ELECTRICIAN'S, — m HANDBOOK ef FORMULAS 3 et yA, DUS SM slatm@aeunm & | \ 11V ELECTRICIAN’S HANDBOOK —~—of caarsneee FORMULAS and EXAMPLES Copyright 1972 C. W. SHUFFLEBARGER 7 Certified Electrical Safety Engineer and SINONA = SHUFFLEBARGER REVISED All tights reserved PRICE $5.50 ' This book may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. WING PUBLISHING COMPANY DOROTHY M. WING, Publisher P.O. BOX 2707, 18224 Farmington Rd., Livonia, Ml 48150 Telephone Area Code 313-477-6609 Wine ceStiy» 00 SME ES SN OS IRTP TE merermeci If You Like Our Books The Criss -Cross Index Guide to - Ae “Tha-Nonal Hécicl Code Electrician’s Handbook ‘of Formulas and Examples National Electrical Code INTERPRETATIONS ~Hlectrical Code Facts — Questions and Answers and want to be on our mailing list, send us your name and address. We will notify you when any new book. is ready for oe WING PUBLISHING co. P. 0. BOX" 2707 18224 FARMINGTON ROAD LIVONIA, MICHIGAN, 48150TSI 4 COMPREHENSIVE ELECTRICAL BOOKS The Criss-Cross Index Guide fo The National Electrical” Code. This book is revised every three years to compare to the revisions made in the National Electrical Code. ELECTRICIAN'S HANDBOOK of FORMULAS and EXAMPLES There is never any revision made in these Formulas and Examples, so this book is good for all time. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE INTERPRETATIONS This book is a complete breakdown of each sec- fion of the National Electrical Code by number. Revised every three years to coincide to the revisions made in the National Electrical Code. ELECTRICAL CODE FACTS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSIV of the days when I was trying so hard to learn the Electrical Code and the ohms law. In that day there was no help such as this book and the Criss-Cross Index to the National Electrical code. At that time if 1 could have purchased these two books which } have placed before the Electrical field, 1 would willingly have paid ten times the price that is being asked. I am hoping that some one who is attempting to learn the code and the rudiments of electricity will have both my books and before he is finished, he will be thankful that | thought of making these two books available. The thought in mind is to go forward in learning. In order to EARN more, we must LEARN more and this book will make the process of learning easier. My “MOTTO” has always been, “Do the best Tecan with what I have, where I am.” “KNOWLEDGE IS POWER” C. W. Shufflebarger.stg rh INDEX ABBREVIATIONS . AMPERES FROM E-R oh se up 2 EES BUS-BAR BALANCED BELL WE W-R i W-E-PF L W-E-PF-2 KW-E1000 cts cos tenes ne : | KW-E-PF-1000 . Ee seston LIC i KW-E-PF-2-1000 ....... ee coc 186A i KVA-E-1000 aerate ect eecee eee ee \ KVA-E-2-1000 oo... ipcssesiecs iets see ae 2. 1-C W-E-PF-1,732 19-4 E-EFF-746-HP E-EFF-PF-746-HP E-EFF-PF-2-746-HP 7 E-EFF-PF-1.732-746-HP KVA-E-1.732-1000 ...... KW-1000-E-PF-1.732 . definition of an ampere ... phase to line amperes (balanced) . phase to line amperes (unbalanced) .. formula for above ....... : problems for amperes ..... F short cut formula for amperes . after derating conductors equivalents of amperes from a bus-bar .., Da eR ae circular mils from . amperes from ... obms from 3- line current from phase call two way, three-wire .. .......Wry CIRCULAR MIL FROM from amperes 7 square mils length and ohms formula a round conductor CIRCLES ~~ “circumference of area of radius of diameter of CONE volume of : eta ieeeet ee CONVERSION FACTORS | multiplying factors . centigrade to fahrenheit CENTIGRADE Table CAPACITANCE in series in parallel ..... CONSTANT FACTORS ohms per cm foot ... K table i finding unknown .. CUBE side of area of CYLINDER volume of : CAPACITIVE REACTANCE | of condenser in circuit . DELTA motor connections. DERATING table . DIAMETER when cm are known ....,a FTF EE » TF DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS table FREQUENCY of an a-c motor FORMULAS voltage drop resistance = CONSLAME rere rene length amperes cM HORSE-POWER in d-c circuits in a-c circuits single phase in two-phase circuits .. in three-phase circuits IMPEDANCE ohms INDUCTIVE REACTANCE of coil in circuit INTERPOLATION for horse-power INDUCTANCE coils in series coils in parallel KILOWATTS in dc systems in a-c systems from two phase circuits KILOVOLT-AMPERES single-phase two-phase three-phase LENGTH from cm and R one mil cquals LIGHTING LEVEL table 30-C . BLA . 96LOCKED-ROTOR table F . 55 MHO definition a i sh .. 51-D MOTORS speed control . Z 56-A reversing Reece 56B-57 connections: Y 8 Start “5960 to find speed . as . 58-A-B frequency of .. aed 58-C poles .... sce ce 58-D eff problems : cou OLA watts . 61-B eff . 61-C power (motor) . 61-D amperes (generator) ieesaeeeceee 62-C current (motor) ce rreseeridea erate He 62-A power (generator) Et 2 ae 62-B kilowatts 62-D power factor table . 74 OHMS per cm foot ett bteae seceteseeeaes - 65-B per sq. mil foot coeceneenneceeate eae 65-C per cubic inch . 65-D* tesistance in ohms. ......... 66-A from watts and amperes : 66-B definition of : : 66-C Megohm : 66-D from length and cm 67-A per cm foot chart : . 67-B from length of conductor 67-C rectangular conductor 7 67-68-A. round conductor ..... 68-B from length and diameter . 68-C resistors in parallel eee 70-A-BPOWER OF TEN POWER LOSS any conductors .... POWER FORMULAS single-phase two-phase three-phase short cut for any load POWER FACTOR table of percent single-phase circuits two-phase circuits three-phase circuits apparent and real any load PRISM volume of PARALLEL resistors in capacitance POLES of a motor REVERSING. motors RESISTORS in parallel RECTANGLE area of SHORT CUT AMPERE FORMULA... SQUARE CONDUCTORS ohms from SQUARE side of inscribed side of equat 13 86-B 94-E-95-A 95-B 95-C 94-8 94-D 87-A 715-A T5-B 76-A 75-C 76-B 18-G 70-71 50-C 58-D 56-B 70-71 78-E 23-B 25-C 32-F 32-GWola SQUARE MiLS from cm i 79 SPHERE volume of th ae : : 78-1 side of cube ve cbse T8-A. area of 7 eae seccensnvee, TBD ____ Solid or cubic measure oes see 18-B SINGLE-PHASE kilowatts ceed Neston ta asset 52-B kva es i 7 53-B SPEED CONTROL motors aad . S6-A SPEED to find motor speed Petia . 58-A-B TWO-PHASE kilowatts 52-C kva 53-C THREE-PHASE kilowatts . 53-A kva ai ab ate aaaraneeseee locked-retor chart ae eta it eshetseh 7 Petit ate. D- TRIANGLE Side Of inscribed ooo. csccccssessseensesaneeeeecennses 32-5 * TRANSFORMERS to find primary voltage ......ccecss tee ceeees : 80-C primary current Peete eta 80-D secondary voltage Raetiiset itt giana ieee eres LA secondary current : : 81-B primary voltage from turn$ 22... cee sees BIC primary turns ..... . . 81-D secondary voltage from turns . 82-A secondary turns sete deteenceees B2B current in primary pe 82-C primary turns ......... 7 : 82-D secondary current from turns cee BSA SECONdALY ULNS occ cccccseseee vessesssssneeesseeeeeesesnesvenee 85-B 10THREE-WAY-SWITCHES connection chart . Secor eareeat 7 TRIANGLE | area sarees a i .. 78-D TRAPEZOID | area of fe a 78-H | __ UNBALANCED LOAD _ Pee : = | fine current from phase current . ..... : 22-B | VOLTS FROM ohms and amperes watts and amperes oe | watts and ohms single-phase o... two-phase three-phase find 208 volts effect of low voltage . VOLTAGE DROP explanation and Tone symbols .. definition of volt . formulas WATTS : kilowatts 93-A one kw equals ... 93-B one watt equals 93-C definition of 93-D formula 7 Pee ett edtee aster 94-A amperes and ohms . 94-B volts and ohms 94-C Ee change to BTU 95-E e WIRE CALCULATIONS symbols... ate ee eee 29-A Y or STAR E motor connections ee anette: 111310 ABBREVIATIONS = a-c Alternating current ' amp (1) Ampere _ btu British thermal unit ‘ TN nn ~-—Gircular-mils-. - een i cp Candlepower ‘ cir Circular cu ft. Cubic foot i j cu in. Cubic inch _ ic Centigrade ° cemf Counter electromotive force 7 i d-c Direct current i db Decible y diam Diameter ‘ eff Efficiency _ emf Electromotive force q E Volts F Fahrenheit _ h Henry ae hp Horsepower hphr Horsepower hour , K Constant fa I Ampere km Kilometer “ mm ky Kilovolt | kva Kilovolt-ampere _ kw Kilowatt - 12 111g 2 Multiplier for two phase. ¢@ Symbol for 3 phase. 10¢ Power of ten. This number expressed in this manner means to count from the decimal point 6 places to the left. Example: 6.87 10 = .00000687 10* Power of ten. This number expressed in this manner means to count from the decimal point 6 places to the right. Example; 6.87 X 10° = 6870000. a ABBREVIATIONS kwhr Kilowatt hour L Length a ™m Thousand 1 ma Milliampere (amp >< 1000) mua ~ Microampere ene i mm Milimeter mv Millivolt P Power (watts) a pf Power factor r Ohms (resistance) a va Volt amperes w Watts © Pi 3.1416 A oO Means to square number Vv Take square root of 746 Watts per bp a 1.732 (Multiplier) 3 phase 13110 AMPERES To find Amperes when volts and ohms are known: A E Vv eels Amperes = ols Example: What current (amperes) will flow through a resistance of 10 ohms connected to a 110 volt line? “110 | R Ohms \ | | (ane = = 11 amperes. | 10 E \ To find the Amperes when the watts and volts are known: | w Ww i I= - Amperes = aw : E Volts Example: What current (amperes) would be taken by a 1,500 watt load on a 75-volt circuit? 1,500 —=— = 20 amperes. 7S To find the Amperes when the watts and ohms are known: vw c ace Example: How much current is flowing through a 5-ohm resistor which consumes 80 watts? 2s Vie = 4 amperes. To find the Amperes in single phase circuits: D iW Watts ————— ._ Amperes = ————______— i E x pf Volts > Power-factor ee Example: What current will a 975 watt load operating at a a 75% power tactor, take on a 100 volt a-c single phase : circuit? \ 975 - —————— = 13 amperes. 100 x .75 16 nt NRi FREER tata AMPERES To find the Amperes in two phase circuits: A w Watts =——___—_~ Amperes == ————___—_ EX pi xX 2 EX ph & 2 Example: What current will a 3,500 watt load operating at 70% power-facior take on a two phase 200 volt circuit? FICEEeereeee eer 3500 200 x .70 % 2 = 12.5 amperes. To find the Antperes when the kilowatts are known in DC circuits: 1 YX 1000 B fe E kilowatts 1000 | Volts Example: A 10-kw lighting load is fed from a 200-volt power supply system. How much current does the load draw? Amperes == 10 x 1000 = 50 amperes. 200 To find the Amperes when the kw are known in single phase circuits: 1 EX _1000 c “EX pf Amperes = —Kilowatts _1000 Volts >< power-factor Example: How much current does a 10 kw power load take from a 200 volt single-phase a-c system if it operates at 80% power factor? 10 >¢ 1000 == 62.5 amperes. 200 .80 17vice 13tu To find the Amperes when the kw are known in 2 phase circuits: _ kw_X_1000 A “EX pf x 2 kilowatts > 1000 Volts power-factor x 2 Examplé: “An electric system which consumes 10 kw of power is fed from a 200 volt 4-wire 2 phase system. Assuming that the load operates at 80% power-factor, how much current will the load draw? 10 x 1000 200 X 80% 2 I Amperes = == 31.25 amps. Finding Amperes when kva are known in single phase circuits: I __kva_X_ 1000 B i E peel kilovolts x 1000 Volts Example: How many amperes does a 4 kva 240 volt single phase generator deliver at full load? eeeleml 16.66 amperes. 240 Finding Amperes when the kilovolt amperes are known in two (2) phase circuits: Ie kva X 1000 Cc see. Amperes = kilovolts x 1000 Volts & 2 Example: How many amperes will a 4-kva 240 volt (2) two phase generator deliver at full load? 4 x 1000 240 «x 2 18 == 8.33 amperes.1slG To find the Amperes in three phase circuits: (1.732-3 ¢ multiplier). eee eee A EX pi x 1.732 Watts Acipscregt aes et itis Ua Sesto Volts « Power-fa am Example: How much current y take on a three phase 440 volt cir 80% power factor? 3,048. 440 X 80 X 1.732 1 a 3,048.32 watt load it When it operates at 5 = 5 amperes. To find the Amperes when horsepower is kaawn in DC circuits: (bp is used for horse-power) B (elf is used for efficiency) 1, 746 x bp EX eff 746 \ horse-power Volts % efficiency Example: How much current will a 5 hp 220 volt, d-c motor take when its efficiency is 909? 6 ee! 18.84 amperes. i 220 « .90 Amperes = To find the Amperes when the hip is known in single phase Circuits: 746 X te c E x cit x pt Example: What current will a 2 hp 120 Volt single phase motor take when its efficiency is 85% and the power- factor is 80%? Amperes = > Amperes TINS ee 18.28 120 x 85 x 80 1913510 To find the Amperes when the hp is known in Two phase 4-Wire circuits: _ 746: X hp A EX eff % pfx 2 746 >< _horse-power Amperes =——————__ + Volts x eff & pf & 2 motor take if it is 88% efficient and operates at 90% power-factor? 746 K 10 7,460 ‘oneneee = == 22.64 amperes. 208 X 88 &% 90 % 2 329.47 To find the Amperes when the /ip is known in Three phase circuits: aH 746 X_hp B EX eff x pf & 1.732 746 >< _horse-power Volts K eff x pf %& 1.732 Example: How much current is required by a 5-hp 220 volt 3 ¢ motor which has an eff of 80% and operates at 80% power-factor? 746 xX 5 3,730 220 % 80 X% 80 X 1.732 243.87 To find the Amperes when the kva are known in Three Phase circuits: Amperes = = 15.29 amperes 1 —_kva_X_1000 7 EX 1.732 kilovolt-amperes 1000 Volts > 1.732 Example: How many amperes will a three phase 4 kva Amperes = } generator deliver ai full load? Using 240 volts. Ue 9.63 amperes. 240 % 1.732 20 i J ea Example:—What-current—will_a—10-hp_208_volt_2_phase ___SEREREELET how To find the Amperes when the kilowatts (kw) are known. Three Phase. ___kw x 1000 A “EX pf X 1.732 kilowatts 5¢ 1000 Volts power-factor > 1.732 Example: What current docs a 10 kw load draw from a Amperes = ~240 volt 3-6 line when the power-factor is 80%? 10 >< 1000 ——_—_———— = 30 amperes. 240 « .80 1.732 The Ampere: The ampere is the unit of electric current. It is that amount of current which will flow through a resistance of 1 ohm when a potential of | volt is applied across the resistance.. THREE PHASE LOADS OTHER THAN MOTORS THREE PHASE CIRCUITS, BALANCED DELTA What line current will three heaters 3000 watts each, draw? Voltage 240. c Phase current == a == 12.5 amps ea. leg. 240 _ Line current = 12.5 & 1.732 = 21.65 amp. Note; When a group of three devices or coils are con- nected in delta, as in a motor, each device or coi} has line voltage impressed on it and must be designed for that voltage. The current in the line will be 1.732 times the current through the coil, When Y counected as on the low voltage side of a transformer, each of the three coils need only be designed for 1/1.732 or .577 times the line voltage. The line current will be the same as the current through each coil. The three heaters are not designed like the coils in a motor; therefore we multiply the phase cur- rent in each heater by 1.732 to obtain line current. 21a ___-_LINE_CURRENT FROM PHASE CURRENT. Ieee ce aro ee ace low FORMULA FOR ABOVE I = line amperes A I, == phase current I, = .58 & (I) line current I = 1.732 (1,) phase current. > FROM AN UNBALANCED LOAD B When the loads served by the feeder are unbalanced and the phase current varies, the line current may be obtained by computing the diagonal of a parallelogram. Under such conditions the relationship between phase and line current is obtained by applying an equation which provides as follows: The square of the diagonal of a parallelogram equals the sum of the squares of the two sides plus twice the product of the two sides times the cosine of the angle between the two sides. For Example: The current in phase A is 20 amperes. The current in phase B is 40 amperes. The angle betwcen the two sides of the parallelogram is 60 degrees, which js correct when the power-factor of the loads are equal. Under such conditions the current in line A and line B would be 53 amperes as shown by the computations that follow: P = 20? + 407 + 2 (20 % 40) x cosine of 60 degree (cosine .5) == 53 amps 20 x 20 == 400 20 x 40 = 800 40 < 40 = 1600 300 % 2 = 1600 2000 1600 & .5 = 800 2000 pius 800 = 2800 /-2800 = 53 amps 22BEEBE REESE SR | i 1oiu TO FIND THE AMPERES IF (E-VOLTAGE) (W- WATTS) (PF-POWER-FACTOR) AND (3-6 MULTI- PLIER) ARE KNOWN 1.732. A I = amps. .... W = vatts . ~~ 3-@-==-factor—- PF = power-factor ..... Eee panna OO uOTu On. E = volts . . 220 Pia pOWerH( Walls) insane eee oe GOL, 6 oe 6122.45 98 2 LEZ) == 3534.89 1.732 3534.89 230 == 16.0677 amps (I) SHORT CUT FORMULA B AMPERES P (watts) ~ PF x 1732 XE 23AMPERE CAPACITIES AT VARIOUS REDUCTION FACTORS Rated | 80% | 70% | 60% | 50% | Size of Size | amps | 4 to 6 |7 024] 25 to 42| 43 up |conductor 14] 15 | 12 | 105 9 | 75] 14 TZ} —20-| 6} 4} To} 12 10 | 30 | 24 | 21 1s | 15 | 10 40 | 32 | 28 24 | 20 8 5S 44 38.5 33 27.5 6 70 56 49 42 35 4 80 64 56 48 40 3 95 76 66.5 57 47.5 2 110 88 77 66 55 I 100 87.5 75 62.5 0 116 | 101.5 87 72.5} 00 000 132 | 115.5 99 82.5 | 000 0000 | 195 156 | 136.5 117 97.5 [0000 250 | 215 172 | 150.5 129 | 107.5 |250 MCM 300 | 240 192 | 168 144 | 120 300 350 | 260 208 | 182 156 | 130 350 400 | 280 224 | 196 168 | 140 400 500 | 320 256 | 224 192 | 160 500 1000 | 455 364 | 318.5 273 | 227.5 [1000 EEE Ree eee eee ec cece eee ca eat ° Soe ww kh Dw a FPR Baa 24 i | d{ | | ZEB BSBBE SEE SESE Vso CIRCULAR MIL. AMPERES, SQ. MIL., SQ. IN. A 1 ampere per sq. in -7854 A per cm. -7854 amp. per em. 5S A per sq. cm. «15S amp. per sq. cm. = 1,273,000 cm. per amp. 41,273,000 cm. per amp. = .000001 amp. per sq. mil. 1 amp per sq. cm. = 6.45 amp. per sq. in. 6.45-amp—per-sq-in. 9 7,000-em=-per-ampere: 1000 cm. per amp. == 1,273 amp. per sq. inch. 1000 sq. mils per amp. = 1000 amps per sq. inch TO FIND THE AMPERE CAPACITY OF A BUS BAR. Thickness 3X width == sq. inches. B Sq. in. X 1000 == ampere capacity. Example: ¥2” thick, 4 inches wide. What is amp. capacity? Yo" (5) &% 4 = 2. sq. inches. 2. X 1000 == 2000 amperes. A SQUARE CONDUCTOR IS .75 inches on a side, has a resistance of .0084 ohms. Anather square conductor that is .25 inches on a side is of the sarne material and length. What is the resistance of the second conductor? Cc ans. .75 X .75 = .5625. .0084 .5625 = 2 enero ee = 0756 ohms. (25 )? Note: lf the diameter is doubled, the cross-sectional area is increased (4) four times and the ‘resistance is reduced to one quarter (%4) of its original value. D NOTES 25‘eel 110 CALL BELL When it is desired to install two signals at different loca- tions and each party wishes to signal the other from the two Jocations, diagram below will show proper connections to be made, using only three wires. T = transformer Bobet pe P = push buttons — ©) | e P P “ NOTES 28 | sun ueuUuEuREioiV WIRE CALCULATIONS RESISTANCE, AREA AND LENGTH. The following symbols and constants are used in wire calculations. D = Diameter of conductor in mils. C.M. = Circular mil area. SPEC Peep ed PUN ee Sh eG eT eee cheer eer ees K = 10.75 @ 20° (mil per 1000 feet). L = Length of conductor. R = Resistance of conductor. 1 inch = 1000 mils. To find the Circular Mil Area of a round conductor. 1 inch = 1000 mils. B Circular mil = Diameter in mils? Example: What is the circular mil area of a wire having a diameter of 1 inch? C.M. = 1000 x 1000 = 1,000,000 ALSO c C.M. == Square mils x 1.2732 ‘ To find Circular Mils when the square mil area is known: crm Circular mils = SaHetea -7854 .7854 Example: What is the equivalent circular mil area of a copper bus having an area of 15,708 sq. mils? 15,708 7854 cM. = = 20,000 D 29| | | | é 1StU BUS BAR To find circular mil of bus bar: Example: A Width = 1 inch &% 1000 = 1000 mils. Thickness = 4% inch = .25” % 1000 = 250 mils. Area = width > thickness in mils = 1000 % 250 = ea 250,000 sq. mils. C.M. Se ceo 00 te 318,309 7854 (or) 250,000 % 1.2732 = 318,300 C.M. CIRCULAR-MIL To find C.M. when length and ohm are known. B cM, = * K Circular mit = [26th X constant resistance Example: What is the circular mil of a copper wire 1,000 feet long and having.a resistance of 5 ohms? 1,000 % 10.75 == 2,150 CM 5 LENGTH To find the length of a copper wire when the resistance and circular mil area are known: _ Rx OM. c = K Resistance circular mils Length = Spee cic TMI L constant Example: A coil of 10,000 circular mil wire has a re- sistance of .S ohms. What is the length of the wire? 5X 10,000 10.75 30 = 465 feet a oe ‘me. me OO. 11310, LENGTH 1 mil = .0254 mm (milli-meter) 1 mm = 39.37 mils z= 03937 inches .3037 inches. 0328 feet. is A cm 1 In. = 25.4 mm, == .083 feet. .0278 yard. == 2.54 cm. DIAMETER To find the diameter when circular mils are known: Diameter = \/ Cir -mil area B (square root of) Example: What is the diameter of number 14 wire? Cir-milis \/ 4110 = 64 mils. NOTES Rm mh mE i 6 31CIRCLES CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE = Diameter & 3.1416 Radius & 6.283185 > smupEennuRe ne. AREA OF A CIRCLE = eer B aa Diameter? YK .7854 Radius? « 3.1416 Circumference? > ,07958 14 circumference % % of diameter. 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' uOl X 6/1 sumyorelg swyO | 3901 suyoIOIW suyo 8 | x01 smgosay swgo a0 X 6/1 stuyoreig SUIOIOIA | x01 suyoO SUIYOIOTL | wOT suyosayy sUIqOII 901 swuyQ swyosayy T sa]pues-joo,f ‘y ‘bs aod suowny OT SHEA SNeMOT SL &q Aidunyy fiastonu09 Aq Aidninw ow] WoAuods OL, fst EEE) EECEECe--et Posed ge EERE eee VETOEShot 39 CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT a Temp C = 5/9 X (temp, F32) Temp. F = (9/5 X temp. C) plus 32 i | c F c F c E | See Sores. “64.4 (36 968 a 1 33.8 19 66.2 37 98.6 2 35.6 20 68 38 100.4 3 37.4 21 69.8 39 102.2 A 4 39.2 22 71.6 40 104.0 5 41.0 23 73.4 41 105.8 a 6 42.8 24 15.2 42 107.6 7 44.6 25 771.0 43 109.4 8 8 46.4 26 78.8 44 «111.2 9 48.2 27 80.6 45 143.0 i t a 10 50.0 28 82.4 46 114.8 i ra 51.8 29 84.2 47 116.6 12 53.6 30 86.0 48 118.4 s 13 55.4 31 87.8 49 120.2 14 57.2 32 89.6 50 122.0 i s 15 59.0 33 91.4 51 123.8 16 60.8 34 93.2 52 125.6 \ I 17 62.6 35 95.0 53 «12741310 F Cc F c F 129.2 73 163.4 92 197.6 131.0 74 165.2 93 199.4 —132:8——-—I5-——167.0—_...._94___ 201.2. 57 134.6 76 168.8 95 203.0 58 136.4 77 170.6 96 204.8 59 138.2 78 172.4 97 206.6 60 140.0 719 174.2 98 208.4 61 141.8 80 176.0 99 210.2 62, 143.6 81 177.8 100 212.0 63 145.4 82 179.6 101 213.8 a 64 147.2 83 181.4 102 215.6 i 65 149 84 183.2 103 217.4 66 150.8 85 185.0 104 219.2 i 67 152.6 86 186.8 105 221.0 68 154.4 87 188.6 106 222.8 I 69 156.2 88 190.4 107 224.6 70 158.0 89 192.2 108 226.4 i | 1 159.8 90 194.0 109 228.2 72 161.0 91 195.8 110 230.0 J 40 . 4yas” ae SBeeeEeeEI SB SB A c F Cc F c F 11-2318 130.266.0149 300.2 112«2336~—Ss31s«267.8 =~ 150—302.0 235.4 “122606 ISL——«3038 237.2 133 «2714152 «305.6 52390134 2738.2 153 307.4 16 ©2408 = «135.275.0154 309.2 117-2426 = 1362768155 311.0 8244.4 137 278Gsd1SS OD 119 -246,.2 «1382804873146 120 248.0 1392822 1583164 1212498 = 140.284.0159 318.2 | 122 251.6 = 141—s285.8 = 160320 : 123-2534 142,s=««287H si (LB ' 124 255.2 = 143 (289.4 162«323.6 i 125 257.0 1g D334 | 196-2588 ~=«145—=S293.0Ssd6A S327. ' 127 260.6 = 1462948165329 i 128-2624 147,296.68 s166 330.8 | 129 64.2.——C«ABSsC(ti«iKSCCGTSC33.G | 411310 Cc F c F c F 168 334.4 187 368.6 206 402.8 169 336.2 188 370.4 207 404.6 10 338-—--189 32:2 208-4064" 171 339.8 190 374 209 408.2 172 341.6 191 375.8 210 410 173 343.4 192 377.6 211 4118 174 345.2 193 379.4 212 413.6 115 347 194 381.2 213 415.4 176 348.8 195 383 214 417.2 177 350.6 196 384.8 215 419 178 352.4 197 386.6 216 420.8 179 354.2 198 388.4 217 422.6 180 356 199 390.2 218 424.4 181 357.8 200 392 219 426.2 182 357.6 201 393.8 220 428 183 361.4 202 395.6 221 429.8 184 363.2 203 397.4 222 431.6 185 365 204 399.2 223 433.4 186 366.8 205 401 224 435.2 42 — = wa1SiU setgzey pees IZ | STlE’ 8E6'L oz or s $L8962 Ips 61 7 SZ182" Perk gt 6 s79s9v" LeL9 LI 00sz" ose’9 91 8 ’ z 1 SLEvET| €s6's SI SLBIZ" 9ss's ¥T L szieor 6S'S er sisi Colt ZI 9 € SL8ILT| 998 11 S79st 696" ot s 9 Sz790HT" ZLS'E 6 oser’ SLVE 8 v z I SLE6OI" 8LL'z L SLE6O" 18E7 9 € STISLO’ y8e'l s $z90 88ST v z I SL89+0" 161 € S71EO" v6L" zt I STOSIO Lee" I qourue jo sjewaq | sium | suo | spuce | smor | sug | P/E | z/t SINTIVAINDD TVWIOdd FrRERTRwBaBeaBaA*1gtU —_—_ a ; 1 ‘ BEERFeBEEMm ae sz9so" 69991 ey 1 | S79079" i CLT9T y . sco" SLEST or 0c or s SLE609" BLe ST 6£ SLE6S” TSO'ST BE 6r S7I8LS” v8o vl LE Sto" 882'P1 9f sr 6 SL89nS° 168°€L SE Seles” bOP'ET pe LT Z S79SIS" L60°EI cf so OOL'?T te or 8 v z 1 SLEDS | cOeZT Te qt SL89b" | 90611 OE st STLESb" 60S TT 6c SLEY | eLVit 8 vr L SL8IZy 9ILOr Le S790r" 61E 01 9% €l S7906E" | C766 ST Ose 875°6 #2 zr 9 € \ SLEOSE” 8zI'6 z SLEve” 1€L'8 wz II Your ue Jo speunsoq SIOJOUITAL syip9 | spuce | suIoT sug r/T eI SLNAIVAINO” IWWIOdd1910 SZIcse" Slee) SLE81Z6\ $7906 $79068) SLB SLEOSB SLES STI8Z8" szis' SL896L" S7I8L" S79S9L" su SLEVEL™ SL8EL) STLEOL™ SL89" SL8IL9° your ue Jo sjeuroeq 00r' Sz £00'°SZ 909'P7 600 PT cls et OI ET 610°€% e29'@T S7CCT 87817 TEP IZ vEOIT 8€9'O Tpz-07 brs’! Leper oso’6l €S9°81 98e81 OSL COM LE 990°LT SHBTOLUN TAL 9 £9 0 19 ag 6s 8s Ls 9s gS vs €s 7s 1g os oF 8b Lp oD sy vy cy suleg ce Te oe 6c 8e Lt 9t SE ve ee wT spuze ot St vr et er iW sqigt SINSTIVAINOD TWWIOad sug o/h t/t 45low HORSE-POWER IN D-C CIRCUITS: yp = —X 1X efficiency A 746 volts >< amperes x eff. 746 ~——Example:—What-horse-power-does~a-220-volt-d-c-motor——* deliver if it takes 20 amperes and is 85% efficient? 220 % 20 X 85 746 ALSO = KW Xx 1.34 HORSE-POWER IN A-C SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS: up = EX 1% eff. x pf B 746 __ Volts amperes xX efficiency % pf ~ 746 Example: What horse-power does a 220 volt single-phase motor deliver if it takes 20 amperes and is 80% efficient and operates at 75% power factor? 220 x 20 % .80 eff. x .75 pf 746 HORSE-POWER IN TWO-PHASE CIRCUITS TO FIND HORSE-POWER: np — EX1X eff. x pE x 2 Horse-power == = 50 Horse-power = 35 : vi 7 £ Horse-power = olts amperes X eff. xX pf x 2 746 Example: What horse-power does a 220 volt two-phase motor deliver if it takes 20 amperes and is 90% efficient and operates at 85% pf? 220 x 20 X% 9 x 85 X 2 _ 146 ian 48 4.5 gE EE HuIsty HORSE-POWER IN THREE-PHASE. 4 TO FIND HORSE-POWER: A wp — EX Lx eff X pe x 1.732 746 a Horse-power == | i ev ols oc Ampere x etter Bie ine 746 Example: What horse-power does a 220 volt three-phase motor deliver if it takes 10 amperes and is 95% efficient and operates at 80% power-factor? 220 x 10 X 95 & 80 XX 1.732 _ 746 a 3.88 INDUCTANCE, CAPACITANCE, REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE IN A-C CIRUITS: L = Inductance in henrys. B c Capacitance in farads. Q = Quantity of electricity in coulombs. X = Reactance in ohms. Xz, = Inductive reactance in ohnts. Xo = Capacitive reactance in ohms. Z = Impedance in ohms. F == Frequency in cycles per second. aw = Pi 3.1416, Ly = Total henry. ve nua naan eta ks aan baad LAR Mea nee What is the inductance of a circuit composed of three coils connected in series? The inductance of each coil is 3 henrys. c le = lb tl + ls = 343439 = OL 49 at = me Mm eS oS weeeairyeagniscenie1310 Find the value of inductance in parallel. What is the in- ductance of a circuit having three 3-henry coils connected in parallel? A Bere ees Yc ea eee To find the value of capacitances in series: B Example: What is the total capacity of three 9-microfard condensers connected in series? 1 EE EE AE ee ee eee cna Cerin clu-tostmico C = reciprocal of. C = 3 microfarads To find the value of capacitances in parallel: Cc Example: What is the total capacity of the three 9-micro- farad condensers in parallel? 7 CHO4+Q4G=9+49+ 9 = 27 microfarads il v To find the inductive reactance of a coil in a circu D Example: What is the reactance of a 2-henry coi] on an } a-c circuit of 60 cycles? X, = 27 fl=2X 3.1416 x 60 X 2 = 753.98 ohms. To find the capacitive reactance of a condenser in a circuit: i What is the reactance of a 2-microfarad condenser on an a-c circuit of 100 cycles? TRC 1 eee 2X 3.1416 X 100 $< 000002 125664 50 = 796. ohm. j < amperes eee HI OUO Leet 1000 Example: A generator is delivering 100 amiperesat440-—— volts. How many kilowatts is it generating? 840X100 44 kilowatts 1000 KILOWATTS IN A.C SYSTEMS B To find the Kilowatts in single phase circuits: Kw == X 1X pf 1000 Kilowatts = Volts X_amperes power-factor Example: How many kilowatts does a single-phase gener- ator deliver when it is supplying 60 amperes at 220 volts to a power load operating at 80% power-factor? 220 X 60K 80 so.56 ey {000 TWO PHASE CIRCUITS € To find the Kilowatts in two phase circuits: i xw a Ek Xi of x? 1690 Kilowatts = Example: How many kilowatts does a cwo-phase generator celiver when it is supplying 60 ainperes at 220 volts to a power load operating at 80% power-factor? 220 K 60 x 80 _X% 2 1000 52 x= 21.12 kw110 THREE PHASE CIRCUITS To find the Kilowatts in three phase circuits: A kw = —&X 1% pe x 1732 1000 . x _amps & X_power: factor x. 1.732 BEREEESG Example: How many kilowatts does a three-phase gener- ator supply when it is delivering 60 amps at 220 volts to a power load operating at 80% pf? 220 x 60 x S80 %& 1.732 = 18.289 kw KILOVOLT-AMPERES To find the kva in a Single-phase circuit : B KVA Sera Kilovolt-amperes se volls i < amperes X 2 1000 Example: What is the kilovolt-ampere rating of a two- phase generator designed to deliver 20 amperes at 220 volts? Kilovolt-amperes = 220 x 20 x 2 1000 53 == 8.8 kva i = f : esa é131V KILOVOLT-AMPERES — To find the Kilovolt-Amperes in Three-Phase circuits: mm KvA = EXLX 1.732 1000 oe 1000 Example: What is the kilovolt ampere rating of a three- phase generator designed to deliver 20 amperes at 220 , | volts? 220 x 20 x 1.732 1000 == 7.6208 kva NOTES 3541310. =a Ee SB EF SS oe LOCKED ROTOR THREE PHASE $n Horsepower % factor gives locked rotor amperes. Code Letter “mmo A> “ra 220V Motor 235 V Line }————_______. 8.8 9.9 11.2 12.6 14.0 157 17.6 19.9 224 25.3 28.0 31.4 35.0 39.2 44.8 55 20 208 V | Motor Motor 208 V 208 V Line Line 7.8 8.7 8.8 9.8 10.0 11.1 1h 12.5 12.4 13.9 13.9 15.5 15.6 17.5 17.7 19.7 |, 19.8 22.2 22.4 25.0 24.8 27.7 27.8 31.0 31.0 34.7 34.7 38.8 39.7 44.4 eset iment He11 SERIES MOTORS: A Speed control of series motors may be controlled by in- serting resistance in series with the machine, by shunting a resistance across the series field, or by shunting a re- ______Sistance across the armature. i PPEeeee cere SHUNT WOUND: Speed control of shunt wound motors may be decreased below normal by a rheostatic controller in series with its armature and may be increased above normal by means of a rheostat in series with its field winding. COMPOUND WOUND: Speed control of a compound-wound motor may be re- duced by means of a rheostat in the circuit of its armature. Speed may be increased by a filed rheostat in series with the shunt-field winding. INDUCTION MOTOR: Speed control by inserting resistance in series with the rotor to decrease. POLY PHASE: Speed control can be effected by changing the frequency of the supply circuit. Or external resistance in the rotor circuit. MULTISPEED INDUCTION: f Speed can be altered by changing the number of poles. POLYSPEED INDUCTION MOTOR: Speed is controlled by the method of introducing a foreign voltage into the secondary or rotor circuit. This foreign voltage is obtained from the secondary of the induction regulator. MOTORS — SPEED CONTROL Em MOTORS — REVERSING B SHUNT OR SERIES: Direct-current shunt motor may be reversed by the inter- change of connections of either the field or the armature winding. Reversing the line leads will not change the direction of rotation, COMPOUND MOTORS: D-C. Interchange the connections of the two armature leads. 56 eR ERE EOS11 MOTORS — REVERSING | TWO PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR: (FOUR WIRE) Interchange the connections to the line of the two leads of either phase. TWO PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS: (THREE WIRE) Interchange the connections to the line of the wo outside wires: ae THREE PHASE MOTORS: Interchange the connections to the line of any two leads, SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS: Ordinary synchronous motors are reversed in the same manner as induction motors. FYNN-WEICHSEL MOTORS: Interchange the connections to the line ot any two of the motor leads and shift the commutator brushes to the same position on the opposite side of the field axis. SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION, SHADING POLE STARTING: The direction of rotation cannot be reversed. SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION, INDUCTIVELY SPLIT-PHASE MOTORS: Interchange the connections of either the main Cs the auxiliary winding. SINGLE PHASE CAPACITOR MOTORS: Interchange the connections of either the main or the auxiliary winding. SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION, STARTED BY REPULSION ACTION: Shift the brushes to the same position on the opposite side of the neutral axis, SINGLE PHASE REPULSION MOTORS: Shift the brushes to the same position on the opposite side of the neutral axis. SINGLE PHASE SERIES MOTORS: Interchange the connections of either the field or the armature winding. Reversing the line will not change the direction of rotation. emceremane! | | i | 57ASlQ AC Machines: R.P.M. A To find the speed, frequency and poles of a-c rotating machines, the following symbols are used; R.P.M. = Revolutions per minute. =) F = Frequency in cycles per second. ——-————P_==_Number_of_field_poles._____ To find the Speed of motors: B = a= F xX 120 RPM = Frequency & 120 P Number of poles Example: What is the synchronous speed of a 60-cycle 4-pole a-c motor? 60 x 120 = 1,800 4 To find the Frequency of an a-c motor: c Rpm xX P 120 Rpm x No. of poles 120 . Exainple: A 6-pole a-c generator is driven at a speed of 1,200 rpm. What is the F of its output? mW er Frequency = 1,200 « 6 120 == 60 cycles To find the number of Poles in an a-c motor: D pe FX20 —— poeg — Frequency x 120 Tpm rev. per minute Example: How many poles does an a-¢ 60 cycle motor have if its synchronous speed is 3,600 rpm? 60 x 120 = 2 pole 3600 P 58VIO Y of sfar 8 “a OO ae “= leo otllo a t S 4 1 High voltage Low voltage | Peennknk ss =. =1310 a Beeaaeane aa | Della 4 7 orate High voltage @ 9 o oO 9 t Low voltage ee aan 2 .1o1U ‘ MOTOR PROBLEMS ¥ EFFICIENCY: = OUTPUT + INPUT What is the efficiency of a motor which draws 4.5 kilo- watts from a line and delivers 5 horse-power? 4.5 kw = 4,500 watts A } Shp SX 746 watts s=—3,730-—-watts 3730 4500 = 829 or 83% efficiency A motor draws 67.5 amps at 440 volts with efficiency of 78%. How much power is lost? 67.5 K 440 = 29700 watts B 29700 +78 380.76 x 100 = 38076 watts = 100% 38076 minus 29700 8376 watts Power loss in kw 376 == 380.76 watts or 1% It 45 kw is supplied to a motor and its output is found to be 54.2 hp. What is it efficiency? i Solution: 1 hp = 746 watts c 54.2 hp X 746 = 40433 watts = 40.4 kw Then substituting in the formula; Efficiency =--CUlPut 40-4 go input 45 kw A 440 volt 3 hp motor with an efficiency of 73% is coupled to a 3000 volt generator that has an efficiency of 79% with the motor running fully ‘loaded. How much power does the motor take from the line? 440 x 73% = 321 volts 2238 watts “321 volts 6.98 > 440 = 3071.20 watts or 3.07 kw (continued on next page) 3 hp X 746 == == 6.98 amps 61 ] eos oe arlene i 5 4 btaiw MOTOR PROBLEMS nl How much current does the motor take? A 1 3 hp X 746 = 2238 watts _d 440 X 73% = 321 volts nu ——-——-_—-- 923 8—watts~ an 698 amps SS See 321 volts How much power will the generator deliver when loaded? 3 hp x 746 = 2238 watts B 2238 & 79% = 1.768 kw How much current will the generator deliver? 2238 watts 3000 volts (100% — 79%) = 21%. 746 y .21 = .157 nl -746 amp. less 157 amps = .589 amp. | = .746 amp c 589 amp. = 589 ma. or 7 +746 X .79 = .589 .746 less 589 == 157 -746 less .157 = .589 Example: How many kilowatts are being used by a motor which is delivering 6.7 hp if its efficiency is 80%? ans: 6.7 X 746 = 4998 4998 80 62.475 100 = 6247.5 watts = 100% 6247.5 1000 = 62.475 = 1% D == 6.25 kw 621310 NOTES wea sin sth re edi 63 rrmrorerertrityyt w&1a1U FOR AIR-CONDITIONERS A Nameplate full load 32 amperes, Locked Rotor 140 am- peres. Question: What size hp switch? Answer: From TO FIND HP RATED SWITCH " BY INTERPOLATION HERMETIC MOTORS correspond to a 10 hp motor. Our nameplate reads 32 amperes. The next higher rating would correspond to a 1S hp motor. Since 32 amperes is between 27 amps. and [ 40 amps, or 10 bp and 15 bp it will be necessary to inter- polate for the true horsepower value. | 32 amps — 27 amps 5 3 40 amps — 27 amps eentias 0 2 1 I a Ax U5 bp — 10 bp) = 2 = = 1.9 hp 19-4 10hp = U9bp | OHMS RESISTIVITY ONE OHM PER CM FOOT: B 7854 ohms per mil foot 4 .001662 ohms per sq. mm 0000001657 ohms per cu. cm 00000006524 ohms per cu. inch ONE OHM PER SQ. MIL-FOOT: c 1,273 ohms per cm foot .002117 ohms per sq. mm-m 0000002116 ohms per cu. cm 00000008335 ohms per cu. inch ONE OHM PER CU INCH: D 15,280,000 ohms per cm foot 12,000,000 ohms per sq. mil foot 25,400 ohms per sq. mm-m 2.54 ohms per cu. cm 65 wo1S ty ee eae OHMS To find the resistance in ohms. A oe as I amperes Example: What is the resistance in an electric circuit —~~-which -has-a-pressure-of15—velts—and~a-current-flow-of-——— 5 amperes? ute = 23 ohms 5 ALSO R= 10.8 >< length in feet circular mils To find the ohms when the watts and amperes are known: Watt: Reese Obi ote reas eee v amps squared Example: What is the resistance of a 240 watt circuit which has a current flow of 10 amperes? 240 ———— = 24 ohms 10 x 10 The ohm is the unit of resistance. It is that amount’ of resistance which will permit | ampere to flow at a potential difference of 1 volt. c Megohms = —- neMaeeiee Dp kva x 1000 To find the ohms when the watts and the volts are known: 7 It d Res ee Resistance. — Volts squared Ww watts Example: What is the resistance of a load which takes 60 watts when connected to a 20 volt circuit? 2 20 X 20 6.66 60 661310 (OHM) A i To find the resistance of a copper conductor when the length and circular mil area is known: R= LXK cm Resistance — Circular mils length X constant ———-Example:~-What-is-the-resistance--of-5 000 -feet-of-copper- wire having a cross-sectional area of 1,000 cm? 5,000 x 10.75 == 53.75 1000 ohms APPROX. COPPER “R” -—- OHMS PER “CM” Temp °F 68 77 86 104 122 140 167 R per cm ft. 10.4 10.75 11.0 11.5 12.3 13.0 13.6 Double for complete circuit To find the ohms resistance when the length of the con- ductor is known: R= KXL 1000 Ohms = 1000 c wire ohms Jength Example: Find the resistance of 1 mile of No. 8 wire. #8 wire has a resistance of .641 ohms per 1000 feet. To find the ohms when the conductor is rectangular: 641 5¢ 5280 1000 == .075 ohms = 3.38 ohms .01 cross sectional area of 1 sq. inch == .02 cross sectional area of 2 sq. inch =? R2= (continued on next page) 67 Rl x Al A2 A : t 4 4 € bitte ptt (penny wemanremney11 Example: A rectangular conductor with a cross-sectional area of .O1 square inch has a resistance of .75 ohms. What would be its resistance if the cross-sectional area were .02 square inches. R2—_ OF X 1 _ 9375 ohms i: 02 i eit To find the ohms of a round conductor: 1 R2 = Bix Dr B D2? Onms 2 = Resistance 1X dia. 1 squared Diameter 2. squared Example: A round conductor with a diameter of .25 in. has a resistance of 8 ohms. What would be its resistance if the diameter were .5 inches? 1BSa SE) bias 2 ohms Seerer0b23 s0bASIE IS 2 ohms (5) aire darted As per example; 4" = .25 = 8 ohms As per example; 42” = .5 = 2 ohms NOTE: If the diameter is doubled, the cross-sectional area is increased (4) four times and the resistance is reduced to one-quarter (%) of its original value. « Resistance }< Diameter (1)? Diameter (2)? c To find the ohms when the length and diameter are known: A copper Wire with a diameter of .365 in. has a resistance of .420 ohms per mile. Question: What is the resistance of 500 feet of wire with a diameter of .460 in.? 365? 9 .420 = .0559545 0559545 + 460? = .264 = ohms per mile 264 + $280 = .00005 = ohms per foot. .00005 > 500 = .025 ohms. = resistance in 500 feet of wire. Obms = 68VALUE OF CONSTANT AT 20 C68 F Aluminum 17.0 Copper (annealed) 25C 10.75 Tron 60.00 A German Silver (18% nickel) 200.00 “German Silver (30% nickel) 290.00 E Nickel 64.3 Steel Wire 86.0 12 ohms i 14 amperes $ S4asa Liza 12 15 45 + 7.2 =: 117 Batt. amps 14 4A — 117A 2 23 Ast NOS on, 2.3 amp. Unknown resistance 23.5 ohms. 69 mer oetata OHMS (RESISTANCE) IN PARALLEL i | Example: One 10 ohm-20 ohm-30 ohm in parallel. What ml is the resistance in ohms? : 7 10 X 20 _ 200. 6.66 R (ohms) sa | 10 + 20 30 | Ese ae a0 Baas Ge conis) | 66 + 30 366 . OTHER WAY: 11.4 — 65 — 8.75 — 9.37 | R114 65 875 9.37 Next multiply the equation by 11.4, that is, the largest of the denominators and the unknown quantity. This gives: 114 114 114 114 114 “R if4 65 875 937 Now divide each numerator by its denominator. Thus: 14 ere = 1.754 ‘ HS 1303 8.75 M4 1.217 9.37 ~ 5.274 ohms ais == 2.16 ohms 5.274 701o1u A 300 ohm relay must be operated from a 120 V line. How much resistance must be added in series with the relay coil to limit the current through it to 250 ma? For a current of 250 ma to flow in a 120 volt circuit, the 480 less 300 ohms = 180 (or) E = IR = .250 & 300 = 75 volts E = E less E = 120 V less 75 V = 45 V R peeee — eeuaes = 180 ohms I -250 ma RESISTORS IN PARALLEL What is the resistance of three resistors in parallel? 5 ohms — 10 ohms — 15 ohms oe 6 3 2 li 5 0 ' 1s 30 30 © 30~— 30 1 X30 = 3.73 ohms I 1MOTORS APPROXIMATE POWER FACTORS PF 1 hp 67 2 -73 SH nuiastars > a 5 -83 TY 85 10 85 15 85 20 85 25 86 30 87 40 89 50 91 60 92 75 92 100 92 125 92 150 .93 . 200 93 Sychronous motors -8 to 1.0 Example: Determine pf for feeders supplying 2-five hp 2-ten hp, and 2-25 hp motors 5 x 83 = 4.15 5X .83 4.15 10 X85 8.50 10 SX .85 = 8.50 25 X 86 = 21.5 25 X 86 a eto 80 total hp 68.30 68.30 = .85 pf 80. : 74 : ; P POF i in sal |. i i a Flow POWER FACTOR (PF) To find PF in single phase circuits: A Ww WwW PF = Power-factor = me Exl Volts > amperes -.-Example:--What-is-the-power—factor—ofa-600_watt—load_ connected to a 220 volt a-c single-phase line, which takes 34.1 amps? uO == .7997 ac 80% pf 220 & 34.1 To find PF in two phase circuits: Pe eee . EXxIx 2 Watts Power-factor = —————_—___—_. Volts X amps. KX 2 Example: What is the power-factor of a 3000 watt load which is connected on a two-phase 220 volt line and draws 13.63 amperes? 3000 ——_——— = 550 pf 220 X 13.63 X 2 POWER FACTOR The ratio of the true power or watts to the apparent power or volt-ampere: KVA = Apparent power c kw = Indicates real power Identical only when I & E are in phase. 75& é THREE PHASE POWER FACTOR Pe eee ll 7 EX 1x 1.732 Watts Power-factor == = ————___—_______ ee Volts _>x_amps. 1,732 Example: What power factor is a three phase system operating at when the wattmeter reads 6000 watts, the voltmeter reads 220 volts, and the ammeter reads 16.0677 amps. a 6000 220 x 16.0677 x 1732 = 98% POWER FACTOR FOR ANY LOAD Pe P _ S577 XP 173 X 1X E IX E eo P _ 577xX P B | pf X 173 XI pix i P _ 577 x P 1 =——————_ = pf X 173 X E pEexXE . P=i173x%EXIX pt VA=173KEX I | | 76a & & i a Three way switching. Fed from different sources. 771310 : ay 7 SPHERE SIDE OF AN INSCRIBED CUBE: A radius of a sphere X 1.1547 square root of (1/3 the square of) the diameter of a sphere. SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE: B ~~~ 728 -cubie—inches—-=1-euft- —__-_-_—___ 27 cu. ft. = 1 cu. yd 128 cu. ft. = 1 cord 24 & 3/4 cu. ft. = 1 perch. AREA OF THE SURFACE OF A CUBE: c area of one side times 6. AREA OF A TRIANGLE: D base & 1/2 the altitude. AREA OF A RECTANGLE: E base >< altitude. VOLUME OF A CYLINDER: F area of one base \ the altitude. VOLUME OF A PRISM: G area of the base > the altitude. AREA OF A TRAPEZOID: H altitude 9 1/2 the sum of its parallel_sides. SPHERES VOLUME OF A SPHERE: surface 1/6th of its diameter. the cube of the diameter x .5236 the cube of the radius & 4.188 the cube of the circumference .016887 AREA OF THE SURFACE OF A SPHERE: j circumference & diameter. diameter squared % 3.1416 circumference squared X .8183 TB“BER EREEE EE S&S SQUARE MILS To find the square mils when the circular mils are known: Sq. mils == cm .7854 Square mils = circular mils & .7854 Example: What is the square mil area of a 10,000 circular mil area? 7 10,000 % .7854 = 7854. sq. mils NOTES 79TRANSFORMERS E, = primary voltage A E, = secondary voltage 1, == current in primary —_-______],_==_current_in secondary T, == turns in primary coil T, == tums in secondary coil TO FIND VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND TURNS, THE ABOVE SYMBOLS ARE TO BE USED: To find the primary voltage when the current and second- ary voltage are known: Ex Eat The secondary of a transformer delivers 5 amperes at 100 volts. The current in the primary is 1 amp. What is the primary voltage? 100 x 5 1 oa P . = 500 volts To find the primary current’ when the voltages and the secondary current are known: E, Xi I= A E, Example: A transformer operating on a 200 volt line supplies a 10-volt circuit with 10 amps. What is the current in the primary winding? 10 x 10 200 0 = .5 amps. 80110 To find the secondary voltage when the current and the primary voltages are known: B, = EX Ip A 3 Example: A transformer which is connected to a 400-volt line and draws .25 amps in the e primary winding, delivers 2 amps to the secondary circuit. What is the voltage at 9 the secondary terminals? 400 x .25 = 50 volts 2 To find the secondary current when the voltages and the primary current are known: l= E, x lL B E, 8 Example: A transformer having a primary rating of 10 amps at 400 volts steps up the voltage to 4,000 volts. What current will the secondary deliver? 4 400 X10 1 amp 4,000 To find the primary voltage when the turns and the second- ary voltage are known: E= ExT, ¢ pa ta Ts « Example: A transformer having 1,000 turns in the primary and 200 turns in the secondary is to be used to supply 50 volts to a load. What should the primary voltage be? 20 X 1,000 950 votts 200 To find the primary turns when the voltages and secondary turns are known: Ty = E, x_T. D E, A step-down transformer, 120V to 10V has 50 turns in secondary. How many in primary? 120 X 50 10 == 600 turns 81ysi0” To find the secondary voltage when the turns and primary voltage are known: E, = ExT A Ty Example: What is the secondary voltage of a transformer fed from a 100-volt line, which has 200 turns in the pri- 100 X 500 _ 950 volts 200 To find the secondary turns when the voltages and primary iurns are known Le ExT, B .= E, Example: How many secondary turns are required for a transformer to step up 100 volts to 300 if it has 100 turns A a 10 in the primary coil? 300 & 100 = 300 tums 100 To find the current in the primary when the turns and secondary current are known: Ee Lx tT ¢ p= T, . Example: A transformer having 2,500 turns in the primary and 500 turns in the secondary delivers 15 amps to its load. What current does the primary cojl draw? 15 & 500 3 2,500 > SMBS To find the primary turns when the current and the secondary turns are known: T lx Ts D y= ott I, Example: How may turns are in the primary’ coil of a transformer which draws 4 amps from the supply line and delivers 1 amp to the load. There are 1,000 turns in the secondary coil. 1 & 1,000 4 == 250 turns 82= 11 To find the secondary current when the turns and the primary current are known: L- XT A eee) Ty Example: What current does the secondary of a 5 to 1 turn ratio step-down transformer deliver when it draws 7 1 amp in the primary circuit? aS == 5 amps To find the secondary turns when the currents and primary turns are known: — J, X Tp B Example: A transformer draws 2 amps in the primary coil and delivers 8 amps from the secondary side. The primary coil is made up of 360 turns of wire. How many turns are in the secondary coil? 2 xX 360 == 90 turns THE VOLT: c The volt is the unit of electromotive force, or electric potential. It is that potential which will cause a current of one ampere to flow through a resistance of one ohm. VOLTAGE DROP R = Ohms, or resistance D VD = voltage drop K = constant L length of circuit I = amperes CM = circular mils 8513tu i Vr —— —_ FORMULAS w | n x t > R XL _ MxWwD , Kx I K MX VD aut cy ae com = KXILXt VD In using these formulas, if voltage drop is not known, the other factors can be obtained to a usable proximity. POWER LOSS IN ANY CONDUCTOR: K XP XL + CM = power loss | . x g agunutn oe sa aeae8 & APPROX. COPPER “Ik” — OHMS PER “CM” FT Temp. F R per cm ft. 20 68 25 77 30 86 40 104 50 122 60 140 78 167 Above K factors are for one way. For_complete circuit, double K. 86StU A-C DROP FACTOR - Al Ratio of jac anee | POWER FACTORS % 5_| 90 | as | go | 4g A | | i 4w AS 1.00 1.00 94 88 : 2G 26} 1.01 | LoL 98 92 1 32 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.02 99 1/0 38 | 105 | 105 | 1.02 99 2/0 54 [lal | 114 } 143 | ato 3/0 64 | 101 | 11g f 119 | 14s 4/0 76} 148 | 123 | 124 | 1.21 ; 300M| 1.01 | 1.28 | 1.37 | 1.39 | 1.40 : 400M} v.49 | 1.43 | 155 | 161 | 1.64 s0oM| 1.75 | 1.55 | 1.70 } 1.79 | 1.84 i“ (dc) VOLTAGE DROP (a-c) B t a q The value of the inductive reactance of a circuit depends upon the size of the wire, the distance between the wires of the circuit, the frequency of the current flowing in the circuit, the material of the conductor, and the presence of any magnetic material in proximity to the circuit. The voltage drop, due to inductance, produced in a circuit is equal:to the current times the inductive reactance. For small-sized conductors the effect of inductance is so small that it can be neglected. Skin effect can usually be neg- lected unless the size of wire is greater than 300,000 cm. The voltage drop for a 3-wire circuit will be the drop between the outside wires. The approximate voltage drop to each receiver will be one-half of the value determined from the formula. (continued on next page) 871olu VOLTAGE DROP—(Con't.) | For 3-phase circuits, use the formula of K KX L K I+ | cm X .866 will equal voltage drop. Example: Find the voltage drop of a 2-wire single-phase, 60 cycle motor circuit carrying a current of 250 amperes, a for_a_distance_of_150_feet._A_300,000_cm_RH_wire_is used, The power factor of the circuit is 80 percent. From the power-factor table we find that the reactance to resistance is 1.01 for 300,000 cm wire. This is in first column after wire size. We have 80 percent power factor so we drop down from the 80% column until we are in line with our number 1.01 (ratio of reactance number) and we find that our ratio of reactance to resistance is 1.40. Our formula for this problem is: KXIXL —w C= VD (voltage-drop) (k-24) > (250-amps) x (150-L) n | = 3.0 VD 300,000 (cm) (drop factor 1.40) % (3.0 VD) = 4.2 VD | The voltage drop between an outside wire and the neutral = would be; 1.40 « 3.0 n 2 The 2 above is half of the circuit. = 2.1 VD. VOLTS To find pressure or volts: A Pressure == current X resistance Voltage = amperes < ohms E=IXR Example: What voltage will produce a current of 5 amps through a resistance of 10 ohms? 5 & 10 = 50 volts 88: VOLTS To find the volts when the watts and amperes are known: Ww Volts = at pes . amperes Example: What voltage would be required to del watis at IT amperes to a load? 2,200 11 jer 2,200 == 200 volis To find the volts when the warts and ohms are known: E? =: WR = E = \VWR B Example: What electrical pressure is necessary to dissipate 450 watts in an 18 ohm heater? 450 kK 18 = V 8,100 = 90 volts To find the volts in a single phase circuit: watts c Volts = ———-———-___- amperes power factor Ww a T x pf Example: What voltage will be necessary to supply a 4,500 watt load with 15 amp. at 100% power-factor? = = ~—= 300 volts TEES HpEL Ht tiocted To find the volts in two phase circuits: Ww D Volts = oo 1x pi x 2 Example: What is the voltage on a two phase circuit which operates at a 90% power factor and supplies an 1,188 watt load with 6 amperes? Bae —— 188 110 volts 6x 03 K 2 891s10 VOLTS To find the volts in three phase circuits: (1.732 is 3 ¢ multiplier). Ww I x-pf X 1.732 Example: A three phase system has a connected load of 8,500 watts. The load draws 30 amperes and operates at 80% power factor. What is the voltage of the system? 8,500 ————. - == 204.48 volts 30 X 0.8 & 1.732 To find the voltage for 208 volts: B 86.7% of 240 volts = 208 volts (or) 1.732 X A or line B to neutral. EFFECT OF LOW VOLTAGE INCANDESCENT LAMPS c % rated % rated 5 a Voltage voltage | light output |% Light cosl 115 100 100 100 143 98 92 102 110 96 86 | 104 108 94 80 108 106 92 75 | 114 104 90 I 70 19 90WATTS i KILOWATTS AND KILOVOLTS A ' HORSEPOWER Kilovolt-amperes (kva) = apparent power. assencaseaaneree Kilowatts.=:—real_power— Sey 1 kw = 1000 watts BS 1.34 hp 3,412 heat units per hour 56.9 heat-units per minute 948 heat-units per second 1 kwhr = 1000 watt-hours 1 Watt = .001 kw = .001341 hp c 746 watts = | hp 1000 watts = 1 kwh = 1.34 bp hrs .746 kwh = 1 hphr 1 hphr = 2,545 heat units per hr 1 heat unit 1.055 watt second 1 heat unit = .000393 hp-hr . WATTS D The watt is the unit of electrical power. In direct-current circuits the power in watts is the product of the voltage times the current P= E x I. (continued next page) NOTES 931atU WATTS A DIRECT CURRENT POWER FORMULAS The letter symbol W is used for power in watts, for d-c current, W=Ex1 I Watts == Volts Amperes ff Example:—How-much -power-ts-taken-by~a420-volt-cireuit \ in which 5 amps are flowing? 120 x 5 = 600 To find the watts when the amperes and the ohms are known: W=PYXR B Watts = Amperes squared X resistance Example: What is the power consumed in a 20 ohm resistance having a current flow of 5 amperes? 5 x 5 & 20 = 500 watts c \ To find the watts when the volts and ohms are known: 2 w= . Watts <= volts squared resistance Example: How many watts will a 4-ohm heater dissipate when connected to a 24-volt battery? 24K 24 7 feeieaeeeg terete 144 watts ALTERNATING CURRENT POWER FORMULAS: In the formulas, pf is used for power-factor. — Number (2) is used for the constant in two-phase circuits. 1.732 is used as the muitiplier in three-phase circuits. ONE PHASE CIRCUITS E To find the watts in single phase circuits: W=Ex 1% pf Watts =: Volts amperes X power-factor Example: What power is consumed in a 120 volt a-c single-phase circuit drawing 5 amperes and operating at 80% power factor? 120 * 5 & .80 = 480 watts 94 f mu: B11 To find the watts in single phase circuits when the current and resistance are known: A Wo=PRXR Watts = Amperes squared X resistance Example: What power is consumed by a 10 ohm resistor (BBB EE SS 8 8 which takes 20 amps on a single-phase a-c Circuit? 20 < 20 X 10 = 4,000 watts TWO PHASE CIRCUITS To find the watts in two-phase circuits: B W=EXI1™ pfx 2 Watts = Volts amps. X power-factor x 2 Example: How much power is being delivered to a two phase 220 volt circuit which draws a line current of 5 amperes and operates with a 75% power factor? 220 xX 5 & .75 &K 2 = 1650 watts THREE PHASE CIRCUITS c To find the watts in three-phase circuits: W=EXI1& pe & 1.732 Watts = Volts x amps X power-factor & 1.732 Example: How much power does a load take on a three- phase 208 volt circuit when ii draws a current of 5 am- peres and operates at 50% pf? 208 x 5 K 50% %& 1.732 = 900.64 watts SHORT CUT FORMULA FOR ANY LOAD (POWER WATTS) BD P=1.732 X EX IX PP TO CHANGE WATTS TO BTU PER HOUR: 3413 > watts =: BTU E 3413 & RX F = BIU 2 3413 & EP _ aru R 95low LIGHTING LEVEL RECOMMENDATIONS Visual Tasks FOOTCANDLE OFFICE Stenography, filing 100 Bookkeeping ~~ oe 150 Reading, handwriting in ink 719 Reading well printed material 30 1 DRAFTING | Detailing and designing 200 Rough layouts 150 | SCHOOLS Penciled handwork 70 Reproduced material (good) 30 { (poor) 100 Reading well printed material 30 CLOTH PRODUCTS Inspection 2000 s Cutting 300 Sewing 500 Pressing 300 ‘ MACHINE SHOPS Rough bench or machine work 50 Medium bench or machine 100 Fine bench or machine 500 Extra fine bench or machine 1000 96BASIC METRIC CONVERS Wtu LON FACTORS TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY reuler rik saems 5.067 x 10-5 circular mit sami 0.7854 circular mie sa inches 7.854 «10-7 cui inches cu ems 1639 cule inches ou foes s.787 «1074 cubic inches cumetors 1.639 x 1075 ~eubie inches} —gatong 4.929 1079 — cubie inchee Tors o.01839 cantimetors 3048 ‘tomoters 3.048 «10-4 tet motors 0.088 foot ilimoters 3048 feat nit 12x10 Inchos centimeters 2.540 inches rmatore 2540x107? inches milee 1878x1075 inches rilimeters 25.40 inchos mit 1,000.0 kilograms pounds 2.208 kilograms tons tiong) 9.842 x 1074 kilograms tons (short) 4.102 x 1079 kilograms Tons, Metre 0.001 kilograms Grams 1600.0 Kilograms per Kilometer | Pouncs por Foot 0.00087197 Kilograms per Square Mi Pounds per Square Inch | 1422.34 kilometers centimeters 10 Kilometors fe 3.281. kilometors inchee 3.997 x 104 kilometers ators 1,000.0 kilometers mites 0.214 Kilometers silimeters 108 kilometers yards 1096 motors consimoters 1009 rovers fet 3.281 aters inches 39.37 meters toms 0.001 soters rritimoters 1,000.0 motors yards | 1.008 ™ ml wil mit mil mit NE PO pov Po. Po Pou Pow saw su aL aa #9 ae | sm sq. sq. to! to to © te. te1310 BASIC METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY. silimaters eantimaters oa iltimeters feet 3.281 x 107-9 mitimater inchae 0.03937 millimeters kilometers 10-6 milimetrs raters 0.001 NEWTON Mn? Psi 7 145.037 POUNDS FORCE =| KEWTON sade pounds kilograms 0.4536 Pounds par foot Kilogramsper Kilomewer | 1498.16 Pounds per Sq. in. Newton/MiM2 0.006895 Pounds/sq. kgs/sq meter 703.4 Pounds/sq. in, pounds/sq ft 144.0 ‘square es circular mits 1.273.108 square inches sacms 6.452 ‘square inches 3q foot 6.944 x 10-9 squera inches sqalimatee 6452 7 -squere inches sq mils 108 ‘squere millimeters circular mils 4873. square mitimeres | aq ome 01 squere millimeters q foot 1.076 x 107% square millimeters sq inches. 1.850 x 1079 tons(long) kilograms 1,016. to08 lang) pounds 2.200. ‘tons (long) tons (short 71.420 tone (metric) kilograms 1.000. tone tet pounds 22205, tons hort kilograms 907.1848, tons (¢hort ounces 32,000. tone (short) ounce: (roy) 29,166.66 tons Ghor) pounds 2,000. temperature 2c = 5/9 |(°F—32) OF = 9/5 (°C) +321310 WIRE & CABLE SIZE COMPARISON AWG-—KCM vs INCH2 ys MM? INCH convegres convinyeo | cm ven 550 278.7 0.43197 600 304.0 0.47124 650 329.4 0.51051 700 354.7 0.54978 750 380.0 0.58905 800 405.4 0.62832 900 456.0 0.70686 1000 506.7 0.7854 1100 557.4 0.86394 1200 608.1 0.94248 1250 633.4 0.98175 1300 658.7 1.02102 1400 709.4 1.09956 1500 760.1 1.17810 1600 810.7 1.25664 1700 861.4 1.33518 1800 912.1 1.41372 1900 962.7 1.49226 2000 1013.4 1.57080 NOTE: KCMIL x 0.50671 = MM? KCMIL x 00007854 = INCH? MIM? x 1973 = CM (Circular Mils)10 WIRE & CABLE SIZE COMPARISON AWG~KCM vs INCH? vs MM2 AWG 14 12 HAN OETOYWS 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 KemiL, 4.11 6.53 10.38 13,09 16.51 20.82 26,24 33.09 41.74 52.62 66.36 83.69 105.6 133.1 167.8 211.6 300. 350. 450. 500. KeMIL CONVERTED MM 21 3.3 5.3 6.6 8.4 10.6 13,3 16.8 21.2 26.7 33.6 42.4 53.5 67.4 85.0 107.2 126.7 182.0 177.3 202.7 228.0 253.4 KoMIL, CONVERTED INCH 0.0032 0.0051 0.0082 0.0103 0.01296 0.01635 0.02061 0.02598 0.3278 0.04133 0.05212 0.06573 0.08294 0.10454 0.13179 0.16619 0.19635 0.23562 0.27489 0.31416 0.35343 0.39270 >1s BASIC METRIC UNITS MAGNITUED (POWERS OF 10) PREFIX. | SYMBOL MULTIPLICATION FACTORS tera T 1000 000 000 000 = 101? =~] gga] 6} 1000 goa 000109 megs M 1.000.000 = 108 kilo k 1.000 = 103 hecto 100 = 102 deka da emo 26 R300 0.090 000 001 = 10° 0,000 000 000 001 = 10°12 0.000 000 090 000 001 ~ 10° 0,000 009 000 090 000 001 = 10°18 SOUTHWIRE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS: ARROW-STRAIGHT® CAVALIER® SSS —ARAOW-STRAIGHT—SS ~— SUPER T® TRIPLE E® cos? 3E¢ SCR® VIPS tainly FERALIUM® COBALIUM® smoTo CONVERT bars bene boft (us, cloth) thi sae eu sue Buin sun Bet Buin Bue ei, bel 2 353 es near bushels calories, gram (meer) candle/sq.cm. eandle/eq. In. ‘centares __-centigradal degrees) ‘centigrada(ceprees) centlarams centers centers centiiters centers centimeters centimeters centimeters ‘centimeters centimeters Centimeters Centimeters entimeters centimeters centimeters curtimeter eyes Centimeter-grams centhmeter-grams enlimetersgrams centimeters of mercury centimeters of mercury centimeters of mercury MuttiaLy ey 1.020 « 108 2.089 x io? Lasxio! Foo 3.6876 x10) 1040s x 10° 1.0550 x10 77816 x10" 22x10 3927x104 1088 x10" 252x108 Lovsa cio: 2928 «104 162 x10 ‘Ox107 929 x10 81x10" 296 x10! 386 x10 787 x10 787 x10) exo) 8 2 2 z as 2 L 2 1 r 1 Tetg4x 10 r 2 3 3 4 6 3 3.9685 x 107 346 870x104 19 (10x9/5) + 82 sok 273.18 Leos 3382x107 8.103 x10 2708, Loxios 328x197 3937x107 Lxlos Yx1or 8214x104 Lxto! 3937x108 194s to Px ioe Lxto 1020x104 1.9203 10-4 7376x104 9807 x 108 Lxto 7.333x107 1318x107" sasLx1e7 136x108 0 ostain gs. /sa, meter peunds/ sq. ounds/sa. In. Sine s-er literatmespheres eres feat pounds gramealories horsepower-nours Jules Klogramatories ‘agrammeters owatcheurs fpourd see, sramecal,/see. Rersepower = watts, Repounde/sec horsepower Kilowatt watts watts/sq. In, cubic em, ui fe exnie i, ule meters ters peeks, Bints (ery) uses (ary) btu (mean) lambert lamberts sa. meters faheennelt(degrees) kelvin (degrees) grams unce (tue) us ube, arame ters test Inches Kilometers meters ‘miles ‘ifimetars mis yards angstrom units cngrams meter kgs, pound. emeynes materia. ound atmospheres fotwater as./sa, meter | To coWERT MULTIPLY BY To cata camara ene esta sue Siidint = santo) panini sree cTietlom, —1o40 | Seimei LE os comisiee Sat cies a, weenie | sen centimeters} sec. 2.237 x 104 | mime ii ee era DRI, Bich. Sobramieetce SNe Eee a SUMS ES tanib: ce, cree ion, meal ioe pemie i A a Serie ie me eames eet e-taaee tities an Seamusttctteass aie oer Fe a eta He ean sre i, ee Serenata ae meme fe, | Samia quae Hani, © stem gureah beers sae cn, sues, EAMEI® Eis seems 2a, Suma seaman etre itteue sec geemen eematiea iilcee sgearimmey aay. aa new eee erimist ABs. SR aaa seca, EL seer ee ES aa tna Sacer terete ie conten i ee eee RR Se sgeie Ee See sete EE ee sees Sate tas soe ae gl gee ee ae aie we, Hee sents! qpetgine Renal Se a wii SBE, | Santen wei i may ape seers Rg cue pee HSHE Gine aes ReTO CONVERT MULTIPLY BY 70 OBTAIN To CONVERT MULTIPLY BY To OBTAIN cubic meters 61029410 ex. trenes 19x10” outs Sibi meters ue ee yares Baeseto» fe diees catie meters Beenie lider ea navi Terie emt sbi meters ioniot fier 2iscio« — Moms : tbe meters 2Ugsio pets ts: tule) 2arion waite Stoic metas tosrtin = Guonstlarfasln Sogerior Buyin covis yore fecris = Ste. fiterios iden obi yorct Boeio cute T3sErio+ Res tane fbi ards Roeser Ee pcnes TSaicw — Rosounes: evbic yards yewriot Spates Fassrioy 1gSSeRitimin, sible yers Boawioe ——gahone (0. auigy trios Hionate subi yer, reenter | Sibi Yards [Sissies (us. tau 7 : fbi yard abiorion — SunaltS. edly Sibleyerssimin, ¢8e09 Sublease farads Lato microfarsds | Subic yarn. 33a ~filons/ees, .. farodoysee, __Sigseton arava ub orca/minc == Lana x igi Hae fred >= SBR etgr— eae Cia fracas Beaaxto cous 3 tttnore ened sitens ofcee ftnors &o gt gene | ae Stiri, meters ae seconde tet ioiexiow Kone days hours. feet ——. 3.048, Salers fons feat TE eee eciram som er Testes mies al) | Semele, iratere feet So1a x30 mutters genoa Sater Soci EG ee exes (onal) aa festot waar Bazenior = ormarsty exes (or aoe! fest ot waar Soiexior — igeyansen seareaes ate nn feet of ater Zowxio — igtved meer aes reruns mia, tet ot water B25e10 eunatiaar Serses/ se eeu feet of water 4338 e101 ounds/sci | getagra aon feet Soioxicr — Emaece Getarretere mates Ege. Terigs erste : Grams (apoth. ortroy) ‘ounces (aver a tate ee Sams tapsth oy upces (ran fete 3988x11atersmin Grams a ie seem {eatin ieetics Resa ram (8 ten see Sow xio ——emases atone rams ‘else eer rare na gare feusee Beaieior ret on oo feos ERT tatee/min dynes/sq. cm, ‘€r@3/3q. millimeter [32 6018 x tot fied Gmes/sqem —aeatiot §——Stheagheras fetees Else x101 esi. snaiecen 2583x102 in or mercury fest/aeejsec, 31048 x 10? ‘ems. /sec [st apc) feelseclic, ESB xio atte dynes/sq. cm. 4.015 x 10-4 in. of water (ata* }aec.faec, a Lined dpe aa Snes Tozoxigr ——gramarerCats Cd Teetrsee eee GB18xic! —_milesfhedeece dynes: Loxlor Joules/cm, feet/100 fret Le percent grade gine Toxio+ ——auler/meier =. ‘featcacte Forge x io: fumen/ag: eter sues et ‘Soteandte Torestio lun ‘yres Lovoxte+ —logramee 7 fect pounds Yzeexig? btu ‘dynes T2310 poundals foot pounds 1386x190 ergs ines iasetion = Sound footsounes Binior — pamealoes Greyson. faxroe BRE feovpaunes Bospxio ——Fertepewectin, fostooures iss jou e fetpounds Prine chores fet pe Seay ion mets e 11430%10° em, tectpeurde Byatigs — Kanatthn el 4.5.x 10! ‘inches foot-pounds/ min. ‘1.286 x 107 ‘btul min. plea Hi inch foctocuras/min. — Layaioa feolpnunes/ee om pea 4 on cnfctocundalmin. 36008 193 noragone siden 13 Spree sec. fectoouras/min. 334041 Keeton, ergs 3 bts foot pounds / min, 2.260x 105 Kiowatts ergs: 1 dyne-cantimeters feot.pounds sec. 4.6263 tule. oe orocunes festpouns[ece. — P717x102 —Blultn. we eramecletes foatpounes{see —~ Palettes horteptver oe famene fectgouncsecc ‘Eseax ios igoloney min, oe Svasieiow — Rcepoveens, fectpouesises, —T388xio7 Mowat4 accra To CONVERT MULTIPLY BY 70 oBTAIn To CONVERT MULTIPLY furtongs Lasxigt ales (us) sramesiores/ec tur. fone Sox wees sramcentineters ou furlongs eaxie feet amceramaers , ee See Eromesntieters Retires Rromeentinetars ° eae ceaci teteveee oot fee ieolitia es ee = ie aries eos a Tee Saket ee ee Ste od eve: Sine oe Se eee wines Te, eluate na he Bebo Se RE a Se Seer gee eros cae ee cred sl a a mee Fed aie en. (a ee Sie, dee. aie _ toma Cafu Heer Re ee a See, eee Hat. Tega regina an ie fenecoeest eae grt ee tt eet ie ners le ne all Lege be cal ff tee fae tet arent agit su wane aseee eye Uae oe sree etree re Sa aiay Pa Sete Hie | RETA mere oan am nee roe cal se conan HEH teats rama peeve a apes Paes canoe powers ee ois) tte eae crea Serta are seein Sere os a so, “BaRe toes iiceen ie of BNE ie, omen aU Fim 5 da esd emer esar fees esto Et Ss Hee fides ey tet eae ios tt Soe tmaa oes ties meet anevate tooo ites ey BE, HEEL Femi) ston Ses faye: a el Renee Lele Ee aaa Hert EO vans’ Leon = eameernlb, | Sameera, Bova, eeu gel purest faastie: thet 1.543 x 10! grains (troy) hundrecwats{short) 4.53592 x 10" ‘kllograms: 9.807 x 10+ Joules/om. ue Eee, i aie le aie, miler, * fete eerie ttt in gees SS Pears mau ia Gamal - evacuees neti: pres se eta saree tear - Pit meee ere seco eran elt Heats i Sgr, Reali meeay EAI Sener Spe ete ereelag eae amen tea sess sen, Ere enc arc lie aac ene ior tase ee a Peni 34 eigen, Teleeiowray SASIS ore femsiie; — HEdixtos arene fereaireney gti, sail fee Reg meray seater cs auesties somccones Sten incotwater(at4*C) 254x107 kgs./sq. cm. Forcsare Liber fanmemiel ea arses10 CONVERT renutereen agi. an fous pee memes GI joules: 7.736110" foot-pounds <— ‘Kilometers: JOx10 meters joules 2.389 x 10~¢ kg. _. Hs Bee a at eee ie Hus Bie, ike : Bok, ERE ie Be Kloaramsjcu:meter 36133104 brunde/cs lonatees Be i seatous Hace, a, Bein eeeetana iat eae gales ee ena ieee ERG” pee Sete, Heese Sect” —amatnn aati aN Ee Se Ea cee Hee Se Bmw tt wer Wllegrams/sq, meter Inches af mercury knots 1 nautical ing. iateia ne aoe” Ho, | ieee pene an bao Bale RESe oe fc OS He SE HE ee Bee : meteors Hiri epee tamara Ee yen eee Recare i. ieee Be ae ime erat eae a an wigcam es72K10+ ——lowatts a Tox to weber Miogrammeters 9.256410 btu iio inenes tT nn a aces eee ust mares Eee ig an ER6 TOCONVERT MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN rg GoNVERT _MULTIPLY BY 70 OBTAIN iio xtes cu yards L609 x10" centimeters Zeiax 10+ gains Cus. Nau) aus 2g Bins (us quis Bens. et Los? fue u's tasty 4 ioe SBexioe | Saya Leer «= Moreen gygetoe pistes. Beez toes (tia 33083 io 170210 jars 43Bx1e) lekan miles (att Lexio™ ——antyears TBsea lot Scat cancie ses ergs Serer frites. aaxiot tumen(sa. 10 footeendies eaeaeles eee lumens, E076 10) mensg: mater mist, a tex 829x101 feateardies ‘lest, Besa 102 ims min ‘ils, Seeexto# erate “ ils: PEEL, malealoin riles| Leer x ssi, 5 maxwell = ROH LOR sec ooines sss ea RSE ae maxes paste wen, Milesleifaes, Lae Iegetines 193 16" aswel tise face Leos kms). megehme ee mlrone milesfhcfsee. Aa e101 elas see fate. megane tS ome Files Zeedxio emacs tregmos/eutieem, 10x10 ornbos/cubic em, mles{ ein Bera gree Tegmhes/eubicem. 254 ‘meamros/euble ints sexx fe tegmos/eunieem. TS62x101 Imran eee tena tegmnes{inceuse” 3987x101 magihor/eubicer. Send wets teeters Lox 10" season nite, 59x10 rai | rete. Toate centineters ton19, Moura retort Ex@iaie tens aes i : ieee Toxic rome Z mates 255710" Ince 19: 5 aon 7 meters Loxio iorseters sou pass trates Sao 10 les nautica) 3exig" feet ees Satake te cat) mss Hie: Etnetes | a ie rainetee Flats Szixios teat | ree tage ct Tiers i Foe seta min, Ems sec snilimatars ss renee Geer Ete mer Es fheters/min Bieaxtoa —_et/tec mene meeegymin. a io millimeters ils meters eee ~ milters ers meter mine Syetios ett 17 Bite ay wee fRetars/see Yeeextor eatin si fils. mmetars/see, Sao ~—teatiec, mig ee inetas/ soe. as ilometers/ he. : fee” iretes/ see. Sox107 flometarjmin, ms inches trelee/ sec. 2asr ilesf re | is a | rmater/see. Steexi0s ——les/ min, | miners inches 8 Btymin | trates ses [sec Ens see [see minims (Brtsh) $8192x10% cable. | matera/aee.{sec. helenae minims (us.fluid) 6.612% 10-1 cubic em. eee are et see minutes (angles) 1.657 x10 moatere/ 05 [se onan 7 Minutes (anges) 1882x104 cncaand | minutes (anges) 2.80810 ea minutes (angles) © 60x 10 Sotarad {minutes ¢time) 9.9206x 10 eee * minutes (ime) Sea x10 Teer x10 statioracs 60x10" Sun foxto ifcgrams i ain 0x1 Hrveters ons myrianats YOR to ‘mets | ites i i irate mires . nals 28 ince ~ Mites (util) feat newons foxn es ile (rte) Xometee : files (rautea) meters sites (nautica) srs bene) chim interaional) 1.0008 che abecte) miles (noutical} yrs ohms Yoxic+ ‘meganeMULTIPLY BY 10 convert 10 onvan To coNVERT —_wutriPLy 8Y to garam ons 1910 niemhme wine pants Sa a ment Bing sar. erga wet Bene Sn founds on Sebi ERE ae 2a Ea founds tre) Saad SE ooneat ie ee, feurastio) = ERaga I BS coven) cunces SHetie: See on founder) == Lig Sigeet fap me fiouie: BOS fonction Bandy Semen) a Sass ER, fous (ro) Rameaos armen Since (nig aoe ee fount) Safad AR Sunes {eh EF n102 Se founds toy) Sacre Een Girees tio agile" ES, = Sunetey) HERI viet sun foy) Susie SBE Soundeorvater — fegexid’ EM Sunes oy) LG SES toute Soungorwater geri Re, Since oy) BSvig—Eatnclgileon — Soutsegemte MERI, Sk SiN ee) SzSigs —urcany “” Baungstvatrmin, Peserie SAG Sincere Gaon te Sree Foundioe igen Satie Soe SOR: oun fel seo 3M oI feundiet tears aa i Boinsjeue Haag tion Re fomefec, = tbgrig’ «—gyeleu gm. sexe ines fownclcc® Sapte SabMGH mee, ioe Ree foumesjeu Re aapeios — uurleg en fee owe Tete feunsfeutn, — Syegnig’ mae Seyniton Bete Pano fowler, Ares Eater pecajmiios Send ae ioe Boonesjeun, «Mepis sable nee femmes gS eea/miiongs, foundsfer ins gags ioe Seance feos Duiy Eee exci foun 13 Secinett Sasi fie foul Vero | gece fee a Eto: Bae feunes/mivon — Paaeeio, Baile fees us} Soterio Bene feunclon te” Station Eales Pets (us) axed wigs pen LARS. epee Bele (3) : a Cy) Soongeact: — Laraaigs «shale Ferme tion Saag, Sa pounce, a8 sali le Sennyvaignts tion) ORIG Sentra) uaa Set 1on MRIS eet EOURSE ttoy £8de tae foundsecin, —ananion eure fennyregns tion 436672107 Ss rn, ean Im SRG eohaster mre Saeco” Ecineet” «— founaalan in ae Innes egrcury Stan) Leezsie Soha Cieinaileci: ——Faatcage eect ae Soxion a founds faueer Sales Be 3} Side: feunes/it Facies, Senenna 8 Bes tiew ASE Sam, oweslsain, fattest fie tiau = tates «= SRST i tics dani) Saelcne | a Bios seh rio SRemaetrant i: Bis icuc) © 6a.410" Sievers” «| Suagare(angla) 30x10) casas pints (guia) 225x109" Gallons I eueetenl ote) ate pints (liquid) 4732x101 Miers : fedlans f Sinden ange) 2aexie ES pints (quid) S.0x10" ‘guarts (quid) quarts (dry) 672x 10 ‘inches planck's quantum 6.624 x 10-7 ‘ergseconds: Cee te — Blane $5 seconds Gale aoe Se . oe 8 we pounds (avdp.) 1.4883 x Lo! ounces (troy) 7 founda ESkzs3 10 Symes’ B25x10, cu. inches : et Pessina Laz to game, quarts (liquid) 1.238 x 107 yrds Soundals Teatro: fecesfom. eis Lgexic ig nea ate fevles{meter arts aul) S4eaxior ters rei vaio dee t fevnaals iiedtfes gee eon iio Bn radars Saget cers fans Ete Seat ‘an Gate Sis cans fone’ ot vedere Reis Tlie fans iso fae en Sestig er Ene CEPA Eon, taderajece, —2588C Sy Sens feunes pir Fete ie raursfic,—3a08 ee Sin ‘oor mares Vio: etenytc sa amenies — eness haarsfsscjsec. Saad Rint, feonet tee a Sdarefeecfice 38 tae a founds Leet See on detec tae Besa args bhai be eae RalTo CONVERT MULTIPLY BY To o8TaIn To conveny MULTIPLY BY 70 oatain revolutions : aay sauare 1136 sa.yaree ton ier eucronts, |) scare en S40 10. cree erimid ae ua ‘Tiquare mies 27x aa actane 21550 Kens fevolutions/min. 6.0 earees/ sec uora mies Bio, eke fevolutons/min, ‘S.oe7 x10" Taclane/n. 280x104 sa metecs 7 fevolutions/min. 1.867102 eva sex, 3088110 aR arcs Fevs/minfmin. —1.745x10% ——_Fedlana/see/see. Ls7axi¢ etrear mis ESg7x102 tem /min [see Lexie? | sa.cms fyakies eerie geno nk x10 degreesjeees bes Sa lnches 259 radiant see ¥ reuters oteeee tea teomer wasn, | stares Torior St thes \ revs. /3ec//3e0. 38x10 revt,/ mi. tn, ‘sauara yards peer ites et tera /see/eee. 89x10) fevtminfaec. Suara yard . arn Bex ie Shaina guns)" S0UBre yards 3 eos B23 pets are Jods 7 Wee qurmere 58 yore square yorce 3 ae Legato feet use jeres a | es 93 7 108 ‘rehes Ponte iol e riot il -| Steradians i fd usaioe rie sae ae; Moree : nates. - | steradians 3263x100 square degrees | 1 Heres Saeco ites \ scruples 20x10 j z mea Bhs | egaeras 18 “2 Seconds (arate (67 210-4 pereture absolute feconds (angle) «3087x104 quadrants ez) temoerature (2K) fecenas (angle) ABABX10" radians |-temerrature (-0) 8 temperature (F) lugs : x0! nds temperature (1 absolut Sphere (sold angie) 1.25710" ‘Steradians | 2830 temperature (*R.) | Souwrecentimeters 1573x10" irelar'mls, =) temperstun(*F) 5/9, temperature (*C.) Square centimeters 176x109 Sq. feet | = | fsuarecenimetere LSE04107 hes ‘rs one }olex1@ —alewrams | Squarecentmaters LOx a meters 5 er tong) — « pounds tquare centimeters 3861x10" sq. miles tons (long) Li fra (short : Oxio! Sq. milimeters | tens (meatete) Lox 10 kilograms Squamcentmeters L185i04 sg. yars fens (metric). 2.20810. poures Square degrees ‘rio Sivaclans tons (shor) Boriexior — lograme | square feet 236x104 acres tens (shor) 32x10 unees square feet VB33 x10 circular mils tens (shar 29166 x10 Gunces (rey) Scuare fest 28x at Sem. ~ | tors (ser 20x10 pounes seuare feet ia x1 Bq Inches tons {shor 2adetos Bounds (roy) | Sauare fest Zoxio2 fa. meters J tons (Shar) esas xio* fons Gore) square feat Se7x1o+ sq miles tors (shor So7exiG! tone (net) square fest 28x Tot sq.railimete’s | tong (shor)/sc.tt. $.765x10 —kgn/sa, meter scare feet -ixto* ——sa.yards tons (short/sa.f. 1389x160. pounds/sa In Scusre chon aiseioe — eheularmite tons (hervfacs tn. Laoeedoe * Rgai/eg rater | sausre inches 352 sq.ems, tors (shard/se.in. 20x 108 pourds/sa in Saar inches poets Sach tensotwater[2inrs. 8333x101 Bounasafwater/Pe ‘quere Inches 462x101 qemiimeters, | tonsofwater/24hvs. 1.6843 104 —_fallens/ min. Stare Inches 0x lot semis sr tonsofwater/24hrs, 13549 eu. fil. Sauare inches ;Tiexlos ae. yards Stine Klometers 2471z1G es v Square tlometers x10 sacms uare dlometers «1076x100 aau ft 2837x107 abvatsfem, StunreWameters — LsG0x10@ ga: lnchas vet Rae, Bye Lox 10 Ea. meters vel (slate) B3iexios Malet Sastx 104 , vote Toxo Sbrote Squareklomears 1196. 100 Square meters Zari zo w Square meters % ae 7 ae SEE Ufo os BBE Siuare mete Sasitior Semis watts Lox10 wees Square meters Lox io fq. rilimeters | warts Aer x10 obs fin,ro convert watts watts watts wane ‘watts (abs.) wwatthoure watt nour wwattnours wattrours watthours wwottheurs watthours watenours “wate international swebers webers ‘webers/sa. fe, wabers/sa, in wwebersf5q. in veers/ 39. i. ‘webars/se. mater wweders/sq, meter wwebers/sa, et wwobere/q. meter ‘weak weeks weeks yards yards yeres yards yards yards MULTIPLY BY 0 oarain T37Bx10% ——fAtbn see Vale 10% Rersegewer 136x109 horsepower {metric} 1433x107 Kgceuiories/min. yoxies ‘elowatts 19 jasles/ see, sag bt ex 108 ergs 2esex10 ——featibe, 2.605 x 108 grarmcaories 138i x1o4 ——_oesepewertours 8605210 —_elograrmezlories 3572310! logram meters Lox lgwattnoare Nn Toores watt (ansetute) Lox tor maxwell 10x10 -~ —~—-Kietines 183x107 qausie: Lox Fines) in. V5 x10 vwebers/5q. em, 158 x 1oe wwebers/sq, meter Terie ausses, Gas2xioe ——_finesfag. in. Toxo ‘webers/3q, er, Gas2n104 ——wabera/ eatin Ege x 102 hours Looe 1 min 6.048 xtc! seconcs, ¥ 9.144 x10) centimeters Staeio~ —— filemetars Site x 105" 4.934 x10 5.682 x 10-4 Digs ior llmeters 3.65256 102 days (mean sold) B7661 x10 ours (mesn solar) USEFUL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 80 ‘GAS CONSTANTS (R) (ater iter fgemote (74) cal /(g-male) Cx) Beusito-mole) CR) ‘ens mole) K) foutes/(gm-melel () (1) (force h-mate) (79) (Wb.foreey sqin, ou ty Ia-mate("R) (ib force’ sa.in (eum tioomated°R) (atm) fcu.ttitiaemetel °2) 10) (Kglor) leuem)stiaomelel () ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY (STANOARD) 32.17 thse. velocity oF 33 He 180.8em, see." SOUND IN ORY AIR @ O°C ane 1 atm, 136.em/t00.= 1,089 #./ 380 :AT OF FUSION OF WATER 79,7 eal fgm= 144 Btu) HEAT OF VAPORIZATION OF WATER @ LOatm, ‘540 ¢9)./gm = 970 Btu Ib, SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR ¢p= 0238 calfgm) (°C) DENSITY OF ORY AIR @ O°C anc 760 mm. (0.092293 am/cu.em. ep eee eter Seefu convent we ‘ ) abamperes Bcculomas Sbtarads - abtarsds abhenres ‘abhenres np ‘bonme aon abvelts ere acres. aerefect ecreteet ‘amperes/sa.cm, ‘amperes/eq, cm emperes/sq, re amperes). re amperes | mater ‘amperes/sq. mater , ampererours ‘ampere-hours amgereturns ‘amgereturas/em. unser, ampereturng/in ampereturs/ in. ‘amperecurs/ ampereturns/ meter ampere turns/ meter ampere turns/ moter angstrom unit : angstrom unit angstrom unit ares ares ores Astronomical unit atmaspheres atmospheres atmospheres Prematae . Gibb plaste et Constr ‘atmospheres ‘atmospneres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres bareels (us. ry) q barrels (u's. ory) barcels (u's; 3m) barrels (us guia) 7 parts ib bars Gonyrabs 964 4. MULTIPLY BY 3.289 x10: Bas2 Laie 1550104 1550x 10° Lox 10+ Besant 3.600 « 102 3731 x10" 1257 2540 Lxto 3837 x10" 3937x101 4850x104 hxioy 286x107 2257 x to 2837 x10" Leics Exto« 2471x104 1196 x lot Lxtot £495 x 108 7.348 x 101 053 78x10! 339r 101 2392x201 78x10" 78x 10: 1.9333 119333 x 108 La7x to! 3.231 7.056% 102 1.05% 19" 315x101 42x10 91369 104 Tele 0 oeran Stalcoulomas forsce mlerotarads enries milinenies chee megohos salts 8. tinks hectares or '5q,hectometers seit 5 motors 55 fates sa. yards Gu. feet ‘lions amps/sa. in, amps/sq. meter amps/sq. em. ‘amos/sc. meter amps/sq. cm. ‘amps/sa. i. cauiorios faradays albert ampcuresin. ampeurns/mater ampauras/em, ampturns/ meter ailberts/er Seurns/em, ampturss/in, aiberts/em Inches meters ferons or (mu) acres (us) sayards 3a. meters iclometers tans/sa. In tons/s, foot ‘ems, of mercury {atorc), thal water (at 4*C.) Inormercury fat Orc.) imeters of mercury (atorc, millimeters of imereuty (et 0°C.) gefaa. em, gs. /se. meier pounds). ia bushels cc inches Guar (ey) fallons gallons (30) almessheres ‘dynesisg. em,