Overview of Advances in Communication Technologies

Introduction:

A device in any environment operates in two types of network either it would be a static
which means which cannot moves or a dynamic it operates in both type of environment.
Mobile communication technology is a technology in which the user can transfer data,
voice, text and video. There are two type of wireless technology one is mobile data network
and other is wireless data network. Mobile data network includes Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc. In
which the Bluetooth is a mobile data network which is for small distances. In this paper,
we are discussing the different generation of mobile data network. After every 10-year new
generation is appeared. It is expected that in 2020 the 5G (fifth generation) would be
implemented. Before that we would take a where it starts. In 1981 1G first generation
(AMPS) is introduced. After that 10 years in 1992 2G second generation (GSM) is
introduced. In 2001 3G third generation (WCDMA) is introduced. After that 10 year 4G is
ratified in 2001. Before the generation of these technology predecessor technology has
been introduced in the market.

Developments in different generation:

A. first generation (1)_:

The first generation 1G is an analog system where its bandwidth is 30khz due to
limitation of bandwidth filter in that days its bandwidth is only 30khz. Where first
mobile telephone system (MTS) with 11 channels and 40khz came into existence.
After that more improve mobile telephone system came into existence known as
IMTS. Which is categories into two system one has 11channel and 150khz
frequency and other is 12 channels and 450khz frequency. It has low data rate
between mobile user and mobile switching center. It is analog system but it is
digitized using standard time format from mobile user to mobile switching center.
And form mobile switching center to the public switch center it is always
 digitalized. A mobile user in the network is autonomously send information to MSC
for his presence.
Mobile constantly transmit its information to the MSC in this way it always updates
its database. By constantly updating its database it can distinguish roamer from the
home user. So, it keeps two type of database one is home user database and other is
visitor user database registration. By keeping these registrations, which allow the
neighboring MSC to handle the problem more efficiently. There no need to
manually register the user on the roaming service. Voice calls and message possible
and has the data rate of 2.4kbs. From the first generation, different standards are
developed in Europe known as TACS. Unlike that other standards are also
developed but some of them are incompatible and some of them compatible.

B. Second Generation (2G):

There are few drawbacks of the analog system is that analog voice signal and other
is limited data rate or performance of the system. Because the first generation is
analog so form the first generation the second generation a digital system is
developed. In the second generation, SMS and MMS service is introduced. Where
its data rate 64kbs and frequency range is 900-1800khz. There various type of 2G
is below in figure.
2G has two type one is time division multiple access in which information is
transmitted with the help of time slots. Where the code division multiple access the
information is transmit on the base of code assign to different channel.

1) Worldwide System for Mobile Communication(GSM):

In GSM, every channel contains 200khz frequency where the user can be
accommodating is 8. The gaussian minimum technique is used for the encoding.
The maximum data rate for speech signal is 13kbps and for the maximum data
transmission rate is 270kbps.

2) Short-term Standard (IS-136) or North American digital Cellular system

(NADC):
In this technique 30khz frequency is used and maximum 3 users can be
accommodating within the range where the differential phase shift technique is
used for this and it has maximum data rate for the speech signal is 8kbps and
maximum data rate is 48kbps.

3) Pacific Digital Cellular System (PDC):

 In this technique 25khz frequency is used and maximum 3 users can be
accommodating with given band. In their DPSK modulation is used and having
the maximum 7.9kbps for speech signal and maximum data rate is 48kbps.
4) Code Divisional Multiple Access (CDMA):
In this technique 1.2Mhz frequency band is used and 64 users can be access
within the channel. In their BPSK modulation technique is used and maximum
speech signal is 8kbps and data transmission speed is 1.2Mcps.

C) 2.5 generation:
In the second generation, the biggest problem is the data rate. So, to increase the
data rate without any instrument is and challenge for this different technique are
developed. From 2G to 2.5G is developed.

1) High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD):

HSPCSD is advance technique for the GSM and play very important role in the
development of the advancement in the GSM. HSCSD is very useful in
communicating with other switch circuit like public switched telephone and
integrated Service Digital Network. In this technique 200khz frequency band is
used where GMSK modulation techniques are used for the encoding. The speed
of transmission of speech signal is increases form the 9.6Kbps to 14.4kbps and
data rate transmission increases from 57.6kbps at a time 4 timeslot of data is
transmitted each is 14.4 slot for each slot.
2) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS):
In this technique 200khz frequency band is used. GMSK modulation is used for
the encoding and data transmission rate is 57.6kbps.
3) Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD):
In this technique, each channel has 30khz band of frequency and data rate is
increased up to 171.2kbps and number of time slot is increased from 4 to 8.
GSMK technique is used.
4) Enhanced data Rates for GSM (EDGE):
In this system 8PSK technique is used instead of GMSK which does not allow
the high data rate transmission. This technique allows the fast data rate in the
near base station so it is also known and enhanced GPRS. The data rate is
increase up to 547.5kbps.
5) IS-95B:
There is another technique is introduced for the CDMA user and the data rate
is increase from 8kpbs to 14.4kbps. It has medium data rate as compared to
the GMSK and 8PSK. The time slot is 8 and each slot has 115kbps. 1.2Mhz
frequency band is used.
D) Third Generation (3G):
There comes another generation known as 3G in which the data rate is
increased and another improvement is video calling which is missing in the
2G because of the low data rate. Here data rate is increased up to 8Mbps. If
we are using the voice calling then the low data rate is used if the we are in
the video calling then higher data rate is used. Here the UTMS introduced
two type of technique one is CDMA and other is WCDMA In which it
introduced high data rate it uses two types of technique one the TDMA and
other is CDMA.

E.3.5 Generation:
In the 3.5 generation, the data rate is increase more up to 14.4Mbps and
transmission of data and throughput is also increased.

F. Fourth Generation (4G):

A fourth generation is coming into market which is 5 to 10 time more data
rate then from 3G. In 4G it uses higher spectrum more efficiently. It uses the
orthogonal frequency division which is many input is received and multi
input can be transmit at same time. In this technique, different type of the
properties which the 4G have the exist like overcome the noise and noise to
signal ratio is also decreases.
Interferences from the neighboring channel is also decrease and the
improvement on the physical level is also increases. The Understructure of
the 4G is packet base. The bandwidth of the channel is 40Mhz.

G. Fifth Generation (5G):

In the fifth generation, the data rate is higher than the 4th generation and in
this technique which uses the spectra more efficiently. It uses the technique
known as cognitive radio also known as CR. And have the data rate which is
more than about 1Gbps. This generation as completely change one from
mobile can access the world and use the technology in this situation it is the
waste of time.
In 5G it uses the both interferes like software and hardware. It uses the
maximum data rate is 5Mbps to 10Mbps.

H. Sixth Generation (6G) :

 In the 6G known as sixth generation the communication take place with the
help of the satellite. There the base of the satellite in the space which act as
the MSC and another satellite which is 1000 to 1500 kilometer above the
earth under that area the mobile user can connect with above satellite and
from that satellite. The aim of the 6G the global area can connect with same
unique call and which means that there is no need of different services which
is offered by different roaming companies. An interesting thing is that the
maximum data rate is 100Gbps.

I. Seventh Generation (7G) Space Roaming:

In the 7G it ties all the satellite in the space and planetary roaming in addition
to the 6G. The 7G technology data rate is about 1Tbps. In 7G while moving
from the one country to other country mobile phone can be used. Due to
movement of services satellite in the space in fixed orbit there should be
some of the protocol defined.

Conclusion:
In this paper, we have discussed the different type of generation what is the
development in generation likewise the data rate and how many channels we can have in
that band. With the increase in the number of user and limited bandwidth. It is necessary
to give the good service to the user under stipulated bandwidth.
References:
Mr. B. Anil Kumar and Dr. P. Trinatha Rao “Overview of Advances in
Communication Technologies” proceeding by IJCSMR, vol. 1, Issue 1,
ISSN: 2573-3303, pp.22-23, July 2015