θ H 2 H 3 ∂s H H ∂r
dure based on the three-dimensional elasticity theory. Displace-

2 1
1 ∂w 1 ∂H 3 1 ∂H 3 H2 ∂ v H3 ∂ w
ment components of the conical shells are represented by Fourier εss ¼ þ uþ w; γ θs ¼ þ ;
H 3 ∂s H 3 H 1 ∂r H 3 H 2 ∂θ H 3 ∂s H 2 H 2 ∂θ H 3





series in the circumferential direction and a double Fourier cosine H3 ∂ w H1 ∂ u H2 ∂ v H1 ∂ u
γ rs ¼ þ ; γ rθ ¼ þ ð1Þ
series supplemented with auxiliary functions in meridional and H 1 ∂r H 3 H 3 ∂s H 1 H 1 ∂r H 2 H 2 ∂θ H 1
normal directions. The supplementary functions in the form of the
where H1, H2 and H3 are the Lamè coefficients. For the conical
product of a polynomial function and a single cosine series are
shell, the Lamè coefficients are given as
introduced to ensure and accelerate the convergence of the series
"

2
2 #1=2
representations. To validate the present method, the convergence ∂x 2 ∂y ∂z
H1 ¼ þ þ ¼ ð cos 2 α cos 2 θ þ cos 2 α sin 2 θ þ sin 2 αÞ1=2 ¼ 1
behavior is demonstrated, and comparisons with available results ∂r ∂r ∂r
in the literature are performed. Numerous new results for the "

2
2 #1=2
∂x 2 ∂y ∂z
isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with elastic boundary H2 ¼ þ þ ¼ ðRðr; sÞ2 sin 2 θ þ Rðr; sÞ2 cos 2 θÞ1=2 ¼ Rðr; sÞ
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
conditions are presented. The effects of the geometrical para- "

2
2 #1=2
∂x 2 ∂y ∂z
meters, orthotropic properties and boundary conditions on free H3 ¼ þ þ
2 2 2
¼ ð sin α cos 2 θ þ sin α sin θ þ cos 2 αÞ1=2 ¼ 1
∂s ∂s ∂s
vibration of conical shells are illustrated.
ð2Þ

2. Theoretical formulations
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1), the strain–displacement rela-
tions of a conical shell can be depicted as
2.1. Description of model
∂u 1 ∂v sin α cos α ∂w
εrr ¼ ; εθθ ¼ þ wþ u; εss ¼ ;
Let us consider a conical shell with slant height L, thickness H, ∂r R ∂θ R R ∂s
semi-vertex angle α. The curvilinear coordinate system composed ∂v 1 ∂w sin α ∂w ∂u ∂v 1 ∂u cos α
γ θs ¼ þ  v; γ rs ¼ þ ; γ rθ ¼ þ  v
of coordinates r, θ, and s is introduced as shown in Fig. 1, which ∂s R ∂θ R ∂r ∂s ∂r R ∂θ R
can be derived from the Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, and z). ð3Þ
The coordinates r and s along the thickness and meridional
directions are measured from the small edge and inner surface Based on Hooke's law, the relations of the stresses and strains
of the conical shell. The conical shell domain is bounded by can be expressed as
0 rr rH, 0 r θr2π, 0r srL. R1 and R2 are the radii of the inner
σ rr ¼ c11 εrr þ c12 εθθ þ c13 εss
surface of conical shell at the small and large ends. The displace-
σ θθ ¼ c12 εrr þ c22 εθθ þ c23 εss
ments of the conical shell are denoted by u, v, and w in r, θ and s
directions, respectively. The radius of curvature in the circumfer- σ ss ¼ c13 εrr þ c23 εθθ þ c33 εss
ential direction at any point P is given by σ θs ¼ c44 γ θs ; σ rs ¼ c55 γ rs ; σ rθ ¼ c66 γ rθ ð4Þ
where cij ði; j ¼ 1; 2; …6Þ are the elastic stiffness coefficients. For the
Rðr; sÞ ¼ s tan α þ R1 = cos α þ r orthotropic, three-dimensional conical shell, the elastic stiffness
 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221 209

coefficients can be expressed as where ρ is the mass density per volume, and the over dots denote
c11 ¼ ηEr ð1  μθs μsθ Þ; c12 ¼ ηEθ ðμrθ þμrs μsθ Þ time derivatives.
In this work, the edges of the conical shells are restrained by
c22 ¼ ηEθ ð1  μrs μsr Þ; c23 ¼ ηEs ðμθs þ μθr μrs Þ
springs to simulate the given or typical boundary conditions. The
c33 ¼ ηEs ð1  μrθ μθr Þ; c31 ¼ ηEr ðμsr þ μsθ μθr Þ
boundary conditions of thick shell can be defined as [20]
c44 ¼ Gθs ; c55 ¼ Grs ; c66 ¼ Grθ ð5Þ
where η ¼ 1=ð1 μrθ μθr  μθs μsθ  μsr μrs  μrθ μθs μsr  μθr μrs μsθ Þ. Acco- σ sr1 ¼ σ sr or u1 ¼ u
rding to the Maxwell reciprocity relations σ sθ1 ¼ σ sθ or v1 ¼ v
σ ss1 ¼ σ ss or w1 ¼ w
μrθ Eθ ¼ μθr Er ; μrs Es ¼ μsr Er ; μsθ Eθ ¼ μθs Es ð6Þ
where σsr1, σsθ1, and σss1 represent shear and normal stresses at
ends with s ¼constant. u1, v1, w1 are the displacement functions at
The isotropic, three-dimensional conical shell can be consid- ends, respectively. Therefore, three sets of independent linear
ered as a special case in which springs (ku, kv, and kw) in r, θ and s directions are introduced,
c11 ¼ c22 ¼ c33 ¼ λ þ 2G and the boundary conditions for the ends can be expressed as
c12 ¼ c13 ¼ c21 ¼ c23 ¼ c31 ¼ c32 ¼ λ
ku0 u ¼ σ sr ; kv0 v ¼ σ sθ ; kw0 w ¼ σ ss at s ¼ 0
c44 ¼ c55 ¼ c66 ¼ G ð7Þ
kuL u ¼ σ sr ; kvL v ¼ σ sθ ; kwL w ¼ σ ss at s ¼ L
where ku0, kv0, kw0, kuL, kvL and kwL are the stiffnesses of the spring.
where
The general boundary conditions can be obtained by assuming
Eμ E spring stiffness equal to proper value. For example, the free
λ¼ ;G¼
ð1 þ μÞð1  2μÞ 2ð1 þ μÞ boundary condition corresponds to the case in which the spring
stiffness is set equal to zero. On the contrary, for the clamped edge,
and E and μ represent Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. the stiffness is infinite. For computational purposes, infinity is
The strain energy U of the conical shell can be expressed in the represented by a very large spring value, i.e. 1  1015 N m  3. The
integral form as potential energy L of the elastic reactions of the springs is
calculated as
1
U ¼ ∭V ðσ rr εrr þ σ θθ εθθ þ σ ss εss þ σ θs εθs þ σ sr εsr þ σ rθ εrθ ÞdV
2
Z Z Z Z Z
1 L 2π H 1 2π H
¼ ðσ rr εrr þ σ θθ εθθ þ σ ss εss þ σ θs εθs þ σ sr εsr þσ rθ εrθ ÞRðr; sÞdrdθds L¼ Rðr; 0Þðku0 u2 þ kv0 v2 þkw0 w2 Þs ¼ 0
2 0 0 2 0 0
0

ð8Þ þ Rðr; LÞðkuL u2 þ kvL v2 þ kwL w2 Þs ¼ L drdθ ð11Þ

The total energy functional Π is thus given as

Substituting Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (8), the strain energy U can
be written as Π ¼ T U L ð12Þ
Z Z Z h
1 L 2π H ∂u2 1 ∂v sin α cos α
2 ∂u∂w
U¼ c11 ∂r þ c22 R ∂θ þ R wþ R u þ ðc13 þ c31 Þ ∂r ∂s
2 0 0 0


2 
2.3. Admissible displacement functions
1 ∂v sin α cos α
∂u ∂w
þ ðc12 þ c21 Þ þ wþ þ c33
u
R ∂θ R ∂rR ∂s




Considering the circumferential symmetry of the conical shells
1 ∂v sin α cos α ∂w ∂w ∂u 2 in the coordinate θ, the 3-D problem of the conical shell can be
þ ðc23 þ c32 Þ þ wþ u þ c55 þ
R ∂θ R R ∂s ∂r ∂s transformed to 2-D analysis by using the Fourier series in

2
 
∂v 1 ∂w sin α ∂v 1 ∂u cos α 2 circumferential direction. In this study, a 2-D modified Fourier
þ c44 þ  v þ c66 þ  v Rðr; sÞdrdθds
∂s R ∂θ R ∂r R ∂θ R cosine series which is constructed as the linear superposition of a
ð9Þ double Fourier cosine series and several supplementary functions
are employed in the thickness and meridional directions. The
The kinetic energy T of the conical shell is given as supplementary functions are used to remove the potential dis-
ρ  
T ¼ ∭V u_ 2 þ v_ 2 þ w
_ 2 dV continuities with the displacements and their derivatives. The
2 displacements of the conical shell can be expressed in the follow-
Z Z Z
ρ L 2π H  2 
ing forms [46–48]:
¼ u_ þ v_ 2 þ w
_ 2 Rðr; wÞdrdθdz ð10Þ
2 0 0 0

uðr; θ; s; tÞ ¼ Uðr; θ; sÞejωt

8 N M Q 2 M 2 Q
9
>
> ~ >
>
>
> ∑ ð ∑ ∑ A mnq cos λ m r cos λ q s þ ∑ ∑ a lmn ξ ls cos λ m r þ ∑ ∑ a lnq ξ lr cos λ q sÞ cos nθ >
>
< n ¼ 0 m ¼ 0q ¼ 0 =
l ¼ 1m ¼ 0 l ¼ 1q ¼ 0 ð13:aÞ
¼ eiωt
>
> N M Q 2 M 2 Q
~ >
>
>
> þ ∑ ð ∑ ∑ A cos λ r cos λ s þ ∑ ∑ a ξ cos λ r þ ∑ ∑ a ξ cos λ sÞ sin nθ >
>
: mnq m q lmn ls m lnq lr q ;
n ¼ 1 m ¼ 0q ¼ 0 l ¼ 1m ¼ 0 l ¼ 1q ¼ 0

vðr; θ; s; tÞ ¼ V ðr; θ; sÞejωt

8 N M Q 2 M 2 Q
9
> >
> ∑ ð ∑ ∑ Bmnq cos λm r cos λq s þ ∑ ∑ blmn ξls cos λm r þ ∑ ∑ b~ lnq ξlr cos λq sÞ sin nθ >
>
> >
>
< n ¼ 1 m ¼ 0q ¼ 0 =
l ¼ 1m ¼ 0 l ¼ 1q ¼ 0 ð13:bÞ
¼ eiωt
> N M Q 2 M 2 Q >
> þ ∑ ð ∑ ∑ Bmnq cos λm r cos λq s þ ∑ ∑ blmn ξls cos λm r þ ∑ ∑ b~ lnq ξlr cos λq sÞ cos nθ >
>
> >
>
: ;
n ¼ 0 m ¼ 0q ¼ 0 l ¼ 1m ¼ 0 l ¼ 1q ¼ 0
210 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221

wðr; θ; s; tÞ ¼ Wðr; θ; sÞejωt

8 N M Q 2 M 2 Q
9
>
> ~ >
>
>
> ∑ ð ∑ ∑ C mnq cos λ m r cos λ q s þ ∑ ∑ c lmn ξls cos λm r þ ∑ ∑ c lnq ξ lr cos λ q sÞ cos nθ >
>
< n ¼ 0 m ¼ 0q ¼ 0 =
l ¼ 1m ¼ 0 l ¼ 1q ¼ 0 ð13:cÞ
¼ eiωt
>
> N M Q 2 M 2 Q
~ >
>
>
> þ ∑ ð ∑ ∑ C cos λ r cos λ s þ ∑ ∑ c ξ cos λ r þ ∑ ∑ c ξ cos λ sÞ sin nθ >
>
: mnq m q lmn ls m lnq lr q ;
n ¼ 1 m ¼ 0q ¼ 0 l ¼ 1m ¼ 0 l ¼ 1q ¼ 0

2 ~ ~ 3
KFG KFg KFijg KijFG KijFg KijF g
where ω denotes the natural frequency of the conical shell, t is the 6 ij ij
7
6 fG ~ ~ 7
time variable, the nonnegative 6K Kfijg Kfijg Kijf G Kijf g Kijf g 7
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi integer n represents the circumfer- 6 ij 7
ential wave number, j ¼ 1, λm ¼ mπ=H and λq ¼ qπ=L. M and Q 6 ~ 7
6 fG ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ 7
are the Fourier series truncated numbers, and N is the maximum 6 Kij Kfijg Kfijg Kijf G Kfijg Kfijg 7
6 7
Kij ¼ 6 FG ~ 7 ð20Þ
wave number. Amnq , almn , a~ lnq , Amnq , almn , a~ lnq , Bmnq , blmn , b~ lnq , Bmnq , 6K KFg
~
KFijg KijFG KijFg KijF g 7
~ 6 ij 7
blmn , blnq , C mnq , clmn , c~ lnq , C mnq , clmn and c~ lnq are Fourier coefficients
ij
6 7
6 fG ~ f g~ 7
to be determined. The closed-form functions ξlr and ξls are defined 6 Kij Kfijg Kfijg Kijf G Kijf g Kij 7
6 7
separately over [0, H] and [0, L] and the supplementary functions 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 5
~
are introduced to remove any potential discontinuities of the KfijG Kfijg Kfijg Kijf G Kijf g Kijf g
original displacements and their relevant derivatives, and accel-
2 3
erate the convergence of the series representations. Based on the ~
MFG
ij MFg MijF g 0 0 0
3-D elasticity theory, the displacements of the conical shells have 6 ij
7
6 fG ~ 7
at least continuous two-order derivatives at any point in the shell 6 Mij Mfijg Mijf g 0 0 0 7
6 7
space. Therefore, the closed-form functions ξlr and ξls are defined 6 f~ G ~ ~~ 7
6M Mfijg Mfijg 0 0 0 7
6 ij 7
as in the following form: 6 7
Mij ¼ 6 F g~ 7 ð21Þ
r 2 r2  r  6 0 0 0 MijFG MijFg Mij 7
6 7
ξ1r ðrÞ ¼ r 1 ; ξ2r ðrÞ ¼ 1 6 ~ 7
H H H 6 0 0 0 Mijf G Mijf g Mfijg 7
s 2 6 7
s2  s  6
4 ~~ 5
7
ξ1s ðsÞ ¼ s  1 ; ξ2s ðsÞ ¼ 1 ð14Þ ~ ~
L L L 0 0 0 Mijf G Mijf g Mfijg

It is easy to verify that in which i; j ¼ u; v; w and the superscripts of the elements

indicate the location of corresponding Fourier coefficients. In order
ξ1r ð0Þ ¼ ξ1r ðHÞ ¼ ξ01r ðHÞ ¼ 0; ξ01r ð0Þ ¼ 1
to clarify the calculations of the sub-matrices Mij and Kij , the
ξ2r ð0Þ ¼ ξ2r ðHÞ ¼ ξ02r ð0Þ ¼ 0; ξ02r ðHÞ ¼ 1 detailed expressions for elements in typical matrices Muu and Kuu
ξ1s ð0Þ ¼ ξ1s ðLÞ ¼ ξ01s ðLÞ ¼ 0; ξ01s ð0Þ ¼ 1 are given in Appendix A.
ξ2s ð0Þ ¼ ξ2s ðLÞ ¼ ξ02s ð0Þ ¼ 0; ξ02s ðLÞ ¼ 1 ð15Þ All eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be calculated from
Eq. (16). It is mentioned that the elements of eigenvectors are
It can be proven that derivatives of the expansions given in Eq. the Fourier coefficients, and the mode shapes can be easily
(13) can be obtained simply through term-by-term differentiation. obtained by substituting the eigenvectors into Eq. (13).

2.4. Solution procedure

The eigenvalue problem is formulated by minimizing the total 3. Computed results and discussion
energy functional Π with respect to the Fourier coefficients.
Substituting Eqs. (9)-(11) and (13) into Eq. (12), and performing In this section, several examples on free vibration analysis of
the Rayleigh–Ritz operation, a set of linear algebraic equation isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with different geometric
against the unknown coefficients can be obtained as and material parameters are presented to demonstrate the con-
2 38 9 2 38 9 vergence, accuracy and reliability of the present method. Different
Kuu Kuv Kuw > au > Muu 0 0
< = < au >
> =
6 KΤ 7 6 7 boundary conditions including classical restraints and elastic
4 uv Kvv Kvw 5 bv  4 0 Mvv 0 5 bv ¼ 0 ð16Þ
> > > > supports are considered. The free boundary (F) implies that the
KΤuw KΤvw Kww : cw ; 0 0 Mww : cw ;
two ends of conical shells are stress-free in all coordinate direc-
where tions (i.e. σ sr ¼ σ sθ ¼ σ ss ¼ 0), and the clamped boundary (C) is
defined as that all displacement components at the end face are
au ¼ A000 ; …; Amnq ; …; AMNQ ; al00 ; …; alnm ; …; alNM ; a~ l00 ; …; a~ lnq ; …; a~ lNQ ;
iΤ restrained (i.e.u ¼ v ¼ w ¼ 0). The simply-supported boundary con-
A000 ; …; Amnq ; …; AMNQ ; al10 ; …; alnm ; …; alNM ; a~ l10 ; …; a~ lnq ; …; a~ lNQ ditions have a variety of interpretations, and in the present work
ð17Þ three types of simply-supported boundary conditions are consid-
ered: simply-supported I (S1) is completely supported in the θ and
h
bu ¼ B000 ; …; Bmnq ; …; BMNQ ; bl10 ; …; blnm ; …; blNM ; b~ l10 ; …; b~ lnq ; …; b~ lNQ ; s directions with full slip along the r direction (i.e. v ¼ w ¼ 0;
iΤ σ sr ¼ 0); simply-supported II (S2) is only free in θ directions
~ ~ ~
B000 ; …; Bmnq ; …; BMNQ ; bl00 ; …; blnm ; …; blNM ; bl00 ; …; blnq ; …; blNQ (i.e. u ¼ w ¼ 0; σ sθ ¼ 0); and simply-supported III (S3) is the stan-
ð18Þ dard shear diaphragm case (i.e. u ¼ v ¼ 0; σ ss ¼ 0). Three types of
elastic boundary conditions (i.e. E1, E2, E3) are also studied in this

cu ¼ C 000 ; …; C mnq ; …; C MNQ ; cl00 ; …; clnm ; …; clNM ; c~ l00 ; …; c~ lnq ; …; c~ lNQ ; section: E1 is only elastically restrained in r direction (i.e.
iΤ v ¼ w ¼ 0; u a 0); E2 is defined to be elastic in θ directions (i.e.
C 000 ; …; C mnq ; …; C MNQ ; cl00 ; …; clnm ; …; clNM ; c~ l00 ; …; c~ lnq ; …; c~ lNQ
u ¼ w ¼ 0; v a 0); and E3 is considered to be elastic in s direction (i.
ð19Þ e. u ¼ v ¼ 0; w a 0). The corresponding spring stiffnesses of the
 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221 211

boundary condition are given as 3.1. Convergence study

Since the accuracy of the method depends on the truncated

F : ku ¼ kv ¼ kw ¼ 0;
S1 : kv ¼ kw ¼ 1  1015 ; ku ¼ 0;
S3 : ku ¼ kv ¼ 1  1015 ; kw ¼ 0;
E2 : ku ¼ kw ¼ 1  1015 ; kv ¼ 1  1010 ;
C : ku ¼ kv ¼ kw ¼ 1  1015
S2 : ku ¼ kw ¼ 1  1015 ; kv ¼ 0
E1 : kv ¼ kw ¼ 1  1015 ; ku ¼ 1  1010
E3 : ku ¼ kv ¼ 1  1015 ; kw ¼ 1  1010
ð22Þ
numbers M and Q, the convergence of the present method must be
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi the first 10 non-dimensional frequency
checked. Table 1 shows
parameters Ω ¼ ωL ρ=G of isotropic conical shells subjected to
C–F boundary with different thickness-to-radius ratios H/R1. The
conical shells are made from material with the following proper-
ties: E ¼168 GPa, ρ¼5700 kg/m3 and μ¼0.3. The geometric para-
meters of the conical shells are taken to be H/R1 ¼0.1, 0.2 and
0.5, Lcosα¼2 m, R1 ¼ 1 m and α ¼301. It is observed that the
current method has stable monotonic convergence characteristics.

Table 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The non-dimensional frequency parameters Ω ¼ ωL ρ=G of isotropic conical shells with different thickness-to-radius ratios H/R1 (Lcosα¼ 2 m, R1 ¼ 1 m, α ¼301, E ¼168 GPa,
3
ρ ¼ 5700 kg/m , and μ¼0.3; and boundary condition: C–F).

H/R1 MQ Mode

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.1 10  10 0.3111 0.3111 0.3196 0.3196 0.4645 0.4645 0.5453 0.5453 0.6979 0.6979
11  11 0.3109 0.3109 0.3194 0.3194 0.4644 0.4644 0.5452 0.5452 0.6978 0.6978
12  12 0.3109 0.3109 0.3193 0.3193 0.4643 0.4643 0.5451 0.5451 0.6977 0.6977
13  13 0.3108 0.3108 0.3191 0.3191 0.4643 0.4643 0.5449 0.5449 0.6976 0.6976
14  14 0.3108 0.3108 0.3191 0.3191 0.4642 0.4642 0.5449 0.5449 0.6975 0.6975
0.2 10  10 0.3876 0.3876 0.5133 0.5133 0.5734 0.5734 0.8441 0.8441 0.9656 1.2821
11  11 0.3874 0.3874 0.5132 0.5132 0.5732 0.5732 0.8440 0.8440 0.9656 1.2819
12  12 0.3873 0.3873 0.5131 0.5131 0.5731 0.5731 0.8439 0.8439 0.9656 1.2818
13  13 0.3871 0.3871 0.5131 0.5131 0.5730 0.5730 0.8438 0.8438 0.9656 1.2817
14  14 0.3871 0.3871 0.5130 0.5130 0.5729 0.5729 0.8438 0.8438 0.9656 1.2817
0.5 10  10 0.6024 0.6024 0.6601 0.6601 1.0105 1.0123 1.0123 1.3380 1.6725 1.6725
11  11 0.6022 0.6022 0.6599 0.6599 1.0105 1.0122 1.0122 1.3379 1.6724 1.6724
12  12 0.6020 0.6020 0.6598 0.6598 1.0105 1.0121 1.0121 1.3378 1.6724 1.6724
13  13 0.6019 0.6019 0.6596 0.6596 1.0105 1.0121 1.0121 1.3377 1.6724 1.6724
14  14 0.6018 0.6018 0.6595 0.6595 1.0105 1.0120 1.0120 1.3377 1.6724 1.6724

Table 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The non-dimensional frequency parameters Ω ¼ ωL ρ=G of isotropic conical shells with different thickness-to-height ratios H/L (R1/L¼ 0.25, α¼ 301, E¼168 GPa, ρ¼5700 kg/m3,
and μ¼0.3; boundary condition: F–F and C–C).

n Mode F–F C–C

H/L ¼0.25 H/L ¼ 1 H/L ¼ 0.25 H/L ¼1

Ref.[44] Present Ref.[44] Present Ref.[44] Present Ref.[44] Present

0 1 1.928 1.928 1.274 1.274 3.050 3.049 3.172 3.171

2 2.956 2.956 1.880 1.880 3.226 3.226 3.311 3.310
3 3.523 3.523 3.218 3.218 4.734 4.733 4.865 4.865
4 3.650 3.650 3.650 3.650 5.742 5.740 5.356 5.351
5 5.521 5.518 4.238 4.236 6.329 6.328 5.573 5.570
6 5.661 5.661 4.488 4.487 7.455 7.447 6.302 6.300
1 1 2.158 2.158 1.769 1.768 2.483 2.483 3.001 3.000
2 2.965 2.965 1.961 1.961 4.296 4.295 3.651 3.650
3 3.477 3.476 3.622 3.622 4.840 4.839 5.205 5.203
4 5.169 5.168 3.964 3.963 5.463 5.462 5.499 5.498
5 5.348 5.348 4.181 4.180 7.293 7.289 5.662 5.656
6 5.770 5.766 4.585 4.584 7.605 7.599 6.124 6.121
2 1 0.618 0.618 0.786 0.786 2.555 2.555 3.205 3.203
2 1.468 1.468 1.077 1.076 4.900 4.900 4.248 4.248
3 3.005 3.004 2.775 2.774 5.534 5.532 5.332 5.330
4 3.697 3.696 2.799 2.799 6.394 6.393 5.834 5.828
5 4.614 4.613 4.099 4.097 7.729 7.721 6.049 6.045
6 5.480 5.479 4.316 4.315 8.994 8.991 6.387 6.381
3 1 1.497 1.496 1.687 1.687 3.323 3.323 3.770 3.766
2 3.096 3.095 2.200 2.198 5.530 5.530 4.986 4.984
3 4.225 4.224 3.668 3.667 6.575 6.573 5.583 5.581
4 4.792 4.791 3.733 3.732 7.934 7.932 6.252 6.244
4 1 2.509 2.508 2.538 2.537 4.440 4.439 4.414 4.411
2 4.448 4.448 3.159 3.157 6.568 6.566 5.690 5.687
3 5.439 5.438 4.405 4.404 7.756 7.755 6.103 6.100
4 6.499 6.497 4.516 4.515 9.008 9.001 6.703 6.693
212 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221

Table 3
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of the isotropic conical shells with different semi-vertices α (R1 ¼1 m, Lcosα¼ 2 m, E ¼168 GPa, ρ¼ 5700 kg/m3, and μ¼ 0.3).

α H/R1 F–F F–C C–F C–C

Present ANASYS Present ANASYS Present ANASYS Present ANASYS

301 0.10 22.17 22.19 174.75 174.98 72.12 72.19 249.35 249.57
0.20 41.47 41.51 214.81 214.90 89.83 89.82 346.86 346.95
0.50 86.76 86.85 305.18 305.37 139.66 139.66 520.60 520.71
1.00 131.68 131.85 343.83 343.87 186.42 186.36 635.06 635.59
451 0.10 13.33 13.33 137.70 137.90 40.00 40.04 169.56 169.72
0.20 25.15 25.17 175.03 175.13 51.29 51.28 238.80 238.87
0.50 55.06 55.12 261.66 261.84 83.96 83.94 378.38 378.44
1.00 91.18 91.28 293.86 293.95 116.56 116.49 484.83 485.11
601 0.10 6.98 6.98 82.22 82.34 16.60 16.57 89.28 89.35
0.20 13.19 13.20 107.09 107.17 22.16 22.13 126.38 126.41
0.50 29.74 29.76 167.10 167.16 39.64 39.63 210.14 210.13
1.00 53.17 53.22 199.09 199.12 55.00 54.94 293.21 293.24

Table 4
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of isotropic conical shells with various boundary conditions (R1 ¼ 1 m, Lcosα ¼ 2 m, E ¼70 GPa, ρ ¼ 2707 kg/m3, and μ¼ 0.3).

α H/R1 S1–S1 S2–S2 S3–S3 C–S2 C–S3 E1–E1 E2–E2 E3–E3

151 0.10 272.90 228.22 58.07 281.14 257.69 284.90 279.96 241.33
0.20 342.91 275.07 66.42 294.82 352.34 373.93 352.63 329.99
0.50 387.67 362.48 81.82 303.71 495.47 461.22 344.88 351.43
1.00 403.82 378.18 94.66 315.89 563.83 493.88 334.42 352.97
301 0.10 215.10 180.61 86.17 206.46 203.01 226.65 218.27 193.34
0.20 270.12 223.57 99.80 209.87 283.37 304.16 289.99 268.78
0.50 305.01 308.84 129.45 219.62 397.19 384.54 316.13 297.24
1.00 319.36 332.78 158.70 233.93 468.06 416.43 307.97 327.07
451 0.10 146.49 128.30 82.26 131.04 137.77 155.34 147.76 133.14
0.20 181.77 162.79 96.48 133.41 192.34 212.23 201.58 185.81
0.50 210.60 240.89 131.55 140.35 267.65 285.76 268.43 216.24
1.00 221.41 276.18 178.16 151.13 342.36 314.72 264.00 269.20
601 0.10 78.23 72.66 53.34 66.88 72.13 82.59 78.06 70.97
0.20 96.03 94.13 63.16 67.95 102.19 114.63 108.40 97.86
0.50 113.20 152.72 88.48 71.14 139.34 172.35 178.21 120.20
1.00 121.64 199.89 132.26 76.33 195.69 199.61 199.90 164.51
751 0.10 23.92 22.21 17.87 19.70 21.09 24.59 23.21 21.24
0.20 29.96 29.81 21.33 19.90 28.29 34.22 32.19 28.82
0.50 34.01 51.17 30.16 20.50 39.17 56.10 55.50 36.91
1.00 37.67 83.95 47.16 21.51 60.32 78.39 88.71 53.76

Table 5
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells (Type I) with various boundary conditions (R1 ¼ 1 m, and Lcosα ¼2 m).

α H/R1 C–C S1–S1 S2–S2 S3–S3 C–S2 E1–E1 E2–E2 E3–E3

151 0.10 170.79 157.42 113.18 27.53 154.37 168.75 163.95 147.11
0.20 231.90 198.18 139.52 31.60 183.44 227.13 215.29 203.45
0.50 340.72 225.03 193.85 39.92 189.33 312.33 307.72 286.18
1.00 414.43 220.78 202.38 46.72 196.93 355.86 337.84 346.24
301 0.10 135.02 124.34 89.00 40.82 116.54 133.78 128.50 117.81
0.20 185.28 154.25 112.71 47.50 130.83 182.21 172.55 162.94
0.50 279.64 175.98 163.75 63.50 136.92 260.58 260.54 227.41
1.00 355.93 174.45 176.73 78.91 145.84 305.14 309.75 280.42
451 0.10 91.32 84.48 63.02 38.88 76.33 90.75 86.98 80.48
0.20 126.38 102.96 81.65 45.82 83.17 124.88 118.91 111.11
0.50 196.43 117.04 126.74 64.65 87.50 187.65 188.01 153.41
1.00 265.93 121.54 146.17 90.10 94.22 232.67 252.01 199.17
601 0.10 47.74 44.99 35.72 25.13 39.34 47.58 45.77 42.40
0.20 66.53 54.56 47.09 29.88 42.36 66.07 63.39 58.48
0.50 106.23 60.63 79.70 43.17 44.35 103.48 103.39 81.07
1.00 153.30 65.86 105.99 67.25 47.59 141.20 151.87 111.13
751 0.10 13.96 13.63 11.28 8.39 11.53 13.94 13.48 12.51
0.20 19.40 15.62 14.99 10.05 12.40 19.35 18.72 17.09
0.50 31.43 17.46 26.55 14.56 12.78 31.17 30.86 24.02
1.00 47.90 19.50 44.83 23.47 13.41 46.61 47.90 34.53
 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221 213

The differences between solutions form 13  13 and 14  14 are
very small, and the maximum discrepancy is 0.02%. Thus, in the
following examples the truncated numbers will be uniformly
selected as 13  13.
3.2. Isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with various boundary
conditions
In order to confirm the accuracy of the current method,
studies on free vibration of the conical shells with different
boundary conditions are carried out, and the present results are
compared with available solutions in the literature or obtained
by ANASYS. Table 2 shows the non-dimensional frequency para-
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
meters Ω ¼ ωL ρ=G of isotropic conical shells with different
thickness-to-height H/L. The geometric parameters of the conical
shells are taken to be R1/L ¼0.25, α ¼301, H/L ¼0.25 and 1. The
conical shells are made from Zirconia. Young's modulus, mass
density and Poisson's ratio for the zirconia are E ¼168 GPa,
ρ¼5700 kg/m3, and μ ¼0.3. The completely free and clamped
boundary conditions are considered. The comparisons of the
present results with those of 3-D solutions reported by Buchanan
and Wong [44] using a finite element method are presented. It is
seen that very good agreement of the results is obtained. Table 3
presents the fundamental frequencies of the conical shells with
different semi-vertex angles ( i.e. α¼ 301, 451 and 601). The conical
shells also are made from zirconia with the following geometrical
data: R1 ¼ 1 m, Lcosα¼2 m and H/R1 ¼0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0. Four
kinds of boundary conditions (i.e. F–F, F–C, C–F and C–C) are
considered. The results are compared with those of 3-D solutions
by using ANSYS with SOLID 45 elements. The comparisons show
very good agreement.
The comparisons of the present results with those published in
literature and obtained from ANASYS in Tables 2 and 3 indicate
that the current analysis is accurate and reliable. Numerous new
results of the isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with different
boundary conditions including classical edges and elastic
restraints are given. Table 4 shows the fundamental frequencies
of isotropic conical shells with various boundary conditions (i.e.

Table 6
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells (Type II) with various boundary conditions (R1 ¼1 m, and Lcosα¼ 2 m).

α H/R1 C–C S1–S1 S2–S2 S3–S3 C–S2 E1–E1 E2–E2 E3–E3

151 0.10 229.96 224.62 214.83 72.72 194.49 227.39 219.94 203.76
0.20 271.38 259.60 260.46 82.74 196.62 266.04 263.99 237.89
0.50 372.24 330.95 302.30 93.40 202.55 354.71 344.51 321.34
1.00 432.32 353.76 331.19 97.71 210.67 404.68 349.11 367.03
301 0.10 185.43 181.59 174.51 105.22 137.69 184.13 180.73 170.27
0.20 223.16 212.68 211.29 120.59 139.97 219.07 215.51 198.66
0.50 313.02 271.76 258.06 140.14 146.47 298.55 296.24 271.93
1.00 374.77 295.67 293.25 153.96 156.01 348.35 320.40 314.35
451 0.10 127.64 124.84 121.32 96.33 87.39 126.95 125.19 118.32
0.20 158.40 150.65 149.10 111.17 88.97 156.10 152.59 144.06
0.50 233.37 196.20 195.63 134.64 93.60 224.25 220.89 205.83
1.00 283.79 219.79 235.73 158.00 100.79 262.24 263.07 236.57
601 0.10 69.71 68.10 65.18 58.95 44.60 69.46 68.11 65.25
0.20 87.33 82.96 82.25 68.61 45.32 86.55 84.20 81.07
0.50 133.34 111.41 116.28 88.05 47.45 129.54 126.65 115.54
1.00 170.47 119.59 153.51 112.89 50.91 158.78 163.77 142.50
751 0.10 21.37 20.95 19.51 18.08 13.14 21.32 20.35 20.00
0.20 26.91 25.60 25.47 21.36 13.27 26.81 26.02 25.17
0.50 40.69 33.68 37.34 29.65 13.67 40.03 39.36 35.32
1.00 57.94 36.38 55.38 42.84 14.35 55.65 56.87 49.01

Table 7
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells (Type III) with various boundary conditions (R1 ¼ 1 m, and Lcosα ¼2 m).

α H/R1 C–C S1–S1 S2–S2 S3–S3 C–S2 E1–E1 E2–E2 E3–E3

151 0.10 253.10 189.64 170.45 38.00 194.49 240.83 244.35 183.62
0.20 362.08 212.42 210.05 47.52 196.62 320.55 344.21 261.97
0.50 460.17 226.94 218.22 56.32 202.55 371.73 354.55 390.23
1.00 489.29 209.59 197.06 53.96 210.67 382.51 349.10 453.62
301 0.10 203.91 144.97 138.93 57.97 137.69 195.14 197.12 145.10
0.20 302.26 161.40 173.31 75.65 139.97 268.73 290.08 210.45
0.50 401.82 174.43 182.48 93.58 146.47 322.05 325.43 328.30
1.00 434.25 167.09 170.57 91.73 156.00 333.25 320.39 390.36
451 0.10 139.11 96.96 102.35 56.82 87.39 134.83 135.10 97.90
0.20 215.35 107.21 133.76 78.61 88.97 195.95 209.25 143.86
0.50 311.01 119.04 145.61 109.17 93.60 252.51 276.81 235.96
1.00 345.90 116.24 141.11 111.86 100.79 265.46 273.35 297.51
601 0.10 72.28 51.47 60.27 37.16 44.60 71.15 70.59 50.97
0.20 116.99 56.29 88.10 53.02 45.32 110.78 114.86 75.57
0.50 193.11 64.89 104.78 92.69 47.45 163.22 188.93 130.64
1.00 230.06 65.48 104.94 108.61 50.91 181.40 206.11 181.20
751 0.10 20.52 14.87 19.08 12.56 13.14 20.43 20.14 14.83
0.20 33.91 16.19 30.84 17.21 13.27 33.40 33.51 21.91
0.50 66.76 19.46 54.89 33.68 13.67 62.11 66.39 39.34
1.00 96.12 21.40 58.78 56.19 14.35 82.22 95.55 62.78
214 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221

S1–S1, S2–S2, S3–S3, C–S2, C–S3, E1–E1, E2–E2 and E3–E3). The conical
shells are made from aluminum with material properties as:
E ¼70 GPa, ρ¼2707 kg/m3 and μ¼ 0.3. Different thickness-to-
radius ratios (i.e. H/R1 ¼ 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0) and semi-vertex angles
(i.e. α¼151, 301, 401, 601, 751) are considered. The fundamental
frequencies of the orthotropic conical shells with various
boundary conditions are presented in Tables 5–7. The orthotropic
material properties of the conical shells are given as:
E1 ¼ 137.9 GPa, E2 ¼8.963 GPa, E3 ¼8.963 GPa, G12 ¼ 7.101 GPa,
G23 ¼6.205 GPa, G13 ¼7.101 GPa, μ12 ¼0.3, μ23 ¼0.49, μ13 ¼ 0.3, and
ρ¼1605 kg/m3. Three types of fiber orientations are considered.
Type I is defined as those subscripts 1, 2, 3 which denote r, θ, and s
directions; Type II is considered to be those subscripts 1, 2, 3 which
denote θ, r, and s directions; and Type III is considered to be those
subscripts 1, 2, 3 which denote s, θ, and r directions. The
geometrical parameters of the conical shells are taken to be
R1 ¼1 m, Lcosα¼ 2 m, and α¼151, 301, 451, 601, and 751 and H/
R1 ¼0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0. Five types of classical edges (i.e. C–C, S1–
S1, S2–S2, S3–S3, and C–S2) and three types of elastic restraints (i.e.
E1–E1, E2–E2, E3–E3) are studied. It is observed from tables that the
boundary conditions play a significant role on the natural fre-
quencies of the isotropic and orthotropic conical shells. It is

Mode shapes 1-2 Mode shape 3

Mode shapes 4-5 Mode shapes 6-7

Fig. 2. Mode shapes of Al conical shells with C–C boundary condition (H/R1 ¼ 1, Lcosα¼ 2 m, R1 ¼ 1 m, and α¼ 601).

Mode shapes 1 mode shapes 2-3

Mode shapes 4-5 Mode shape 6

Fig. 3. Mode shapes of orthotropic conical shells (Type I) with F–C boundary condition (H/R1 ¼1, Lcosα ¼ 2 m, R1 ¼ 1 m, and α ¼ 601).
 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221 215

Mode shapes 1 mode shapes 2-3

Mode shapes 4-5 Mode shapes 6-7

Fig. 4. Mode shapes of orthotropic conical shells (Type II) with S3–S3 boundary condition (H/R1 ¼1, Lcosα ¼ 2 m, R1 ¼ 1 m, and α ¼ 601).

Mode shapes 1 Mode shapes 2-3

Mode shapes 4-5 Mode shape 6

Fig. 5. Mode shapes of orthotropic conical shells (Type III) with E2–E2 boundary condition (H/R1 ¼1, Lcosα ¼2 m, R1 ¼1 m, and α ¼601).

evident that the fundamental frequency is quite sensitive to the
change of the semi-vertex angle α and thickness-to-radius ratios
H/R1. The mode shapes of the conical shells are illustrated in
Figs. 2–5.
3.3. Parametric studies
In this section, the effects of the semi-vertex angle α and the
thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the natural frequencies of conical
shells are studied. Fig. 6 shows the variation of fundamental
natural frequency of isotropic conical shells with different semi-
vertex angles α. It is obvious that the fundamental frequencies of
the conical shells decrease as the semi-vertex angle increases
except in the case of the conical shells with S3–S3 boundary
condition. For the isotropic conical shell with S3–S3 boundary
condition the fundamental frequency of the conical shell first
increases then decreases with an increase in semi-vertex angle α.
The effect of the semi-vertex angle α on the natural frequencies of
orthotropic conical shells is illustrated in Fig. 7. The variation
trends of fundamental frequencies of orthotropic conical with
different fiber orientations are similar. Fig. 8 shows the effect of
the thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the fundamental natural
216 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221

frequencies of isotropic conical shells with different boundary III material subjected to S1–S1, S3–S3 and E2–E2 boundary condi-
conditions. The fundamental natural frequencies of isotropic con- tions, the fundamental frequencies first increase and then
ical shells with C–C and S3–S3 boundary conditions increase as decrease as the thickness-to-radius H/R1 increases.
the thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 increases. The effect of the
thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the fundamental natural fre- 4. Conclusions
quencies of orthotropic conical shells with different boundary
conditions is demonstrated in Fig. 9. For the conical shells with In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) solution method is
Type II materials, the fundamental frequencies increase as the presented for the free vibration of isotropic and orthotropic
thickness-to-radius H/R1 increases. For the conical shells with Type conical shells with elastic boundary restraints. The formulation is

700 600
C-C
600 C-C S1-S1
S1-S1 500
S3-S3
500
Natural Frequency

3 3
S -S E2-E2

Natural frequency
400
E2-E2
400
300
300

200 200

100 100

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
H/R1
Fig. 6. Effect of the semi-vertex angle α on the natural frequencies (Hz) of isotropic
conical shells with different boundary condition (H/R1 ¼ 0.5, Lcosα ¼2 m, and Fig. 8. Effect of the thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the natural frequencies (Hz) of
R1 ¼1 m). isotropic conical shells with different boundary condition (Lcosα ¼2 m, R1 ¼ 1 m,
and α¼ 301).

500 350
Type I Type I
300
400 Type II Type II
Type III 250 Type III
Natural frequency

Natural frequency

300 200

200 150

100
100
50

0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Semi-vertex angle α Semi-vertex angle α

150 500
Type I Type I
Type II Type II
400
Type III Type III
Natural frequency

Natural frequency

100
300

200
50

100

0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Semi-vertex angle α Semi-vertex angle α
Fig. 7. Effect of the semi-vertex angle α on the natural frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells with different boundary condition (H/R1 ¼ 0.5, Lcosα ¼2 m, R1 ¼ 1 m):
(a) C–C; (b) S1–S1;(c) S3–S3; and (d) E2–E2.
 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221 217

450 300

400
250

Natural frequency
Natural frequency
350

300
200
250

200 Type I
150 Type I
Type II
150 Type III Type II
Type III
100 100
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
H/R1 H/R1

160 400

140 350
Type I

Natural frequency
Natural frequency

120 Type II 300

Type III
100 250

80 200
Type I
60 150 Type II
Type III
40 100
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
H/R1 H/R1

Fig. 9. Effect of the thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the natural frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells with different boundary condition (Lcosα ¼2 m, R1 ¼1 m, and
α ¼301): (a) C–C; (b) S1–S1;(c) S3–S3; and (d) E2–E2.

derived by means of the Rayleigh–Ritz procedure based on the
three-dimensional elasticity theory. Displacement components
of the conical shells are represented by Fourier series in the
circumferential direction and a double Fourier cosine series
and several supplementary functions in meridional and normal
directions. The supplementary functions in the form of the
product of a polynomial function and a single cosine series are
introduced to ensure and accelerate the convergence of the series
representations. To validate the present method, the convergence
behavior is demonstrated, and comparisons with available results
in the literature are performed. Numerous new results for the
isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with elastic boundary
conditions are presented, which can serve as the benchmark
solution for other computational techniques in the future research.
The effects of the geometrical parameters, orthotropic properties
and boundary conditions on free vibration of conical shells are
illustrated.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their
constructive comments. The authors gratefully acknowledge the
financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (Nos. 51175098 and 51279035).

Appendix A. Detailed expressions for the stiffness matrix and mass matrix

The superscripts of the elements in the mass matrix Mij and stiffness matrix Kij are given as follows:

F ¼ F ¼ ðM þ1Þ  q þ m þ 1; G ¼ G ¼ ðM þ 1Þ  q1 þ m1 þ 1
f ¼ f ¼ ðM þ 1Þ  ðl 1Þ þm þ 1; g ¼ g ¼ ðM þ 1Þ  ðl1  1Þ þ m1 þ 1
~
f~ ¼ f ¼ ðQ þ 1Þ  ðl 1Þ þq þ 1; g~ ¼ g~ ¼ ðQ þ 1Þ  ðl1  1Þ þ q1 þ1
The detailed expressions of elements in matrices Muu are:
Z L Z H
MFG
uu ¼ ρC oo Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 sdrds ðA:1Þ
0 0
218 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221

Z L Z H
MFg
uu ¼ ρC oo Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 r cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞdrds ðA:2Þ
0 0
Z L Z H
Fg
Muu ¼ ρC oo Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 sdrds ðA:3Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
Mfuu
G
¼ ρC oo Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞ cos λq1 sdrds ðA:4Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
Mfuu
g
¼ ρC oo Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞξl1 s ðsÞdrds ðA:5Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
fg
Muu ¼ ρC oo Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 sdrds ðA:6Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
Mfuu
G
¼ ρC oo Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 sdrds ðA:7Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
Mfuu
g
¼ ρC oo Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞdrds ðA:8Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
fg
Muu ¼ ρC oo Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 sdrds ðA:9Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
~~
MFuuG ¼ ρSoo Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 sdrds ðA:10Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
~~
MFuug ¼ ρSoo Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 r cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞdrds ðA:11Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
~~
Fg
Muu ¼ ρSoo Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 sdrds ðA:12Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
~~
MfuuG ¼ ρSoo Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞ cos λq1 sdrds ðA:13Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
~~
Mfuug ¼ ρSoo Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞξl1 s ðsÞdrds ðA:14Þ
0 0

Z L Z H
~~
Mfuug ¼ ρSoo Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 sdrds ðA:15Þ
0 0

~~
Z L Z H
Mfuu
G
¼ ρSoo Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 sdrds ðA:16Þ
0 0

~
Z L Z H
fg ~
Muu ¼ ρSoo Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞdrds ðA:17Þ
0 0

~~
Z L Z H
fg
Muu ¼ ρSoo Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 sdrds ðA:18Þ
0 0
The detailed expressions of elements in matrices Kuu are
2 3
c11 C 00 λm λm1 Rðr; sÞ sin λm r sin λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
6 c C =Rðr; sÞ cos λ r cos λ r cos λ s cos λ s þ 7
6 66 11 m m1 q q1 7
Z LZ H6 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm r cos λq s cos λq s þ
7
7
FG 6 1 7
Kuu ¼
1
6 7drds ðA:19Þ
0 6 c55 C 00 λq λq1 Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 r sin λq s sin λq1 s þ 7
0
6 7
6 C 00 ½Rðr; 0Þkuo þRðr; LÞkuL  cos λm r cos λm rð  1Þq þ q1  7
4 1 5
c12 C 00 cos αðλm sin λm r cos λm1 r þ λm1 cos λm r sin λm1 rÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s

2 3
c11 C 00 λm λm1 Rðr; sÞ sin λm r sin λm1 r cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞ þ
6 c C =Rðr; sÞ cos λ r cos λ r cos λ sξ ðsÞ þ 7
Z LZ H6
6
66 11 m m1 q l1 s 7
7
Fg 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 r cos λq sξl s ðsÞ  7
Kuu ¼ 6 1 7drds ðA:20Þ
0 6 7
0
6 c55 C 00 λq Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm r sin λq sξ' ðsÞ  7
4 1 l1 s 5
c12 C 00 cos αðλm sin λm r cos λm1 r þλm1 cos λm r sin λm1 rÞ cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞ
 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221 219

2 3
 c11 C 00 λm Rðr; sÞ sin λm rξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
6 c C =Rðr; sÞ cos λ rξ ðrÞ cos λ s cos λ s þ 7
6 66 11 m l1 r q q1 7
Z Z 6 7
L H 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq s þ 7
Fg 6 7
¼ ðA:21Þ
1 1
Kuu 6 7drds
6 c55 C 00 λq λq1 Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞ sin λq s sin λq1 s þ 7
0 0
6 7
6 C 00 ½Rðr; 0Þkuo þ Rðr; LÞkuL  cos λm rξl r ðrÞð  1Þq þ q1  7
4 1 5
c12 C 00 cos αðλm sin λm rξl1 r ðrÞ  cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s

2 3
c11 C 00 λm λm1 Rðr; sÞ sin λm r sin λm1 rξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s þ
6 7
Z L Z H 6 c66 C 11 =Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s þ 7
6 7
Kfuu
G
¼ 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞs cos λq1 s  7drds ðA:22Þ
6 7
0 0 6 7
4 c55 C 00 λq1 Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞ sin λq1 s  5
c12 C 00 cos αðλm sin λm r cos λm1 r þ λm1 cos λm r sin λm1 rÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s

2 3
c11 C 00 λm λm1 Rðr; sÞ sin λm r sin λm1 rξls ðsÞξl1 s ðsÞ þ
6 c C =Rðr; sÞ cos λ r cos λ rξ ðsÞξ ðsÞ þ 7
Z LZ H6
6
66 11 m m1 ls l1 s 7
7
6 c22 C 00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞξl s ðsÞ þ 7
Kfuu
g
¼ 6 1 7drds ðA:23Þ
6 7
0 0
6 c55 C 00 Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm rξ' ðsÞξ' ðsÞ  7
4 1 ls l1 s 5
c12 C 00 cos αðλm sin λm r cos λm1 r þ λm1 cos λm r sin λm1 rÞξls ðsÞξl1 s ðsÞ

2 3
 c11 C 00 λm Rðr; sÞ sin λm rξl1 r ðrÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s þ
6 7
6 c66 C 11 =Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s þ 7
6 7
Z L Z H 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξ ðrÞξ ðsÞ cos λq s  7
6 l1 r ls 7
6 7drds
1
fg
Kuu ¼ 6 c C λ Rðr; sÞ cos λ rξ ðrÞξ' ðsÞ sin λ s þ 7 ðA:24Þ
0 0 6 55 00 q1 m l1 r ls q1 7
6 7
6 C 00 ½Rðr; 0Þkuo þ Rðr; LÞkuL  cos λm rξl r ðrÞð  1Þ q þ q1
 7
4 1 5
c12 C 00 cos αðλm sin λm rξl1 r ðrÞ  cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s

2 3
 c11 C 00 λm1 Rðr; sÞξ' lr ðrÞ sin λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
6 7
6 c66 C 11 =Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 s þ 7
6 7
Z LZ 6 7
H 6c C
22 00 cos 2
α=Rðr; sÞξ lr ðrÞ cos λ m1 r cos λ q s cos λ q1 s þ 7
Kfuu
G
¼ 6 7drds ðA:25Þ
6 c55 C 00 λq λq Rðr; sÞξ ðrÞ cos λm r sin λq s sin λq s þ 7
0 0 6 1 lr 1 1 7
6 7
6 C 00 ½Rðr; 0Þkuo þ Rðr; LÞkuL ξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 rð  1Þq þ q1  7
4 5
'
c12 C 00 cos αð ξ lr ðrÞ cos λm1 r þ λm1 ξlr ðrÞ sin λm1 rÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s

2 3
 c11 C 00 λm1 Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ sin λm1 r cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞ þ
6 c C =Rðr; sÞξ ðrÞ cos λ r cos λ sξ ðsÞ þ 7
6 66 11 lr m1 q l1 s 7
Z LZ H6 7
6 c C cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞξ ðrÞ cos λm r cos λq sξ ðsÞ  7
fg
Kuu ¼ 6 22 00 lr 1 l1 s 7drds ðA:26Þ
6 7
0 0 6 ' 7
6 c55 C 00 λq Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r sin λq sξ l1 s ðsÞ  7
4 5
'
c12 C 00 cos αð ξ lr ðrÞ cos λm1 r þ λm1 ξlr ðrÞ sin λm1 rÞ cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞ

2 3
c11 C 00 Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
6 7
6 c66 C 11 =Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s þ 7
6 7
Z L Z H 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq s þ 7
6 7
6 7drds
1 1
fg
Kuu ¼ 6 c55 C 00 λq λq1 Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ sin λq s sin λq1 s þ 7 ðA:27Þ
0 0 6 7
6 C ½Rðr; 0Þk þ Rðr; LÞk ξ ðrÞξ ðrÞð  1Þ q þ q
þ 7
6 00 uo uL lr l1 r
1
7
4 5
'
c12 C 00 cos αðξ lr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ þ ξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s

2 3
c11 S00 λm λm1 Rðr; sÞ sin λm r sin λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
6 c S =Rðr; sÞ cos λ r cos λ r cos λ s cos λ s þ 7
6 66 11 m m1 q q1 7
Z Z 6 7
L H 6 c22 S00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm r cos λq s cos λq s þ 7
~~ 6 7
KFuuG ¼
1 1
6 7drds ðA:28Þ
6 c55 S00 λq λq1 Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 r sin λq s sin λq1 s þ 7
0 0
6 7
6 S00 ½Rðr; 0Þkuo þ Rðr; LÞkuL  cos λm r cos λm rð  1Þq þ q1  7
4 1 5
c12 S00 cos αðλm sin λm r cos λm1 r þ λm1 cos λm r sin λm1 rÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s
220 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221

2 3
c11 S00 λm λm1 Rðr; sÞ sin λm r sin λm1 r cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞ þ
6 c S =Rðr; sÞ cos λ r cos λ r cos λ sξ ðsÞ þ 7
Z Z 6 66 11 m m1 q l1 s 7
L H 6 7
~~ 6 c22 S00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 r cos λq sξl s ðsÞ  7
KFuug ¼ 6 1 7drds ðA:29Þ
6 7
0 0
6 c55 S00 λq Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm r sin λq sξ ðsÞ 
' 7
4 1 l1 s 5
c12 S00 cos αðλm sin λm r cos λm1 r þ λm1 cos λm r sin λm1 rÞ cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞ

2 3
 c11 S00 λm Rðr; sÞ sin λm rξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
6 c s =Rðr; sÞ cos λ rξ ðrÞ cos λ s cos λ s þ 7
6 66 11 m l1 r q q1 7
6
Z L Z H 6 c S cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λ rξ ðrÞ cos λ s cos λ s þ 7
7
F~ g~ 6 22 00 m l1 r q q1 7
Kuu ¼ 6 7drds ðA:30Þ
0 6 c55 S00 λq λq1 Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞ sin λq s sin λq1 s þ 7
0
6 7
6 S00 ½Rðr; 0Þkuo þ Rðr; LÞkuL  cos λm rξl r ðrÞð  1Þq þ q1  7
4 1 5
c12 S00 cos αðλm sin λm rξl1 r ðrÞ  cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s

2 3
c11 S00 λm λm1 Rðr; sÞ sin λm r sin λm1 rξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s þ
6 c66 S11 =Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm rξ ðsÞ cos λq s þ 7
Z Z 6 1 ls 1 7
~~
L H 6 7
KfuuG ¼ 6 c22 S00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞs cos λq1 s  7drds ðA:31Þ
6 7
0 0 6 c S λ Rðr; sÞ cos λ r cos λ rξ ðsÞ sin λ s  7
4 55 00 q1 m m1 ls q1 5
c12 S00 cos αðλm sin λm r cos λm1 r þ λm1 cos λm r sin λm1 rÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s

2 3
c11 S00 λm λm1 Rðr; sÞ sin λm r sin λm1 rξls ðsÞξl1 s ðsÞ þ
6 c S =Rðr; sÞ cos λ r cos λ rξ ðsÞξ ðsÞ þ 7
Z Z 6 66 11 m m1 ls l1 s 7
L H 6 7
f~ g~ 6 c22 S00 cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm1 rξls ðsÞξl s ðsÞ þ 7
Kuu ¼ 6 1 7drds ðA:32Þ
6 7
0 0
6 c55 S00 Rðr; sÞ cos λm r cos λm rξ' ðsÞξ' ðsÞ  7
4 1 ls l1 s 5
c12 S00 cos αðλm sin λm r cos λm1 r þ λm1 cos λm r sin λm1 rÞξls ðsÞξl1 s ðsÞ

2 3
 c11 S00 λm Rðr; sÞ sin λm rξl1 r ðrÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s þ
6 7
6 c66 S11 =Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s þ 7
6 7
Z LZ 6
H 6 c22 S00 cos α=Rðr; sÞ cos λm rξl r ðrÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s 
2 7
~~ 7
fg
Kuu ¼ 6 1
7drds ðA:33Þ
6 c S λ Rðr; sÞ cos λ rξ ðrÞξ' ðsÞ sin λ s þ 7
0 0 6 55 00 q1 m l1 r ls q1 7
6 7
6 S00 ½Rðr; 0Þkuo þ Rðr; LÞkuL  cos λm rξl r ðrÞð 1Þq þ q1  7
4 1 5
c12 S00 cos αðλm sin λm rξl1 r ðrÞ  cos λm rξl1 r ðrÞÞξls ðsÞ cos λq1 s

2 3
 c11 S00 λm1 Rðr; sÞξ' lr ðrÞ sin λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
6 7
6 c66 S11 =Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 s þ 7
6 7
Z LZ H 6 7
~~ 6 c22 S00 cos α=Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
2
7
fG
Kuu ¼ 6 7drds ðA:34Þ
6 7
0 0 6 c55 S00 λq λq1 Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r sin λq s sin λq1 s þ 7
6 7
6 S00 ½Rðr; 0Þkuo þ Rðr; LÞkuL ξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 rð 1Þq þ q1  7
4 5
'
c12 S00 cos αð  ξ lr ðrÞ cos λm1 r þ λm1 ξlr ðrÞ sin λm1 rÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s

2 3
 c11 S00 λm1 Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ sin λm1 r cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞ þ
6 c S =Rðr; sÞξ ðrÞ cos λ r cos λ sξ ðsÞ þ 7
6 66 11 lr m1 q l1 s 7
Z Z 6 7
~
f g~
L H 6 c S cos 2 α=Rðr; sÞξ ðrÞ cos λm r cos λq sξ ðsÞ  7
Kuu ¼ 6 22 00 lr 1 l1 s 7drds ðA:35Þ
6 7
0 0 6 ' 7
6 c55 S00 λq Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞ cos λm1 r sin λq sξ l1 s ðsÞ  7
4 5
'
c12 S00 cos αð  ξ lr ðrÞ cos λm1 r þλm1 ξlr ðrÞ sin λm1 rÞ cos λq sξl1 s ðsÞ

2 3
c11 S00 Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
6 7
6 c66 S11 =Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s þ 7
6 7
Z LZ 6
H 6 c22 S00 cos α=Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl r ðrÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s þ
2 7
~~ 7
fg
Kuu ¼ 6 1
7drds ðA:36Þ
6 c S λ λ Rðr; sÞξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ sin λq s sin λq1 s þ 7
0 0 6 55 00 q q1 7
6 S ½Rðr; 0Þk þ Rðr; LÞk ξ ðrÞξ ðrÞð 1Þq þ q1 þ 7
6 00 uo uL lr l1 r 7
4 5
'
c12 S00 cos αðξ lr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞ þ ξlr ðrÞξl1 r ðrÞÞ cos λq s cos λq1 s
Where
Z 2π i j Z 2π i j
d cos ðnθÞ d cos ðnθÞ d sin ðnθÞ d sin ðnθÞ
C ij ¼ dθ; Sij ¼ dθ
0 dθi dθj 0 dθi dθj
 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207–221
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