Acknouiledgement We are so: hoaoired tog tisofpitnity of saying inks. se peopl who gave. us the suport in bringing this book, ‘We would ike to thanks all those persons. who have researched and suggested throughout the way and imparts the impulses of joy during the dévelopment of this book: ‘We would also like to tap so our entice Cre ‘Veer Singh, Me. Amit Kumar Mishra, Mr. Ga ungrudging help has made it posible wo shape the en ed time an space, taught us the impartance of good eduaton and showed us the path to neg. Dr. Saroj Kumar Madhukar Singh SRI SAI PHOTOSTAT Near HP Petrol Bunk, TENALI Cell. 9246781688 1 condi | Theory: Imroduction - Two Person Zero-Sum Games, Pure Strategies, Gam = s Syltebus QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR BUSINESS DECISIONS UNI fiasc Mathematical & Statistical Techniques: Linear, Quadra, Logarithmic ed Exponential Puntions- ‘emotions and Combinations ~ Mace - leientary operations of mates. Measures of Cal Tendeney ‘Measures of Dispersion Simple Coeltion and Regression Analysis ‘Concept of Probability: Pobaiity Rules Jolt and Marginal Probability ~ Baye's Theorem- Probsiliy | Distibutions-Bixomial, Poison, Nonmal and Exponential Probability Disttgns. uNIT-2 . luton to Deepa Theory Steps involved in Deion Making, eet exvioaments in which ane mae, Ciera for Deion Makin, Decision making under uncertainty, Deion making under of Risk Uy sa dciton ction, Decion wk Gabi dsays ofthe decision making rows, Deision making witha active opponent 3 Programming: Formation of mathematical modeling, Graphical method, the Simplex. Method; jon, interpretation of Significance of All Elements In the Simplex Tables, Artificial variable techniques: Big M method, Two phase method. UNIT ‘Transportation, Assignment Models & Game Theory: De model, solution of the tanspotaton problem, the Ass 3m and aplication of the wanspottion ing Salesman Problem. Game strategies, Rules of Dominance, Solution Methods of Games without Sade point ~ Algebraic, matrix and arithmetic methods. unirs PERT. & C.PM, and Replacement Model: Drawing networks ~ identifying citcal path — probably of the project within given time- projet ershing - optimum cost and optimum duration. Replacement ing single replacement and group replacement Relevant cases have tobe discussed in each unit and in examination cas is compulsory from any uni .ean 1S ema eg See HOE a mec Aooyg omg pu sopaye quawudyssy ‘uonepodsuery 3 yun, Aroq vorspeg ZN soi ‘wong Sneeong eu ona Spee HN, socegua ong roma rong omni Apgeai so sonomy stag GPa ‘ogo 5 ONO neon mea pao HEA MNPERA sm mod somnguig dea ostonedy ‘oars Seg OB 1 Swanston, swan PEN STE ‘wang Boron ear woe YEE vane fuumetoy aur uoReRTN EEE vonnies ain owas 77 seeeseseesssgere sanbrmpay TeoRsHeS: : signa mesenger 9 pie jeotremsyvey\ 2eeg 1 30u | on awed st SF ramtosiovee tomes Suma moRsay se‘ii Mahal and use edges (Ui) Disvaatages of Newa Ass a ‘Techs for New Anais hel Pub Mend (CPM) rious Mebots of Finding Opin 421, iocion 422. Mutemati Motel Assignee 125. Difeence betneceTansporion and nent Probl alos of Asgament Mode Mats of Sling Asgnent rte ‘Algithn of Assignment Mosel Han Meo Different Cis in Asigament Problems * “BASIC MATHEMATICAL AND "STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES Given Tine Sppteioes of CPM sed PERT Tetngues nee ‘Projet Planing and Col A fimtion fakes. an opt, and eta an cup 0) Difference betweee CPM and PERT m (ee metaphor decries be funtion asa aching” m “bic bo tht convert he inet inoe upa. ae 19 $74, otaeon “44d, Pe Seotgy Game. with Sole Point Miia Maina Piles 512. Replacement of Aes when Tine Vale of 445. Mite Statgy Gane wioat ae Points 190 ‘Money Remains Const AAs Mie et uns win Sule 190 573. Reemen of Anes en Te Vee of at ‘Maney Changes wih Const se 1988 Replat of Assets which Pal Seely S81. Inodicton 582, Mona Titles 583, Replacement Policy SRA Typeset Replacement Poices 59. Bueise 2 a 2B saan 09 Classicton 51.5. Dravag Network S16 Advanagesof Network Anlst (Could lobe writen a able: i Near HP Petrol Bunk, TENALI Cell. 9246781688 = | SRI SAI PHOTOSTATund err x98 a9 < pur ed ume est auAA UE 0> i sso (2 no ou om ob 1 9 ye (4°) sped on uo a wens «go woe ‘woppany steer] © 70 odons wova'ge eK” iy po gle tag =f omen 4" ee ow" ap oR A woe Bu—E BH FE ALL x i us ang it x seus ana 0A) ot iy -papodsas gp 2013p Jo subg soa ORIN IeIGRY “SIT eH 5 eon AK "moa wo waa e028) pd aema yo one on Supandsan09 wonsung yoaday, “PTT en i eT ane) IRS VEN» ‘MBA Fr Senses (Quointve Tetqus for Basins Des) TUR 1.1.6, ‘Transcendental Functions Fronctios which are not alge are called 25 trarendental fonens. Ther, a feet types of ‘rnecendentl functions aa 116 Exponential Function 1 defined by f)= where a> Ganda t,x !5} Sey mire pont on ie ‘An exponeatl anion has he fom: faa of) in which the mumber asthe base of te fncion an the 0 ‘beste exponent has — ae om expe the fenton 10 which, when x Sine, b= (aM =a the represotaon of number in Dire exponential freon a ely te same with a eat, he xeas nay te defined ae Knit of te AY son 62. Logarithmic Funetions ‘A funtion f defied af) = log x where x poitve ‘number and is loa posive mmber uch dat #1 ‘alle logarithm of x with respect base yelogx fax ‘aso Maho nt Suit Tecnies i) 4) bepst=0 9 sone this is called Base Changing Fol igure 1: Lagat Panton Since exponent fae x= and Iogaihie fnton iver facts, berefre graph of these 3. “Trigonometric Functions enorme fants of an angle @ (@ be ay ea sien om B=c08, ee O= e008 Where 6 dnote angle wins dian measure in ‘The sin ad coste ae sido be enfontins, as ae he py en apd se and tama cot snes and ceononics rain measure is ustally mare convenient The tigonmei antons ae very wef in the sty of bustess eyes, seasonal or oer ey ‘ations re desed by se csi fnctions. Berner B ‘Notation apd rae piv loge sch hat << then te Samer ofl peuiton of distin, ings taken cat fimo oct by the symbo} E208", Ginga hearse rs oer Eos nica ore cg tS peut ce ‘vowels A, O, U in English albabes taking ‘ie and stating with E. ‘he emu of owls AB, 0, Ung re time and sting with Bare EAL, EIA E10, EOL, UO, EAO, BOA, EIU, ELI, EAU, EUA, (lel there ar 12 permutations.sou, yo 19quiny Aue yeaday we.) spafqQ way suopEINUE, “PZT poe wor 7 dan 09 = spon A Jo gu FSA > 0 YL, S00 FO OTS z OP aepRra i jem ne 0.6 ‘coy sino yaa 900 2990 N SL d= son Jo oguN FR, sHOpNIES L.vNLVa, pron » omy 02 5 0 Ok § 2 4 OME, Jaman ray, pom 2930 se soopemaad Sama nog aE Ady td de ons poy 0 on Bip Jo exe a pug spose Jo eae OH "dypqa osu ee pe vay e909 eqs enna joaquin et, 0p: hy ARTUSIG .u, Jo woREMULIEY “¢-7" srexc= {Gy pay og ep ese a Joa sien ye=TxexY tena, e17200'6 Lp fom aps 08 (sowetour mH) ned fons Sarre iacegltcenan Sons vy ates plone gene tt mao 9S a= ricxeeyxse tae 5 fommaias nose) 6.1L Tm 29 wie 9 a i IS es assay Kam nop (po bia wi wong SEES Te Soe rainy 29 or cg 1p y SoEw mon 9 ade, Mag st NES HE PRN IE m1 = 929 = oq pao, panos om “surg uo wo som doa vee a sg J und a asa 8 poms 20 ups Uo soe! oD a, op peed pow 9 Sant 9 BONES (uonnadoy pomlenn MOWHAA) SUH], © 78 1, UOMEY, SLE ‘ecco Hanon en gua, pom a 0 sua] xp wn TLMMISS' «U, JO WOHEIMULIE °Z7"T aang 29 we spon warp Summ oy =z pda ENA, Poe ao 202, 2p ay pouuoy 29 un yg URES OHA 3 ‘plow mn WaN4yp JO Hew a p39 ENS som Sqr ht Jo sage oor 9 GL spe ne pe 4 ay so Soaeywosaio! nam oe a aA ‘Soe Jo aqua sae 30 pox! ap oy po st Soe oq a dn egy J fs oY, yo, ‘su (mst eons 5 NS open sang VR "Bxample 15: Iq tow muy ways can 3. pres be Gsinued among # boys, wien: be given toanyone ofthe boys, ‘The ud panda ren avy rah 13.1. Introduction ‘The word combination means selection, Suppose we ate asked to make a selection of any two ngs fom duce things band, he diferent selections re bbe, a. MA ist Sense (uate Teg fo Bsns Dens) TUR 13:2. Combinations of ‘r* Objects ‘Taken from ‘n’ Objects Proof: Let ie asinber of cositnioss of m disthet + objec, kn rata tine be dented by °C, Bach of hese ormbnnns cous ins si all tees hag. ‘emo aong hess, 1 Theuumblrof permutations obtained is! Hence from all he *C, combinations we get CX at .3.3. Relation between Permutation and Combination Theovem 6 °C, =°C, Thea cider x =y ocx +y=m. ample 19:10 °C find. Solution: We ave"Cy="C Welnow tit if"C,="C,>a2yorxty=a Beample eFC, + C+ °Cy.= them ind, ‘An mx n mai i araagement of ma objects (not necessity tin) am oms apd clams in te fora, ha he mani of er my Te rs on ale the ements ofthe mai i a Which common tothe om ad {hej column cad its generaldement. nsaxes 30g peu unde 5 no of one om sede {@upra: 9) cw 2G) sto soe sENDS Te Wo wr Gaea aus yxy FeuUeLG (, ret une Semone) 2 apse ‘pdt 29g vev bon Sonson pe xR eS na Poe sty anear ams y SEMEN waydeopT (Cr “sayy preteens sy ent #9 ssp yo wou wpe ana pe PE {94+ Y mth guy] = pe = Aq vant SOIREE wc OY 99 FOLGE IO MONPPY (1 Sapa So : [areuisonts 1 oneener se oe me oe eS : som smog sx em op 0 gy opi 4 Ss mn 99 32694“ pow Sve nt uray = gpm amaem vx pepe seopedo wsuaduy rou pag oonpasd 0} ee oF ‘oa om} amore oy aQUE> opERED RoREUERAE groan ie exp ant Ye IL 2p Jo ge aunt oj mmo SEnceme —_ egepas cmt eae ee ban sien ‘ou i step peed 29 9 nS Pw. Y XE amas Faure © wy EG GIMA)AINEPT ( “y joaetfon psodsan ypu a map wang = V,¥ 3 EU Le 1 PON 9 mm donkey nUTY ean sna oad xm oe te Jp etna pe soso gate hve Bop qx "neu eondopowsy SP conte way foun srg a VEN gOS © capo ane ose es « CALE) PRES POSER POR PRE RE ‘aria Gog seg ay Sebeupy comrmmven) mous 4 VE am.[maven HOUOGHeHWnarOoar td) low iGdHltd) OSHA OO4GxSHb0) psaroea1Omn CODD BODO) 5) -Divson of Matrées: To divide temensof Wo oatices A and B and soe eeu sie 144, Determinants “MBA Ft Sete (Que Techies fer Butt Deios)INTUK Now adi the above thee equations tht a the Gteminnt of ma A. det A= sultaae ~ snl = sults ~ aestl + sulted ° Seton ee pn eerie ot of hat row or cola ia which the clement re Sr Fence, in er fhe ements fu wo, We “3 se arose ° j Mat a Man Min 1.45, Elementary Operitions” of ‘Matrices “iru loving wo ps of pers of mas determinant of [A] =2-2)~ 16) = 1. Now conser cach ofthe elementary row operations Therchange the rw of A and erate the detent Mulipiy row F of A by -2 and addi to cow 2 Then ‘vane he determin. Base Mahon nd Si Tecan bdo ‘pean wbe dent by +9, 2) Mulpleation ofthe Elements of a Column by a ‘No Zero Number: Ihe elenets of laa of ‘matin are multiplied by noe number Dy ten this elementary cain operation is deacted by C, one ‘aoe ave hich ole fut coupes” Acorn to RF. Fesber, “The ahr nail ofthe, ‘man miedo grip in its eniely large body of rained dats, compels us 10 seek selaivly few cost hat wil desc he data” _Atzordlng to Bowley, “Sutisical coasansexale ust is - compre ina sale et te siiiomce ofthe ‘wbole” Acciing to MLR. Spi “Avenger vane which ‘ppl ore of sto da” Accordlog to Clark and. Sekkade, “Average Sees cage ik 15.2. Perquitte of Ideal Measures of‘era omsiten em om HH ge elena tiempos 9 2° ape yo geen a pn sm @ VRONEUON TPST funy oomsag stesty MEET CL ‘sao prey Arm 2 oe 9 gp 22 me wee Soar 5 sat ore wn oan 9 ao wn fg poral os aL + way SNoUMIRY JO woREMIIED” “TL9T (ena pti) Fes soem sonnei mT F 1 woREaE Jo PON “L'9T See ey * ot sre oped a sn wo bored see ago ena copnusngo PM oom aa SP HOD [hneetFes oampn=hx swopoumoAGERN=N no —_ Hale SRESM oN Fo OMAN ao Senay pH J vopmiauns on m THEE uae real rH “ysis Sf Sui odo o TTT ey fons oud © Fe vu ea on ‘wuay OpaumpETy Jo sad, N ‘V8 sansa Wo 3d of word ry 30 ‘o9t ‘Aopen, ot opp San ea em & cece ma) snbmeen omr eo ERNE em SE ania sng smtp pnd) seas Rd VEN 2yg Mahan lei UD % 1.6.73. Calenlaton of Arithmetic Mean - Continuous Sexes (Grouped Data) ‘The metods ada a owe: - 1)” Det Method: For eating he sitet nnn conesous reste follwing ses kn: ie divided bythe sum of he frequencies, BE ze 9) Apply te frat: Ke 2) ShortCut Method: For calclating the sztimetic nnean by shorteat method in a dices sees te ‘Example 29: From he folowing fod ut the mean pote! rats per Share 10620] 2300506 0:0 | 5 | a7 | 00a] wmberetstars | 12 | 2 | w | 0 | 2 | 6 | @ Solution: team Wrote | Miao ‘The average profit is 48. 2). Step Deviation Method: For alutiog the aithmeis mean by sep-evistion method in cs of groped sexes the 1.6.12. Caleulation of Arithmetic Mean - |} Diserete Series (Ungrouped Data) {indot bees weg oft 1D pons. id th mid-point ofeach group or las, deste by X. Any ve may be taken as an stoned mean of the data (A. Assumed mes). bet rare mean fro the nid pola of exch lis dented by = (X= AD. i) Deviations () ae divide by thie common factor) and tp devinon i steiner each lassie the respective fea ‘multiplication ae told up. To find te athetic mea, tal vale i vided bythe ttl suber of i) Malipl ech item by its fequency, denoted by oo. i) AM all te 1%, dented by C00. \)Tosep denon of ch isis mpl yep eine of sie tal vb 3 4) dol gy, NEE Ute mle = Se Kear 3 i wes, K east en, A = Aso ean: El Tet edt of pein a epee Bi=Tual mbe feuds, = Connon atin oi aX, mean, HK = The, sum of prodacs; EF = Total muber of kam.tye pura "5 po sqmdto und om anu eas aK POUR ZONES pods sue pega 9 Pe, a te Gan RRA ot Tan aT | RNS OL et FT Vor an ERP soit ey yo sean oncanppe ap ae— "Xx. pss wayyy Jo span ms" NN uno Soioos deg a ee poe 29 we a poMOD aus am sqm onan ue 2 Wy ed np 0 os gon Koo ueayy padnorprmeayy paNIgMC) —“69T “dees pop 20g GB 989, JO MEH PMH AL or a SERBS aA AK DIO EH PMP, Fa os’ SeNOITHn oO, a HOS I MX VRE x 10 FLPMA, ef al i airtel] — ott | ont fea] sot [oo] oo] "a |e] oz [0 ax] ew sca ae oP ene [Vern | wtea| eons ones 28 preg ona ts am Fen 1 aS 9 BREE 90 RPI 210 ee at 7 5 e {ste | 8 £ SET ‘Sefqesnoan open eon ou, REM ENE PP P| EROS YE, sean oROL= AT sn sna on ad 2? PLAT igo amore mo (mg srt om i i IE on dene oF pap wn sans pa xR URNHID0 EA BE ok y-x= "P)wopeuns9 20 a8 PO wa PUTS ETS “ese pomae ma en pin te f isn fa ems aang pre Jo We oy ca ame as RARON OL POM INS (C cee aux “SHA A isu opmag pan= "XG agen fg esa Pre Pe Ta OY PPI PONT ‘WEYL SBOMIIZY POMBPAL IP UORETOTED 10 ON ‘oR a SE PE BE RHRPUES aN. (¢ “sey supa jo.oquna pur paedo am sonunn a0 300430 SSID OAGN (C WRIA SBAUNPLY PAM “SIT Suey: cea +veRVY a ¥ {os~|o8- | o.~ 0] o-s|o-o|or-oe]oe-oe]ox-arfo-of "aoe Pogue a way ware ARO og aE ee pin) ees a VEN a |a. MOA Fire Seer (Quai Tenis fo Bis Des HER” Whore, an Nm the umber fies in the seis % ed K, =the mean ofthe two serie respectively the combined meas ofthe to eis, and N; = 645; Kye 52S aad Ky =475 17.1. Introduction 1 ctertos ae gone and amoged in fe ge nine ei) aang "ale, ts cent of oben non an e's eg Oy M ore | Ascoing to Prof... Conner, “The median i tat ale ofthe vaabe which vids gup into two egal pa, | caopart comprising ofall aloes reste and th ter al vale estan he median”, According to Croxton and Cae, “The median i tt aoe which vig eis 9, otal or more of he items are equl oo ess tha and ne half or more of he tems ae qu too rae tan” SRI SAI PHOTOSTAT Near HP Petrol Bunk; TENALT Cell. 9246781688 lured thea median also gets uted (fected more tan meas), the data samples, Ita patina avenge 7.4. Characteristics of Median 1). Themedian canbe calcd from open-ended dstibaons while ardhmetc mean canot be clei, “Medion can be aelted pmpiclly whi xithmatc mean canot be cleus. Median is profered in ee when the dstibuson has exter value, because median is oot affected by extreme ine most appropite mesure of lostion when itt ot pose to cous the ems, yet ey ae scored ranked thod of Calculation of Median advil Series Disret Series (Ungrouped Dat) 53) Callan of Median ~Cnuous Series (Groped Dat) ‘Bie Mahemal and Sisal Techies (1) 1.78.1. Caleutation of Megign 2) Locate te mie va: {There willbe a single value inthe mide which ie elected i mean Wei th mame cbearai Nino. s rr Inthe sbore example the nantberof items was oso thee wa 0 icy in aig te mid item adits value, nec tes aee(3) aa ste eo i ample 4: Find ou the medion 2 13189, 2 *"ssp amps paso ss 2 J (fu) Kovnbay aaa = 9 apoyy Jo suoneNWT “EST ‘samt ssep ap Rouaep on aiesey® pu ad ‘anpous yt sey tno te nm rat -o0men Ses ene we OT sa ec a oH ON 20 “sere Jo. wopermoye) Jo. spomayy “EgT em Aes ao es eH (C rrewing, PR en mE. ‘ez wa fem See eee eat “suppose pur pemssapin of (1 oy eganes oe gp ea OF POW IOS “TRT pea ORT MRAM AL: Compenen ge “sepenbay ours ad syste tomy pu Spee paoein st ePMPAT CE sare (E) usu mse pe 5X =n “sng soo eo ps popar orm gid Sus Kg peso 3 sp Joo ALE jo B emp vowmoweys sp ore pam od op aR a A CONN podinoz non omen ee CRON eG LCE A ee conten) ming meme) ALP BH) EST “sou pun y=uEHeH 25 seca soe on emanate ALL Aesop ro Fa 2 sa 09 “yes 9.204 Gs) foe sa POO SONSRIDEIEL) —“p'g'T HAAN pm ay (ad) se wks om Bupzcoo ngs 9 SPO, REZ 0} HOIESOY £ 5) aon tate (CE) m= a _ossonza (spo ipuzp 20 Suposom) Somos ep ‘Opes a0 SHRI? aR Iwissti94sce ae sop rin=9se= a T ZI ap Fanos Bo wea poy os 5¢ au -sewisnnn (fovea tormenta | OZ=na = we (2) 00m APN RER ERT TTS TASH a Ta aS TOI apm) Suone 29 fg pt ao, srbiny agra seas ‘0 top pot yi tw a sam oom “Kear eco) i Me aX sor oombag mn og emTeRD, : onmes omar aaa a] ll eo 90 pnp =p Seproey Bop pede en gman cast CL oe 2 Bue ways tas ero} a Sau as JO ee UT yea padeaadup) soring eased =tpoqy To wpe] “TEL [EN omer ees enbey so) oaS OVE o > Ges es is [aes ese aes [Raa ee > FSG por pom 29 Pye SaNEN td ' SOM i ob ne i emo om2 ‘MBA Fr Sees (Quinte Teh fr Buss Den) TUR ‘Bxample 37: Cate made fom the following daa of ro rune in hes by aig 7, and 4S. 6 ino eared by 10. nd 7 8 ad 1 ad 0 on highest oi TNO, | Income in 8. [Tso rated. ots 4) In column 6, ating from the second fequaey (esving the fist two feqeoces) of cola frequencies st goupe in toes by adding 3°, 4° tnd 5% 6%, Pad 8 90 cn and highest ws Ea 328 ae soa, ved 9) Alter ompleting te grouping of equence table an ‘mals ie propre tod out he item (20) ‘which appear a be lghest eqn. The sme eps applied in he cate of cones seis. Size the item 27 overs he maximum sum of tines, 3, ence the medal incomes 27 ote: The process of demining mote in case of Fadia oberon esetllyfaveles grouping of us, When there are wo or mare valves ving the same ‘maximum feqieaey, one cannot say which the modal ‘ale is and hence made is ad to be Medefined. Sach 8 Series is lo known a bbanodalo nlthmodal. 1852. Calealation of Mode — Discrete ‘Series (Ungtouped Data) Tithe discrete vais the mode isthe value which fas Hips requncy. Ifo ce me ales have the same 5) Frooercies of the respective items are woten in cnlunn 1 and bigest feoeney is med. ghost al is ake 6) column 4 stating fom we ft freqeney of clan 1 he Fegunces ae eouped in ess 7,88, and Base Maen ad Sisal Tees (Ua cate hts, f= roqueney of he das sucedingthe modi hs i= (Le~ 1) = Wi of modal Cass (clas ize) Example 39: Following i he fequency dsibtion of eatly expendi of 6 fails: ere TO a [settee Totelutatels Find th modal va. Seton: Herth clas inzrval (5 —70) haste mii foqeney, ie, 20, tf, modal ass 65 ~ 70). Now MSW Me ai) CEE Woes ‘Kar eto as exceed tis rear a allow: ‘Mpde = Mean ~ Mean Medan Perm cory DIGSoma uray 0 AEP “seg oo a 964 pe ven soupy smo 90 ANTE ot HE Serena cue neeeonmer cL - 2 ‘Shs renpeaipay? sary yo-wonemIRD TTT - yea ee soe Jo amen aI (2 aoa estennomamenrer) zhane oye omy toe pnd) 2 " Jaden esi page ws ae A, Soess napalm PRMD CL” oped JO SOINSEIHY HOpOSAY “TTT ‘i amr jo .wopemaey JO. SpOUPL “STITT |_smeanmeumo =u} cara waeassenasstory Lowes man ate = H amas —AAREP emgage mem Cap) stry peeping LEREEETD woman | urea }} (Cam H cepa | on eae moron waning ENCE PTPK J a ome = & aa opin 70 asap SAB comming amy. CL (P)=assecnan a a sar eosodsp Signo spare 90 =u worsiadsiq, commd "Dard beng mo pap om a {)-O=iteing gundney _stmyomne ous 99 a8 ate an 25.) 805 apne soon apo oH 20s mp2 oH oes wos parvo SMA) 2 eu 53900100) umn efor CO) AD py HEN a 2 SY en : Cpa aera ‘Supe pes on sf ppb, bre © Ee 0 ce eee 6-130 $+ _ fia 30 sae samp aes ep 2p su 9 0 se 0 spa 9 ER a eon yiengrpeste as om © | ‘uggs Re a aR OE. ese j “won ROR OM Np TE mim enemmnncineeminjins | —_ oe is a 2p wR pansean ap void, “yog TY 6 Bae = ng ee por wet 208 SEER ssemnyme op Bamsrou hq pomap 1 woOeeC sxpae pus se unos "05 "(0129 eau og spn ty Suge seg sf EA aqonse AU PRONE 0 OR He ND OAD JO 2 und Sm gba an sme a8 eA parE (eve padinoz3uq) song 27 ce SEHDS es eo 9p Jo ued Kong. om HANI, > BueY yO. woNE|NNED, "TST, ® sans DAML AS EMERG, sar iiss 9 bi amt mang 4 VEN * Bn eum Ap vos, “Ur SUBIC% std Fn Sener Quai Tet Bis asin) INTO 1.13.3. Methods of Calculation of Gye sof 2052] em iiartile Deviation . Sanne cteuaieDeiie oii st : 2B Contain of Gare Devan Dacre Sit 3) Compasn of Que Dvsion- Conia Sees ‘Computatidn of Quartile Deviation «Individual Series Fillowng ee the ful Yor eaelaing Qy and Qs in Qautle Deviation and Coeficint ae ait Sinica Teles CE) si ‘Bxample 47: Calculate Que Devito from the following daa: opaaon (a bona i0-0[ 2.0] 0-00] eh ae Solaton: forte following ata: 104, 6,34, 105, 100, 72 16,2, 21 100 1.1333. Computation of Quartile Deviation "Continuous Sve Exc) - Comin Se owt eral 1.1332. Computation Quartile Deviation- Discrete Series Fyfe A yon cn of evi i Cause. 1.14. MEAN DEVIATION (M.D.) 1.14.1, Introduction ‘The arte avecageof te sbolte devistion ofa seis is known asthe mean deviation, Ths deviation scaled from any ooe of the measures of averages sic as mtn, mode and median me ieee oe ‘Where, S)}{= Sum ofall devaons (ken eter fom mean or mea, ignoring signs) 1 series, itcan be defined asthe arate average of he deviation of various tems fom mean or median of hat Forexculatng the mean deviation, mes prefered bec he atin of he devition fom the mean gente han ‘ht rom he medisn, So eval of mean deviation measured from te mean is reer tha he yale eased fom he median, ‘Mean devia is io known as First Moment of Deron. [Noe Is poe measured eter frm median or men,oe ware wT [ar | ws ot oe ‘at[ te a is oe —[ at t ia ‘oat —| ee te ¢ ot —|—at Sat ox | #1 a ca we] 9 co ar ey | ar os [tr © 3 at oF ® a a 20 _| in | popu med opm 0 a z — feorbastor eo frottage ep Boy ay RESP 99 aD Soobay yoo.= “ai Sapo (oper) usar way opeap =P] ‘ion Fs rien Tay, “ort emaeis 5 Tron Ka omap ens edo “CO reas py Sony aug a ann "9 Ka Oop as SDL (E ree eee cee pe cet eee eee ee eae ry > ALaD srlnepa s p POR (oar [ons [ows o's [006 [onc | Grommets) specseomn cpr ny ey et RE ame on 9 a AL am =enen | 0 op wonmnac Hap rag ; “kipeonoqass, ‘min manecg gpm eon muna eee vpstarmsnnt pene sens en ian on sweat) sgt pn) Sidhe eo mse aN Pe ‘Se enna sang cay lg nasa eatanar sopog YenpIAIpUT - woEHAC MeayALJO VOREINAMOD “TS HTT sepgste “wma mnupomeda ‘Soa commen need MOR esp mEaPY Jo WoRPEINI|ED Jo POU “S'FT'T POW eae PnNOMHSH EN RHEL SEPA gepaai wos uone op URE JOP Faricomnereea =O MH aa cy Ec mumsnet PLM WOHEAAC HUOA JO WII “PPET | redon por punosen Aexeuaxus wsjo som L(y ee ns 1 Sap ari we fies pyles vos po Aetidoid on, pms a J0 a am sa ps GENEHED EAE. op eau poe of sod as HN pepe Ho. (T MopeTAog wea} JO SUOHENTYT “E'FT'T “soe sats oh Aq pags oR pepe or pan) Cy “shear nog wane? ‘an. no pom 51 stg ORGS NY 0 BOREENDG am yO seb» aq 25 msm: Por ¥ AEH "eye a aOR ‘Sahn tide ssi 0 oobi, ssn) amomes ea VEE‘pi Mehl an Ste Tenge (U1) io 4 1454 Limitations of | Standard" _Prsmple st: Fiad SD of@) 8,16 15.24.28 Deviation Sion: Lethe sumed mean (A) =16. 1). Mec complex to exelate and woderstand, compared tw er messus of dispersion 1), Distance fom th mesa dies the weightage oft ‘lemeat I dsane (em the esa is moe tent ven mre weight and if dance is es (rm mean), then that clements ven ss weet. 118.3. Methods’ of Calculation of ‘Standard Deviation 1) Calelton of Sandal Devito — Invi Sexes 2) ‘Calculation of Standard Deviation — Discrete series 3) Calelion of Stnded Deviation ~ Contos See ry MBA Fc Sesser (Qutate Tegues for Bases Dein) INTUK 1.1433, Computation of Mean Deviation - Continuous Series Tease of onions series, following steps ae involved: " lalate the i fof the clas itera ‘Asana aa ete ‘Beample 0 Clelte Mean etn fram he mean ot the Sales infboaana | 010,| 1020 | 20-90 Novel days efaga) eam etecle lee legion Mean Deaton Solton: ca Devt “ae Val N ds 4485.1. Calculation of Standard Deviation = Individual Series ‘Tere ate two mebods of cleaating sands deviaon in © ss 0. e 4) Deviation Taken fem Acta! Mean: This mood i ‘oped when the mean is 2 whole umber. The {ellowing are sep: 1) Find oat th actual mena ofthe seis, 4). Find out the deviation of each valve fom Ge mean Q,orx #X~ X). {iy Sqome, the devisins and tke the tal of squared deviatcns Dx In) Dine the tool Gx) by she number of ea) AEP a is riily deicod and comides all the ‘Te lowing a the ps 3) Asse any oe of the tm inthe seis a8 an average (A). 1) Find eu te devious fom the assumed meu; in (KA) denoted by de iy Hod oat the tot the deviations, i Sil 1000 MeanDevaion De GE gy “M86 beervations. The square root of the quotient is ‘Note: If he acta in fection, then ts beter 1 eee asec Tins aly he Toving, ok devin fom an ase eat for ecg oo foals: ‘ah ien 11552. Calculation of Standard Deviation = Diserete Series (Ungrouped Data) “Therese tes methods forcing staan devition tinder sees: i) Cale thé ean fhe seis. evens for von ems fom the mesa iy Square the deviations dan mally by the repose reguencies (0. We gt in) Tota the product (D1). Then aly the oxmula squares of deviations ie, Ed 1) Then sabe the valves ia the following famals us mathematical properties and is alelaon. 4) Combined $.D. ean be exleulated fortwo or mars woop 4) Compared to oer measures of dispersion, standard evan is es afeed by sampling oan. 5) Weiswed to calelaecoficet of aiation,| iejefsl ala alela| “ww =(y) tame panes oT H0H mS ‘ss'c's's949 99°95 “amp SHO} 125A) opemma, Jo EYER) SUH 39S OEE S195 rapper —soneeg Je WUE Fo OHM CL WOREEIEA JO FUD}IJPOD Jo ‘woRERED JO SOUP “YIT'T mean 5 AR souepgacs oxp amesaut 0 fon 20m 2q wus He ae so aan ip chron copa capa vou op age AO a1 wore, Jo yWapyRoy Jo suOpENMTT “C9 “sues HMA Aap sith bg gy 0s emp oxy ames oF SH 8 a gine paps soon pape Te es ance ene coorg cp og weit a TONED A oor eae nD =i ye wwopujing yo soy "ESI" © x, coca DyumpeHA JOR “qe gem poem oxeogeo, seus saben 1 oe Sq eb SONEHED PAPONE 2 J0 OME UL Mond oq sneny nd Jo 8 0 pment p> age abl os Serj ops pape LF po DA 5 EHP iene ome an oo pm ops |p wexmgpoy ‘oRandap Jo ARE. aH we A uoppaporuy “T9TT CETTE POE EEE mad (eq padna2p) soyi9g snontuo, - wone9d prEpUES Jo NOREMITE) “CSSTT (em steep oss px apes ants sy Ka (3p) supeuap pasbs og) SHIN (A ‘¢P)swomnnop oars (st 01g a8 pe sembay amodiar aM suomsuop 2 SHU (EE “pq c)eap par y=) “oy mo pounsse way IGEN 210 PE “y fapae.p ‘pv afrae pum pq ss pue sear tA wel “Fos (o)wopeiag ppONS ARG (sq so ot aR) ENS VEa DA Se (Qe ns ori sie 2) Colton of Cnt Vaiten Disrupt Dat) sample 5: New Example) Canto of vain f he oowig = oxicet of Vaio = $100 = 703 30052524 ‘toes, CV = 23.24% |) Caleaaton of Coficent of Variation ~ Continuous Sere (Grouped Da) “Example 53 Following dt represents daily wages pido |) ind he average wage in both ites. £2) Which factory hs amore const wage stature? Solution: or Factory A= Caleiaon of Cult Variation gs | ld Vo a fefefslela) i Mathie and Sei Teles (Ui) agn EEG (008 as = syst “Yaa OPS ie tS| Ve. xi00 «$25,100 = “ és evn Sam 5100 2231 us ‘ ‘Average wagein Fat ‘etry B has mor coset wage rte in compan tiny A Beane th ett of Yin oer factory B. 4.17. CORRELATION ANALYSIS 1.17.1. Meaning and Definition ‘Stay ofthe nar elon between to variables is own a. ‘Fw of on vari wil affect he val of be ober vasa hea ‘Corrlation stati! tool wed to mesure the eatoashi betwen two sl rable and exes cach in a predse cuelation Uther wo variables apd changes in tbe dh he varbles are corel ‘ecordig to Crenon and Cowden, “Th spot ital oo for coveing and mang he elonstp of ‘Meas nature nd exestng ii re foal is kxown as conlaon. ‘Aceording 1 A.M. Tote, "An aay of be govarane of two more vais is smell colton 1.17.2, Types of Correlation Cuovetiea frelon eon vn ses ch son he ton of chang of he abl, consacy othe eee oa eee clea Onto i ‘recto Toomer aaa “cae ols show pane = -——F_——1 | ce, Sn 1 a a CComiien Corlanns Carling Crain Carlineminent) ring ne se opm ee) spr vopas yo ans a snes 25 pur Ha} pan an 8.2928 0) CT SED. < Tee enna etme ¢ apd sean sant mop pao 08 HEH ON ONE POET AOU . oa m open ag wp 2p 9 A 0] aU, IER ai oH KE NIN E gE PON ow HD a SRA SPREE Ip aor pox gies om po oes ra a pt on A 2 oar moc ps pH wR HSN step 28 sonst 9930 worn Tee) wmerBeIG OHMS “TET ‘woHE|a1103 Jo somo xp Jo Peo uo aad poe eu Jo dqsoneal 9 py O30 58 wy pepe os oa 2 0 POLIS spe oa was Sa aiggm oa waonanydroones am no pay An pe SeREHRS PARE STOUR SHEE 3 ODERAED WR. (C 5 s.opamsun pos soon sono pa se she ib“ ‘won ans st ‘unouys wopeaxdina sp bog SegEHEA can wea ASIONYRU a aNSE ak WONNRIID aS (1 ‘se an cn pnp 9 ue Pps sqm jo aque = 0 Ra, ‘aonepu309 sre pMyY pure Tene ‘ado “ET LET RY [e TS [| ara oa woo ge a unos dgsaoneE!FuKO}D| ap Hao SpE og 3A € wo I} PROK ANON ound op ‘yes woo ponog am qgeuea 2p en SGA po 30 nA = HoNMRA = OnE pay ou ontop gros se yo sepa sms yn eau 00 oop) GeAIND) Ure, (C ele T ay sop e Spo. Oe “age a UaoRE dsRNA HMO a-pSHOD ‘plese a i fins «wo py prom sod pana wa ye vo pao ae sqgoA so 1 Nope ao oper yory = ey GEN 200 Jo eae I ABER "ON -NOWMENOD ETT CL - as 5 oat Kao Kon oh PORTE? ne pac so we mom ye ct Sen men PONS eee Se ano gn nes opps Ome ey 8 PA Sie Serena Sans po nye ae | PI ey PM ge ‘UopEyaLu0g apes PU WORE|ALICD ONO “TTT Sxnune (momen enn smb super sms md YEN 5 (on stm eng x wing oe“ MBA Fist Semester (Quast Terai fo Bains Des) INTUK > igure 62, the value ofthe two variables moves inthe same digcon and when ¢ = +1 then its shows peect pve colton and when =I the ks shows perf eguve cmelaton, Bs see suseue pees ca ee we oa 1.182. Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation eS Tecagues (Ut 1) 6 8.22. Advantages of Karl Pearsoh's Coefiiest of Correlation mw ae ‘min adie he Kal Perc's eect of eons hat tives te rel i oe at x‘ot Jo sa usa wD {ebpa©94g Fay, par wma pape SHE) Ze Foun” HePPON CoRRIN To oppo yuRY s,teuLTeadg wo sansa sone ona “Er Poy Apgmtase 4p x30 mma pI sm Ps X ON SEND AE Wosahworss a x0 NWO AASHATNP OD _XTNP ASXS-AKEN "sipa0o ag aap 0 post xany 2MOY Hep [Ze 09H (Bomayy390H1q) pam sy Ep FEE UIIA “TST fa oe ARN bE RENN PEE ORR om. esp Ce ee ewe zs cot Le ELSE =F t1i1¥ ‘ap OTS a9 JOT pe ogo os Be 2 oy oN sa ‘Wwa]y PAUIMSSY WOLy Maye] ae SuOMELAaG MOY "9'TSTT sur (ome ong bre eapngee) aes A VEN,———————$—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_= SSS SSS 2 MBA Fie Sees (Qhnnve Techniques rinse Dé) NTU Where, R= Rank Coefficica! of Conelstion, D =Diffecnes between Two Ranks (RRs) [N= Number of Paiof Observations. Rank Crelion Coeficiente betwen Lad +a slowed when he easements ee ie bh theses, 11831, Advantages of Spearman’s Rank Method se. 1), Easytounderstnd a a 3) Sida dts are qualaive (eg. ineienc, fie) nate tea tis ery we 5) abso apes when acta ta given 1.1832, Dis of Spéarman’s Rank Method 1 Notun Tae np sumple (030 then claaton becomes more ie and kes to mach ie, 118.33, Caleulation of Rank Correlation ‘Vatioas codons fr cakating tbe Rank Coneatin aca flows: ‘Calan of Rank Corton ‘Example 6: Following ae the rank bt owed ofthe seats inte two subject f ven, he ank ofthe given data (ata Theat ied mura rinks 2, ands on. fe Mabe nd Sel Teds (sit 1). 2 sample 66 Calle coeficet of oelaion by rank meio: XT H] s] SB] S] wy ays Fase [ae [oso [is [aia Piao T 2 | 10, stison: ‘ale of Rank Correlation Cote X[mak wy | Y | Rmk wy | pao-m) [PP a7 os * < a] 618 2 “ [2 n i a = « ef s an t soft =a + =] n i so} 8 o ° I Dat Coctceat of Rank Corton ~ et Oa Ey 1 He a Ce 41836. Tied RanksEqual or Repeated Ranks ‘Wen values ar epee, then ranks assigaed o these va Tr othe repented ves For example tro pests ar positond onthe ith a they rank wil be 7% cas if ee inked al 546 erat £855 hich icomon ako e et nd et tthe ith ple they ll ae sven the ak rank wil be inthis S460 3 16 which sth common rank to be assigned to cach andthe ext nis ted Rana or Reps Rak) xe, 1 perm aon wig Ferma et: D+ (a) m+ (hm) on Reg WON 3 Where m= Nomber of Hem ving common Ranks ‘Bxample 67: Oban thera Solatont ofc x el=e|2|e|2|2[2|* =|wopssauday jo sapuadorg “L'6TT Bre p00 meee mmsasiog = MQ “90% 4090 ws 9 ons TpI=K 8 A J mIEWIND NORE = MG Og "00 A, Jomosrado jo mangeo Bao quay x 0 A 30 au wpa op 28,1 WaPo) WOySsaABIY “9'GT'T a z PoE x, 9) oy pammep 29 ue por ssogeunmns Fano : a 20 0A PAZ ‘AX uonenbo an ay Suopenbg woyssauoy “S°6ET au, ‘np 5 ond 24 pon pu Xo 9 wos a se oye 8 sa ages 9 voy “SaETEA app A, aw gen apap me SgEEEA On 2 9 UA, (cn ste raps pa MESO ere wep] sramzeA Sr n|om an 3 deas| Spe oar i sysdqeny uoyssaudoy pur opeseuI0; waaMyaq BOUDs2HTIC *E6TT “cop ins pap) sus panes om au ty Aa OMY (G senha yop ps a NO | Cy “plo wns p= uossox89y jo wopeanddy ‘Seqe 203 oe 6 Pgs =] {C= HH) apm AEC pL OME EX HEH HTY HE of ‘gp 91 (= tw) ang nr eee samsoR peep AANA) UNS I VEN Sigeeen i mepenep. poe wapeedopn saieg dos 3 i “poy po ne gp a 16 MBA Fine Sst (Quanitatv Tecnu for sings Des) NTU, 1.19.8, Determination of Linear Regression Equation ‘y doamine te perme of «fied sein tn flowing mets ae oe erin ofr en ae, 4+ OX be the in of ¥ on X To detine » LAY the ¥ ex BY =Nas DEX ExY=aDX ED are [Bxamjle 69: Consider the fev data obtain te 11981, Method of Least Sqigres Method 2+ bY be the lne of X on Y. To determine the vais of 4 and b, the folowing two somal fegostns are tobe solved sinataneosly: Ex= Na BBY. Sayeed +tEY Bzample 68 Consider the following dm obit Hew =s | =m [= eG | B= ‘Rewession eon of X oa Yi X= a+ DY and the ‘wo normal equation we ax =Nas ety xy =aby + bE? Subsintng he aes “5 0 utng the vale of nb nthe equation, ‘The rpession equation of Kon ¥: Kease-02Y. " Regression equtionof¥on Xz.¥= 3-48 ‘Tn dtering te values of sth flowing i> normal equations aretobe aed. Ropes yoni -038% 1.19.8.2. Regression Equations when Deviation Taken fom Actual Mean Poin fork we t oottedeviin fX oie ea evens pee oe tal en. I} Regresin uation Xen Y x-KerZe{r-¥) _X =Mean of X Series and ¥ = Mean of ¥ Series 15% a Repnion Cece of Xn Yee go D ERD Tey DF ‘Bsc Muthemate n Sis Tene (1) sper OSD) mie yell W Wee 2=08-F:y= FF) 2) Regesion Baton ef onX y-ForSX(x-3) Fema ofXSeies ant ¥ «Mem of Seis «State Regesin Cotte ¥eaX=be: DK) Dn gy wo See De ee BA) rebel Whee, x=(K-¥):y= F-F) Beane Saas la gations ees gutin of or X-Kebyy(¥-¥) pp Keene assy 5 xcnseans 1.1938. Regression Equations whet ‘Deviation Taken from the Assumed Mean ‘we uke he devatn frm he assumed eqn hen tb oe omy em itn vee a ei etna ‘Regresiaiquation of Xon ¥ is: x-KarSElr-3) Now fad ou he valve of «5% by sping te Regrestion Bguatons of on Xi: ye¥arSefe-3) Now find ont the vale of eS by applying se following eel lelalslelelel-[al = Naa Wet, aX Ae Yo sample 7: Fm he faving dt i te epson guts, and estimate the Hkly vale of ¥ when X = 100.oe SE : To Bn ome eae 20 a oss agg ee 0 © Sang = sor=seosser < wey Erk aq tgn oa so fm 29 pas se ee GOS FA . 12 Spmnud Jo eos oop 9 AREENT 0 coors oot SHMEAEAOIE gastro womb ny oY sUE SOT Jo wopyed pue Buea “CITT “sa oa YE un wound ay wo ‘oso 8 pr 0 euiss so oF gxgn oF san 70 woo, 2 PUPP (63) eon 0 maPIED Yo WORERTRD CH sc—=5~ Loox? “io vogm wx joan an Boing Se oper ooo pe x0 wet 2S = fst =¥c2 Wo" es hsmap womee eis “am soon a seen to'ypoeas cei Loins “= WoL=As~You Po o=0E+xS—x¥ a wna 20 Om M2 REN, aoe pon samp vnetna oD ‘Apowopenop PAPERS. Salpeter aad rein ey ono worsen" ‘ eee catoccgu toes proms tous. ata asi 9 ep womrany sie oo wages cl” ban ge pokane AS «aE seo goxzavop= afer “oN seo=sgoxs6nf <0 aso s6o="'s50="% SEE eon ae ine °0 9 eaegree, eres shams cies ga foe gore mat yo eopebo wots uopeabe puoos SURREY (rm snk AM pee IE MnET(spo som a SbeMPAL AEN) SS RYE 6a MBA Ft Sees (Qatiaive Techs fr Bae coring Lev "ele a odin which we ne mew oct be te wid compe ey. ‘to cope with uncertainty leads us to the stady and use of probability theory.” . fj On te Acsring to Ameren Heap Dictnary, “Pri hac of mantis tides Me ‘Someone ve ns pete eid syn we Genera Rule for Probailty "Toe probaly ofan event sy A) fie ftlows: __Tesmevent happent mines andi alls tines, then the probably () event is defined as Numerator eon rst oun minal exavan inreas So te ttl number of trl favrble tote event (A) ved by the ttl numer of ways in which the event (A) an Probably in favor ofthe occurrence ofthe eveat 1m Nunberof asfavrbeto te occur of tenet 12 the umber of eases asst i seus of fe cret Probabity against the ccurreace ofthe event 2, enumberf caesar occurence rest sed on the ehoce thatthe outcome of which is apendent on the level of demand 2) Introducing a'New Product: While itodcing 2 ew prod thre rss a problem in dciing about > enand pater and stack amoant (hat how mach ‘comme io be toed in advan). 48) The Iodvkdual Investor: Maximision of stam is the mete of investors who ae engaged in Buying sd sang of equities, The behaviour of ecuies 7 sea 1 unerain apd it depends upoo ‘Tj pettion eps th investor take a decison as to ‘which secures heibe shold selet Yor the Jnvetent “ sfc Maes ed titel Tebsiges U8) 1.22. BASIC CONCEPTS: cexpesient DD Te experiment can fave moe than one PoBe 12, Each posible ctcome ean be dese in aie. B The cucome of the exprimeat is byeed on post. ‘ota ot anlom experiment that re adjusted and tino ihe pyc expetinent which being mold, samples: Di owigg of fr cola which i 2 random eprint, th ae evo posible ontomes, eithet ‘eed up bel up, bot i snot sure whic fe, probe qucones. 1.22.2, Sample Space ‘Asampl paces a collation ofall posible ous of ‘adam experiment. Mathemateal, the sme space isdenoed ty the smb S. For example, the sumple space of ts of to its, ‘Ech ofthc ade (HD tis (Tite se fal posible eucomes: HE, HT, TH, and TT. 1.223, Trial and Events ‘Any parca pvormance of a rindom exeimeat ft ‘led a tra. For example, tossing 4 ois oling & ‘ng containing 10 balls # of “the sample sce S(t always occurs) and mul st # Ge ‘Re ota) ils an event. FM and NV are to events tal and Misa abet of hen he oocureooe of Spies he ocaece oF. I er ample wil ning cis sma fte eo ate (HH, HT, TH, TT}. “Ge.iing two: iste oe pore caone of eet fom he “Bot a outcomes: Therefore, HHL is 2 et peg oo be nn Fponstonst cmpren oes ‘eset ee es in fe in oy. They pensar ‘zample, inthe en {be ame ine the allowing events se simplex: ‘A: heads apes (HD ‘Betwowale yeas CTT) 2) Compound Events: A compoand evetis an veto Snbck thre is moze than on possible outcome, For ample, Towsing tee ce Ss a compound event ‘These aright pose cacones: THR MATE, HTT, TH, HT, TT, TAT 4) Complementary Events: Conplimertary events ae Stone tat croot occ at be same time, TRE ‘Staplement of an even Ais test ofall etcomes in the sample spac tht re not inde in he outcomes fteven A The event A and is complement ae Ghaaily exclave amd exhaustive. The Conaplemestry evest A waneveat Ais that ‘A dss fot oor, It asafies AUAs S, whee S i 6 ample pace, and AVA. 6, wheres the empty 44) Fordurablé and UnfavourableB Expert the miner of 201B poe yaaa am 30 envio ae 5 Aga ingen epemoqeat so one Ce CO a soMRGEEOE SL “FA POOP ate apo Sealey a 0 xngean ow ‘asso Ha Sebo om op pe an su 6 oe mata oe Jo sounnooo xp 352, 09 090 sap mom ps se Beno oe Peston money AR ape Ka ood ead on, mye HA SUID sno oop n RH to dane dnp a es oa oman. ae ee uno meenn ope oy He, Aynqeqoag peoydury ovoxddy ouanbaay ane TTETT “ou woud Ae ‘pw aspen ‘ony Aes er e233 4 suo ojgod 2g HORE HE LL CF “hem ‘eats 64 om wounds wopge © Jo sDSO rt pg onstage puma 210 jo ongpmaepenuapatanreeseimety 5 Angeqoad axa pe Atay, Aypenbo oq o1 pouanscud ove Aare : town 99 me 9 Goes Aumareqozd (e2qsse) 20 Amaeqoig POEUN “PTET ‘ompgaons ows or Gop NIH CL sky on Jo ae sarangna 190, “pga poop 09 3599 "EE iypq vogeaogo 29) 059% a, “ONEUER MOT tesa jupendapy oq tar vorewsGo wre Th wud nase TEMES of APR, 8 pm say oo apo aus 2 HH NHNEID OED oor ur Foun Qo moo Huse, 205 PORES oe 2s a be pS Fe REBAR EE Aamgeqoxd eapootqo ap ‘aydumxa soy “soieumss [rtosad 2 ‘anseou aupofgn vo yoy stogm2=go “rata apse vm eaucreprcunny xy spend aioe oes sar 200 pang uno st ota ve o sbeaunooo 9 Jo AO Aumqeqorg ean940 TET T ‘eo eg es] et mee es fae Seely er mop amy owns om on Aigeoxl Jo soap NAEP a a, sop fo pour 2 wo Soo fee, EAN faxgsod nouns ny suoone aus Ase yo "BPH Y Ho 9 GIO Yo ‘erg sad feo smo pay Y sata oy 7 wpe RL" pm Vso on aay oe apa syuaAgT 94074 10 OWL Jo MoRSaSIO,UY pure NOL “F'Z~"T “aus wpasdapey wp 2p ob Sao qo a ty oxy HR Sa ig onde em «tren Ses feten Som wo. ps 99 on 3 ead my wat Inne ug fp duress 204) 12 yo og 1 pr 9 egy Ae 2 or ps ae tages ‘mo senocio aot 0 on soe A AT ee “henoomyms 2920 yous sake a 2) SOU ‘auoupae emia ace g po Y x9 ge ou, (oy 2=apmisetey ‘ayes ne 3380 J920 fw 05 SEE 20 5 fia aNSMN. AeA og oF Pe 9 soo arom 0 on SMELT IMD AERO snag yqemouty = sm aE THO, = HORA o|EANOAETIN "ee pomp] wo aN gEROAEER OS "y wavo ag ch ogeoNeRS “pismo agesnugan unto tp ‘wma aepoqued e Jo Zualdoy You W Font {er ¥ tee ue Seep pur ap pope ® Anca 200 J pdes> 0g e219 9 0 QE) “aD 5 9 0 putts on sea 70 sun HALAL esa sap tq] au) ES VEa MBA Fe Snes (Qua ees fer Busines Don) INTUR the tlaive fequeny for tose ume ‘would be 10% ofthe ttl ems, Thus, the estimation of ‘he lave frequen should be on the tsi of extensive readings inthe past “The acursey of the results ely proportional to the Jarge numberof pas readings. The probsblies tht ae Called on the bath of past experince ae called posterior probable, and have relive. frequency pron, Tiss incotat toh eo robbie that neat throagh clastic! approach, ‘The pi probailts are applied inte clelatn of he fgmes of cance wheat postedor probsbiliies we Sli inthe problems of economic and social fheeomena where ror prbablies are not conta. “The mace ofthe pro pobabiles is dedutle pect an entities Por ais Sens abo hoon senile and ae Toad Ge pat cee Mel on ced onic “hs hepsi poly o ep pity) stan cre sey, Novo ineseneetscbiered_ Pe No.of talsexperimetiscondacted fat of 1000 tems prodoed by 8 machine in past, 60 tere Found be defective, te probabty of a defective «@ ance 10 this machine wold be or be produced by this mackie & of Relative Frequently Theiry of Considering the approach, the probability ofan even is erent for each peron. Doe to this it is Known 0s tubjive probability where the pcbabity of an even is 0, ety tape sein sharia 2 028, babii ope in hs saa So 0 -Acording othe dt, th baying 2 ling ofthe shies Should be done by some people separately dv to the Fea tht the two opposes, Le, elt fequeny and bj estimates ae joined together, ying out fret idest In thei minds rating to pice of these Shares in ft, The ial sions ar the reflection of the person of the decision male, Ths the decision taken unde hs teary is based on he avaiable daa in [ndtion to te eles of ae factors hat ae sabjetive insane. ern 124.1. eer GUN kee Lcd FUNDAMENTAL pes which ae as floes. 1) Counting Res for Permian, 2) Covatng Rakes fer Conbnation, ‘Malt Step Experiment I here are meeps In an experiment with Ny posible ‘oom onthe fst stp, Nz possible oucomes ot the Second stp, and so on, Gea the flal number of, txpernetalatcomes a fllows: NixNoe son Ne ‘Bide Mamta sd Siti Teles (Ut) Supt ‘qieownes) how sen) ‘igure A: Haperinents Outcomes et "Tinga ead Tsing» Cala 1242, Counting Rules for Permutations ‘A permottion is «parla suence of bets (or Sipleereis) wher he oder of selection fom subsets ‘x arangeeat thts considered unig or dice. Acconing to te coating rales for pemutton tbe pmsl numberof experieetl outcomes when r ems eto be selected fom ast of tes in pie oer. Agi isoet allowed fd igs can be formed sig te “ 1,243, Counting Rules for Combination ‘We othe conning ie for combi wi we wat {a come mnbr of experinentlootames Tom at jet fom a tal «Go, thee canbe 210 gssible outcomes for an experiment tf andomly sling 4 weeks fom a population of 10. works. 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Avena eo maepena yy ogni page ¥en pede wp mo apy HN 9 98 YT areaneqeg ares cme ome I Somered Ou + a+ naz @rEowE ‘ang vata anon Koma mp VIE amano se poquleep s staaxo wapandap pu wapuadpay s ‘gon 207 je sp Jo wopduarep au pose st Aigngand = syn st Kgegnd ps SPO Se JO _woprogdayas Jo wasoomy ap ‘simaaa fezadzs Jo eouazimaoe —%Ped Pat ao THOS NED FPORD V SLL YOUNES Saomemusypoaos yo ARega. ot wR AL Armnqvaosa- Jo maxosyL uopuadpINW, “Sz T nat-nee teas ivia upon pa sons ‘geo y one eV 0, sonata! Tt tr ‘gus mong ofr aso 30 g Soy) 168 a 200, y "youre (pooum 0 ona + (ped yo onsha = ‘one mad © ‘a sf iupodiey sro jo sopmasqaxd rnpipar 1 “ovum pacimopekjoonhy (yt Met ARE oP HOEY, ree AO + 392 mm a won seg pe care Te : Zeaumem os) Te panmmempeNNa aL ag Shain cet me So et | :samod oda dao fan 30 sysun> q ‘amoyary, 224 OR (vauva+Ouwd-Ov@d- am 7 som “wows we Jo sase Sexy] Atpenbo } : nop apa eng Sawang 0 2000 Gowiounosrivaconanya 1 ate ome fo 2248 Jed . “au coo Jo ono apo am 00 2 man Facquaomnoa is 9» sain ou. Po qv tooo ag ee eee <9°S) sami exdus yo ssp00 2 “m0 FRL 2FP (qu VM-(@a+ Whd= “0= (1 Vid 2 pow 08 SIND KISHIN po Aanp op8uxs ur 1 Suywor Jo 19949 amp OUI eT (Og (YU eM @at Was ‘Ayenana ony JO OORSeRIIT ot suraW a} = w ota. Coarse fnbgeyan mops pom oN 2H Mean op cog yeah sre) sSNA AL VEN me ¢MB Ft Semester (Quetave Techies fr Bass Ds) INTUK me ot tite ini e And B arindependeat hen th complements Let beth event hte person its th target, ‘Beampl 2: An tx consis 3 wie and tals T90 Rit Dae, i deeb es 3 i : wat aiweal ares) dnd) i aml os hie Mf ch cea pees PRB) =PO.PG POP SERRE EeC coy tc rend bots ve? cyaersaetTI “2 2), Maliplication ‘Le X be the event that he target tal when a dons ght of drag red ballin te Dependent Bren: thy bth uy. This wil happen wien st east ce of «sau slatuhuae er ee ad fh rate eb eat oe aoe ‘by the occurrence of the other event, then the S| XeauB “$O_| Probability of drawing a white ball in the second draw iii rb Am Boe EEA) apn ntti ay int ely Fer] foes’ etn dow has ven ae allo of te complement of X and ao it A ad Bae TBH] y(B). 3 ine ony Tata int bg at ee ‘Proof: Suppose an experiment results in n exhaustive, Independent everts. AVT susive and equally likely outcomes, m of PK’) =P (that the target is not hit at all) ‘One of these individuals is to be selected at raidorh Tor Ane balls are sil there). ‘Sons w te evoneste of be =Parns) 2 tenga ety ie estar {en Out sen comes ty eee a : nibs om: We sed D tity oft tnd eet ooeurence of another Rb aaa ‘concerned with the following events; a Han b)=BA)xPBIA) 503 15 : = Utadependent ove} aman is choses BAB) =A B= RADARBIA) © 55 56 ‘Then favourable tothe happening of te F the one chosen is employed. ‘in vrs 2. POX)=P hatte ee shit tl) sii con all opp at in the fst daw a white Bll ces and ‘Using the reduced sample space B, we find that ie — anny = Bi Bia BB a Fe ig «wi bl ne Sit a 7) vu =2 pri fgg atl nd et a tartare anetatc#(2)=5 Geserily, conditional probability analysis invlves the probably of ccourence of apa tines th robb a Lene ‘oodonal upon be occurence ofa neural mes the pobbiy of given that bo A ‘snd Bhae occured (B). Tis pba i seal ten a CAB) and isa "tepotabity of A given ample 79: A. coin is ted thes es in or 02 oy 2 foelsion, Wa i te probabil hata he ne B, tea the consona probaly PE)= Foy BE REI 09-5 Now say one ofthe 90 sito avheat? Solute: et ie probaly of eceing A ea ‘exclusive. S¢ {Sop thes te obese i 5,155 Requied pobsbliy = 56+ 65 "A dence the event ha fist toss "a PROB) provided PB) > 0 bea’, B dnote he event hat stn toss Z : Sin, be cana pobbiy of B, sen A te eet a hd on rbily of Bo (a ns ‘denoted by PB) defied by: Now the ed of th Rt et ttn 0 way POIA= PRE ord ADO sslt of the second one and hence A, B, ae etoeRe + P(t he tire are bead) = RANBO) (C) a all eveats ae independent Ansieng agen. Senet . St cetats — Acorg 1 Bes Thera, eet a ‘measured. On the basis of probability theory, this theorem a et ng» tai y etn Salton: Let A be the event ht he fist person its thetrget np eee ra=fasne yd = mate the probabil for en event