Capitulo 24 ”Ondas Planas”

Roald Wangness

27 de Junio

~ =0
∇·E (1)

~ = − ∂B
∇×E (2)
∂t

~ =0
∇×B (3)

~
∇×B ~ + µ ∂ E
~ = µσ E (4)
∂t

~
∂E ~
∂ 2E
~ − µσ
∇2 E − µ 2 = 0 (5)
∂t ∂t

~
∂B ~
∂ 2B
~ − µσ
∇2 B − µ 2 = 0 (6)
∂t ∂t

∂ψ ∂ 2ψ
∇2 ψ − µσ − µ 2 = 0 (7)
∂t ∂t

∂ 2ψ
∇2 ψ − µ =0 (8)
∂t2

∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ
− µ =0 (9)
∂z 2 ∂t2

z0 = υt0 (10)

1
 ψ(z, t) = f (z − υt) + g(z + υt) (11)

1
υ=√ (12)
µ

c
υ= (13)
n

p
n= ke km (14)

∂ 2ψ 1 ∂ 2ψ
= (15)
∂z 2 υ 2 ∂t2

d2 Z d2 T
+ k2Z = 0 y + ω2T = 0 (16)
dz 2 dt2

ω2
k2 = (17)
υ2

X  X
αk δk ei(kz−ωt) + βk γk e−i(kz−ωt) + αk γk ei(kz+ωt) + βk δk e−i(kz−ωt)

ψ(z, t) = (18)
k k

ψ(z, t) = ψ0 ei(kz−ωt) (19)

ψf isica = Reψ = Re ψ0 ei(kz−ωt)

 
(20)

ψ0 = ψ0R + iψ0I (21)

eiu = cos u + i sin u e−iu = cos u − i sen u (22)

Reψ = ψ0R cos(kz − ωt) − ψ0I sin(kz − ωt) (23)

2
 ψ0 = ψ0a eiϑ (24)

ψ0R = ψ0a cos ϑ ψ0I = ψ0a sin ϑ

2 2 1/2 ψ0I (25)
ψ0a = (ψ0R + ψ0I ) tan ϑ =
ψ0R

Reψ = ψ0a cos(kz − ωt + ϑ) (26)

2π 2π
|k| = ω = 2πν = (27)
λ T

υ = νλ (28)

~ = E~0 ei(kz−ωt)
E ~ = B~0 ei(kz−ωt)
B (29)

∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ
= =0 = iκψ = −iωψ (30)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t

κE~z = 0 κB~z = 0
ω ~ (31)
~
κ(−Ey x̂ + Ex ŷ) = ω B κ(−By x̂ + Bx ŷ) = − 2 E
υ

~ =0
κẑ · E ~ =0
κẑ · B
(32)
~ = ωB
κẑ × E ~ ~ =−ωE
κẑ × B ~
υ2

~ = κ ẑ × E
B ~ = 1 ẑ × E
~ (33)
ω υ

~ = κ ~ 1 ~ √ ~ n ~
|B| |E| = |E| = µ|E| = |E| (34)
ω υ c

E~real = E~0a cos(κz − ωt + ϑ) B~real = B~0a cos(κz − ωt + ϑ) (35)

3
 ∂ 2ψ ∂ψ ∂ 2ψ
− µσ − µ =0 (36)
∂z 2 ∂t ∂t2

κ2 = ω 2 µ + iωµσ (37)

κ = ±(α + iβ) (38)

α2 − β 2 + 2iαβ = ω 2 µ + iωµσ (39)

α2 − β 2 = ω 2 µ (40)

2αβ = ωµσ (41)

r "r #1/2
µ  σ 2
α=ω 1+ +1 (42)
2 ω

r "r #1/2
µ  σ 2
β=ω 1+ −1 (43)
2 ω

ω
Q= (44)
σ

r r 1/2
µ 1
α=ω 1+ 2 +1 (45)
2 Q

r r 1/2
µ 1
β=ω 1+ 2 −1 (46)
2 Q

κ = |κ|eiΩ (47)

α = |κ| cos Ω β = |κ| sin Ω (48)

4
  1/4
2 2 1/2 √ 1
|κ| = (α + β ) = ω µ 1 + 2 (49)
Q

r  p
β 1
tan Ω = = Q 1 + 2 − 1 = 1 + Q2 − Q (50)
α Q

ψ = ψ0 e−βz ei(αz−ωt) (51)

 1/2

 

 
ω 1  2 
υ= =√  1/2 (52)
α µ 

1 
 1+ + 1

 

2

Q

 1/2

 

 
2π 2πυ 2π  2 
λ= = = √  1/2 (53)
α ω ω µ 
 1 
 1+ + 1
 

Q2


1 2α 2 4π 2
δ= = = = = (54)
β µσω µσυ µσωλ µσνλ

ψ = ψ0 eβz e−i(αz+ωt) (55)

ω ω ω −iΩ
V = = = e (56)
κ α + iβ |κ|

     
c cκ  cα  cβ c cβ 0 cβ
N= = = +i = +i =n +i (57)
V ω ω ω υ ω ω

~ = −(µω + iµσ)E
kẑ × B ~ (58)

~ = κ ẑ × E
B ~ (59)
ω

~ = |κ| eiΩ ẑ × E
B ~ (60)
ω
5
 ~ = E~0a e−βz ei(αz−ωt+ϑ)
E
(61)
~ = |κ| ẑ × E~0a e−βz ei(αz−ωt+ϑ+Ω)
B
ω

E~real = E~0a e−βz cos(αz − ωt + ϑ)

|κ| (62)
B~real = ẑ × E~0a e−βz cos(αz − ωt + ϑ + Ω)
ω
Ω
tB = tE + > tE (63)
ω

Ω
zB = zE − < zE (64)
α

|B~real |
 1/4
|κ| √ 1
= = µ 1 + 2 (65)
|E~real | ω Q

 
 ~
 ∂D 
 ∂t 
 
Q =   (66)
J~f 

  √
√ 1 1 ω µ σ  µ 1/2
α = ω µ 1 + β= = = (67)
8Q2 δ 2Q 2 

 
√ 1 1 σ
|κ| = ω µ 1 + tan Ω = = (68)
4Q2 2Q 2ω

   
1 1 2π 1
υ=√ 1− λ= √ 1− (69)
µ 8Q2 ω µ 8Q2

~
|B| √

1

= µ 1 + (70)
~
|E| 4Q2

 1/2    1/2  
1 1 1 1 1
α= µσω 1+ Q β= = µσω 1− Q (71)
2 2 δ 2 2

|κ| = (µσω)1/2 tan Ω = 1 − Q (72)

6
  1/2    1/2  
2ω 1 2 1
υ= 1− Q λ = 2π 1− Q (73)
µσ 2 µσω 2

~  1,2
|B|  µσ 1/2 µ
= = (74)
~
|E| ω Q

 1/2
1
α=β= µσω (75)
2

π
tan Ω = 1 de modo que Ω= = 45 (76)
4

 1/2  1/2
2ω 2Q p
υ= = = 2Q υno conductor (77)
µσ µ

 1/2
2 λ
δ= = (78)
µσω 2π

~
∂E ~
∂ 2E
~ − µσ
∇2 E ~
− µ 2 = ∇(∇ · E) (79)
∂t ∂t

~
∂B ~
∂ 2B
~ − µσ
∇2 B − µ 2 = 0 (80)
∂t ∂t

~
∂ 2E ~
∂E ~
∂ 2E ∂ 2 Ez
− µσ − µ = ẑ (81)
∂z 2 ∂t ∂t2 ∂z 2

 
∂ σ ∂Ez
Ez + =0 (82)
∂t  ∂t

ζ = n̂ · r (83)

ψ = ψ0 ei(κζ−ωt) = ψ0 ei(κn̂·r−ωt) (84)

κ = κn̂ = κk̂ (85)

7
 ψ = ψ0 ei(κ·r−ωt) (86)

κ = κx x̂ + κy ŷ + κz ẑ (87)

ψ = ψ0 ei[(κx x+κy y+κz z)−ωt] (88)

~ =E
E ~ 0 ei(κ·r−ωt) ~ =B
B ~ 0 ei(κ·r−ωt) (89)

∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ
= ikx ψ = iky ψ = ikz ψ = −iωψ (90)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t

k·E =0 k·B =0
(91)
k × E = ωB = −(µω + iµσ)E

k
B= k̂ × E (92)
ω

k |k| iΩ
H= k̂ × E = e k̂ × E (93)
µω µω

 1/2
k̂ × E  k̂ × E
H= = k̂ × E = (94)
µυ µ Z

 µ 1/2  1/2
K m µ0
Z= = Z0 (95)
 Ke 0

E = Re (Ec ) = Re (E0 e−iωt ) (96)

H = Re (Hc ) = Re (H0 e−iωt ) (97)

E = Re [(ER + iEI )(cos ωt − i sin ωt)] = ER cos ωt + EI sin ωt (98)

8
 H = ER cos ωt + HI sin ωt (99)

S = R×H = (ER ×HR ) cos2 ωt+(EI ×HI ) sin2 ωt+[(ER ×HI )+(EI ×HR )] sin ωt cos ωt (100)

1
< S >= [(ER × HR ) + (EI × HI )] (101)
2

1
< cos2 ωt >=< sin2 ωt >= < sin ωt cos ωt >= 0 (102)
2

Ec ×Hc = [(ER +iEI )e−iωt ×(HR −iHI )eiωt ] = [(ER ×HR )+(EI ×HI )]+i[(EI ×HR )−(ER ×HI )]
(103)

1
< S >= Re (Ec × Hc ∗) (104)
2

1 1
< ue >=< E 2 >= Ec · Ec ∗ (105)
2 4

1 1 1
< um >=< µH 2 >= µHc · Hc ∗ = Bc · Bc ∗ (106)
2 4 4µ

 1/2 h i 1   1/2
1 
< S >= Re E × (k ×~ E∗) = (E · E∗)~k (107)
2 µ 2 µ

 1/2
1  2~ 1  µ 1/2
< S >= |E0 | k = |H0 |2~k (108)
2 µ 2 

1 1 1
< ue >= E · E∗ = |E0 |2 = µ|H0 |2 =< um > (109)
4 4 4

1 1
< u >=< ue > + < um >= |E0 |2 = µ|H0 | <2 (110)
2 2

<u>
< S >= √ ~k =< u > υ~k =< u > v (111)
µ

9
 |k| |k| cos Ω −2βζ αe−2βζ e−2βζ
< S >= Re [E×(k̂×E∗)e−iΩ ] = e |E0 |2 k̂ = |E0 |2 k̂ = |E0 |2 k̂ (112)
2µω 2µω 2µω 2µυ

α2 −2βζ 2 e−2βζ
< u >= 2
e |E0 | = 2
|E0 |2 (113)
2µω 2µυ

Eo = E0x x̂ + E0y ŷ (114)

E0x = E1 eiϑ1 E0y = E1 eiϑ2 (115)

E = (E1 eiϑ1 x̂ + E2 eiϑ2 ŷ)ei(kz−ωt) (116)

Ex = E1 cos(kz − ωt + ϑ1 )
(117)
Ey = E2 cos(kz − ωt + ϑ2 )

 2     2
Ex Ex Ey Ey
−2 cos(ϑ1 − ϑ2 ) + = sin2 (ϑ1 − ϑ2 ) (118)
E1 E1 E2 E2

Ex Ey
= (119)
E1 E2

Ex Ey
=− (120)
E1 E2

 2  2
Ex Ey
+ =1 (121)
E1 E2

ϑ1 − ϑ2 = ∆ (122)

P = kz − ωt + ϑ1 (123)

Ex = E1 cos P Ey = E2 cos(P − ∆) (124)

10
 Fnet = ma = −eE − ξv (125)

ne2
σ0 = (126)
ξ

dv
ma = m = −eE0 ei(k·r−ωt) − ξv (127)
dt

−eE
v= (128)
ξ − imω

ne2 E
Jf = ρf v = n(−e)v = (129)
ξ − imω

ne2 (ne2 /ξ) σ

σ = σ(ω) = = = (130)
ξ − imω 1 − i(mω/ξ) 1 − i(σ0 mω/ne2 )

σ0 h  σ mω i
0
σ = σR + iσI = 1 + i (131)
[1 + (σ0 mω/ne2 )2 ] ne2

E = E00 e−iωt Jf (σR + iσI )E00 e−iωt (132)

Ereal = E00 cos ωt

(133)
Jf real = (σR cos ωt + σ1 sin ωt)E00

α2 − β 2 = ω 2 µ − ωµσ1 2αβ = ωµσR (134)

2 2σ 
k =ω µ +i (135)
ω

ne2
 
σ'i (136)
mω

ne2 ωP2
   
2 2 2
k = ω µ 1 − = ω µ 1 − 2 (137)
mω 2 ω

11
 ne2
ωP2 = (138)
m

 ω 2  ωP2 ne2

2
k ' 1− 2 ωP2 ' (139)
C ω m0

ω c
υ= = (140)
k [1 − (ωP /ω)2 ]1/2

k = iβP = i(ω/c)[(ωP /ω)2 − 1]1/2 (141)

ψ = ψ0 e−βP ζ e−iωt (142)

Re ψ = 2ψ0 cos[(dk)z − (dω)t] cos(kz − ωt) = ψm cos(kz − ωt) (143)

dω
υG = (144)
dk

12