Winters formula

pCO2 = 1.5[HCO3] + 8 ± 2

*If serum pCO2 > expected pCO2 -> additional respiratory acidosis

Ref: http://emergencymedic.blogspot.my/2009/11/respiratory-failure.html

Expected pO2

Predicted PaO2 that should be achieved = FiO2 * 6 (FiO2 in percentage; e.g. FiO2 of
1.0 is 100%; therefore expected PaO2 would be 100*6 = 600)

Ref: http://emergencymedic.blogspot.my/2009/11/respiratory-failure.html

Acute /chronic type 2 respiratory failure

Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure develops over minutes to hours; therefore, pH

is less than 7.3. Chronic respiratory failure develops over several days or longer,
allowing time for renal compensation and an increase in bicarbonate concentration.
Therefore, the pH usually is only slightly decreased

Hypercapnic respiratory failure: At a constant rate of carbon dioxide production,

PaCO2 is determined by the level of alveolar ventilation (Va), where VCO 2 is
ventilation of carbon dioxide and K is a constant value (0.863).

(Va = K x VCO2)/PaCO2

A decrease in alveolar ventilation can result from a reduction in overall (minute)

ventilation or an increase in the proportion of dead space ventilation. A reduction in
minute ventilation is observed primarily in the setting of neuromuscular disorders and
CNS depression. In pure hypercapnic respiratory failure, the hypoxemia is easily
corrected with oxygen therapy

Ref: www.mf.uni-lj.si/dokumenti/71e8d588d1dcafa444df499b150514f1.doc
HR calculation from ecg

 Regular rhythms:
 Rate = 300 / number of large squares in between each consecutive R
wave.
 Slow or irregular rhythms:
Count the number of R waves in a 6 second strip ( 30 large box) and
multiply by 10.
Ref: https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/rate/

Correction for hydration

Parkland formula

4 x body weight x BSA %

First half to be given in first 8 hrs after injury

Second half to be given in next 16 hrs of injury

Ett size paeds

Uncuffed endotracheal tube size = 4 + (Age / 4)

Cuffed endotracheal tube size = 3.5 + (Age / 4)

Ref : https://umem.org/educational_pearls/1400/

Anchor ett

3 x ETT = depth of ETT insertion

Ref: https://umem.org/educational_pearls/1400/
GCS in infants /paeds