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Petroleum Development Geology 050 - Reservoir Engineering PDF
Petroleum Development Geology 050 - Reservoir Engineering PDF
PETROLEUM
RESERVOIR
• ROCK PROPERTIES
• FLUID PROPERTIES
• PRESSURE
• RESERVOIR DRIVE
ROCK PROPERTIES
Rocks are described by three properties:
– Porosity - quantity of pore space
– Permeability - ability of a formation to flow
– Matrix - major constituent of the rock
q
A
Direction of flow
qμ L L = length
k= •
A ( p1 − p 2 ) q = flow rate
p1, p2 = pressures
k = permeability A = area perpendicular to flow
(measured in darcies)
μ = viscosity
k/μ =
kh/μ =
DARCY’S LAW:
RADIAL FLOW
rw. r
2πkh( P − Pw )
q=
μ ln r / rw
h = height of the cylinder (zone)
P = pressure at r
Pw = pressure at the wellbore
PERMEABILITY – POROSITY
CROSSPLOT
Limestone A1 Sandstone A1
100 1000
Permeability (md)
100
10
10
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.01 0.01
2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 18
Porosity (%)
CALCULATING RELATIVE
PERMEABILITIES
k
• Oil k ro = eo
k
k
• Water k rw = ew
k
k eg
• Gas k rg =
k
Relative Permeability Curve
IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION
• In a formation the minimum saturation induced by
displacement is where the wetting phase becomes
discontinuous.
• In normal water-wet rocks, this is the irreducible water
saturation, Swirr.
• Large grained rocks have a low irreducible water
saturation compared to small-grained formations
because the
capillary
pressure is
smaller.
TRANSITION ZONE
• The phenomenon of capillary pressure gives rise to the
transition zone in a reservoir between the water zone and the
oil zone.
• The rock can be thought of as a bundle of capillary tubes.
• The length of the zone depends on the pore size and the
density difference between the two fluids.
Relative
• Take a core 100% water-
saturated. (A)
• Force oil into the core Permeability
until irreducible water
saturation is attained
(Swirr). (A-> C -> D)
• Reverse the process:
force water into the core
until the residual
saturation is attained. (B)
• During the process,
measure the relative
permeabilities to water
and oil.
FLUID SATURATIONS
• Basic concepts of hydrocarbon accumulation
– Initially, pore space filled 100% with water
– Hydrocarbons migrate up dip into traps
– Hydrocarbons distributed by capillary forces and gravity
– Connate water saturation remains in hydrocarbon zone
• Definitions
Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
Sh = hydrocarbon saturation = So + Sg
• Saturations are expressed as percentages or fractions, e.g.
– Water saturation of 75% in a reservoir with porosity of 20%
contains water equivalent to 15% of its volume.
SATURATION
φ (1-Sw)
φ Hydrocarbon
φ Sw Water
1−φ Matrix
RESERVOIR PRESSURE
• Hydrocarbon C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6+
• Tar/bitumen 1.0
• The 'C' numbers indicated the number of carbon atoms in the molecular chain.
HYDROCARBON STRUCTURE
• The major
constituent of
hydrocarbons is
paraffin.
HYDROCARBON CLASSIFICATION
• Hydrocarbons are also defined by their weight and the Gas/Oil ratio. The
table gives some typical values:
• Tar/bitumen 0 <10
HYDROCARBON GAS
• Natural gas is mostly (60-80%) methane,
CH4. Some heavier gases make up the rest.
• Gas can contain impurities such as
Hydrogen Sulphide, H2S and Carbon
Dioxide, CO2.
• Gases are classified by their specific
gravity which is defined as:
• "The ratio of the density of the gas to that
of air at the same temperature and
pressure".
FLUID PHASES
• A fluid phase is a physically distinct state, e.g.: gas or
oil.
THE FIVE
Pressure path Critical
1 point
in reservoir
Pressure path 2
in reservoir
RESERVOIR
Dewpoint line
0
Critical Volatile oil
80 9
60 0
point
7
Pressure, psia
Pressure
50
Black Oil
% Liquid
40
lin
nt
90
30
oi
% Liquid
FLUIDS
ep
e 80
lin
bl
int
ub
790
20
po
B
le 60
bb
Bu
50
10
40
33
30
5
20
10
Separator Separator
t li ne
poin
Dew
Temperature, °F Temperature
Pressure path
in reservoir Pressure path
Pressure path
in reservoir in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas 1 1
2
e
in
tl
in
po
e
lin
w
line
De
Pressure
int
Pressure
Wet gas
Pressure
po
nt
poi
Dry gas
w
Critical
De
e
Dew
lin
point
t
in
% Liquid
300
po
% Liquid
le
20
Critical % Liquid
bb
15 point
30 e int
Bu
2
lin epo
30 2
1
l
bb
25
1
Bu
50
25
5 Separator Separator
1
Separator 0
GOR
GOR
GOR
GOR
GOR
No
liquid
° API
° API
° API
° API
° API
No
liquid
1. Water drive.
2. Gas cap drive.
3. Gas solution drive
Water Invasion
• Water invading an oil zone, moves
close to the grain surface, pushing
the oil out of its way in a piston-
like fashion.
Oil Zone
Water Water
Cross Section
• Water moves up to fill the "space"
vacated by the oil as it is produced.
Bottom Water Drive
Oil producing well
Oil Zone
Water
Cross Section
• Water moves up to fill the "space"
vacated by the oil as it is produced.
Water Drive 2
Gas
Gas
Oil
Gas
Oil Point C
Point B
Oil
Point A
Solution-
gas drive
4
Gas/oil ratio, MSCF/STB
Gas-cap drive
3
1
Water drive
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
gas injection