cen random afi on Greeks sw Bae thar a ttc ofc nd inert The eee sicrocasms of the universe, a life in Sree ‘of existing natural or trans ers the enbiment snl co alin ng ps et pegs tc, pl a weil he RES ory of tray and tie say combed Card te underaning of humanity a whole Mos sey wa ee eject 2 ng ee of ey lh man an vec rer sed. The Ge sre in ee Ful py eoundetnd and tat Fe sal plems These ae ited the re i ny el ce Dang sin en et Bec epic caro sen, lin, ec an an alabg interes 2 man's pn and edge ets ee ge Treas of bh ance ad moder ahropa MEDIEVAL VIEWS OF MAN The lite Roman prod wicca the beganing of «fends seta changeit the conception of ma and sce, This change often capsized in ems of ea orn loopy to reigion culminating inthe exablsamented Che sly. The fndanentl dfeence beeen plphcl ad a eliguswerlviow doesnot reat in the cout of traniceadetl peer. The Grek had recogie te el, bu ther explaaions of city wee nt pected on sch ‘els, The wanscendenl formed part of ther spclave oxmogony, but man deermined hisown ie and feany by Awa! ncn aod earch or tootsie Tee emerging eligias eer aught hae the elon feos than andthe gods Strid ban aad stalin sad that the gos mut be opel and woskpea, Man cul ab tin sation not by knowledge bus by ply. Such «warn oli al oe ke ple erg although it went hand in and with te wong Sadun mesial nd peal uous. I theme, ah eplaed comprehen, and God's revelations ‘soc only pabways to nowldge. These evltions were Tiny coma inthe Srp but they could aio be found Ir hry, bees ods dings sith the word could be tbatvel om the pase The ty of itory ths bezame the ‘ely ileal exerci stble to Chis and Auganine atti igaieantcontrbtons here. Gress and Rosas a traded a pla view of history, holding that ll eens ‘teria ealo dente pls, an olook that makes say te put ruber les Augustine explained that history Gfs dar and goles and thie the nature and actions “Fiinrlpectns shoud be oberved and analyzed, berase they wee ibprtane a vehicles for God's arp with the TE Rogune ao radially changed the paricusrie “oak fare histo, History was to him the drama of tenkind, sto adie natn and shoal hs be Tent once Ke sboul gin withthe origin of ay a neniom, decent andthe He ad Hil of zasons and power Te as mereares the task of Hitoans to dover te ineligent pattern in he general Te aE ce re: history i not mere derpion, but fii'teaning and drcton, This decton can best be de Tata by iing hiory into epochs, ch one nique, anja and wih town characteris Thelogal sc Son wa eam Creo the end of i iy he a Felgmens, but Aogotne als compared the couse of isory Arie He of man from infancy to ildood, yout, ely mmshoe, late manhood and ol ag “All ern sie of history and of elton ae pred cated on Augstins conceptions. The division of history faa Mec Views of Man 5 nig prado commanplcy, theo univer ty. Mover horn sl evclatni faly age the inporans of thir ech fount cere in the interpretation of the meanings of events, whoee occurs rca nce uma egesine’s own. Kiser wriags dt mainly wi Bilal peoples, bc heated Oxon Beane of kh hepa rican ome ay There See ok: finery opus he ages Sek wits cans ie ple lg trata onan cag spans The work wes aly apron be 49% and remained a major source of information theerchont ase ee Benner tapas ach ling Anges dh wo nn which ic Empire war iad and rently congurcd se po who wee il ld brie ad ag Alea ey Wer fered hey were ae a major ie f ee od Si The linea view ohare hea ta sou te ae ater perpen e ise ney tod the Chrsin doting Sf the unveral nese i andthe common dace fo Aan pa qos thee ial ar Sone ed wy sca lecin and epoch ef ype Paes ie hepa ip eames 3 ‘were supposed to live on the other side of the (Aat) earth, tal pote had marge cin oe de gtk or oto splnaton nts the der had gc gan whe bed nde corupedmaskind fae Rak f Adin ward bu be had ret more sae than wit ates The rou ecptze o ake served pinup mor enon an swap ‘or woul cl hoe who nape fom he Base deo ssf which pares the eps of teri {les wr and ho mater ho ane ey aa oe they kape lve the chnograpic meet ea With Herodotus. Ere te authors wre main purpas watt denne he pagay sated pokesy oy cea2” itacEs oF MAN ing fom ode “pg” doumens, chs presving ny Aiderptons that woul other have been ost ly Chi haa ded oe more bole coward thc ther ope The al young Church need SERIF potion and to prove the Echo of he Aff, Eakene wa» Evore weapo. Ts wa in st oD) Gk hey of mylogy holling tht gols were Sig Roe Chan rier dese agin tnd 2a GEES) pen ga were cho ce human Bing and le ang cle xanpies to prove he pit. But saand he Seema, whey te Chich was fay exis Re difeat tum and eee ed an ‘mecraneinnrument of rcnaroio. 1 he pagan go cope ie Mal pena, moran Mgr exi were neh old be ened oo the pt by Fecouc igen wa sae ote meds wed by eof Sel Se) oho seemed owes complete and wera 6 Fekce along te tggeion ef Augstine who MCL Gar would be gerd omen woul omple seme erunksowe pliant pnt ie, 20 Sine hogs metoned ate Sepa oe intended 1 ee man knowles ts ep prev al ane ike pa He ca he monomer wor, the Spel in Ge fom fan ecyopetn aod broght cre gcealeon excerpt xg Jsumens ea cos ages anomy, sree tPme steno, cont, gesog i 0 6 iagh ae wee Nosy oo cases and male ners ean Tethnographic data were scattered about in Soe eae He ug in sve of deal enering Shar Egpe Asya Gee, Rae, the German, Frank Se "Rind munya, He de wih tht Fete ao att ry ase, woh aw eae fa PEE dour tem all epee oe nduedin prea Soma eap Whi the hail or cleted was ot SeaperaE te ets nrg, and gives much ir Medieval Views of Man 2» formation shou the exten of knowlege in the carly Mile Ages Italo masks the beginning ofan inter ina niveral boy of knowledge or what doe called a nt nies "The Exymooger achieved great popularity, and was sll one ofthe standard authorier in takepeare’ youth Ie was bat the fet ins lng line of medieval hers and ney gediasoch as Ado of Vienne’ (ppp) Chrnil of the Sis Ages of he Word the works Bes Comer (B48 28), the Seelam natural and Spenlam hitrial of Vince ‘of Beauvais (1190-1264), and the works of Albert of Bollstadt (os i ssid acho ica? (f.1a3050) On the Properties of Thngr: In he Al wih 170 nations icing modrn ons such a he Engl, Ih, Seo Norwegian, Swede, and Frias: He wat caret togne he referees for al his teen that icwas alo good biographies. The wrk was rane Jud into st European anguages and reached frei et kon ths testifying wo the widespread interes in sch matters. Barhlomacus work contin a quantity of nfrmaton that ‘ad not been brought together bere 10 tes ny ind lt wih those varios cm pins, Margret Hodge (rfhapter 2) pints ow that the authors fen rclled gon oucal at wees rach as Herodotus Pliny or Solin that information as thas compiled, ind cle change net taken inte account Once Herdows had ped Egypine as “very religious" they mained so stereotyped. Bt he empl alo tempted to bring in new materials end diligent ead accounts y atl ty ade and misionaris who bad resided in othe ands Unfortunately, these eyeineses were alto olen far fom relable Tending toward sematonlan, hey included sore ot ony about naturale but lio of monarus one, with deg ads or wih ees lage tot they could Se wed as covets during the night (Malet 1988). Neverhley, oe information abou existing people was paaly concer Met chant tars had to know te customs ofthe people wih whom they traded misioarie sealed ha they woud be» rMAcES OF 244% mre succes if they knew the cures and religions ofthe peoples they st oat to chrsianiae. But even $6 medieval ogee descpons would not pss thet of modern Saubrepclogicl scrutiny, Noe oly were they anced bat dhey ware fag with preconesved notions of Yale. ‘Aikough many shaved an iceang degee of tolerance tanec he wre ner ava eine ‘The importance ofthe medieval compendia that they pre ‘ered nowlege abou popes who bare now disappeared, hd thar ey kepehnograpbie tere alive, They sees Ritual ces and sted many ter scholars to seck a- Sets ode hidden problems, Before big ll to cite of ‘hemedieval branch of “thology” would be welt remind isle that modern anthropelogy also began wth unves- fed and unsted dats—oitnen Fazer’s Golden Bowgh Although he ely Middle Age are sometines cle “a” ‘hisvabe judgment verloks many impotent develope thc tok ple There ere ay ened rents Charlemagne (e748) founded s sumber of monic ‘cool inhich Higher aring was pursued andthe aly ‘Pasar wis made spel by John Sets Eigen (© 810- Spy wrt that God reveled hime st on in Bi Seep buen the wile wiv Optics magnets, meal), ‘men, anatomy the plane the ano, all were sabes oF inveigation and ively debate. Many revoled against ‘Rogunings ew that mat was deprived of reason and vl ty Sature and thee wan general desire to preserve fast nowedge and to lear From When Atos and eer Greck writings were ree covered uring the twelfth cet they were enthsaally Teeth he isha me yi tant discovers in phys, ethics, loge, and poli sn Tite the pousued lend art and architec. The Grske fo Seided mana arta Being, capable of improving iso a well a is soci condiins This wa aay dierent fom the Augsiian ews Medieval Views of Men a Thomas Aquinas (129574), who admired Arigotle 10 such that he alway ceed to him as “The Pilesopher™ (a2 Afother did not exit), was worried and srk by this enizly diferent view of human existence Through very camplet Snguments he concluded that man was intligeny, cadewed with reason, and capable of selecting higher or lower hfe gals. Since mans inate reason was Ese pon hin by God twas mans duty to exer his divine gift and t apply ic not only to thelogial questions, but aio tothe sy of aur, society polis, eh, and all oher reals of science In Thomas univeral scheme of things, man cecupied 2 postion jut below the angels. With them he shared the po. tential for universal knowledge, bt he shred his senses appetite with animals. Much af Thomas thinking was cen. tered around the intrelationhips and interactions within tans dual nace, problem we sill study in terms of o> lating man's biology this altura faculties, Thomas Aquinas also noted man's helplesines and lack of ininets a birth, argued forthe paychie uty of man since “by naare all men are equa" believed inthe sodal contact theory, vied the organic analogy, made a dsinction betwen the law of nations and cil law, and dicwsed man's upright posture his enes, Aisbrain, and his extremities in term of comparative anatomy, Although theology remained central inal his wrtngs, we fod em oy eat mu aad fature that are orginal and thought provoking. Artteian- fam wa oficily condemned by Bishop Tempic tree yar after Thomas death, but his infence was nonethelest ene during, and hs views of man's ational mature, withowe which seal in old not it, prev inthe an 3c comprative suds of man and his cules slow ‘moved in the direction of grater objectivity and empiricam, Roger Bacon (c 1214-34), who taught at Oxford, wrote that ‘experience and observation were the ony ways fo arrive at reliable truths, Boasting that he had spent two thousand fds Boks sod taro insruments for capers clearly was neta man relying on tradition alone He wroteSi races oF MAN cays on mathematic, pi anatomy, sronomy, and con foctve ingles and voce he sly of manner and Eons of pope in the whale Ibiable worl. From bis fund came he ie compare univeral Kiso of lion 2s bjt dealing with eh ler senave pi Pry remarkable, Among other thingy he conaracel # ploy that was meant facade all Exown forms ofr Bon true wep, worship Bre worship, Jo- (in snd Chratanty, He eleulted that mona was Spore amon than ppc and mone tho me Be th ae pine ve ego, As a Cis, he Bld Ghat Christy as superior t Join and Iam, but he tar ling to ocr tae se ober monohiteelgons reread in thio ight ‘hth Mile Ago came to an endregion was il a cental per, bt send toward secularization wa que SebceaMe Osher coturcs and rigions were generally ssog- tied as gaint a the Avgasinan idea that hry ‘hou be iver as inerpeted to mean that there wat 2 ofc unty of mankind. By extension there was alo a bai tity of the pagan go ‘Giovani Hecsios (313-73) Geneogy ofthe God sgn vIn hao ween ee rego Hogue 1 king of Gypros,Boractio tempted to rec TS mlegy to one coherent system. He wat fly Spare ney oc gia sore, ad med ‘Buea hs data wer so pthered. ater commentators on bis soda haa fac he nw only very tle Gree and that hada ener of ony ues (See oat). He preted Demogorgon a the progenitor of 3 Fe et excel teas” thom ce xed and er wa elated, wa wll unknown ine slat Sar Newt, Bocaio showed tht a myth can SSpeprced in more tan one way: Su meanings may be Tel or or sym The myth of Fenews decpiaing the Gorgon ad ing into the a by head of his winged Messed be rend an acon fatal event i could Medieval Views of Man 3B be an allgoy of a wite man’ vite ater the congest of evi rit eoud be sens symbol of Chats xenon into heaen afer overcoming the ei ofa Sif word, “The Genelogir was ot disilr to Fraae?s Golden Bough, citer in ope or in tthe Like Frac, Baca tied o make ene aut of «general mas of vane but elated da for which ofr no sya relationship had ben pat Forward Like Frazer slay Boccia unica of is sours, sng al the wrtogs ofthe ps vith equal conf dence Fraze correc note that cmon, bos, and ‘magical races had meanings beyond the lieral ons a Bac- Caco scat yes posed steal posible means. Hs sre insghe was that mph ae not merely iational ores, nd the ter erganzed tly of myoloy was oted in hs Prenie concLusrtons Most writes dealing with development inthe hiory of an- thrpolgy have neloed the Mille Ages inthe eeaieson thac nothing in hat period contributed to the understanding. of man and society. While che intllecua clint in Eur vrs not favrable to scholarship of any ind it was etaly tot a period of iter stagnation, During the Niddle Ages celle hele par wat writen, Goat and arcige tre developed, ogc and thea were eb the fe ney wee cid many slg ve tims were made and knowledge was prsered in engl ecic works. Moreores, many dss asc for ate developineat Bre ol ence ere formed or sage ripped off religious implications medial bought secs cain he an and ty i oo for ter own sake sane, bt had meaning? beyond hie cxistene Modem sil tudes weld be batten wou tis Conviction, no matter shat thee meanings might be: For» races oF 14% resieal thinker the meaning wat the atsnment of sha nn; antvopologit caly mand clus to segue a Stas of scl eponbi o provide guidance in cxeom~= Sane of ncviable change to dcover univer vals or tigate human meng “Fhe Chan ideale the brotherhood of man was not always pinto pacts, bu its principle prolimed the ba Snip of mankind andthe convcton that ater peoples wee tot ee brute st ter css were worthy of study fn sting The interes in foreign peoples remained ney Trougheu the poi though fora vary of reatons. AU ‘in and Ores wrote abou he pagazs im dr to ete ‘hehe encyclopedic fen nove by a cari sbut the deity of habity misonares wrote their reports 0 aurea cule shock of ther seco, others Wt in a Sprtof adventure or snsonlo Compared to car periods he spa harions wee widened ince mare geogiaphieal area had become known. ‘The temporal views, nore, bene nach narower, be Cause Chistian doceite diated hat Crean had not ken peo very long ag. The wely of Kinry tok important new tr fam cpl cal olin and from prtslar to nivenal. The vec of Chile volition were conned in many histo c- oun since hey spl dee of progres and refuted the fies ofa pst olden Age The pros the aceon depiced tere unigu ad follow exch Stern loge sein. ‘While the dogmatic and pss worlviw of Aug- snes na ey Engel Stroplogy, for hat mater toall modem sfence his extreme views wee challenged and dlnost cmplely freed by the end of the Middle Agen Ope ofthe major punts of soa pute during the ped se the question of the sopemacy of church or sate i Po- Pia maters Inthe coun of the debate Brame nee try tcoethe wig and ato pla oni, Sod the Bt stemas heory concern this was at Socal contact Seater stents of neret 1 ol Medien Views of Man 38 Pie cena oll Ion gwen te na emo ey of Ling many others. OS er gaa eet ae See eos eee Sane acne Srepone rare