Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C Notes PDF
C Notes PDF
Not My Notes:
NCLEX
Delegation
o Latex Allergy = Kiwi fruit allergy
o History of MVA(head trauma) à Polyuria à Diabetes Insipidus
o Cushing’s triad: 1.) wide pulse pressure
2.) Dec. RR
3.) Dec. PR
* Note a dec. in LOC before Cushing’s triad
o Saw Palmetto = Same as Finasteride à prevents dysuria à given to clients with BPH to dec. the size of
prostate.
o Ma Huang = Same as ephedra à substitute of Sudafed à Shabu or amphetamine like effect
o Di Huang = Dec. blood sugar for DM
o Black Cohosh = Inc. Estrogen à for menopause à relieves hot flushes
o Blue Cohosh = a uterine tonic for starting labor à also after delivery for uterine contraction
o Chamomile = CI in asthma à causes bronchospasm
= CI with gingkobiloba
o Heart Block = Atropine Sulfate
o Tachycardia = Lidocaine
o How many servings of milk, fruit and vegetables a day = 34/meal
Chemotherapeutic Agents
1. Cisplastin = causes stomatitis
2. Azathioprine =
3. Methotrexate = Psychotropic precautions
Conversion Disturbances
Fat embolism
1.) Dyspnea
2.) Chest pain
3.) Petechiae on the chest
o Priorityà administer O2 à To dec. surface tension of fat globules
DIC = Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
o Systemic clotting à bleeding
o Priority = Prevent systemic clotting
o Normal Fibrinogen level = 180340mg/dl à < 100 à bleeding
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Narcotic Withdrawal Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
· Hypertonicity Hypotonicity
· Hyperactivity Irritability
· Irritability Poor Sucking
· Poor Sucking Facial Deformity
· Sleepiness Microcephaly
· Shrill cry
· High pitched cry
o Priority = Physiologic Integrity à Vitals signs à Give Valium
Macular Degeneration
o CMV = Cytomegalovirus infection
o Loss of central & peripheral vision à blindness
Erb’s Palsy
o Attained during delivery à reversible à complete recovery after 3 months
Steps of Heimlich Maneuver
= stand behind
=wrap arms around the client
= fist over xiphoid process
= upward abdominal thrust
Septic Shock
o Systemic infection
o Centralized vasodilation
o Dec. BP
o Inc. Temperature
Cleft Palate
o Post surgery = prone
o Post feeding = side lying
Cleft Lip & Palate
o Post surgery = side lying
o Cleft lip is 1 st done followed by the repair of the palate
o Must first satisfy the rule of 10:
1.) 10 weeks
2.) 10 lbs.
3.) 10 Hgb
Situation in which consent of parents are not needed:
1.) STD’s
2.) Delivery
3.) Substance abuse
Diabetic Clients
o 5070% CHO
o Raisin à best to bring during travel
o 1 rice is equal to 2 servings of popcorn
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MI
Sequence of enzymes that increases during MI:
1.) Myoglobin = 30 min1hr post MI
2.) Troponin = 36hrs upto 3 weeks
3.) CK MB = Inc 4 – 8 hrs post MI, back to normal in 3 – 4 days
4.) AST = 8 – 20 u/L normal, Inc 6 – 10 hrs post MI, back to normal a week later
5.) LDH = Inc 2 – 3 days post MI, back to normal by 10 – 14 days
LDH = 45 – 90 u/ml Normal
LDH 1 = Heart
LDH 2 = RES
LDH 3 = Lungs
LDH 4 = Kidney & Pancreas
LDH 5 = Liver
Pilocarpine sweat Test (Induce Sweating) à Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
Dysthemia à Less severe form of depression
Incentive Spirometer à Inhale
Peak Flowmeter à Blow as hard as fast as possible
Gentamycin Toxic Effects:
1.) Ototoxic
2.) Nephrotoxic
3.) Neurotoxic
Influenzae vaccine
Varivax à Do not give Aspirin à may lead to Reye’s Syndrome
Kwell à CI to pt with seizure
Dx Procedures:
1.) ABG
2.) Amniocentesis
3.) Thoracocentesis
4.) Bronchoscopy
5.) MRI
Angiogram:
1.) Capillary Refill time
2.) Distal Pulses
3.) Puncture site for bleeding
= If the site is on the femoral à Keep leg extended for 24 hrs.
Respiratory Alkalosis à breath to a paper bag
Respiratory Acidosis à Deep Breathing
Commonly asked drugs:
1.) Lanoxin
2.) Heparin
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3.) Acetaminophen
4.) MgSO4
5.) Cytoxan
6.) Synthroid
7.) Vaccines
Do the CHECK method
Theophylloine = 1020mg/dl – adult
= 510mg/dl – pedia
Acetaminophen SE = Hard stools
Commonly asked diseases:
1.) Alzeihmenrs
2.) Sickle Cell Anemia
3.) Pancreatitis
4.) Bipolar Disorders
5.) Liver Cirrhosis
6.) Hemophilia
7.) AIDS
8.) DM
9.) Cystic Fibrosis
Droplet à within 3 feet
Airborne à Beyond 3 feet
Informed consent
o For adult or minor with capacity
o Require full understanding of procedure
o Protects the client, nurse, surgeon and hospital
o For emancipated minors:
o Married minors
o Military service
o Living away from home
o Had a child
Procedures requiring consent:
1. Surgical Procedure
2. Invasive that requires entry to a body cavity
3. Visualization or radiologic procedure with contrast medium
4. General Anaesthesia, local infiltration and regional block
Conditions that doesn’t need parents consent:
15 y/o = antibiotics for acne
16 y/o = pelvic exam
17 y/o = request for contraceptives
18 y/o = Dx exam for recurrent H/A
19 y/o = surgery for bone tumor
Assesment
o Empowering children to the greatest extent feasible
ELEMENTS
o Explain to the child his condition and the reason why the procedure has to be done in lay man’s term
o Clinical assessment of patient’s understanding
o Solicit child’s willingness
o Expectation
Ethical Care Concept
1.) Autonomy = Living will, freedom of choice, self determination and privacy.
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a. Advance Directive = List of don’t’s (client’s with progressive chronic illness in which death is expected)
b. Durable Power of Attorney for health Care= appoints a proxy that will decide for the patient.
2.) Beneficence = duty to promote well being of others
Ideal Beneficence = “Nag kusa”
3.) NonMaleficence = Restrained self from doing something that might harm someone. “Do not harm”.
4.) Justice = Fairness
Clinical Issues
1. Unsafe nurse/pt ratio
Intervention:
o Address verbally and document.
o Report to charge nurse à Supervisor à director
2. No response by Physician
Promote Safety:
o Side rails up
o Move pt near nurses station
o Use restraints appropriately (last resort)
3. Inappropriate order
o Document it
o Notify the charge nurse
o Notify the physician
Legal Issues
Malpractice = Negligent conduct in rendering prof. service
= did not exercise care
Respondeat Superior = Superior is responsible to the actions of subordinates.
Referral Agencies for special care during admission
Pt advocate = Empower pt to know his/her rights and privileges
1.) social worker
2.) Children’s protective services
3.) Adult protective services
4.) Organizations
Care of the hospitalized clients
Mantoux Test
15mm = gen. population
10mm = DM, Alcoholism
5mm = HIV
Areas where bruises are indicative of child abuse:
1. Lower Back
2. Upper Back
3. Side of the abdomen
Special Considerations
Infants
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o Greatest risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance
o Hypothermia and infections
o Approach them in nonthreatening manner
Toddler
o Increased separation anxiety
o Briefly prepare them for procedures due to short attention span
o Describe sensation that they may feel during procedure
Preschooler
o Fear of physical harm
o Believe that illnesses is a form of punishment
o Explanations must be brief, honest and in natural terms
o Use demonstrations and play in providing health teaching
o Can use adult seatbelt if à 40lbs or 40 inches tall, also if he could look at the window in sitting position
School Age
o Realistic understanding of death = 9 10
o Needs more detailed teachings
o Allow them to make some choices
Adolescence
o Developed abstract thinking and ability to problem solve
o Logic and reasoning
o Full and honest explanation
o Primary concern are with the present time
o Focus on appearance
Elderly
o Nutrition is a primary concern
o Muscle atrophy
o Dec body water, BMR
o Dec renal, CV, GIT function
o Dec taste, smell, visual acuity (cataract, arcuc senilis = fatty deposits around pupil_)
o With multiple medications due to chronic diseases à OH, Nephrotoxic
Triage = a system of client evaluation to establish priorities
PRINCIPLES
Emergency Situation = greatest risk receives priority
Major Disasters = those requiring minimal care are treated first
= Those requiring specialized care may be given minimal care or no care
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Tree of Strategy for Prioritizing
Look àààà Case
Same Area Various Areas
= all OB Physiologic vs. Psychological
= all Psycho Acute vs. Chronis
= all MS Unstable vs. Stable
= all Pedia
Evaluate and look for
= Complications
= Immediate need
= Adverse effects
Prioritizing Signs and symptoms
Consider
= Symptoms related to ABC
= symptoms which are indicative of complications
Prioritizing Nursing Diagnosis
Consider
= Tyoe of N. Dx
= Actual (Problem)
= Risk (Vulnerable)
= Possible (Inadequate data)
= Wellness
Prioritizing Interventions
Diagnostic à Verify the Dx à Assessment
Therapeutic à Assess pt
Teaching à Informing the patient
Referral à Involves a member of the health team
Independent à Decision Making
Level’s of prioritizing
Level 1: Emergent
S = evere shcock
C = ardiac arrest, Cervical Spine Injury
A = irway compromise, altered LOC
M = ulti system
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E = clampsia
Level 2: Urgent (stable)
Fe = ver
Mi = nor burn less 10%
Mi = nor musculo Skeletal d/o
La = creation
Di = zziness
Level 3: Chronic / Minor Injuries
Dental problems
Routine Medications
Missed Menses
Chronic Low Back Pain
Prioritize
Cardiovascular = Neurological Cases
Acute Complications
Consider = Age and Dx of the pt
Fort MS Cases: Think “ABC”
For Psyche: Safety First
In case of fire: ARCE (new)
: RACE à If caused by O2, turn off O2 first
DELEGATION: Transfer of responsibility for the performance of an activity from one individual to another.
Direct: Identified by the RN
Indirect: Task based on the families list
Complex task = never delegated
= requires judgment on how to proceed
Noncomplex task: can be safely performed recording to exact directions
: can be delegated
Task that cannot be delegated (HOSPITAL)
1. Administration of:
= Investigational drugs
= Cancer Drugs
= IV push drugs
= Blood and blood products
= TPN
= Implanted device
2. Hemodialysis Functions
Task that cannot be delegated (HOME HEALTH)
a.) initial set up of pt controlled analgesic pump
= changing of flow rates
= changing medications reservoir
= filling the reservoir
b.) NGT feeding
KNOW THE RULES
1.) Do not delegate:
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o Assessment
o Teaching
o Evaluation
o Preparation and administration of meds
2.) Delegate
o ADL
o Routine
o Standard Procedures
Know the 5 rights of delegation
1.) Right Task
2.) Right Circumstances
3.) Right Person
4.) Right Person/Communication
5.) Right Supervision
Social Therapeutic
Relationship
Goals: Socialization Goal: Mental Health
trust
Phases:
1. Preinteraction – self awareness of nurses
2. Orientation – contract à do’s and don’ts
3. Working phase – identification & resolution of problems
4. Termination phase – evaluation
Therapeutic Communication
1. Don’t ask why
2. Avoid passing the buck
3. Don’t give false reassurance
4. Avoid nurse centered response
5. Recognize the pt’s feelings
CORE CONCEPTS
o Therapeutic phrases
o Open ended questions are
o Generally Therapeutic
o Closed ended àeffective for manic and pt’s in crisis
o Direct questions for suicidal pts
Bruit = high pitched
Murmur = low pitched
20/20 = Vision à attained at 36 years old
Decorticate Decerebrate
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How to attack the questions?
1. Consider the pt’s dx
2. Know what is normal
3. Some conditions have inherent and expected changes in the normal values
4. Minimal deviation from normal values are not reportable
Sodium = 135145 Meq/L
Dilutional Hyponatremia = < 120 à Inc reisk for seizure
= 115 à Seizure Precaution
Addison – Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia
Cushings – Hypernatremia, Hypokalemia
Potassium = 3.54.5 Meq/L Normal
= < 3.5 à Muscle weakness
Calcium = 4.5 – 5.5 Meq/L Normal
= 9 – 10 mg/dl
Hypercalcemia à Inc H2O intake
Multiple Myeloma à Inc serum calcium level
Hypoparathyroid à Dec Ca
Levels in blood
Thyrocalcitonin à Deposits Ca to bones
Parathyroid Hormone à Bone Ca to blood
Glucose
= < 50 à Hypoglycemia
= > 140 à Hyperglycemia
CREATININE = .5 – 1.5 Meq/L
= Best indicator for kidney function
= Inc creatinine à Kidney failure
BUN = 10 – 20 mg/dl
= Also an indicator for kidney function
= Inc BUN à Kidney failure
RBC = 4.5 – 5.5
= Dec à bleeding, shock, anemia
= Inc in polycythemia
= Phlebotomy à removal of 500ml of blood
= Dec RBC à Activity intolerance
= Inc RBC à CVA à Risk for injury
WBC = 5,000 – 10,000
= Post partum à > 15,000
= Leukemia à > 150,000 à Hyperleukocytosis à Risk for injury
Platelets = 150,000 – 450,000
= < 150,000 à Thrombocytepenic precaution
= < 20,000 à bleeding precaution
= > 500,000 à bleeding d/o
= Risk for Injury
PT = 11 – 12 seconds
INR = 24 seconds X 20
= > 24 à bleeding
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PTT = 60 – 70 seconds
INR = 175 seconds X 25
APTT = 30 – 40 seconds
INR = 100 seconds X 25
Monitored à Heparin
= > INR à bleeding
Hbg
Female = 12 – 16
Male = 14 – 18
Newborn = 14 – 24
Pregnant = 10 – 12
= < 10 à report
= Results to Anemia à Activity Intolerance
Hematocrit = 35 – 45
Danger of hydration
= < 35 à Overhydration à Fluid Volume excess
= > 45 à Underhydration à Fluid Volume deficit
Acid – Base Imbalance
Respiratory Metabolic
ABG determination
Alkalosis Acidosis
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HCO3 à determinant for Metabolic d/o
CO2 à determinant for respiratory d/o
RAMS = Respiratory d/o, Alternate arrow direction
= Metabolic d/o, Same arrow direction
Compensation
APGAR
1 minte à Assess cardio, pulmonary and neurological status of the baby
5 minutes à adjustment to extrauterine life
10 minutes à when 2 nd apgar is below 6
7 – 10 à admission
4 – 6 à O2 and warm
0 – 3 à Resuscitation
0 1 2
Appearance All blue Acrocyanosis Pink
Pulse Absent < 100 > 100
Grimace No rxn Weak cry Vigorous cry
Activity Flaccid Some flexion and extension Spontaneous flexion &
extension
Respiratory effort Abnormal Irregular Lusty
Computation:
1.) D
S
2.) Vol. in cc X gtt factor
# of hrs. X 60
3.) IV fluid replacement in pediatric pt
Weight
< 10 kg à X 100/kg
11 – 20 kg à 1000ml/10kg
à In excess X 50
2 kgs à 1,500ml/20kg
à in excess X 20
Isolation Precaution
· PRM (particulate Respirator Mask)
I. Standard à AiDS, HIV, Hepa, Roseola
II. Transmission Based:
A. Droplet à Mumps, Mycoplasmal Pneumonia, Rubella
B. Airborne à Measles (Rubeola), TB, Varicella
C. Contact à Clostridium deficile, Respiratory borne, scabies, Sarcoidosis, RSV
· Hepa with bowel incontinence à Contact precaution
Principles:
1. If patient goes out from the room à let the patient wear mask
2. Coherting à Same illness à Share room
3. Standard Precaution à exemption in pedia à diapered, incontinent, < 6 y/o à contact precaution
HERBAL REMEDIES
Saw Palmetto
o Stops progression of BPH like Finasteride
o Ease urinary difficulty
o Interferes with iron absorption
o CI: pregnancy and lactation
o SE: stomach ache
Blue Cohosh
o Uterine tonic
o Used in the last 2 – 4 weeks
o To ease labor pains
o Jump start stalled labor
o Deliver retained placenta
o Stop bleeding after delivery
Black Cohosh
o Sppress LH but not FSH
o Relieves symptoms of menopause
o Not habit forming
o Does not cause cancer
o Limit use to 6 months à alters the normal hormonal balance
MaHuang
o CNS Stimulant
o Causes addiction
o Withdrawal symptoms: depression, fatigue, irritability
o With ephedra like effect
o Used to treat asthma
o Can cause weight loss
o Not given inpatients with DM à alters the blood sugar level
Chamomile
o For diarrhea, antibacterial, antiviral
o CI: Bronchial asthma, anticoagulant therapy
Cranberry
o For UTI and asthma
o Not for DM
o Safe in pregnancy
o Use with caution in DM
Echinacea
o Immune system stimulant
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o Not used for more than 14 days
o Store it away from direct light
o Not given in TB and chronic conditions
Ginger
o Antiemetic, tx for colic and flatulence
o Report bleeding and CNS depression
Ginseng
o Fatigue, atherosclerosis, depression, Ca
o Report ginseng abuse syndrome, Diarrhea, nervousness, edema, insomnia
Gingko Biloba
o Improves blood circulation
o Used in Alzheimer’s Disease
o CI à pregnancy, lactation and clotting d/o
Gotu Kova
o Improves memory
o For UTI, snake bites, rheumatism
o CI: pregnancy, lactation and use of sedatives
KAVA
o Anxiety, menstrual problem, leprosy
o AE: CNS depression, hepatotoxicity
o Not given to pts with antipsychotic à inc sedative effects of drugs
VALERIAN
o Tranquilizer, sedative
o Not given with valium
o Uses: insomnia, mm. spasm
DRUGS
Iron Supplements à FeSO4
C= Mineral Supplement à Anemia
H= Relief of fatigue / Inc strength
E= Best before meals, after meals if with GI irritation
C= takes effect after 23 weeks, Inc absorption with orange juice
K= Elixiform à use straw
Injectable à Z track method (laterally stretch the skin, 10 seconds)
SE: Constipation and black stools
Antidote: Deferoxamine HCL (Desferal)
RHOGAM
C= Prevents RH sensitization
H= ( ) Hemolytic reaction
E= 2728 weeks AOG, ideally 72 hrs after delivery of baby with Rh (+) and ( ) Coomb’s
C= Pain in injection site
K= Check Coombs test only in ( )
OXYTOCIN
Pitocin Methergine
o Pitocin initially causes Hypotension then rebound hypertension
o Methergine initially causes Hypertension then rebound Hypotension
TOCOLYTICS
C= Relaxes the uterine mm. during preterm labor
H= ( ) contractions / relaxed uterus
Ritodrine HCl (Yutopar)
E= Onset of preterm labor
C= Report maternal tachycardia
HR > 130 à Arrhythmia
K= Prepare antidote à Propanolol
Magnesium Sulfate
C= Anticonvulsant, NS depressant
H= ( ) Seizure
E= As prescribed àPIH
C= Report MgSO4 intoxication à Hypotension, hypocalcemia and H/A
K= Check BP, urine output, RR, Patellar reflex à if Dec à antidote à Ca Gluconate
Therapeutic level:
o Loading dose à 4 – 7 Meq/L
o Maintenance à 1.5 – 3 Meq/L
o Depression of DTR if à 8 Meq/L
o Dec RR if à 10 – 12 Meq/L
Coagulation Process
Vit K dependent clotting Factors
Thromboplastin Fibrinogen à Fibrin (clot)
Prothrombin Thrombin
Coumadin Heparin
Coumadin / Heparin
Coumadin Heparin
(Oral) (Injectable)
C= Anticoagulant
H= ( ) Clot formation
E= Onset: 2 – 5 days 1 2 days
C= Report signs of bleeding
K= Avoid green leafy Vegetable (contains Vit K)
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Avoid hard bristle toothbrush
Antidote: Vit K Protamine Sulfate
Lab: PT PTT
CHEMOTHERAPY
CELL CYCLE
G0 Mitosis
Interphase
RNA production DNA synthesis RNA synthesis
C= ANTIPSYCHOTIC
Typical Atypical
Antiemetic
Mania
Schizophrenia
Bipolar d/o
Haloperidol (Haldol) Clozapine (Clozaril)
Dec ( + ) symptoms Dec ( + ) and ( ) symptoms
(wala sa normal being)
Dec dopamine levels
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E= pc = after meals
EPS = Cogentin
Akineton
Artane
Malignant Hyperthermia = Parlodel
Muscle rigidity = Dantrolene, Dantrium
K= Liver Fxn Test
No direct exposure to sunlight = Photosensitivity
AntiParkinsonian at hand
CI = St. John’s wort
C= ANTIPARKINSONIAN AGENT
Dopaminergic Anticholinergic
Inc Dopamine Dec Ach
LDopa Congentin
Carbidopa Benadryl
(Sinimet)
H= Dec mm rigidity
Dec pill rolling
(after 23 weeks)
E= after meals
C= H/A, Irritability, Restlessness
K= No to Vit B6 = dec absorption of drug
Check BP and HR
No CHON
C= ANTIANXIETY
Valium
Librium = Acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome
= dec tremors
H= Dec center of wakefulness
E= Before meals
C= Dizziness
Drowsiness
Dry Mouth
K= Avoid Alcohol and Caffeine
Administer Valium separately = incompatible with any other drugs
Avoid KAVA & VALERIAN = Inc Resp depression
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C= ANTIDEPRESSANT
E= After meals
C= Inc appetite
Adequate sleep
Initial effect = 23 weeks
Full effect = 34 weeks
Side effects:
Dec libido Cardiac Arrhythmias Hypertensive Crisis Growth suppression
Impotence
K= Check the BP
Avoid Citrus juices à Dec absorption of antidepressants
Observe dietary modifications
Avoid St. John Wort
Avoid Tyramine containing foods:
Cheddar, Swiss, Cottage and Aged cheese
Cola, coffee, soy sauce
C= ANTIMANIC AGENTS
E= After meals – pc
C= Check signs of toxicity:
Mild Moderate Severe
1.5 Meq/L 2.5 Meq/L > 2.5 Meq/L
Thirst Nausea
Ataxia Anorexia
H/A Vomiting
Irritability Diarrhea
Beginning Fine hand tremors Coarse hand tremors
Abdominal Cramps
Coma à Death
K= Monitor Lithium Level à early morning (before breakfast)
Out patient at least once a month
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Drug of choice for toxicity à Diamox, Mannitol
CI:
1.) Pregnancy
2.) Lactation
3.) Renal Failure
Dietary Modification à Inc Na (6 – 10 gm) and Inc Fluid ( 3L or more)
Acute Dose: .5 – 1.5 Meq/L
Maintenance: .5 – 1.2 Meq/L
Elderly : not exceed 1.0 Meq/L à due to poor renal excretion
MUSCULOSKELETAL DRUGS
C= Focus: Gold Therapy
Suppresses Arthritis
H= ( ) Inflammation
E= IM à weekly
Lie supine for 10 mins to prevent OH
C= Check:
Signs of Stomatitis
Dermatitis
Unusual Bleeding
Unusual Bruising
Fever
Sore Throat
K= Monitor Renal Function Test
C= ANTIINFLAMMATORY
Ibuprofen Aspirin
(NSAID’s)
AntiInflammatory AntiInflammatory
Antipyretic Antipyretic
Analgesic Analgesic
For RA & OA AntiPlatelet aggregate
Antirheumatic
H= ( ) Inflammation, ( ) pain, ( ) RA
( ) fever, ( ) platelet aggregation
E= pc – after meals
C= Report:
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Visual disturbances Ringing in the ears
Allergy Nausea & Vomiting
Sore throat Rapid breathing
Fever Hyperpnea à toxicity
Black Stool
K= Annual eye exam
Check bleeding time
C= ANTIGOUT AGENTS
Acute Chronic
(812 hrs) (13 weeks)
Excretion of u.a. Prevent deposition of u.a. Prevent formation of u.a.
Antiinflammatory
H= Decrease uric acid
E= Given with food
K= Inc fluid intake 2 – 3 L/day
Frequently check serum uric acid level
CARDIAC DRUGS
NITRATE
A. Nitroglycerine
Sublingual
Transmucosal = between gums, cheecks and lips
B. Isordil
Sustained release, with water and don’t crush
Patch
Nasal Spray
C= Caridac drug (Nitrate)
Dilate coronary arteries and arterioles à Dec preload
H= ( ) Anginal Pain
E = Give before onset of pain
3 X at 5 mins interval
After 15 mins ( + ) pain à report à May indicate MI
C= 1. Ointment = Cover with plastic and put adhesive tape
2. Patch = NonHairy part
3. Oral spray = 3 sprays in 15 mins
S.E. Facial flushing, H/A, Hypotension
K= Rise slowly to prevent OH
Tablet on dry, dark container
6 months à Discard
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Burning Sensation à Indication that the drug is still potent
C= CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE
Digoxin Digitoxin
H= Strengthen Myocardial Contraction
NaKpump is converted to NaCapump
Thus increasing force of contraction
Observe GI irritation
Normal level 14 – 26 Antidote: Digibive
Normal level 5 2 ug/dl
K= Check HR = Adult 60
Older Children = 70
Infants = 90 – 110
DOPAMINE and DOBUTAMINE
DOPAMINE DOBUTAMINE
Inc force of contraction
Correct Hemodynamic
For Emergency Situation
H= Adequate Urine Output
E= Emergency Situation
C= Always in diluted form
K= Compute the drugs properly
C= ANTIARRYTHMICS
Lidocaine Quinidine
(Xylocaine) Atrial Fibrillation
For PVC’s
H= ( ) Arrythmia
Slow ventricular rate
Slow atrial rate
E= Given as prescribed
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C= THROMBOLYTICS
Streptokines
TPA
Dissolves the clot by preventing the formation of fibrin (fibrinolysis)
H= ( ) Clot formation
Clot Dissolved
E= Effective within 6 hours
After MI à within 24 hrs
K= Contraindicated to clients that are prone to bleeding
C= ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS
LOVASTATIN QUESTRAN
(Tablet) (Powder)
H= Dec LDL = 30 – 80
(HDL should be > 80 and LDL < 80)
E= Before meals or at night time
C= Caution: Hepatotoxic
K= Questran à 1 pack of powder + 4 – 6 oz of fluid (water, milk or juice)
Check liver function test
Rash and bleeding
C= PERIPHERAL VASODILATOR
Paracid
Smooth muscle relaxant à Facilitates blood circulation
H= ( ) Ischemia
E= After Meals
C= Instruct patient that drug may cause H/A and SOB
K= Long term use is individual
C= BETABLOCKER
(Timolol, Esmolol, Nadolol)
H= Dec BP, for Hyperthyroidism, Dec sympathetic (Autonomic) nervous system stimulation
E= Before meals
C= Rise slowly: Lie down for 30 mins after medication.
Instruct patient that meds may cause bronchospasm
K= Do not give chamomile and aspirin
C= ANTICHOLINERGIC
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Atropine Sulfate
Vasolytic Agent
H= Inc heart rate (check complete heart rate)
E= Before meals
C= Avoid hot environments
K= Check for rashes and SOB
NEURODRUGS
C= Anticonvulsants
(Dilantin)
H= Decrease Seizure Threshold
E= After Meals
C= Epilepsy à Maintenance
Chronis Use à Gingivitis
Visit dentist at least once a year
Soft bristle toothbrush, massage the gums
Urine is pink tinged
K= SAS ( Saline Flush à Administer drug à Saline Flush
To Prevent precipitate
C= CHOLINESTERASE
Myasthenia Gravis Alzeihmers
K= Check liver fxn test
Keep at bedside à Neostigmine à Antidote: atropine sulfate
Do not give echinicea
Prepare Tracheostomy
C= ANTITB
H= ( ) Infection
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E= Before Meals
K= Take the complete treatment as prescribed by the doctor ( 6 – 12 months )
Incomplete TB treatment à Lead to MDRTB
C= ANTIASTHMA
Theophylline Cromolyn Na
Adult = 10 – 20 mg/dl Prevents antihistamine release
Pedia = 5 – 10 mg/dl
Dilates bronchioles
H= Ease breathing
E= In the morning à because it causes insomnia
K= Check the pulse rate
Avoid Chamomile à cause bronchospasm
Avoid aspirin ? Cause bronchospasm
Inhaler à Acute
Steroid à Chronic
C= MUCOLYTICS
(Mucomyst)
H= Antidote for aspirin toxicity
Dec viscosity of mucous
Loose phlegm
E= No specific time
C= Inc OFI
S.E. à bronchospasm
K= Suction
Medication has a foul odor that resemble rotten egg
C= EMETIC
Syrup of Ipecac
H= To induce vomiting à noncorrosive
Pedia below 6 months à ( ) vomiting
E= Dose depends on age
6 mos – 1 yr = 10ml
1 – 12 yrs = 15ml
> 12 yrs = 30ml
C= Administer with glass of water to enhance effects of ipecac
Cardiotoxic = Ensure that child vomits the entire amount
24
C= ANTACIDS
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Maalox Ranitidine Sucralfate
12 hrs 46 wks 8 wks
Normal HCL 2 – 5
Maximum 10
H= ( ) Pain, dec HCl
E= Usually on an empty stomach
1 hour before meals
2 hours after meals
C= Shake liquid
SE: diarrhea
Constipation
K= Short term therapy à Electrolyte imbalance
ENDOCRINE DISEASE
Regular – Humulin Orinase
Intermediate – NPH Diabinase
Longacting – ultra lente Metformin
E= Before breakfast
C= Report Hypoglycemia:
Dizziness
Dec LOC
Diff. of problem solving
K= Hypo occurs usually occurs at the peak of action of meds:
Before lunch
In the afternoon or before dinner
In midnight or next day
Rank: 4 – 8 – 12/16
C= THYROID DRUGS
Synthroid PTU
(supplement) Tapazole ( 10 times greater than PTU)
For Hypothyroidism For Hyperthyroidism
25
E= In morning to prevent insomnia Round the clock
C= Report signs of overdose: Report:
Insomnia, palpitation & Nervousness Fever, sore throat, body malaise
C= STEROID
Cortisone Floricef
Replacement Therapy
Addision’s Disease
H= Correct Fluid and electrolyte Imbalance
E= In the morning
C= Given intramuscularly
Avoid abrupt withdrawal
AE: Bruising à Bone marrow depression
K= Avoid salty foods à edema
Maintain a balance diet à obesity
Avoid crowded areas à Infection
C= RENAL DRUGS
EPOGEN
Inc RBC production à for Chronic Renal Failure
H= Normal Hemoglobin
E= As prescribed
C= Report Polycythemia à Inc production of RBC à CVA
Check Complete Blood Count
C= DIURETIC
Loop Diuretic Thiazide Diuretic K – Sparring Diuretic
(Lasix) (Hydrochlorothiazide) (Spirinolactone)
Duiril Aldactone
H= Increase urine output and decrease pt’s weight
E= Early morning à prevent nocturia
K= Inc Sodium in diet
Check Electrolyte level
Check BP
26
IMMUNUREN
(Azathioprine)
C= Immunosuppressant
H= ( ) rejection of organs
E= As prescribed
C= Report:
Nausea, vomiting
Thrombocytopenia
Bruising
Infection
K= Check CBC
Frequent Handwashing
K= Check BP and Blood sugar
C= ANTIBIOTICS
H= ( ) Infection
E= Before meals
With GI irritation à After meals
K= Check I and O
Peak Level = 15 – 30 mins after administration
Trough level = 15 – 30 mins before the next dose
Antidote: Epinephrine Deep IM and check CBC
Given with probenecid
Guidelines on Gross Cultural Orientation and adjustment
27
Try to get to know as much as you can about:
o Social customs
o Family Life
o Class structure
o Religion
o Economics
o Value System
Some Areas of Culture Differences
1. Communication
o Message interpretation
o Personal Space
o Eye contact
o Touch
2. View of Time
o Present oriented (Hispanics, Africans)
o Future oriented (Europeans, Americans)
o Past Oriented (Tribal/Traditional)
3. Family Type
o Nuclear
o Extended
4. Nutrition = kosher diet, jalal
5. Religion
o Catholics
o Jehova’s Witnesses
o 7 th day Adventist
o Mormons
Culture Bound Syndrome
Black à Inc blood
Chinese à Koro
Hispanics à Pasmo
Whites à Anorexia, Bullimia
Death and Dying
ASIANS
Family and friends of same sex will prepare and wash the body
MUSLIM
1. Washing of the body
women – cleanse women
men – cleanse men
2. After washing 3 time the body is wrapped in 3 pieces of clean white cloth
3. Special prayers
4. Bury the body with the head facing mecca
5. Burial of fetus = < 130 days à discard like tissue
= > 130 days à proper burial rites
JEHOVA’S WITNESS
o Autopsy is accepted if required by law
o The parts to be removed from the body
o Cremation is permitted
28
FRAMEWORK
Main Problem: SIADH à Neuroendocrine
Most common / initial manifestations = SIADH à Oliguria
Laboratory Data = Dec Na, Inc BP
Nursing Diagnosis à Dec Na à N. Dx. Fluid and Electrolyte imbalance
Priority Intervention = Dec Na à 115 meq/L à Implement seizure precaution
Leukemia
Main Problem: Proliferation of Immature WBC
Periods of remission and exacerbation
Remission = Absence of s/sx à Lymphycytic à Lymphocytes à Pedia
Exacerbation = Active s/sx à Myelogenous à Granulocytes à Adults
S/Sx Initial: Anemia
Bleeding à severe / unexplained
Infection
N. Dx: Priority à Safety
Reverse, Isolation precaution à relative wear mask
Thrombocytopenic precaution
Cytotoxic Precaution
Bleeding Precaution
Standard Precaution
HEMOPHILIA
Main Problem à Inherited disorder
S/Sx: Hemarthrosis à Hallmark à elbow, wrist, ankles, knees
Hematoma
Hematuria
Hematemesis
Hemmorhage
Lab Data: Clotting time
N. Dx: Risk for injury, altered growth
Priority: Safety
Blood Transfusion, Plasma Expanded
1. Rest
2. Immobilize
3. Cold compress
4. Elevate
29
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
30
Table A.1: Autosomal Recessive
Normal Trait Disease
A. 1 parent with trait 50% 50& 0%
B. 2 parents with trait 25% 50% 25%
C. 1 parent with trait the 0% 50% 50%
The other with disease
D. Both parents with disease )% 0% 100%
Neoplastic Thrombocytopenia
Purpura à Dec Platelet à due to viral infection à autoimmune reaction à drug use
S/sx: Petechiae, ecchymosis, hematoma
Lab Data: Platelet < 20,000, Dec Hgb
N. DX: Risk for injury
Priority: Safety, prevent bleeding
Supplement with folic acid
Blood transfusion
CHD
ACYANOTIC CYANOTIC
(Left to right shunting) (Right to left shunting)
Risk factors:
Maternal infection (14 mos)
Age (> 40)
Medical Condition (DM)
Alcoholism
Brow seating (feeding) à due to activation of ANS
Baby sleeps after 3 minutes of sucking
Difficulty in feeding
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Frequent URTI
31
RHEUMATIC FEVER
Systemic inflammation of connective tissues (joints, CNS, heart)
Risk Factors: (conditions 24 weeks before diagnosis)
Sore throat
Impetigo
Scarlet Fever
S/Sx:
Major: Minor:
Carditis à tachycardia at rest Fever
Arthritis à migratory Murmur
Sub Q nodules à painless Tachycardia
Eryythema Marginatum à rashes
Chorea à Abnormal movement
Lab: Inc ESR = Male (12 mm/hr, Female 20 mm/hr), Inc ASI titer
N.Dx: Altered tissue perfusion, Dec CO, Pain
Diet: Inc fluid intake, Inc CHON
Meds: ASA, Penicillin to prevent heart valvular damage
Complications: Cardiac Valvular Disease à stenosis and regurgitation
Stenosis à narrowing, fusion of leaflets
Regurgitataion à incomplete closure
STENOSIS REGURGITATION
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Anticoagulants
Pregnant Clients Classifications:
ARRYTHMIAS
= Abnormal cardiac rhythm
ATRIAL VENTRICULAR
Flutter Fibrillation PVC Fibrillation
ABNORMAL CARDIAC RHYTM
Heart Block à PR interval
Primary à prolonged PR Interval
= No intervention
Secondary à Progressively prolonged PR Interval
= Atropine Sulfate
Tertiary à P & R wave are independent of each other
= Pacemaker
= HR < 5 beats below the limit
= Hiccups à Failure
= Belching à decreasing heart rate
= Signs of shock à weak pulse
= Stay away from electromagnetic field
CAD
o Narrowing and obstruction of coronary arteries
o Dec O2 à Hypoxia à Angina
o ( ) O2 à Neurosis
o Risk Factors:
CAD
Atherosclerosis
Smoking
Elevated Cholesterol
HPN
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Stress
Angina MI
Stable à Pattern is predictable à à à à à à à à à à à à Anterior Wall
Unstable à Pattern is unpredictable
Variant (Printzmetal) à Severe form à à à àà à à à à à Posterior Wall
Nocturnal __> @ night
Decubitus à when lying down à à à à à à à à à à à à Lateral Wall
Intractable à Unresponsive to treatment
Post MI à After MI
Associated S/sx:
Agitation
Restlessness
Cold clammy skin
33
HPN
Lab Data:
Inc cholesterol < 200 Inc cardiac enzymes
ECG changes Inc ST segment
Inc ESR
N. Dx: Pain
Position in Semi Fowlers
Administer drugs as ordered
Diet:
Cholesterol restricted diet
Percutaneous Transluminal CardioAngioplasty
= Done if 50% of blood supply to heart is impended
= Insertion of a balloon tipped catheter à ballooning à cardiac stent
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
= Done if 50% of blood supply to heart is impended
= Placing a new blood vessel
Health Teaching:
o Avoid strenuous activities
o Can resume sexual activity à if can climb 2 – 3 flights of stairs with no dyspnea
o Provide frequent rest periods
o Discharge Instructions à Avoid life threatening conditions
HEART FAILURE
= Inability of the heart to pump adequate amount of blood to meet the metabolic demand of the body.
Risk Factors:
MI
Heart valvular disease
RHD
HPN
Arrhythmia
S/Sx:
Left sided:
Dyspnea, pink sputum, productive cough, pulmonary edema
Right sided:
Distended neck veins, ascites, ankle edema, hepatomegaly
Lab Data:
Left cardiac function à Swan Ganz
Right Cardiac Function à CVP
N. Dx:
Altered tissue perfusion and dec CO
Priority:
To Inc CO
Position in semi fowlers
Administer drugs as prescribed à Digitalis, Vasodilators, Diuretics
*Morphine à dec venous return to the heart à peripheral vasodilating effects
Diet à Low Na, Low Cholesterol
34
Assess breath sounds, edema, heart sounds
HYPERTENSION
= Silent Killer disease
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
= Persistent elevation of BP above 140/90
= 120/80 à Prehypertensive
= 110/70 à normal
Risk Factors:
Family Hx
Age
Blacks
Obesity
Stress
Smoking
Types:
1.) Essential à Unknown
2.) Benign à Unknown / Long duration
3.) Malignant à Acute, short duration
4.) Secondary ? Due to medical condition
Complications: 4 common complications:
Occipital HA CAD
Retinal Hemorrhage CVA
Pedal Edema CRF
CHF
Lab: Inc in cholesterol, Inc LDL, Inc TAG
N. Dx: Altered health maintenance à Tx is prolonged
= Vasodilator, Antilipemic agents
* Common cause of concern à Bronchospasm, Dec libido
Diet à Dec Na, Dec cholesterol
NONPHARMACOLOGIC REGIMEN
Stress Mx: Exercise à deep breathing, walking, stress free hobbies (like walking by the bay)
HPN in pregnancy à Unknown
= Generalized vasospasm à due to virus à H. Lualba
= 2 nd trimester
= B4 20 wks AOG à H. Mole / GTD
= after 20 wks AOG à PIH
= Before and after pregnancy à chronic hypertension
HYPERTENSIVE D/O OF PREGNANCY
o Inc BP
35
PREECLAMPSIA
o Inc BP
o Edema
o Proteinuria:
Mild : BP à 140/90
Protein à < 5gm/24hrs
Severe: BP à 160/110 & above
Protein à > 5 gm/24hrs
o Mx: Darkened room
Inc CHON diet
MgSO4: Antidote > Ca Gluconate
ECLAMPSIA
o Inc BP
o Edema
o Proteinuria
o Convulsion à bleeding à HELLP Syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme, low platelet à manifested with
petechiae
PVD
Arterial Occlusion Venous Occlusion
Color Pallor Ruddy
Edema ( ) or minimal Severe
Nails Thick & brittle Normal
Pain *Intermittent Claudication Homan’s sign
Pulse ( ) Normal
Temperature Cold Warm
Ulcer Dry Wet
Pain
Intermittent Claudication – Intermittent color changes
(Pallor, Cyanosis, Redness)
Lab data: Painless Doppler UTZ
N. Dx: Pain & altered tissue perfusion
Priority: Anti HPN, Vasodilator, Anticoagulants
Instructions: Avoid smoking, swimming in cold water
36
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
A clot lodges in one of the pulmonary arteries
Risk Factors:
1.) VA à Trauma
2.) Hypercoagulation
3.) Arrhythmia
4.) Thombosis
S/Sx: Anxiety / Agitation
Dyspnea
Restlessness
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Chest Pain
*Crackles
Lab Data: Perfusion Lung Scan
N. Dx: Pain, Ineffective breathing pattern
Priority: Positioning Right sidelying
Administer Anticoagulant
ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
Weakening of the walls of the aorta
Congenital
Angina
Chronic HPN
Types:
1.) Fusiform – bulging of both sides of bv
2.) Disecting – Dissected inner wall of bv
3.) Saccular – forms a pouch or sac
S/Sx: Assymptomatic
Pulsating Abdominal mass
Low Back Pain
Inc BP of Ue, Dec BP in LE
Lab data: Aortography, XRay
N. Dx: Risk Poor injury à altered tissue perfusion
Safety à Most Abdominal Palpation
Prepare pt for surgery that will involve grafting
After surgery à assess for distal pulses
KAWASAKI’S DISEASE
Acute systemic inflammation of the vascular system
Heart & blood Vessels
Common in Japanese, toddler & preschooler
Unknown
S/Sx: High spiking fever for 5 days of more
Strawberru tongue, palmar desquamation
Lab Data: 2 DEcho, ECG
N. Dx: Altered tissue perfusion, Dec Cardiac output
Priority: Tx is supportive, ASA
Diet: Clear Liquid
Discharge Infection: Teach Pt. CPR
5:1 à Pedia
15:2 à Adult
30:2
37
1. To Assess risk of developing mitral valve stenosis in pt. What should the nurse ask the pt?
A: Did you have streptococcal infection
2. How to assess intermittent Claudication:
A: Ask the pt to walk and note presence of pain
3. What should the nurse prepare at bedside with PVC
A: Xylocaine
4. Priority in pt with complete heart block
A: Altered tissue perfusion
5. Goal of Care with atrial fibrillation
A: Inc CO
6. Coomon complication of sickle cell anemia?
A: CVA
7. Signs of left sided heart failure
A: Dyspnea on excretion
8. When planning an exercise program in pt with HPN, Nurse should ask?
A: How do you spend your leisure time
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Inherited multi system disease affecting the exocrine gland
Autosomal recessive à each pregnancy à (Disease 25%, trait 50%)
Excessive Mucous production à Made = Sterility, Female = Diff. in concerning
S/Sx: Initial: Abdominal distention
Malabsorption Syndrome à Steatorrhea à Foul smelling fatty, stool
Salty when kissed
Lab: Pilocarpine Sweat test
Respiratory Therapy: Blowing Exercise à Trumpet à Blowing Bubbles
GI Therapy: Pancreatic Enzyme à Pancreas à Viokase à with each meal & snacks
Refer pt’s prevents à geneticist
Pt. Grows à OB
PNEUMONIA
Mycoplasma Pneumonia (pedia), Legionnaires disease (elderly, alcoholic, immunosuppresion)
Inflammation à Allveoli à Exudate, Consolidation
Viral, Bacterial, Rickettsia
S/Sx: 5 Cardinal signs & symptoms
1. Fever
2. Sputum
3. Pleuritic Chest Pain
4. Chills
5. Cough
38
PNEUMONIA
Viral:
Low grade fever
Thin & watery sputum
WBC either normal or slightly increased
Bacterial
High grade fever
Rusty sputum
WBC severely increased
Lab data: Chest Xray, sputum exam, ABG analysis
N. Dx: Impaired Gas Exchange
Ineffective Airway clearance
Ineffective Breathing pattern
Priority: Bed Rest, Inc OFI, Administer meds as ordered: antibiotics
CROUP
S/Sx:
Cough: Barking, metallic Harsh & Brasky Paroxysmal & Hacking
Stridor: Present Present Present
Wheezing: Absent Absent Present
Fever: Absent Low Grade Moderate to high grade
Lab Data:
Throat Swab Xray Xray
PE Throat swab ELISA
Xray PE Throat swab
PE
N. Dx: Infection, Ineffective breathing pattern
Priority: Tx of infection
Multidrug therapy
OPD (Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Narrowing and obstruction of the airway
Smoking
RE,TACY,TACHY DC
Principles in Nursing Care:
Bronchodilator Aminophylline
Rest Steroid
Oxygen low flow Theophylline
Nebulize Histamine Antagonist
Chest Physiotherapy Mucolytic
High Fowlers Antabuse
IPPB – Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing
Aerosol
Liberal Fluid Intake
Complication:
Cor Pulmonale
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Pneumothorax
Increase tension and pressure
Thoracic cavity
Lung collapse
( ) breath sounds
Dyspnea
Pain
3 way bottle sys
Pointers for Respiratory:
1.) Mist à Priority?
A: Change the linen and clothing to keep the pt dry.
2.) Goal of care for child with bronchiolitis?
A: Minimize O2 expenditure
3.) Pancrease is given with meal
4.) Patient with TB à What is the purpose of NGT?
A: To aspirate swallowed sputum
5.) S/Sx that indicates emphysema?
A: Barrel shaped chest
6.) Development of Edema?
A: Moist and noisy breathing
7.) Common risk factor for Legionnaire’s disease?
A: Immunosuppression
8.) Mycoplasmal Pneumonia is manifested by?
A: Fever & productive cough
40
PKU
o Inherited disorder characterized by absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH) which converts phenylalanine
to tyrosine (precursor) à melanin for hair, eyes, skin
o Normal level = 2mg/dl, 4mg may indicate PKU, 8mg confirms PKU
o Autosomal recessive
o Phenylalanin is toxic to the brain and causes MR
S/Sx: Asymptomatic at birth: Diarrhea, Anorexia, Lethargy, Anemia, skin rashes
N. Dx: Knowledge deficit
Altered nutrition
Risk for injury à seizure
Health Teachings:
Low Phenylalanine à up to adolescence à 910 y/o
Refer to Geneticists and nutritionist
Produce list of foods that’s is allowed and not allowed
HASHIMOTO DISEASE
o Congenital deficiency in T3 and T4
o S/sx à Asymptomatic à maternal hormonal transfer
o 2 – 3 mos s/sx appear
o Behavioral: Apathy, well behaved baby
o Physical: Large tongue, short structure, retarded growth à MR
Lab data: Dec T3 and T4
N. Dx: Knowledge deficit
Risk for activity intolerance
Altered growth & development
Priority: Administer Synthroid, single morning dose forever
Report: Tachycardia (palpitations)
Insomnia
Nervousness
*Provide warm environment
* Refer to special education center
PANCREAS
ALPHA CELLS BETA CELLS
Glucagon Insulin
Gestational: (White’s classification)
Types:
A: Chemical DM:
B: onset: >20 y/o
C: 10 – 19 y/o
41
D: < 10 y/o
D1: < 10 y/o
D2: > 20 y/o
D3: Beginning retinopathy
D4: Hardening arteries
D5: HPN
E: Pelvic arteries
F: Retinopathy
H: Cardiopathy
R: Retinopathy
T: Transplant kidney
Absence or deficiency in insulin affects, CHO, Fats & CHON metabolism
Insulin facilitates entry of glucose into the cell
If there is no insulin à glucose remains outside the cell à hyperglycemia à fluids are attracted to cell & blood
Cells dehydrated (brain) à compensatory mechanism à Polydipsia
Cells dehydrated (brain) à Inc glomerular filtration rate à Poly uria à leads to weight loss à cell stones à brain à
polyphagia
Lab Data: FBS, Glycosylated Hgb, Hemogluco test
N. Dx: Knowledge deficit
Altered Nutrition
Altered Elimination
Risk for Infection
Priority: To maintain normal blood sugar
Diet: 50 70 % CHO, 20 – 30% Fats, 10 – 20% CHON
Well balanced diet
Insulin: Type I, pregnant 2 nd trimester à Inc dose
AntiDiabetic Agents à sulfonylreas à CI > sulfa Drugs
Blood sugar à am and pm
Ensure Adequate food intake
Transplant of pancreatic cells
Exercise à Moderate
Scrupulous Foot care à Avoid barefoot, avoid synthetic shoes à Indicated: Foot powder, snuggly fitting shoes, cotton
socks, visit podiatrist atleast once a year
Complications:
Hypoglycemia: Blood Sugar à < 150mg/dl Hyperglycemia: Blood sugar à > 140mg/dl
RF: too much insulin, missed meal, exercise RF: Too little insulin, Inc food intake, pregnancy,
Infection, stress, surgery
S/Sx:
Diaphoresis Type I type II
Decreased LOC DKA HHNK
Diff in problem solving Acetone breath Inc GI s/sx
De H2O DeH2O
Warm skin Inc serum Osmolality
3 P’s 3 P’s
Kussmauls breathing
Tx: Simple sugar TX: Airway, Fluid and Insulin à rapid acting insulin
Other Complications:
1.) Microangiography à damage to small retinal blood vessels
2.) Atherosclerosis à hardening of arteries à HPN
3.) Neuropathy à Kidney damage
4.) Retinopathy à Opthalmopathy à damage to nerves
5.) Peripheral / Autonomic à Dec nerve impulse transmission
42
PITUITARY GLAND
ADH
Fluid Retention
Deficiency Exercise
Diabetes Insipidus SIADH
Lab Data: Fluid deprivation test
NPO X 12 hrs
Concentrated urine
Specific Gravity: < 1.005
Vasopressin Check specific Gravity
Depressin
Lepressin
Monitor and output and specific gravity of urine Fluid retention
Goal of care: Excretion of fluid à Diuretics and antiHPN Dilutional Hyponatremia
Check Sodium
Growth Hormone
Ant. Pituitary Gland
Promotes growth
Deficiency Excess
Dwarfism à Mahal *Before closure of growth plate à Gigantism à Taller, slender
Achondroplasia à “Nanus Syndrome” à Dagul à Marfans’ Syndrome à Genetic d/o, a. Dominant à spine d/o
à Scoliosis à Cardiac problem
*After closure of growth plate à Acromegally à enlargement of
Extremities
* Inc growth hormone and glucose
ADRENAL
Outer Middle
Cortex Medulla
43
ADDISON’S CUSHING’S CONN’S
Maintain Fluid and electrolyte Balance inc Na & dec K, Inc BP
Steroids steroids inhibitor AntiHPN
*Fludrocotisoneà Florinef Mitotaine Diuretics
Dec s/sx:
Normal Na and blood sugar
Diet: Inc Na, Dec K Dec Na, Inc K Dec Na, Inc K
Client Teachings:
Meds for life Prone to osteoporosis
Avoid crowded areas Excessive poor wound healing
THYROID
T3, T4 CALCITONIN
BMR Deposition of Ca in the bones
Deficiency Excess
Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
Cretinism Grave’s disease
Myxedema Basedow’s disease
Parry’s disease
RF: Autoimmune, tumor
S/Sx:
Facial edema Exopthalmos
Intolerance to cold Goiter
Hypometabolism Hypermetabolism
Intolerance to cold
Lab Data:
Dec T3, T4, Inc TSH Inc T3, T4, Dec TSH
Activity intolerance Risk for injury
Uthyroid state à Normal Uthyroid state
Give thyroid supplement Anti thyroid drugs
Synthroid Propylthiouracil
SE:
Insomnia Agranulocytosis (Fever, Soar throat)
Nervousness
Palpitation
44
Diet:
Dec Calories Inc Calories
Warm environment Cold environment
THYROID SURGERY
Preparation Post operative
Lugol’s solution (2 wks before surgery) Monitor complication
Dec size & vascularity of thyroid gland 1. Hemmorrhage – bruises
Give in straw and diluted in water or apple juice 2. Laryngospasm – tracheostomy
S/sx of iodism à Metallic taste 3. Damage to laryngeal – inability to speak, aphonia
4. Tetany – Dec in Ca > Tingling, chvostek, Trouseau sign
5. Thyroid crisis
Complications: Fever, Inc HR, check VS
PARATHYROID
Inc Ca in the blood
Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
Surgery Tumor
S/Sx;
Early: Tingling, chvostek, Trouseau sign Pain, bone destruction, fracture / osteoporosis
Von Recklinghausen disease
N. Dx:
Risk for injury Renal calculi formation
Give Ca supplements Lab Data: Inc Ca in blood
Inc Ca in diet N. Dx: Risk for injury
Priority: Surgery
Mx: Inc OFI
Pointers:
1. Manifestations of Ketoacidosis:
A: Rapid and deep breathing
2. Post thyroidectomy à Tetany of hands, feet and muscle twitching, the nurse knows the doctor would order?
A: Ca Gluconate
3. W/c of the ff. indicates hypothyroidism?
A: Intolerance to cold
4. In PKU, which is not indicated?
A: Milk Shake
5. Which of the ff. manifestation indicates a complication post thyroidectomy?
A: Tachycardia
6. Which of the ff. interventions is appropriate for a pt with Addison’s disease?
A: Monitor the BP
7. Insulin was given at 8 am, when do you expect hypoglycemia?
A: Before lunch
8. In PTU an expected outcome is a?
A: Dec in PR
9. Hypothyroidism à best question?
A: Do you tire?
10. Which of the ff. data needs to be assured in head injury?
A: Dec urine specific Gravity
45
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Congenital Acquired à sore throat
Autoimmune Autoimmune
Inability of the kidneys to maintain fluid balance Kidney damage
*hyponatremia
S/Sx:
Normal or dec in BP Inc BP
Peripheral Edema subsides at the end of the day Progressive peripheral edema at the end of the day
Frothy urine color tea colored urine / cola
Lab Data:
Most significant data à Proteinuria = > 10mg/24hrs Proteinuria = < 10mg/24hrs
( ) Colloid osmotic pressure à edema Inc ASOT
N.Dx:
Fluid Volume excess
Risk for impaired skin integrity
Mx:
Goal of care à promote fluid balance
Restricted fluid
Frequently turn client
Steroids AGN: AntiHPN
Dec Na, Inc CHON Dec Na, Dec CHON
WILM’S TUMOR
Congenital tumor of kidneys
unilateral left kidney
palpable on abdomen
common in children < 5y/o
( + ) HPN, Hematuria
Risk for injury
Promote Safety
Prepare pt for surgery & chemotherapy
Avoid abdominal palpation
CYSTITIS
Ascending infection
Bladder à Ureters à Kidneys à pyelonephritis à CVA tendency
RF:
bubble bath
Silk underwear
Prolonged driving
Catheterization
S/Sx:
Burning sensation
Lab Data:
Urinalysis
Inc WBC
Inc glucose
Tx:
Treat infection
antibiotics
Acid ash diet
Inc OFI
Avoid risk factors
46
RENAL FAILURE
ACUTE CHRONIC
Sudden cessation of kidney function Progressive/ irreversible destruction of kidney tissues
Scar formation
RF:
Pre Intra Post AGN, NS
Renal Renal Renal
Dec circulation of disease of kidney obstruction
Blood volume stone
S/sx;
Oliguric Diuretic Recovery 1. Dec renal reserve – polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia
Phase Phase Phase 2. Renal insufficiency – Inc BUN & creatinine
3. Renal Failure – HPN, Renal Damage
Dec urine output polyuria, dec Na & K 12 yrs 4. ESRD – Azotemia, uremia
< 400ml Lab Data:
Inc BUN & Crea
N. Dx:
Fluid & electrolyte imbalance N. Dx:
Priority: Restore circulating fluids Fluid & electrolyte imbalance
Monitor intake and output Priority: Fluid restrictions
Response of client on therapy – output, BP Meds: Epogen to prevent anemia
Meds: Diuretics, Dec Na diet, AntiHPN, digoxin Amphogel – prevent hyper phosphatemia
Diuretics, AntiHPN, Digitalis
Diet: Dec Chon
Mx: Dialysis: 3 X a week or every 48 hours
DIALYSIS
Hemodialysis Peritoneal
Dialyzing agent Dialyzing Machine Dialyzing agent – Peritoneum
Access Access
Fistula shunt Ten khoff catheter
internal access external access assess rigid abdomen à peritonitis
anastomisis of a & v
palpate for thrills and auscultate bruit
Complications
Disequilibrium Dialysis Encephalopathy
Rapid removal of waste product Aluminum toxicity
Fluids and electrolytes S/Sx: dementia, dizziness
GI CNS Report to MD
NAVDA H/A
Dizziness
Restlessness
Report to MD
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BPH
Glandular enlargement of the prostate
After age 40, male
S/Sx: Dec size & force of urinary stream
Nocturia
Dysuria
Frequency, urgency, hesitancy
Lab Data:
DRE à @ age 40
Priority: Promote Urinary elimination à Prepare for surgery
TURP à no incision
Suprapubic Retropubic Perineal
above the bladder below the bladder causes impotence
Pointers
1. An elderly with oliguria and flank pain may indicate a problems caused by?
A: Intake of neomycin
2. Which laboratory data needs to be reported?
A: urine specific gravity of 1.004
3. 12 hrs after TURP – the pt complains of spasm
A: Check patency of retention catheter.
4. A 2 y/o boy with Nephrotic Syndrome with periorbital edema & frontal edema what will be the essential nursing
measure: A: turn pt frequently
5. Which of the ff is a common complication of chronic renal failure?
A: Anemia
6. A pt with Nephrotic Syndrome asks “Why am I gaining weight?” the best reponse is?
A: you have sodium retention that attracts water
7. During hemolysis, pt with HA and vomiting, restless and confused, he is having?
A: Disequilibrium syndrome
8. After peritoneal dialysis the return flow with dialyzate solution is inadequate, What should the nurse do?
A: Turn pt from side to side.
9. A Priority N. dx to a pt with renal stones?
A: Pain
OTITIS MEDIA
Infection of middle ear
URTI
Faulty feeding
swimming in dirty waters
Pain, fever, earache
Lab Data: PE, otoscope, bulging tympanic membrane
N. Dx: Pain à antibiotic, decongestant, Pseudafed
Chronic: myringotomy tube insertion
RETINAL DETECHMENT
o Separation
o Sensory pigment à retina
o Aging à 40 y/o
o Trauma
o S/sx: visual floaters à painless
Cobwebs, veil like, floating spots
o Lab Data: Opthalmoscopy, PE
o N. Dx: Risk for injury
o Priority: Safety, bedrest, affected side towards the bed
o Scleral buckling à using laser to create a scar
o Avoid sudden head movement, bending and blowing of nose
o Surgery:
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Trabeculoplasty à trabecular meshwork à laser à out pt
Ttrabeculectomy à trabecular meshwork à removal à in pt for 1 2 days
o Avoid bending and sudden eye movement
o Report: eye pain and bleeding
GLAUCOMA
o Inc IOP
o Open Angle: Chronic à Inc aqueous humor
o Closed Angle: Acute à forward displacement of iris
o Aging > 40 y/o
o Familial
o “tunnel vision”
o “Gun barrel vision”
o “halos around lights”
o “Loss of peripheral vision”
o Blindness
o Lab Data: Tonometry, (gonioscopy à differentiate open from closed angle glaucoma), perimetry > visual fields
o N. Dx: risk for injury, safety, dec IOP
o Meds: Myotics à pilocarpine
o CI: Midriatics
CATARACT
o Opacity of lenses
o Poor color perception
o Painless
o Aging > 40 y/o
o Prolonged steroids
o Lab Data: Opthalmoscopy à ( ) red light reflex
o N. Dx: Risk for injury
o Surgery:
Peripheral iridectomy à hole in lens à cataract is suctioned
Photoemulsification à needle like structure inserted into the lens > crush cataract
o Avoid bending and sudden eye movement
o Report: eye pain and bleeding
MENIERE’S DISEASE OTOSCLEROSIS
Imbalance in the endolymphatic fluids Hardening of the bones in the inner ear
inner ear affected à stapes
RF:
High altitudes (pilots and divers) Aging
s/sx:
Hearing loss diff in communicating
Tinnitus tinnitus
Vertigo – revolving motion conductive hearing loss
Lab Data:
Caloric stimulation test Weber and Rhine’s test
N. Dx:
Risk for injury Impaired communication
Intervention:
Safety establish communication
Position à supine or flat stapedectomy à mobilize stapes
Diet: Low Na post surgery: avoid blowing of nose
CI: Streptomycin à ototoxic avoid deep diving
Meds: DIAMOX avoid flying in small airplanes
Pointers:
1. Post trabeculoplasty à eye pain.
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A: Call MD
2. Pt with tunnel vision, N. Dx?
A: Inc risk for injury
3. Which drug will help dec aqueous humor?
A: DIAMOX
4. Post Cataract extraction, what is the position?
A: On unaffected side to dec edema
5. Which intervention will help prevent loss of vision in glaucoma?
A: Taking the meds correctly as ordered
6. Which describes trabeculoplasty?
A: Surgical intervention that aims to create a passageway for the blocked fluid.
DUCHENNE’S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY ERB DUCHENNE PARALYSIS
genetically transmitted acquired
Xlinked recessive (mother to son – 50% disease, Birth trauma (hyperextension of shoulder)
Mother to daughter – 25% trait) Brachial Plexus – upper plexus
S/sx: Reversible, recovery after 3 mos
Gower’s sign à arms used to push body to stand up Klumpke’s paralysis – lower plexus
Waddling gait
Difficulty in running and climbing à 1 ½ to 2 ½
Progressive weakness à respiratory paralysis
Lab Data: EMG, PE
N. Dx: Ineffective breathing pattern
Impaired physical mobility
Prepare tracheostomy set
Refer parents to geneticists
refer to PT
Treat symptoms
CEREBRAL PALSY
non progressive (fixed) d/o
neuromuscular system
uncoordinated movements
related to brain anoxia and prolonged labor
S/sx:
Exaggerated reflexes
Early pattern of hand dominance à 10 – 12 months
poor posture
Arching of back
Frequent tongue thrusting
scissor gait
Lab Data:
CT Scan
Muscle biopsy
N. Dx:
Risk for injury
Improved Physical integrity
Altered nutrition
Priority: Promote Safety & mobility
Assist ambulation
Support: crutches, cane, walker, leg braces
Drugs – muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants
Surgery – release of tendon of Achilles
Foods that sticks on spoon
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CSF FLOW
rd th
Lateral Ventricles à Foramen of Monroe à 3 Ventricle à Aqueduct of Sylvius à Foramen of Lushka & Magendie à 4
Ventricle à Subarachnoid spaces
HYDROCEPHALUS
Interruption of CSF flow
Not a disease
Manifestation à d/o
Arnold Chiari Malformation à Elongation of brainstem à Obstructs the flow of CSF
Dandy Walker à atresia à narrowing of foramen of Lushka & Magendie à CSF flow
Excessive production (communicating) or obstruction of CSF (noncommunicating)
S/Sx: Projectile vomiting, irritability, enlarged head (Normal à 3335 cm), Sunset eyes, separation of sutures, seizure)
Bossing sign à pronounced forehead
Macewen’s sign à cracked pot percussion of head
Lab data: CT Scan, MRI
N. Dx: Risk for injury
Priority: Safety, Seizure precaution
Meds: Anticonvulsants
Position: SemiFowlers
Lowfowlers
Surgery: Insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt
Check à Inc in ICP
Measure head frequently
SPINA BIFIDA
Failure of spinal processes to fuse
neural tube defects
Occulta: Dimpling, tuff of hair, lumbosacral area
Cystica: Meningocel à CSF & meniges, Myelomeningocele à CSF, meninges, spinal cord
Lab Data: PE, MRI
Alpha Feto CHON analysis à Increased
Normal à 15 – 30
N. Dx: Risk for infection, Impaired mobility
Sidelying or prone à best position
Cover with wet sterile gauze
Surgery à within 48hrs à prevent paralysis of LE
à After sac is closed à may lead to hydrocephalus
Tape measure à @ bedside to measure head
Increase ICP
ICP more than 15mmHg
Normal 0 – 10
11 – 20 à mild
21 – 30 à moderate
31 and above à severe
Maybe due to trauma
Space occupying lesion
A congenital defect
S/Sx:
Early: Decreasing LOC
Late: VS changes, Cushing’s triad, widened PP, Dec PR, Dec RR
Lab Data: Subdural / intravascular monitoring
N. Dx: Risk for injury
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Priority: Safety, head of bed elevated, evaluate LOC, promote a patent airway
Discharge instutions: meds, mitoring, seizure precaution
BACTERIAL MENIGITIS
Infections à inflammation with menigitis
N. Menigitides
Influenze Virus
HIB Vaccine
S/Sx: Inc ICP, Brudzinski’s sign, Kernig’s sign
Lab Data: CSF, Dec Sugar, Inc WBC, Inc Protein
N Dx: Risk for injury, Risk for injection
Meds: Antibiotics as prescribed
Precaution: Respiratory Droplet
Complication: Hearing Impairment
Audiologist Screening and testing
REYES SYNDROME
Toxic
Encephalopathy & Hepatopathy
Fatty infiltration
CNS and Liver
V. Vax related to Reye’s
Triad Symptoms: Fever, Dec LOC, Bleeding tendencies
Stages:
1.) Stage 1 = Confused
2.) Stage 2 = Lehargic
3.) Stage 3 = Decorticate
4.) Stage 4 = Decerebrate
5.) Stage 5 = Comma
Diagnostic: Biliary fxn test, bleeding time, clotting time, Neuro assessment GCS
N Dx: Risk for injury
Priority: Safety
à Bleeding precaution, clotting time, Neuroassessment GCS
à Vivax ( + ) chickenpox à Reye’s
SEIZURE
Abnormal discharge of electrical impulse in the brain
RF: Metabolic d/o à Delirium
Alcoholism à withdrawal symptoms
Intake of drugs & trauma
S/Sx:
Types
1.) Absence / petitmal à brief periods of nonactivity
2.) Jacksonian à Starts on body parts à to whole body
3.) Grandmal à Tonic: gen. contractions, Clonic: alternating contraction & relaxation
S/Sx: Dura à feeling of uneasiness before seizure and LOC and convulsion.
N. Dx: Ineffective Airway Clearance
Risk for injury
Smal pillow at the back of head or lap
Meds: Anticonvulsants, Dilantin
Refer to Neorologist
Subs. Abuse screening
EEG, MRI, CT Scan
Precaution: Avoid extremes
Avoid emotional stress
Lifetime anticonvulsants
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CVA
Sudden cessation of brain functions due to dec O2
RF: Thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage & infarction
Progression:
1.) TIA à brief neurologic deficits à 30 secs à 24 hrs
2.) Stroke in evolution à body weakness / facial weakness
3.) Completed stroke
Frontal Lobe à personality, speech changes à Broca’s aphasia
à Expressive Aphasia à Inability to say the right words
Temporal à Memory, Wernicke’s Aphasia à Inability to comprehend
Parietal Lobe à sensation & orientation
Occipital à Visual disturbance
S/Sx: Indicative of Complication
Hemiplegia à Paralysis of right or left side of body
Homonymous Hemianopsia
Emotional Lability à Mood swings
Aphasia à Expressive and receptive
Dysphagia à Swallow food at least twice
C4C5 deccusation of spinal cord
Right lesion à Left eye, right face , Left body affectation
à Unilateral Neglect
Lab Data: Inc cholesterol à Normal 200
EEG, MRI, CTscan
N.Dx: Ineffective breathing pattern
Head of bed elevated
Refer to PT & OT
Diet: Low Na, Low Fat
Meds: Anticonvulsants, vasodilator, diuretics
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NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE
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