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MTECH POWER ELECTRONICS
M.TECH
Laboratory Manual
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering & Technology

BACHUPALLY, MIYAPUR, HYDERABAD-500090
Gokaraju Rangaraju
1
Institute Of Engineering and Technology

(Approved by A.I.C.T.E and Affiliated to JNTU)
Bachupally, Kukatpally
HYDERABAD 500090.
Power Electronics Lab Record

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that it is a Bonafide Record of practical work done in the

Power Electronics Laboratory in I sem of I Year during the year……………
Name: ……………………………………………………..
Roll no: …………………………………………………....
Course: M. Tech. ………. Year…… Semester…………
Branch: …………………………………………………...
SIGNATURE OF STAFF MEMBER
2
CONTENTS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
SIMULATION CIRCUITS
1. STEP RAMP IMPULSE SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
2. 1-PHASE HALF WAVE AND FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH R, RL LOAD
3. 3-PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH SOURCE INDUCTANCE
4. 1-PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH LOAD FILTER
5. 1-PHASE HALF AND FULLY CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH R LOAD
6. 1-PHASE HALF AND FULL WAVE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER WITH R LOAD
7. STATE SPACE TO TRANSFER FUNCTION
8. TRANSFER FUNCTION TO STATESPACE
9. SIMULATE BUCK AND BOOST CONVERTER WITH OPEN LOOP OPERATION
10. SIMULATE CUK AND FM BACK CONVERTER WITH OPEN LOOP OPERATION
11. SIMULATE Z-SOURCE INVERTER
12. SIMULATE 3 LEVEL AND 5 LEVEL MULTILEVEL INVERTER
13. SIMULATE STATIC VOLTAGE COMPENSATOR
14.LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS FILTER
15.DIGITAL FILTER
3
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES

PROGRAM OBJECTIVES:
1. To simulate and design various gate firing circuits.

2. To familiarize the students by introducing softwares like P- sim, Multisim,
and help them to simulate and analyze different converters.
3. To enable the students to study & simulate circuits using Matlab software
and on hardware kits.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
1. Ability to design and conduct simulation and experiments.

2. Ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary
for engineering practice.
3. Ability to identify, formulate & solve engineering problems with simulation.
4. Ability to simulate characteristics of SCR, MOSFET, IGBT.
5. Ability to simulate gate firing circuits
6. Ability to simulate Rectifiers, Choppers, AC voltage controller, Inverter
circuits and on hardware kits.
7. Ability to simulate Cyclo-converter circuit & calculate harmonics.
4
INDEX
SI.NO: DATE EXPERIMENT SIGNATURE
5
SI.NO: DATE EXPERIMENT SIGNATURE
6
EXPERIMENT 1
STEP RAMP IMPULSE SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
AIM: To study the simulation of step ramp and impulse response of
series RLC circuit using matlab - simulink.
APPARATUS:
1. : 1. MATLAB Software
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
STEP RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
7
RAMP RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
THEORY:
The Knowledge of input signal is required to predict the response
of a system.In most of the systems the input signals are not known ahead
of time and it is also difficult to express the input signals
mathemmatically.
8
The step signal is a signal whose values changes from zero to A at

t=0 and remains constant A for t>0. The step signal resembles an actual
steady input to a system.
The mathematical expression of the step signal is,
=0;
The ramp signal is a signal whose value increases linearly with time
from an initial value of zero at t=0.The ramp signal resembles a constant
velocity input to the system.
The mathematical expression of the ramp signal is,
A signal of very large amplitude which is available for very short

duration is called impulse signal.
The impulse signal is denoted by
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2.Enter the command window of the MATLAB
3.Create a new M-File by selecting file new M-File.
4. Develop MATLAB diagram.
5.Type and save the program in the editor window.
6.Execute the program by either pressing Tools-Run.
9
7.View the results in scope.
MODEL WAVEFORMS (RAMP RESPONSE) :
10
MODEL WAVEFORMS (SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE) :
11
TABULAR COLUMN:
SL.NO INPUTVOLTAGE OUTPUT OUTPUT

VOLTAGE CURRENT
12
GRAPH SHEET
13
GRAPH SHEET
RESULT:
14
EXPERIMENT 2
1-PHASE HALF WAVE AND FULLWAVE
RECTIFIER WITH R, RL LOAD
AIM: To study the simulation of half and full wave rectifier with R &
RL-load using matlab - simulink.
APPARATUS: 1. MATLAB Software
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Half Wave Rectifier With R-Load
15
Half Wave Rectifier With RL-Load
Full Wave Rectifier With R-Load
16
Full Wave Rectifier With RL-Load

THEORY:
A single phase half wave uncontrolled converter only has one diode is
employed in the circuit. The performance of the uncontrolled rectifier very much
depends upon the type and parameters of the output (load) circuit.
The simulation circuit of the half wave converter is shown in fig during the
positive half-cycle of input voltage, the diode anode voltage is positive with
respect to cathode and the diode is said to be forward biased.
A single phase full wave diode converter shown in fig with

resistive load. During positive half cycle diodes D1 and D2 are forward
biasedwith repect to cathode.. During negative half cycle of input voltage,diodes
D3 and D4 are forward biased with respect to anode.
PROCEDURE:

17

CALCULATIONS:
The average output voltage for half wave Rectifier with R load,
The average output volage for halfwave rectifier with RL load,
The average output voltage for fullwave rectifier with R load,
The average output voltage for full wave rectifier with RL load,
18
MODEL WAVEFORMS (HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH R

LOAD)
19
HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH RL LOAD :
20
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH R LOAD :
21
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH RL LOAD :
22
TABULAR COLUMN:
SL.NO INPUTVOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUTCURRENT
23
GRAPH SHEET
24
GRAPH SHEET
25
GRAPH SHEET
26
GRAPH SHEET
RESULT:
27
EXPERIMENT 3
3-PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH SOURCE
INDUCTANCE
AIM: To study the simulation of 3 phase bridge rectifier with Source
inductance using matlab - simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Three phase bridge Rectifier With Source Inductance

THEORY:
The source inductance causes outgoing and incomming SCR’s to conduct
together. During the commutation period,the ouput voltage is equal to the average
value of the conducting phase voltages. For a single phase converter,the load
volatge will be zero and for three phase converter,the load voltage is average value
28
of conducting phases. The angular period ,during which both the incomming and
outgoing SCR’s are conducting is known as a commutation angle.
PROCEDURE:

CALCULATIONS:
The average output voltage of converter across the inductance is,
29
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
30
TABULAR COLUMN:
SL.NO INPUTVOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT CURRENT
31
GRAPH SHEET:
RESULT:
32
EXPERIMENT-4
SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH LOAD
FILTER
AIM: To study the simulation of single phase full wave rectifier with
load filter using matlab - simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Single phase full wave Rectifier With Load Filter
33
THEORY:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC)
to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.A full-wave
rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant
polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification
converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct
current), and yields a higher average output voltage.
The above circuit diagram is a full wave rectifier with a load
filter.Assume that the value of Ce is very large so that its voltage is
ripple free with an average value of Vo..L is the total inductance the
sorce or line inductance and is generally placed at the input side to act as
an inductance instead of DC choke.
PROCEDURE:
CALCULATIONS:
Output voltage is given by
Vo=VmSinα
34
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
35
TABULAR COLUMN:
36
GRAPH SHEET:
RESULT:
37
EXPERIMENT-5
1-PHASE HALF AND FULLY CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
WITH R &RL LOAD
AIM: To study the simulation of half and full wave controlled rectifier
with R & RL-load using matlab - simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Half Wave Rectifier With R-Load
38
Half Wave Rectifier With RL-Load
Full wave rectifier with R-load

39
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s.
i
+ -
il
k
g T1 T4
a
a
Pulse
Generator
+
R_load v
AC -
Pulse
Generator 3 Vl Scope
k
m
T3
T2
g
a
g
Pulse
Generator 1
Pulse
Generator 2
Full wave rectifier with RL-load
THEORY:
A single phase half wave controlled converter only has one SCR is
employed in the circuit. The performance of the controlled rectifier very much
depends upon the type and parameters of the output (load) circuit.
The simulation circuit of the half wave converter is shown in fig (1) during the
positive half-cycle of input voltage, the thyristor anode voltage is positive with
respect to cathode and the thyristor is said to be forward biased. When thyristor T1
is fired at wt=α, thyristor T1 is conducts and input voltage appears the load. When
the input voltage starts to be negative at wt=∏, the thyristor anode is negative with
respect to cathode and thyristor is said to be reverse biased; and it is turned off.
40
The time after the input voltage starts to go positive until the thyristor is fired is
called the delay or firing angle α.
The simulation waveforms of input voltage, output voltage and load current are
shown in fig. This converter is not used in industrial applications because its output
has high ripple content and low ripple frequency.
Gating Sequence. The gating sequence for the thyristor is as follows:
1. Generate a pulse-signal at positive zero crossing of the supply voltage Vs.

2. Delay the pulse by desired angle α and apply it between the gate and cathode
terminal terminals of T1 through a gate-isolating circuit.
Note: Both the output voltage and input current non-sinusoidal. The performance
of the controlled rectifier can be measured by the distortion factor (DF), total
harmonic distortion (THD), PF, transformer utilization factor (TUF), and harmonic
factor.
A single phase full wave converter shown in fig (1) with

inductive load so that load current is continuous and ripple free. During positive
half cycle thyristors T1 and T2 are forward biased, when gating singles are given
to gates of T1 and T2, thyristors are turn–on. Due to the inductive load thyristors
continue to conduct beyond t=∏, even the input voltage is already negative.
During negative half cycle of input voltage, thyristors T3 and T4 are forward
biased, when gate pulses applied to gates of this thyristors they are turned-on
.thyristors T3 and T4 applies a reverse voltage across T1 and T2 as reverse
blocking voltage. T1 and T2 are turned off due to line or natural commutation.
During the period α to ∏, the input voltage Vs and input current

is are positive; and the power flows from supply to load the converter operated in
rectification mode. During period ∏ to ∏+α, the input voltage negative and input
current is positive; and reverse power flow from the load to the source .the
converter is said to be operated in inversion mode
This converter extensively used in industrial applications up to 15 kW.
41
PROCEDURE:

CALCULATIONS:
The average output voltage of full wave rectifier with R load is,
The average output voltage of full wave rectifier with RL load is,
42
MODEL WAVE FORMS: R- LOAD
MODEL WAVEFORMS(RL LOAD):
43
MODELWAVEFORMS(R LOAD):
MODEL WAVEFORMS(RL LOAD):
44
TABULAR COLUMN:
45
GRAPH SHEET:
46
GRAPH SHEET:
47
GRAPH SHEET:
48
GRAPH SHEET
RESULT:
49
EXPERIMENT – 6
1-PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER WITH
R AND RL - LOAD
AIM: To study the performance of a single phase AC Voltage controller with

RL-load.
APPARATUS: 1.Matlab Software
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Single Phase AC Voltage Controller Using R Load
50
Single Phase AC Voltage Controller Using RL Load
THEORY:
The AC regulators are used to obtain a variable AC output voltage from a

fixed AC source. A single phase AC regulator is shown in the figure. It consists of
two SCRs connected in anti-parallel. Instead of two SCRs connected in anti
parallel, a TRIAC may also be used. The operation of the circuit is explained with
reference to RL load. During positive half-cycle SCR-1 is triggered into
conduction at a firing angle. The current raises slowly due to the load inductance.
The current continues to flow even after the supply voltage reverses polarity
because of the stored energy in the inductor. As long as SCR-1conducts,
conduction drop across it will reverse bias SCR-2.Hence SCR-2 will not turn on
even if gating signal is applied. SCR-2 can be triggered into conduction during
negative half cycle after SCR-1 turns off.
51
PROCEDURE:

CALCULATIONS:
The average output voltage for AC voltage controller is given as,
The RMS output voltage for AC voltage controller is given as,
MODEL WAVEFORMS: R-LOAD
52
MODEL WAVEFORMS (RL- LOAD):
53
TABULAR COLUMN:
54
GRAPH SHEET:
GRAPH SHEET:
55
RESULT:
56
EXPERIMENT 7
STATE SPACE TO TRANSFER FUNCTION
AIM: To get the Transfer Function for the given system by using Matlab.
A= ; B= ; C=
PROGRAM:
a=[-1 0 1 ; 1 -2 0 ; 0 0 3];
b=[0; 0; 1];
c=[1 1 0];
d=[0];
SYS=SS(a,b,c,d)
tf(SYS)
PROCEDURE:

3.Create a new Script by selecting file new Script-File.
57
6.Execute the program by either pressing Tools-Run

CALCULATIONS:
State Equation:
RESULT:
58
EXPERIMENT 8
TRANSFER FUNCTION TO STATE SPACE
AIM: To get the state model for the given transfer function by using
Matlab.
PROGRAM:
n=[1 3];
d=[1 0 -7 -6]
[A B C D]=tf2ss(n,d)
SYS=SS(tf(n,d))
PROCEDURE:

3.Create a new Script by selecting file new Script-File.
6.Execute the program by either pressing Tools-Run
59
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:
60
EXPERIMENT 9
SIMULATE BUCK AND BOOST CONVERTER WITH
OPEN LOOP OPERATION
AIM: To study the simulation of buck and boost conveter with open
loop operation using matlab - simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Simulaion of Buck Converter
Simulation of Boost Converter
61
THEORY:
DC converters can be used as switching mode regulators to convert a dc
voltage normally unregulated to a regulated dc output voltage. Regulation is
normally achieved by PWM at fixed frequency and switching deive is normally
BJT,MOSFET and IGBT .Switching regualtors are comercially available as
integrated circuits.
Buck and Boost converters are the types of switching mode regulators.
In Buck regulator the average output voltage Va is lessthan the input
voltageVs.It acts as step down converter.Ciruit operation is divided into two
modes. First mode begins when transistor is switched ON at t=0, the input current
which rises flows through filterinductor L ,filter capacitor C and load resistor R.
Second begins when transistor is switched OFF at t=t1.The freewheeling diode Dm
conducts due to energy stored in inductor and inductor current continues to flow
through L,C and load and diode Dm.
In Boost regulator the output voltage is greater than the input voltage.It acts
as a stepup Converter.Circuit operation is divided into two modes.First mode
begins when transistor is switched ON at t=0, the input current which rises flows
through inductor L and transistor. Second begins when transistor is switched OFF
at t=t1. The current that flowing through transistor would now flow through L, C
,Load and diode Dm.
PROCEDURE:

62

7.View the results in scope
CALCULATIONS:
The average output voltage for boost converter is,
The average output voltage for buck converter is,
MODEL WAVFORMS:
Boost converter:
63
Buck converter:
TABULAR COLUMN:
64
GRAPH SHEET:
65
GRAPH SHEET:
66
RESULT:
67
EXPERIMENT 10
SIMULATE CUK AND FM BACK CONVERTER
WITH OPEN AND CLOSED LOOP OPERATION
AIM: To study the simulation of cuk and FM back conveter using matlab
- simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Simulation of cuk converter
68
Simulation of Flyback Converter
THEORY:
DC converters can be used as switching mode regulators to convert a dc

voltage normally unregulated to a regulated dc output voltage. Regulation is
normally achieved by PWM at fixed frequency and switching deive is normally
BJT,MOSFET and IGBT .Switching regualtors are comercially available as
integrated circuits.
Cuk converter is similar to buck-boost converter.Cuk converter provides an
output voltage less than or greater than the input voltage. Where the output voltage
69
polarity is opposite to that of input voltage.when input voltage is turned on and

transistor is switched off.Diode Dm is forward biased and capacitor C charged
through inductor L,Dm and the input voltage supply.
PROCEDURE:

CALCULATIONS:
The average output voltage for CUK converter is,
The average output voltage for flyaback converter is,
70
MODEL WAVEFORMS(Cuk converter):
Flyback converter:
71
TABULAR COLUMN:
72
GRAPH SHEET:
73
GRAPH SHEET:
RESULT:
74
EXPERIMENT 11
SIMULATE Z-SOURCE INVERTER
AIM: To study the simulation of Z source inverter using matlab -
simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A Z-source inverter is a type of power inverter , a circuit that converts direct

current to alternating current. It functions as a buck boost inverter without making
75
use of DC-DC converter bridge due to its unique circuit topology.

Z source networks provides an efficient means of power conversion between
source and load in a wide range of electric power conversion applications.
The source can be either a voltage source or a current source.The DC source of a
ZSI can either be abttery ,a diode rectifier or a thyristor converter.The load of a
ZSC can either be inductive or capacitive or another Z source network.
PROCEDURE:

CALCULATIONS:
76
MODEL WAVFORM:
77
TABULAR COLUMN:
78
GRAPH SHEET:
RESULT:
79
EXPERIMENT 12
SIMULATE 3 LEVEL AND 5 LEVEL MULTILEVEL
INVERTER
AIM: To study the simulation of 3 level and 5 level multilevel inverter
using matlab - simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Simulation Of Three Level Inverter
80
Simulation of Five Level Inverter
81
THEORY:
An inverter converts fixed DC voltage to an AC voltage of variable

frequency and of fixed or variable magintude.A practical inverter has eitheer a
battery,a solar powered dc voltage or a line frequency derived DC voltage source.
Inverters are widely used from very low power portable electronic systems such as
the flashlight discharge system in a phtography camera to a very high power
industrial sysytems.
Inverters are designed using semiconductor devices such as power

transistors ,MOSFET’S,IGBT’S GTOS And thyristors.
PROCEDURE:

CALCULATIONS:
82
MODEL WAVFORMS (3 LEVEL INVERTER):
5 LEVEL INVERTER:
83
TABULAR COLUMN:
84
GRAPH SHEET:
85
GRAPH SHEET:
RESULT:
86
EXPERIMENT 13
SIMULATE STATIC VOLTAGE COMPENSATOR
AIM: To study the simulation of static voltage compensator using matlab
- simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Simulation of Static voltage Compensator
87
Simulation of trigerring signal genearator of SVC
Simulation of SVC(FC-TCR)
88
THEORY:
A static Var compensator is a set of electrical devices providing fast acting

reactive power on high voltage electricity transmission networks. SVC is an
automated impedence matching device,design to bring the system close to unity
power factor. SVC used in two min situations:
 Connected to power system to regulate

transmission voltage .
 Connected near large industrial loads
to improve power quality.
In transmission applications,SVC is used to regulate the grid voltage.If the

power system reactive load is capacititve ,SVC’s will use thyristor controlled
reactors to consume VAR’s from the system lowering the system voltage.Under
inductive conditions,capacitor banks are automatically switched in thus
providing higher sytem volatges.
PROCEDURE:

89
MODEL WAVFORMS:
90
TABULAR COLUMN:
91
GRAPH SHEET:
RESULT:
92
EXPERIMENT-14
LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS FILTER
AIM: To study the simulation of Low pass and High pass Filter using
matlab - simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
LOW PASS FILTER
HIGH PASS FILTER
93
THEORY:
A low-passfilter isa filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than
a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher
than the cutoff frequency. The amount of attenuation for each frequency
depends on the filter design.
A High Pass Filter or HPF, is the exact opposite to that of the previously
seen LowPass filter circuit, as now the two components have been
interchanged with the output signal ( Vout ) being taken from across the
resistor as shown.
PROCEDURE:
CALCULATION:
Output voltage of low pass filter
Output voltage of high pass filter
94
MODEL WAVEFORM:
LOW PASS FILTER
HIGH PASS FILTER
95
GRAPH SHEET
96
GRAPH SHEET
RESULT:
97
EXPERIMENT-15
DIGITAL FILTER
AIM: To study the simulation of Digital Filter using matlab - simulink.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
98
THEORY:
In signal processing, a digital filter is a system that performs
mathematical operations on a sampled, discrete-time signal to reduce or
enhance certain aspects of that signal. This is in contrast to the other
major type of electronic filter, the analog filter, which is anelectroni
circuit operating on continuous-time analog signals
A digital filter system usually consists of an analog-to-digital
converter to sample the input signal, followed by a microprocessor and
some peripheral components such as memory to store data and filter
coefficients etc. Finally a digital-to-analog converter to complete the
output stage.
Infinite impulse response (IIR) is a property applying to many linear
time-invariant systems. Common examples of linear time-invariant
systems are most electronic and digital filters. Systems with this
property are known as IIR systems or IIR filters, and are distinguished by
having an impulse response which does not become exactly zero past a
certain point, but continues indefinitely. This is in contrast to a finite
impulse response in which the impulse response h(t) does become
exactly zero at times t > T for some finite T, thus being of finite duration.
PROCEDURE:
99
CALCULATION:
MODEL WAVEFORM:
100
GRAPH SHEET
RESULT:
101
POWER CONVERTERS LAB

SEM II
102
Contents PageNo
1.Thyristorised Drive for PMDC Motor with Speed Measurement and
Closed Loop Control.
2.IGBT based Single 4 Quadrant Drive for PMDC Motor with Speed
Measurement & Closed Loop Control.
3.Closed Loop Control of DC Motor Using Three Phase Fed Four
Quadrant Chopper Drive
4.Three Phase Input Thyristorised Drive for DC Motor with Closed
Loop Control.
5. Single Phase Cycloconverter
6. Speed Control of 3 Phase Wound Rotor Induction Motor.
7. Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter.
8. Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge Converter
9. v/f drive for AC 3-Ø Squirrel-cage induction motor.
10. closed loop speed control of dc motor using pi, pd and pid controllers
11.Closed loop speed control of AC motor- DC generator set with load using
PI,PID controllers
12.Indirect speed control of AC motor using armature V/F control with PI,PID controllers
103
EXPERIMENT 1
THYRISTORISED DRIVE FOR PMDC MOTOR WITH

SPEED MEASUREMENTAND CLOSED LOOP
CONTROL
INTRODUCTION:
Closed loop dc motor speed control unit presented here is based on popular 8085
microprocessor chip. Using this instrument we can set RPM of the motor from 10
rpm to 1590 rpm in steps of 10 rpm.The motor will come to its set rpm within few
seconds irrespective in the variation of supply voltage and load.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Thyristors (marked as A,C&G) :2 nos(25TTS12)
SI.No Parameters Ratings

1 VRRM 1200V
2 VDRM 1200v
3 ITRMS 25 Amps
4 ITAV(180 conduction) 16 Amps
2. Diodes (marked as A & C) :3 no

1 VRRM 1200v
2 ITRMS 16 Amps
3 ITAV 16 Amps
3. Fuses: 2A replaceable fuses are provided on MF-20 sockets at the back side
of the instrument
104
4. Firing circuit
SI.No Parameters Particulars

1 Input power 230V from the mains for
supply synchronization and power supply
2 Output: Two isolated gate signals for
thyristors
3 Gate drive 200Ma
current:
4 Firing angle Variable
CIRCUIT OPERATION:
This unit is based on 8085 microprocessor chip. This unit generates two line
synchronized triggering pulses.RPM can be set through key board of the unit.
Firing pulses generated are based on 8253 programmable interval timer.8253 is
assigned to work in mode 5.Counter 2 of 8253 are used to generate firing pulses.
The unit is programmed to adjust its firing angle. The effect can be seen by
connecting CRO across the terminals of the motor.
The tachogenerator attached to the shaft of the motor converts rpm to DC
voltage. This voltage is sensed by microprocessor. The system generates firing
pulses to keep rpm of the motor constant. The circuit diagrams and programs are
provided with this manual. The analog voltage corresponding to rpm is converted
digital voltage by ADC 0809.Then the system compares the running RPM with the
set RPM by look up table. If the running speed less than the set speed then the
firing angle is decreased by one degree & if the running speed is more than the set
speed then the firing angle is increased by one degree. The system is keep on
comparing the set speed and running speed.
8253 configuration:
System is working with the clock frequency of 6.144 MHz This frequency is
internally divided by two in 8085 microprocessor chip. Therefore 3.072 MHz clock
is generated. This frequency is again divided by two internally. Therefore 1.536
MHz clock is generated.
105
Therefore clock time period =1/T

= 1/1.536*10e-6
=0.651 us
No. of clocks for 10ms=10 ms/0.651 us=15,360
In order to generate delay of 1 degree
Required counts=15,360/180=85
85 is in decimal number when we converted in to hexadecimal the number is
55H.Therefore the number 55H must be loaded in 8253 register in order to get a
delay of 1 degree.
Therefore if the running speed is less than the set speed then 55H is
subtracted from the content of 8253 counter 1 consequently firing angle is
decreased by one degree & if the running speed more than the set speed then 55H
is added to the content of 8253 counter 1 consequently the firing angle is increased
by one degree. The system is keep on comparing the set speed and running speed.
Memory map of 8253 is as follows
I/O Device Address
Timer 0 C8
Timer 1 C9
Timer 2 CA
Control port CB
Timer 2 used for this experiment.
8255A configuration
8255A is used to read the content of ADC 0809.ADC 0809 read the output
of tachogenerator and convert it into the digital voltage. Digital signals are input to
PORT A of 8255.ADC starts conversion by sensing output signal from 8255A to
SOC line through PC3.Analog signal is input to 0809 by channel 1 by selecting
channel 1 through PC2,PC1,PC0 (000).End of conversion is sensed by PC7.
PORT A is input PORT
106
PORT B is not used

PORT C LOWER is output PORT
PORT C UPPER is input PORT
Memory map of 8255A is as follows.
I/O PORT Address
PORT A F0
PORT B F1
PORT C F2
Control registers F3
For more details refer program & circuit diagram.
A wide range of memory is from 8000H to FF9FH is provided for the user to write
and execute their own programs.
HOW TO CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT:

AIM: To control the speed of the PMDC motor using thyristorised converter unit.
APPARATUS: Thyrisroised converter unit, CRO, patch cards, etc
THEORY: Rectifier converts AC supply to DC supply. with thyristor, variable
DC supply 0 V to maximum can be obtained from a fixed AC source by triggering
(turning ON) SCR i.e., by applying gate current to the SCR at any desired instant
when the SCR is applied with positive voltage to anode. Unlike diode, SCR can
block the forward voltage when gate current is not supplied. Hence converters
using SCR’s are termed as controlled rectifier. Normally for DC power
requirement such as in DC drives single phase full wave controlled rectifier are
used.
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH MOTOR LOADS.
When the single phase semi-converter is connected with R-L/motor load a
freewheeling diode must be connected across the load. During positive half cycle
T1 is forward biased & T1 is fired at ωt=α, the load is connected to the input
supply through T1 and D1 during period α≤ω≤π, During the period from π≤ωt≤
107
(π+α), the input voltage in negative and free wheeling diode Df is forward biased,
Df conducts to provide the continuity of current in the inductive load. the load
current is transferred from T1 and D1 to Df, and thyristor T1 and D1 are turned off
at ωt=π.During negative half cycle of input voltage, thyristor T2 is forward biased,
and the firing of T2 at ωt=π+αwill reverse bias Df.The diode Df is turned off and
the load connected to the supply through T2 and D2.
When the load is inductive and T1 is triggered, first it will conduct with D1 to pass
current through load. When the supply voltage is negative load emf will drive
current through T1D2.This is an exponentially decreasing current. When the new
negative half cycle begins T1 is in conduction and it would keep on conducting
with D1 as if triggered at ωt=0.In this case load may not receive the D.C power. To
ensure proper operation, at the beginning of positive half cycle T2 has turned off
and similarly T1 should be turned off when negative half cycle begins. This is
achieved by the free wheeling diode.
For R-L load with freewheeling diode the average output voltage can be found
from
11
Vdc (av) = (1/11) α∫ Vm sinθdθ

= (Vm/π) [-cosθ]απ
Vdc (av) =(Vm/π)[1+cosα]
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect motor terminals to power circuit & speed sensor to feedback
terminals socket
2. Switch on the unit, Display shows –sda 85.
3. Now press GO 4B00 EXEC keys.
4. Display shows SPDC CO indicates that single phase DC motor control.
5. Press NEXT key.
6. Display shows rP indicates select rpm you would like to run motor.
7. Now enter rpm through keyboard
Example for rpm 1000
Press keys 1000
8. Switch on the power circuit.
9. Press exec key
108
Now motor starts rotating it reaches its set rpm within few seconds.
10.To increase RPM press NEXT key. Pressing next key repeatedly increases
rpm by 10 every time however microprocessor will give the command to
power ciruit only when EXEC key is pressed.
11.To decrease RPM press PREV key. Pressing PREV key repeatedly decreases
rpm by 10 every time however microprocessor will give command to power
circuit only when EXEC key is pressed.
12.Note down motor voltage.
13.Now note down the firing angle using CRO.
14.Add the weight upto 250 grams in the interval of 50 grams. Study the
performance of the motor for the closed loop.
TABULAR COLUMN:
RPM=
SI.No Weight in Load Load current Firing angle
gram voltage
1
2
3
RESULT:
109
110
111
EXPERIMENT 2
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING
FOUR QUADRANT CHOPPER DRIVE
INTRODUCTION:
Closed loop dc motor speed control using four quadrant chopper drive
presented here is based on popular 8085 microprocessor chip. Using this
instrument we can set RPM of the motor upto 1590rpm in steps of 10rpm. The
motor will come to its set rpm within delay time irrespective in the variation of
supply voltage and load.
CHOPPER:
The chopper is used to convert a dc voltage of fixed amplitude to the DC of
variable pulse width. The output voltage is controlled by controlling the duty cycle
of the chopper. These choppers find applications in variable voltage DC power
supplies, battery chargers, electric traction etc.
SPECIFICATIONS:
CHOPPER POWER CIRCUIT
SI.No. Devises/ Ratings
parameters
1 IGBTs: 4No.
IRG30B120KD
600V
VRRM
40 Amps
ITRMS
30Amps
ITAV
2 Max. allowed 3 A DC
average current
3 Max allowed 30VDc
dc supply
voltage
112
CHOPPER FIRING CIRCUIT BUILT IN

Firing circuit is based on 8085 microprocessor
1 Input power supply: 230V from the

mains for the unit.
Drive is operated in I and II quadrant. In the reverse rotation of the motor chopper
operates in the III and IV quadrant.
During forward rotation of the motor the chopper operates in forward motoring
(E1.)(I quadrant)& forward regenerative braking (II quadrant) mode. During
reverse rotation of the motor the chopper operates in reverse motoring (E3)(III
quadrant) & reverse regenerative braking (IV quadrant ) mode. The direction of the
motor can be changed from forward direction to reverse direction immediately by
pressing key 1 or 3 from the keyboard. However it is recommended to reverse the
motor by reducing the supply voltage and then reset the voltage to avoid large
reverse current at the time of reversing.
8255 CONFIGURATION:
8255A is used to read the content of ADC 0809.ADC 0809 read the output
of speed sensor and converts it into the digital voltage. Digital signals are input to
PORT A of 8255. ADC starts conversion by sensing output signal from 8255A to
SOC line through PC3. Analog signal is input to 0809 by channel1 by selecting
channel 1 through PC2, PC1, and PC0 (000). End of conversion is sensed by PC7.
PORT A is input PORT for Data transfer
PORT B is output PORT to generate triggering pulses.
PORT C LOWER is output PORT to select analog input line Io and to start
conversion.
PORT C UPPER is input PORT
Memory map of 8255A is as follows.
I/O PORT Address
PORT A F0
113
PORT B F1
PORT C F2
Control registers F3
A wide range of memory is from 8000H to FF9FH is provided and user
to write and execute their own programs.
2 Output: Isolated gate signals

4 Duty cycle Variable from minimum to maximum
5 Operating 50HZ approximate
Frequency:
RECOMMENDED FOR THE EXPERIMENTS:
Name of the Equipment Specifications Quantity

1. Input source: DC power supply: 30/20A 1no.
2. Control modules: Chopper circuit 1no.
3. Output(load) PMDC Motor 12v with 1no.
tacho feedback
4. Measuring Oscilloscope 1 no.
Instruments:
5. Connecting wires: Patch cords for
connecting.
TRIGGERING PULSES GENERATIONS:

This unit is based on 8085 micro processor chip. This unit generates four
chopper triggering pulses CH1, CH2, CH3 &CH4. RPM can be set through
114
keyboard of the unit. Triggering pulses are generated by programming 8085.

Triggering pulses are generated to operate the chopper in all four quadrants.
This unit is programmed to adjust its firing pulse width keeping frequency
constant. the effect can be seen by connecting CRO across the terminals of the
motor.
The non contact speed sensor is attached to the shaft of the motor to converts
rpm to DC voltage. This voltage is sensed by microprocessor using ADC. The
system generates firing pulses to keep rpm of motor constant. The triggering
scheme is presented in the diagrams and programs are provided with this manual.
The analog voltage corresponding to rpm is converted to digital voltage by ADC
0809. The digital signal is read by interfacing 8255 Programmable Peripheral
Interfacing 8255 device. Then the system compares the running RPM with the set
RPM by look up table. if the running speed is less than the set speed then the duty
cycle of the triggering pulses are increased by few micro seconds vice versa. The
system keeps on comparing the set speed and the running speed. In the forward
rotation of the motor chopper.
AIM: To construct chopper drive circuit and to control PMDC motor.
APPARATUS: four quadrant chopper circuit, DC power supply 30V/2A, CRO,
patch cards, etc.
THEORY:
Chopper converts fixed DC voltage to variable DC voltage through the use
of semi conductor devices. The DC to DC converters have gained popularity in the
modern industry. Some practical applications of DC to DC converters includes
armature voltage control of DC voltages converting one DC voltage level to
another level , and controlling DC power for wide verity of industrial processes.
The time ratio controller (TRC) is a form of control for DC to DC conversion.
In four quadrant dc chopper drives, a motor cam be made to work in forward
motoring mode (I quadrant), forward regenerative braking mode (II quadrant)
,reverse motoring mode (III quadrant) and reverse regenerative braking mode(IV
quadrant). The circuit shown offers four quadrant operation of a PMDC motor. its
operation in the four quadrants can be explained as under.
Forward motoring mode (I quadrant): during this mode or first quadrant
operation. Chopper CH2, CH3 are kept off, CH4 is kept on where as CH1 is
115
operated. When CH1, CH4 are ON, motor voltage is positive and positive
armature current rises. When CH1 is turned off, positive armature operation in first
quadrant is obtained.
Forward regenerative breaking mode (II quadrant): A dc motor can work
in the regenerative-breaking mode only if motor generated emf is made to exceed
the dc source voltage. For obtaining this mode CH1, CH3, and CH4 are kept off
whereas CH2 is operated. When CH2 is turned on, negative armature current rises
through CH2, D4, Ea, La, and Ra. When CH2 is turned OFF, diodes D1, D4 are
turned on the motor acting as a generator returning energy to dc source. This
results in forward regenerative-breaking mode in the second-quadrant.
Reverse motoring mode (III quadrant): This operating mode is opposite to
forward motoring mode. Chopper CH1, CH4 are kept off. CH2 is kept on whereas
CH3 is operated. When CH3 and CH2 are on, armature gets connected to source
voltage Vs so that both armature voltage and armature current ia is negative. As
armature current is reversed, motor torque reversed and consequently motoring
mode in third quadrant is obtained. When CH3 is turned off, negative armature
current freewheels through CH2, D4, Ea, La, Ra; armature current decreases and
thus speed control is obtained in third quadrant. Note that during this mode polarity
of Ea is opposite to that shown in fig.
Reverse Regenerative-breaking mode: As in forward braking mode,
reverse regenerative braking mode is feasible only if motor generated emf is made
to exceed the source voltage. For this operating mode, CH1, CH2 and CH3 are
kept off whereas CH4 is operated. When CH4 is turned on, positive armature
current ia rises through CH4, D2, Ra, La, Ea. When CH4 is turned off, diodes D2,
D3 begin to conduct and motor acting as generator returns energy to dc source.
This leads to reverse regenerative-braking operation of the dc separately excited
motor in fourth quadrant.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect speed sensor to feedback socket.
2. Power circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect motor terminals respective points in the power circuit, ammeter
and voltmeters as shown in the circuit diagram to observe the respective
current and voltage waveforms.
4. Check the connections and conform the connections made are correct
switching on power supply.
5. Switch on the four quadrant chopper unit, Display shows –sda 85.
116
6. Now press GO 4B00 EXEC keys. (the monitor program for closed loop
control of DC motor using four quadrant chopper is stored from the
memory location 4B00H)
7. Display shows 4Qd CH indicates four quadrant chopper.
8. Press NEXT key.
9. Display shows SEL CH indicates select chopper to start with 1st or 3rd
quadrant chopper.
10. Press key 1 or 3 (if key 1 is pressed then chopper operates in 1 st & 2nd
quadrant-forward rotation. If key 3 is pressed then chopper operates in 3 rd
& 4th quadrant-reverse rotation).
11. Display shows rP indicates select rpm you would like to run motor.
12. Now enter rpm through keyboard
Example for rpm 1000
Press keys 1, 0, 0, 0.
13. Switch on the power supply keeping supply voltage at minimum then
switch on the power circuit.
14. Press key EXEC from keyboard of the firing unit.
15. Slowly set the DC supply voltage to suitable value (15 V approximately)
Now motor starts rotating slowly it reaches its set rpm within certain
delay time.
16. Note down the motor voltage, motor current.
17. Observe the load voltage & load current waveforms using CRO.
18. Load the motor in steps of 50 grms. Study the performance of the motor
for the closed loop by loading motor up to 250 grms.
19. Reduce the power supply voltage; switch off the power circuit and DC
power supply.
20. Press RESET key to stop firing pulses, chopper unit mains & remove the
connections.
TABULAR COLUMN:
FORWARD ROTATION
117
Set rpm =1000rpm
SL. Weight Load Load Running

speed
NO. In KGs Voltage Current
In rpm
1.
2.
3.
REVERSE ROTATION:
Set rpm = 1000rpm
SL. Weight Load Load Running
speed
NO. In KGs Voltage Current
In rpm
1.
2.
3.
Result:
118
119
120
EXPERIMENT 3
CLOSED LOOP OF DC MOTOR USING THREE PHASE
FED FOUR QUADRANT CHOPPER DRIVE
INTRODUCTION:
Closed loop dc motor speed control unit presented here is based on PID
controller & four quadrant chopper power circuit. The motor will come to its rpm
within few seconds irrespective in the variation of load. The PID trainer is to study
the characteristics of the feedback control circuit. The speed of the DC motor is
controlled by the PID (proportional integral and derivative) controller method. The
output of the controller then adjusts the value of each variable in the control system
until is it equal to predetermined value called a set point. The system controller
must maintain each variable as close as possible to its point value and it must
compensate as quickly and accurately as possible for any change in the variable
caused by the motor.
The chopper is used to convert a DC voltage of fixed amplitude to the DC of
variable pulse width. The output voltage is controlled by controlling the duty cycle
of the chopper. These choppers find application in variable speed DC motor
controls, DC power supplies, battery chargers, electric traction etc. four quadrant
choppers having applications in reversible motor drive. 3 phase AC is converted
into DC by isolation transformer and diode rectifier. The rectified output is fed to
four quadrant chopper as DC input.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SETUP:
The setup consists of DC motor 0.5HP, 220V, 1500rpm whose speed has to
be controlled in closed loop control using PID controller & IGBT drive. Firing
circuit is based on PID controller & power circuit is based on four quadrant
chopper. Automatically variable DC supply is provided to set the speed of the DC
motor. A speed sensor is attached to the motor shaft. A tachometer constructed
internally is provided to read the motor speed in rpm. A pulley is attached to the
shaft of the DC motor for mechanical loading arrangement. An ammeter is
provided to notice motor current. And a voltmeter is also provided to read voltage
across the DC motor.
SPEED CONTROL AND SPEED MEASUREMENT:
121
A DC voltage from three phase rectifier supply controlled from PID

controller through the IGBT based four quadrant choppers. The DC supply is given
to the chopper. The field supply is separately excited by the single phase bridge
rectifier provided at the power circuit. The speed sensor must be connected from
the motor assembly to the instrument by the socket provided in the front panel of
the control circuit. The speed sensor, sense the speed of the motor and generates
rectangular signal whose frequency is proportional to the rpm. The signal
conditioner converts frequency into voltage corresponding to rpm. The digital
panel meter displays the speed in rpm at the front panel of the instrument.
SPECIFICATIONS:
THREE PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
1. Diode (marked as A&C) :4 no
Parameters Ratings
SI.NO
1 VRRM 1200v
2 ITRMS 25 A
3 ITAV 16 A
2.IGBT,s : 4no GP30B120KD-E with diodes

1 VRRM 1200v
ITRMS 60 A
2
3 ITAV 30 A
3. Fuses:
2A replaceable fuses are provided on MF-20 sockets at the back side
of the instrument
122
4. Field supply:
220V/2A diode bridge rectifier.
SPECIFICATION OF PID CONTROLLER:

1. Power : Mains ON/OFF switch to the unit with build in
indicator
2. SET RPM (knob) : This knob is used to set the rpm
3. SET RPM (display) : This rpm indicator (display) shows the rpm set by
knob
4. RUN RPM (display) : This rpm indicator (display) shows the running
rpm
5. P : The switch makes P ON/OFF
6. I : The switch makes I ON/OFF
7. D : The switch makes I ON/OFF
8. P GAIN : Used to set the gain of the P controller
9. I TIMING : Used to set the integral time I controller
10. D GAIN : Used to set the gain of the D controller
11. FEEDBACK : This socket is used to connect the speed sensor
12. ERROR OUTPUT : Show error output
13. P OUTPUT : Shows output of p controller
14. I OUTPUT : Show output of I controller
15. D OUTPUT : Shows output of D controller
16. PID OUTPUT : Shows output of PID controller
17. GND : Measurements are made with respect to this point
18. Gate & Source (socket): These sockets provides isolated triggering pulses to
IGBTs
123
CIRCUIT OPERATION:
This speed control unit is based on PID controller. This unit generates four
triggering pulses. RPM can be set through knob provided on the unit. The unit is
programmed to adjust its duty cycle. The unit generates four chopper triggering
pulses CH1, CH2, CH3 & CH4. RPM can set through knob of the unit. Triggering
pulses are generated to operate the chopper in all for quadrants. The unit
programmed to adjust its firing pulse width keeping frequency constant.
The feedback sensor (proximity detector) attached to the shaft of the motor is
magnetic sensor. The sensor output goes high whenever metal screw comes near
the switch. The sensor output is connected to the voltage to frequency converts.
The output voltage of the F/V converter is proportional to running rpm. Then the
system compares the running RPM with the set RPM. If running speed is less than
the set speed then the duty cycle is increased& if the running speeds more than the
set speed then the duty is decreased. The system is keeps on comparing the set
speed and running speed. In the forward rotation of the motor chopper drive is
operated in 1 and 2 quadrant. In the reverse rotation of the motor chopper operates
in the 3 and 4 quadrant.
During forward rotation of the motor the chopper operates in forward
motoring (1quadrant) &forward regenerative breaking (2quadrant) mode. During
reverse rotation of the motor the chopper operates in reverse motoring (3quadrant)
&reverse regenerative breaking (4quadrant) mode.
THEORY:
chopper converts fixed DC voltage to variable DC voltage through the use of
semiconductor devices. The DC to DC converters have gained popularity in the
modern industry. Some practical applications of DC to DC converter include
armature voltage control of DC motors converting one DC voltage level to another
level, and controlling DC power for wide variety of industrial processes. The time
ratio controller (TRC) is a form of control for DC to DC conversion.
In four quadrant dc chopper drives, a motor can be made to work in
forward-motoring mode (1quadrant), forward regenerative breaking mode
(2quadrant), reverse motoring mode (3quadrant) and reverse regenerative breaking
mode (4quadranet).the circuit shown offers four quadrant operation of a separately-
excited dc motor. This circuit consists of 3 phase fed diode rectifier, four choppers,
124
four diodes and a separately-excited dc motor. Its operation in the four quadrants
can be explained as under.
Forward motoring mode (1quadrant): during this mode or first-quadrant
operation, chopper CH2, CH3 are kept off, CH4 is kept on whereas CH1 is
operated. When CH1, CH4 are on, motor voltage is positive and positive armature
current rises. When CH1 is turned off, positive armature current free-wheels and
decreases as it flows through CH4, D2.In this manner controlled operation in 1 st
quadrant is obtained.
Forward regenerative breaking mode (II quadrant): a dc motor can work in the
regenerative-breaking mode only if motor generated emf is made to exceed the dc
source voltage. For obtaining this mode CH1, CH3 and CH4 are kept off whereas
CH2 is operated. When CH2 is turned on, negative armature current rises through
CH2, D4, Ea, La, Ra. When CH2 is turned off, diodes D1, D4 are turned on and
the motor acting as a generator returning energy to dc source. This results in
forward regenerative-breaking mode in the second-quadrant.
Reverse motoring mode (III quadrant): This operating mode is opposite to forward
motoring mode. Chopper CH1, CH4 are kept off, CH2 is kept on where as CH3 is
operated. When CH3 and CH2 are on, armature gets connected to source voltage
Vs so that both armature and voltage armature current Ia is negative. As armature
current is reverse, motor torque reversed and consequently motoring mode In third
quadrant is obtained. When CH3 is turned off, negative armature current free
wheels through CH2 , D4, Ea, La, Ra, armature current decreases and thus sped
controlling obtained in 3rd quadrant. Note that during this mode polarity of Ea is
opposite to that shown in figure.
Reverse regenerative –braking mode: As in forward braking mode, reverse
regenerative-braking mode is feasible only if motor generated emf is made to
exceed the source voltage. For this operating mode, CH1, CH2 and CH3 are kept
off where as CH4 operator is operated. When CH4 is turn on, positive armature
current Ia rises through CH4, D2 Ra, La, Ea. When CH4 is turn off, diodes D2, D3
begin to conduct and motor acting as generator return energy to dc source. The
leads to reverse regenerative – braking operation of the DC separately exited motor
in 4Th quadrant.
125
126
If the gain of p controller is less than the error voltage (difference

between set & running) is more. If the gain is i9ncreased the error voltage is
reduced. The I controller further reduces the error. If the timing of I controller is
increased almost the error is reduced. However has negligible effect on overall
system.
EXPERIMENTAL
Aim: To construct three phase fed closed loop chopper drive circuit and to control
the speed of the separately-excited dc motor.
Apparatus: Chopper power module, chopper firing unit, three phase isolation
transformer, CRO, patch cards, etc.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect motor terminals (field &armature) to respective points in the power
circuit &speed sensor to feedback terminals socket.
2. Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect 3 pin power cord from power unit (rectifier) to the mains supply.
4. Switch on the field supply of the motor.
5. Switch on the three phase power input.
6. Switch on the power circuit through MCB.
7. Keeping PID ON now switch on firing unit.
8. Set the rpm through the knob.
9. Switch ON P, I, D switches adjust the gains.
10.Load the motor
11.Switch off power circuit by MCB, switch off firing circuit, switch off field
supply & remove the connections.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl.No Load Current Load Voltage Running

Rmp
1.
2.
3.
127
4.
Note: Field supply must be switched on before applying voltage to armature.
Result:
128
129
130
131
132
EXPERIMENT 4
THREE PHASE INPUT THYRISTORISED DRIVE FOR
DC MOTOR WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
INTRODUCTION:
Closed loop dc motor speed control unit presented here is based on PID
controller & thyristor power circuit. The PID trainer is to study the characteristics
of the feedback control circuit. The speed of the DC motor is controlled by the PID
(proportional, Integral and Derivative) controller method. The output of the
controller then adjusts the value of each variable in the control system until it is
equal to predetermined value called a set point. The system controller must
maintain each variable as close as possible for any change in the variable caused
the motor.
Power circuit consists of three phase fully controlled bridge converter
consists of six SCR’s. Each SCR’s are properly gated using PID controller firing
circuit to get required voltage for the motor at set rpm.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SETUP:
This setup consists of a DC motor 3HP, 220V, 1500 rpm whose speed has to
be controlled in closed loop control using PID controller & thyristorised drive.
Firing circuit is based on PID controller & power circuit is based on three phase
fully controlled rectifier. Automatically variable DC supply is provided to set the
speed of the DC motor. A speed sensor is attached to the motor shaft. A
tachometer constructed internally is provided to read the motor speed in rpm. A
pulley is attached to the shaft of the DC motor for mechanical loading
arrangement. An ammeter is provided to notice motor current. And a voltmeter is
also provided to read voltage across the DC motor.
SPEED CONTROL AND SPEED MEASURMENT:
A variable DC voltage from three phase controlled rectifier supply from PID
controller through the thyristors. The unregulated DC supply is given to the motor.
The field supply is separately excited by the single phase bridge rectifier provided
at the power circuit.
The speed sensor must be connected from motor assembly to the instrument by the
socket provided in the front panel of the control circuit. The speed sensor, sense
133
the speed of the motor and generates AC signal whose frequency is proportional to
the rpm. The digital panel meter displays the speed in rpm at the front panel of the
instrument.
SPECIFICATIONS:
THREE PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
1. Thyristors(marked as A,C & G) : 6 nos
SI.No. Parameters Ratings

1 VRRM 1200 V
2 VDRM 1200V
3 ITRMS 25 Amps
4 ITAV(180 conduction) 16Amps
2. Diode(marked as A & C) : 1 no
SI.No. Parameters Ratings

1 VRRM 1200 V
2 ITRMS 25 Amps
3 ITAV(180 conduction) 16Amps
3. Fuses:
of the instrument.
4. Field supply:
220V/2A diode bridge rectifier.
SPECIFICATIONS OF PID CONTROLLER:
1. Power : Mains ON/OFF switch to the unit with build in
indicator
2. SET RPM(Knob) : This Knob is used to set the rpm
134
3. SET RPM(Display) : This rpm indicator (display) shows the rpm set by
the knob
4. RUN RPM (Dis) : This rpm indicator (display) shows the running
rpm
5. P : This switch makes P ON/OFF
6. I : This switch makes I ON/OFF
7. D : This switch makes D ON/OFF
8. P GAIN : Used to set the gain of the p controller
9. I TIMING : Used to set the integral time I controller
10.D GAIN : Used to set the gain of the D controller
11.FEEDBACK : This socket is used to connect the speed sensor

12.ERROR OUTPUT : Shows error output
13.P OUTPUT : Shows output of P controller
14.I OUTPUT : Shows output of I controller
15.D OUTPUT : Shows output of D controller
16.PID OUTPUT : Shows output of PID controller
17.GND : Measurements are made with respect to this point.
18.Gate & Cathode : These terminals provides isolated gate pulses to SCR
19.Input N,R,Y,B, Input must be applied to these terminals for synchronization
of triggering pulses
20.R, Y, B (Test Points) : Triggering circuit testing Points.
CIRCUIT OPERATION:
This speed control unit is based on PID controller. This unit generates six line
synchronized triggering pulses. RPM can be set through knob provided on the
unit. The unit is programmed to adjust its firing angle.
The block diagram of the overall hardware is shows in fig. The feedback
sensor (proximity detector) attached to the shaft of the motor is magnetic
sensor. The sensor output goes high whenever metal screw comes near the
switch. The sensor output is connected to the input of the voltage to frequency
converts. The output of the F/V converter is proportional to running rpm. Then
the system compares the running RPM with the set RPM. If the running speed
is less than the set speed then the firing angle is decreased & if the running
speeds more than the set speed then the firing angle is increased. The system is
keeps on comparing the set speed and running speed. The three phase AC is
135
applied to the input of control circuit to generate line synchronized triggering

pulse to SCRs. These pulses are isolated by the pulse transform circuit & finally
applied to gate cathode of SCRs.
If the gain of the P controller is less than the error voltage (difference
between set & running) is more. If the gain is increased the error voltage is
reduced. The I controller further reduces the error. If the timing of I controller is
increased almost all the error is reduced. I lower the D controller has negligible
effect on overall system.
EXPERIMENTAL
HOW TO CONDUCT EXPERIMENT:
AIM: To construct a three phase fully controlled full wave bridge rectifier and
to control speed of the DC motor.
APPARATUS: 415 V input 185V output or any suitable isolation transformer,
controlled rectifier module, firing unit, DC shunt motor, patch cards etc.,
THEORY: In the bridge rectifier all the three arms of SCR’s are connected as
control switches. This is called fully controlled bridge converter. Depending on
the delay angle, the output current can be either continuous or discontinuous. In
fully controlled rectifier the load voltage may be positive or negative for
inductive loads. The power circuit & the control circuits are provided with the
manual.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect motor terminals (field & armature) to respective points in the power
circuit & speed sensor to feedback socket.
2. Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect 3 pin power cards from power unit (rectifier) to the mains supply.
4. Switch on the field supply of the motor.
5. Switch on the three phase power input.
6. Switch on the power circuit through MCB.
7. Keeping PID OFF now switch on the firing unit.
8. Set the rpm through the knob.
9. Switch on P, I, D switches, adjust the gains.
10.Load the motor up to 3 to 4A load. Note down the speed for different loads.
11.Switch off power circuit by MCB, switch off firing circuit, switch off field
supply & remove the connections.
136
TABULAR COLUMN:
Set RPM =
SL. Load Load Running
NO. Current Voltage Rpm
1. 0.5A
2. 1A
3. 2A
4. 3A
5. 4A
Note: Field supply must be switched on before applying voltage to armature.
Result:
137
138
139
140
EXPERIMENT 5
SINGLE PHASE CYCLO CONVERTER
INTRODUCTION:
Single phase cycloconverter unit is combination of four thyristor. A
cycloconverter is made by using two phase controlled rectifier circuits connected
anti-parallel.
A cycloconverter is used to converts input power at one frequency to output
power at a different frequency with one stage conversion. Basically,
cycloconverter are of two types namely:
1) Step down Cylcoconverter &
2) Step up Cycloconverter.
In Step-down cycloconverter, the output frequency fo is lower than the supply
frequency fo.In step-up cycloconverter, the output frequency fo is more than the
supply frequency fo. Step-down cycloconverter are discussed in this experiment.
Single phase cylcoconverter consists of a power module and a firing unit. Power
module is the combination of four SCRs and a step-down transformer. The
thysristors are mounted on individual heat sinks and protected by fast
semiconductor fuses. A well designed snubber circuit is provided for dv/dt
protection.
All the terminals of the power module are brought out to from panel through
BTI-15 terminals for connection purposes.
Firing unit generates four line synchronised firing pulses to trigger thyristors of
single phase ac voltage controller power circuit. Firing circuit is based on ramp
generator, comparator, pulse generator, pulse amplification & pulse triggering
method. Gate pulses are taken out through isolation pulse transformer. Firing
angle can be varied from 180o to0o on gradual scale marked on the front panel.
Firing frequency can be divided by 2 &$ times the input AC signal frequency.
Firing circuit testing points are taken out to front panels. All the terminals are
brought out to front panel with BTI-15 terminals.
141
Individual devices of the power module must be interconnected externally to

form single Phase cycloconverter power circuit. Gate Pulses must be given to gate
and cathode of respective thyristors from firing unit & firing angle must be varied
to get variable load voltage.
SPECIFICATIONS:
POWER CIRCUIT:
1. SCRs (marked as A, C&G):4 nos
Sl.No Parameters Ratings

1. VRRM 1200V
2. VDRM 1200V
3. ITRMS 25Amps
4. ITAV(180 Conduction) 16Amps
2. Fuses
2A replaceable fuses are provided on MF-20 sockets at the back
side of the instrument.
3. Transformer:
150-0-15V/1A is provided along with the unit.
FIRING UNIT:
Sl.No Parameters Particulars
1. Input Power Supply 230V from the mains for
synchronization and power supply.
2. Output: Four isolated gate signals for
thyristors
3 Gate drive current: 200Ma
142
4. Firing Angle: 0o to 180o firing angle is controlled

by potentiometer.
5. Firing Frequency Divided by 2&Divided by 4
6. Test Points 8 test points are provided for the
study of different wave forms
FRONT PANEL DETAILS:

POWER CIRCUIT:
1. Four SCRs T1, T2, T3 &T4 are placed inside and terminals are brought to
front panel and marked with their symbols.
2. Isolation Transformer is placed inside and the terminals are brought to
front
panel.
FIRING CIRCUIT:
1. Power on/off switch with LED Indicator.
2. Test points are provided by RS-2 terminals to study the different wave
forms at the different points of firing circuit.
3. 0o to 180o firing angle control is provided by Potentiometer.
4. Firing frequency is divided by the toggle switch provided.
5. Four isolated gate pulses are connected to BTI-15 terminals on the front
panel and marked as gate & cathode.
EXPERIMENTAL:
EXPERIMENTAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:
1. Power Module Circuit connections are possible using single phase

cycloconverter power module.
143
2.Firing Unit The thyristor’s of power circuit to be triggered using

independently isolated outputs gate and cathode
pulses.
3.Load Load connections shall include The type of load is as
given below.
1.Resistance or Rheostat
RECOMMENDED FOR EXPERIMENT:

Name of the Equipment Specifications Quantity
1.Control Module: 1.Single phase -1no.
cycloconverter power with
firing unit
2.Load: 1.Resistance-100ohms/2A -1no.
3.Measuring Instruments: Oscilloscope -1no.
4.Connecting Wires Patch cords for connecting -1no.

AIM:
To construct a single phase cycloconverter circuit and study its performance.
APPARATUS:
230V input 150V-0-15V output AC step down transformer (provided within
the unit),cycloconverter power circuit with firing circuit ,loading rheostat 100
ohms/2A.Digital multimeter,CRO,Path cards etc.
THEORY:
A cycloconverter converts input power at one frequency to output power at a
different frequency with one stage conversion.cycloconverter is used in speed
control of high power AC drives ,induction heating etc.
144
The circuit shown is for obtaining single phase frequency divided output
from a single phase AC input. One group of SCR’s produces positive polarity load
voltage and other group produces negative half cycle of the output. SCR’s T 1 and
T3 of the positive group are gated together depending on the polarity of the input,
only one of them will conduct, when upper AC terminal is positive with respect to
O, SCR T1will conduct and when upper AC terminal is negative, SCR T3will
conduct thus in both half cycles of input, the load voltage polarity will be positive
by changing firing angle, the duration of conducting of each SCR (and there by the
magnitude of the output voltage) can be varied. For the sake of simplicity it is
assumed that the load is positive. Then each SCR will have a conduction angle of
(π –α) and turn off by natural commutation at the end of every half cycle of the
input. At the end of each half period of the output, the firing pulses to the SCR’s
of the positive group will be stopped and SCR’s T2 and T4 of the negative group
will be fired.
145
146
PROCEDURE
SINGLE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of single phase
cycloconverter with Motor Load with divided by 2 frequency.
2. The gate cathode terminals of the thyristors are connected to the
respective points on the firing module.
3. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct
before switching on the equipments.
4. Switch ON unit.
5. The output wave forms are seen on a CRO.
6. The firing angle is varied and AC output voltage across the load is noted.
7. A graph of Vacverses load voltage is plotted.
8. Repeat the above procedure for divided by four frequency.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:
Frequency divided by 2
Sl.No Firing angle α(in degrees) Load voltage in volts RPM
using AC voltmeter in
volts
1. 180o
2. 150o
3. 120o
4. 90o
5 60o
6 30o
7 0o
RESULT:
147
148
EXPERIMENT 6
149
SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE WOUND

INDUCTION MOTOR
INTRODUCTION:
The slip-ring induction motor has a wound rotor carrying a three-phase
winding similar to that of the stator. The ends of the winding are taken to slip-
rings. If the slip ring external connections are open circuited, no current flows,
and the voltage at the slip-ring when stationary will be given by the stator
voltage times the turn ratio. if the shaft is rotated, then the voltage at the slip-
ring the current can flow as we vary the resistance the speed of the motor is
controlled.Chopper control method is more convenient. The rotor circuit with
the chopper functions as a resistance modulator. The inductance in series helps
to maintain the rotor current. The minimum speed of the motor occurs at
maximum duty cycle.
Chopper power module consists of a three phase diode rectifier, inductor and
IGBT. In addition, protections are provided for the short circuits and the fast
fuses for IGBT protections. The devices are mounted on heat sinks and
protected by fast fuses. A well designed snubber circuit is provided for dv/dt
operation
All the terminals of the power module are brought out to front panel through
BTI-15 terminals for connection purposes.
Chopper firing circuit is build in generates firing pulse ti trigger IGBT
power circuit. Firing circuit duty cycle can be controlled from 10% to 90%.it
is operated on fixed frequency variable duty cycle chopper.
Inputs must be given externally from the rotor while conducting experiment.
External load must be connected while doing experiment.
SPECIFICATIONS:
SI.No. Devices/parameters Ratings
150
1 IGBT:GP30B120KD
VRRM 1200V
VDRM 1200V
ITRMS 40 Amps
ITAV 30 Amps
2 Diodes:
VRRM 1200V
VDRM 1200V
ITRMS 40 Amps
ITAV 6 Amps
3 Max.allowable average current 2 A DC
at any duty cycle
4 Duty cycle: 10% to
90%
5 Operating Frequency: fixed
EXPERIMENTAL
The chopper is used to connect & disconnect the resistance to the rotor of
the wound induction motor. when IGBT is on the rotor resistance is reduced
to zero & when the IGBT is off the rotor is connected to the external
resistance. The speed is controlled the duty cycle of the chopper.
RECOMMENDED FOR THE EXPERIMENTS:
Name of the Specifications Quantity
151
equipment
1.input(source): Three phase auto

transformer
AC power -1no
supply
2.Control Chopper Module -1no
Modules
3.output(load) Rheostat-1000 Ohms/0.4 A -1no
4.Measuring Oscilloscope, Tachometer -1no,-1no
instruments:
5.Connecting Patch cards for connecting
wires:
HOW TO CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT

AIM: To control speed of three phase wound rotor induction motor
APPARATUS: Chopper module, rheostat 100 ohm/0.4A, CRO, Tachometer,
three phase wound rotor induction motor, patch cards, etc
THEORY: Three phase Diode Bridge rectifies rotor voltage to DC. Chopper
converts fixed DC voltage to variable voltage through the use of semiconductor
devices. The DC to DC converters have gained popularity in modern industry.
Some practical applications of DC to DC converter include armature voltage
control of DC motors converting one DC voltage level to another level, and
controlling DC power for wide variety of industrial processes. The time ratio
controller (TRC) is a form of control for DC to DC conversion
Time ratio controller (TRC) or chopper is basically a semiconductor
switch as shown in fig. Connected between the source and load. The switch is
closed and opened periodically such that the load is connected to, and
disconnected from, the supply alternatively. Thus the average voltage on the
load is controlled by controlling the ratio of ON state interval to one cycle
duration
The most important factor that governs the performance of the
chopper is the duty ratio. The duty ratio can be controlled in many ways, such
152
as by changing the on period duration by keeping frequency constant or by

changing frequency keepping on period constant. The third alternative method
is to change both ON period and frequency. Changing the frequency of the
chopper introduces different harmonics at different frequencies. At some
frequency of operation the harmonic contents are larger than the tolerable
limits. Therefore fixed frequency choppers with a variable on period technique
are generally used.
Chopper control method is more convenient. The rotor circuit with
the chopper functions as a resistance modulator. The inductance in series helps
to maintain the rotor current.
The minimum speed of the motor occurs at maximum duty cycle.
PROCEDURE:
1. Power circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
Connect three phase input to the three phase auto transformer. The output of
the autotransformer terminals are connected to the respective R,Y,B stator
terminals of three phase wound rotor induction motor. The rotor terminals of
the three phase wound rotor induction motor is connected to the 3 phase
input of respective R,Y,B terminals of three phase wound rotor induction
motor control unit
2. Connect the rheostat load & CRO probe across the load. Adjust the rheostat
at suitable value
3. Keeping duty cycle knob at minimum position switch on the chopper firing
circuit,
4. Keeping auto transformer at minimum position switch on the three phase
mains. Switch on the chopper power circuit using three phase MCB.
5. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct before
switching on the equipments.
6. Increase the autotransformer voltage slowly for suitable value such that
motor rotates
7. Vary duty cycle of the chopper firing circuit in steps and note down
corresponding rpm.
153
8. The output waveforms are seen on a CRO

9. Plot a graph of duty cycle against speed.
TABULAR COLUMN:
SI.No Duty cycle Speed in
in% RPM
1. 20
2. 30
3. 40
4. 50
5. 60
6. 70
7. 80
RESULT:
154
155
156
157
EXPERIMENT 7
SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CONVERTER
INTRODUCTION:
Single phase fully controlled bridge converter is the combination of a power
module and a firing unit.Power module consists of four SCR’s and a freewheeling
diode. In addition, protections are provided by a 6 A miniature circuit breaker
(MCB) for short circuits and four fuses for thyristor protection. The thyristors are
mounted on individual heat sinks and protected by fuses. A well designed snubber
circuit is provided for dv/dt protection.
A dc voltmeter of 250 V is provided for load voltage measurement and a dc
ammeter of 5 A is provided for load current measurement. A separate bridge
rectifier is also provided for field supply to motor loads.
All the terminals of the power module are brought out to front panel through
BIT-15 terminals for connection purposes.
Firing unit generates four line synchronized firing pulses to trigger four
SCR’S of single phase fully controlled bridge power circuit. Firing circuit is based
on ramp generator, comparator, pulse generator, pulse amplification and pulse
trigger method. Gate pulses are taken out through isolation pulse transformer.
Firing angle can be varied from 1800 to 00 on gradual scale marked on the front
panels. All the terminals are brought out front panel with BTI-15
terminals.Individual devices of the power module must be interconnected
externally to form single phase fully controlled bridge converter power circuit.
Gate pulses must be given to gate and cathode of respective SCR’s from firing unit
& firing angle must be varied from the knob to get variable load voltage.
AC inputs must be given externally through autotransformer and isolation
transformer while conducting experiment. External load must be connected while
doing experiment.This unit can be used with resistance, resistance and inductance,
motor loads.
SPECIFICATIONS:
POWER MODULE:
1. Thyristors (marked as A, C & G): 4 no
158
Sl. no. Parameters Ratings

1 VRRM 1200 V
2 VDRM 1200 V
3 ITRMS 25 Amps
4 ITAV(180 condition) 16 Amps
2. Diodes (marked as A & C): 1 no

Sl. Parameters Ratings
no.
1 VRRM 1200 V
2 ITRMS 16 Amps
3 ITAV(180 condition) 16 mps
3. Fuses:
of the instrument.
4.Short circuit protection:
6A MCB is provided on the front panel.
5.Field supply:
INPUT: rectifier unit is directly connected to the output of the MCB
OUTPUT: rectified dc output is connected to the terminals on the
front panel.
4. Maximum allowable input voltage: -230V AC @5 A
5. Firing unit:
Sl. no. Parameters Ratings
1 Input power 230V from the mains for synchronization
supply: and power supply
159
2 Output: Four isolated gate signals for thyristors

3 Gate drive current: 200 mA.
4 Firing angle 00 to 1800firing angle is controlled by
potentiometer.
5 Test points: 8 test points are provided for the of
different wave forms.

POWER MODULE:
1. MCB 6A, is provided for the short circuit protection on the front panel.
2. Field supply is provided and output is connected to terminals on the front panel
and marked as ‘+’ & ‘-’.
3. Four thyristor T1, T2, T11 & T21 are placed inside the box and the terminals
are brought to front panel and marked as A for anode, C for cathode & G for
gate & symbol for each SCR is shown.
4. The terminal A for anode, C for cathode of a freewheeling diode is connected
to front panel & its symbol is shown.
5. A 0-5 A dc ammeter is provided.
6. A 0-250 V dc voltmeter is provided.
FIRING UNIT:
1. Power on/off switch with LED indicator.
2. 8 test points are provided by RS-2 terminals to study the different wave
forms.
3. 00 to 1800 firing control is provided by potentiometer.
4. Four isolated gate pulses are connected to the BTI-15 terminals on the front
panel and marked as ‘G’ for gate & ‘C’ for cathode.
EXPERIMENTAL
160
Name of the Specifications Quantity

Equipment
1. Input Input: 0-230v -1no.
Auto Transformer
Output: 0-230V/5A
Input:0-230V -1 no.
Isolation
Transformer Output: 0-15-30-60-
120V/5A
2. Control units: 1.Single phase fully controlled -1no.

bridge converter power Module
2. Single phase convertor firing
unit. -1n0.
3. Loads: 1. Resistance – 100 -1no.

ohms/2A
2. Inductance– -1no.
100or250mH/3 A.
3. D.C.motor
-1no.
4. Measuring Oscilloscope, multimeter -1no.
Instruments
5. Connecting Patch cards for connecting.
wires

AIM: To construct a single phase fully controlled full wave bridge rectifier and to
observe the output wave forms with
1. R load
2. R-L load with freewheeling diode
3. R-L load without freewheeling diode
161
APPARATUS: Isolation transformer, controlled rectifier module, firing unit,

rheostat 100 ohms/2A, inductance 100 mH or 250 mH/3A, patch cards etc.
THEORY: In the bridge rectifier the entire four rectifier is the capability of wide
voltage variation between +Vdc (av) to –Vdc (av), maximum i.e. 2Vm/ π volts. Such
rectifiers find application in DC motor loads for both motoring and electrical
braking of the motor.
FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R LOAD:
During positive half cycle, SCR T1 and SCR T11 are triggered
simultaneously through independent isolated gate pulses. The pair of SCR’s
conducts up to π. SCR T2 and SCR T21 are to be triggered in the next half cycle
with another pair of isolated gate pulses. The triggering angle of the pairs of SCR’s
can be varied by varying the control voltages.
For R load, the average output voltage can be found from
Vdc (av) = (1/π) αfπ Vm sinӨ dө
= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ
Vdc (av) = (Vm/π) [1+cosα]
FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH

FREE WHEELING DIODE:
When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with
RL load with freewheeling diode during positive half cycle T1 and T11 are forward
biased. When T1 and T11 fired at wt=α, the load is connected to the input supply
through T1 and T11 during period α≤wt≤π. During the period from π≤wt≤(π+α),
the input voltage is negative and freewheeling diode DF is forward biased, DF
conducts to provide the continuity of current in the inductive load. The load
current is transferred from T1 and T11 to DFand thyristor are turned off at wt=π.
During negative half cycle of input voltage, thyristor T2 and T21 are forward
biased, and the firing of T2 and T21 at wt=π+α will reverse bias DF. The diode is
turned off and the load connected to the supply through T2 and T21.
This conversion has better power factor due to the freewheeling diode.
The average output voltage can be found from
162
Vdc (av) = (1/π) α∫πVmSinӨdӨ

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ
Vdc (av) = (Vm/π) [1+cosα]
FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH
OUT FREEWHEELING DIODE:
When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with R-
L load, during the positive half cycle thyristor T1 and T11 are forward biased and
these two thyristors are fired simultaneously at wt=α, the load is connected to the
input supply through T1 and T11. Due to inductive load T1 and T11 will continue to
conduct till wt=π+α, even though the input voltage is already negative. During
negative half cycle of the input voltage, thyristor are forward biased, and firing of
thyristors T2 and T21 at wt= π+α will apply the supply voltage across thyristors T1
and T11 as reverse blocking voltage. T1 and T11 will be turned off due to line or
natural commutation and load current will be transferred from T1 and T11 to T2 and
T21.
During the period from α to π, the input voltage Vs and input current is positive,
and the power flows from the supply to the load. The converter is said to be
operated in rectification mode. During period from π to π+α, the input voltage Vs
is negative and the input current is positive, and there will be reverse from the load
to the supply. The converter is said to be operated in inversion mode.
The average output voltage can be found from
Vdc (av) = (1/π)α∫π+αVmSinӨdӨ
= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ+α
Vdc (av) = (2Vm/π) [1+cosα]
NOTE: In case of fully controlled bridge the triggering angle should not increase
beyond αmax (approx. 1500) to allow conducting SCR sufficient time to turn off.
The maximum value of firing angle is obtained from the relation.
E= Vm sin (π+α)
There fore α=π-sin-1(E/Vm)
Where E is the counter e.m.f. generated in the inductor.
163
PROCEDURE:
Notes:
1. Do not attempt to observe load voltage and input voltage simultaneously, if
does so input voltage terminal directly connected to load terminals due to the
no isolation of both channels of the CRO.
2. It is recommended to use low AC voltage when students are doing
experiments to eliminate electric shock.
3. Do not apply high voltage to CRO. 10:1 probe may be used while doing
high voltage measurements or use power scope.
PROCEDURE FOR R LOADS:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of fully controlled
rectifier with R load using isolation transformer.
2. The gate cathode terminals of the 4 SCR’s are connected to the respective
points on the firing module.
3. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct
before switching on the equipments.
4. Keep the firing angle knob at 180 degree (minimum position). Switch
ON the firing unit.
5. Now switch ON the power circuit (MCB).
6. The firing angle is varied output wave form is seen on a CRO.
7. The firing angle is varied and DC output voltage and current through the
load is noted.
8. The firing angle knob at 180 degree (minimum position), Switch OFF the
power circuit (MCB) & then firing unit. Remove the patch cards.
9. Do the experiment for R-L & motor loads.
SI. Firing angle Load voltage Load current

NO. α in degrees In volts In Amp
1
2
3
164
4
5
RESULT:
165
166
167
168
169
EXPERIMENT 8
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER
INTRODUCTION
Single phase half controlled bridge converter consists of a power module and a
firing unit.
Power module is the combination of two thyristor and two diodes with a
freewheeling diode. In addition, short circuit protection is provided by a 16 A
miniature circuit breaker (MCB) and four fast fuses for thyristor protection. The
thyristors are mounted on individual heat sinks and protected by fast
semiconductor fuses. A well designed snubber circuit is provided for dv/dt
protection. a dc rectifier is also provided for field supply of the motor load.
For output monitoring, a digital dc voltmeter of 200V range and a digital dc
ammeter or 2A or 20A is provided.Fr convenience of experimentation isolation of
mains must be provided. Power input is to be given through an autotransformer
and isolation transformer of suitable rating for the power circuit. All the terminals
of the power module are brought out to front panel through BTI-15 terminals for
connection purposes.
Firing unit generates two/four line synchronised firing pulses to trigger
two SCR’s of single phase half controlled bridge power circuit. Firing circuit is
based on ramp generator, comparator.pulse generator, pulse amplification & pulse
triggering method. Gate pulses are taken out through isolation pulse transformer.
Firing circuit testing points are taken out to front panels. All the terminals are
brought out to front panel with BTI-15 terminals.
Individual devices of the power module must be interconnected
externally to form single phase fully controlled bridge converter power circuit.
Gate pulses must be given ti gate and cathode of respective SCR’s from firing unit
& firing angle must be varied to get variable load voltage.
AC inputs must be given externally through autotransformer and
isolation transformer while conducting experiment. External load must be
connected while doing experiment.
This unit can be used with resistance, resistance and inductance & motor loads.
170
SPECIFICATIONS
POWER CIRCUIT:
1. Thyristors (marked as A, C & G):2 nos
1 VRRM 1200V
2 VDRM 1200V
3 ITRMS 25 Amps
4 ITAV(180 Conduction) 16 Amps
2. Diodes (marked as A&C): 3nos
1 VRRM 1200V
2 ITRMS 25 Amps
3 ITAV(180 conduction) 16 Amps
3. Fuses:
5A replacable fuses are provided on MF-20 sockets at the backside
of the instrument.
4. Sort circuit protection:
16A MCB is provided on the front panel.
5. Field supply:
INPUT: Rectifier unit is directly connected to the output of the MCB
OUTPUT: Rectified dc output is connected to the terminals on the front
panel.
6. Maximum allowable input viltage: -230v AC
FIRING UNIT:
171

1 Input power supply 230V from the mains for
synchronization and power supply
2 Output Two isolated gate signals for thyristors
3 Gate drive current 200mA
4 Firing angle: 0 to 180 firing angle is controlled by
potentiometer
5 Test points 8 test points are provided for the study
of different waveforms
6 Dimensions(w Xh 190 mm X 110 mm X 200mm
Xl):

POWER MODULE:
1. MCB 16A is provided for the input power protection on the front panel.
2. Field supply is provided and output is connected to terminals on the front
panel and marked as
‘+’ & ‘-‘.
3. Two thyristor T1, T2 are placed inside and the terminals are brought to front
panel and marked as A for anode, C for cathode & G for gate along with
their symbols.
4. The terminals of two diodes D1,D2 and a freewheeling diode Df are
connected to front panel & their symbols are marked
5. A 0-20 A dc digital ammeter is provided.
6. A 0-200V dc digital voltmeter is provided.
FIRING UNIT:
1. Power on/off switch with LED indicator.
2. 5 to 8 test points are provided by RS-2 terminals to study the different
waveforms at the different points of firing circuit.
3. 0 to 180 firing control is provided by potentiometer.
4. Two isolated gate pulses are connected to the BTI-15 terminals on the front
panel and marked as gate & cathode.
172
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
1.Auto To suit single phase 230v/50Hz,supply input and to get 0 to
transformer 230V variable supply output.
(Used for control of input power supply so that to start with
work at low voltage and then increased to maximum rated
voltage).
2.Transformer To suit single phase 230V/50Hz with suitable supply ratio to

suit the load ratings. Isolation of main phase and neutral
with measurement circuit serves the purpose of di/dt
protection of thyristors for safe measurement of waveforms
by using an oscilloscope. Isolation of electronic noise with
mains
3.power Circuits connections are possible using single phase fully

module controlled bridge converter power module
4.Firing unit The thyristors of power circuit to be triggered using

independently isolated outputs Gate and cathode pulses
5.Load Load connections shall include The type of load is given

below.
1. Resistance or Rheostat
2. Resistance and Inductance,R & L.
3. D.C. Motor.

Name of the equipment Specifications Quantity
1.INPUT(SOURCE)
Auto transformer Input:0-230V -1 no
173
Output :0-230V/10A
Isolation transformer Input:0-230V -1 no
Output: 0-15-30-60-120
V/5A.
2.CONTROL 1.Single phase half -1 no

MODULES: controlled bridge
converter power module
2. Single phase converter -1 no
firing unit.
3.OUTPUT(LOAD): 1.Resistance-50 ohms/5A -1 no
2.Inductance -100 or 250 -1 no
mH/3A
-1 no
3. D.C. motor.
4.MEASURING Oscilloscope dual race -1 no
INSTRUMENTS:
5.CONNECTING Patch cords for
WIRES: connecting.
HOW TO CONDUCT EXPERIMENT

AIM: To construct a single phase half controlled bridge rectifier and to observe the
output wave forms with
1. R load
2. Motor load
APPARATUS: Isolation transformer, controlled rectifier module, firing unit,
rheostat 100ohm/2A, inductance 100mH or 250 mH/3A, patch cards etc.
THEORY: The bridge rectifier with two thyristors and two diodes connected in a
control switch this is called as half controlled bridge.
174
The two thyristors are t1,t2;the two diodes are d1,d2;the third diode
connected across the freewheeling diode FD. after θ=0, T1 is forward biased only
when source voltage is Vm sinθ exceeds E. Thus, T1 is triggered at a firing angle
delay α such that Vm sinα>E.
HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH R LOAD.
During positive half cycle SCR T1 and diode D1conducts. T1 conducts from α
to π. During negative half cycle T1 is off T2 and D2conducts from π+α to 2π. Thus
there is output across the load for both the half cycles.
For R load the average out voltage can be found from
V0=1/π∫απ Vm sinθdθ
= Vm/π (1+cosα)
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH MOTOR LOADS.

When the single phase semi converter is connected with R-L motor load a
freewheeling diode must be connected across the load. During positive half cycle
T1 is forward biased and T1 is fired at ωt=0 .The load is connected to the input
supply through T1 and D1 during period α≤ωt≤π. During the period from
π≤ωt≤(π+α).The input voltage in negative and freewheeling diode D1 is forward
biased, DE conducts to provide the continuity of current in the inductive load. The
load current is transferred from T1 and D1 to Df and thyristor T2 is forward
biased, and the firing of T2 at ωt will reverse bias D1.The diode D1 is turned
off and the load connected to the supply through T2 and D2.
When the load is inductive and T1 is triggered. First it will conduct with D1 to pass
current through load. When supply voltage is negative, load EMF will drive
current through T1D2.This is an exponentially decreasing current. When the new
negative half cycle begins T1 is in conduction and it keep on conducting with D1
as if triggered at ωt=0.In this case load may not receive the DC power. To ensure
proper operation at the beginning of positive half cycle T2 has to be turned off and
similarly T1 should be turned off when negative half cycle begins. This is achieved
by the freewheeling diode.
` This conversion has better power factor due to freewheeling diode.
For RL load with freewheeling diode the average output voltage can be
found from
175
=1/π
= /π) [- ]
= /π) [1+ ]
PROCEDURE:
Notes
 Do not attempt to observe load voltage and input voltage simultaneously. If
does so input voltage terminal directly connected to load terminals due to the
no isolation of both channels of the CRO. While using dual channels on the
CRO ensure that both the ground terminals must be connected to the same
point.
 it is recommended to use low AC voltage when students are doing
experiments to eliminate electric shock
 Do not apply high voltage to CRO.10:1 probe may be used while doing high
voltage measurement or use power scope
Procedure for R loads
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of fully controlled rectifier
with R load using isolation transformer
3. Check all the connections and conform connections made are correct before
4. Keep the firing angle knob at degree (minimum position).switch ON the
firing unit.
5. Now switch ON the power circuit switch.
6. The firing angle is varied output waveform is seen on a CRO.
7. The firing angle is varied and DC output voltage and current through the
load is noted.
8. Tabulate the practical values. (Refer given table).
9. Keep the firing angle knob at 180 degree (minimum position).Switch OFF
the power circuit& then firing unit. Remove the patch cards.
Procedure for motor loads
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of half controlled rectifier
with motor load.
176
3. Check all the connections and conform connections made are correct before
4. Keep the firing angle knob at degree (minimum position).switch ON the
firing unit.
5. Now switch ON the power circuit switch.
6. The firing angle is varied and the variation of the motor speed is observed.
7. Tabulate the speed in rpm for different firing angles. (refer given table).
8. Keep the firing angle knob at degree (minimum position).Switch OFF
the power circuit (MCB) &then firing unit. Remove the patch cards.
OBSERVATIONS
For R loads
SI.No Firing angle α in Load voltage in Load current in Amp
degrees volts
1
2
3
4
5
For motor loads
SI.No Firing angle α in Speed in rpm
degrees
1
2
3
4
5
177
RESULT:
MATERIALS USED:
POWER MODULE:
SI.No Components Quantity
1. Thyristor,16A/1200V, 2 nos.
2. Diode,16A/1200V, 3 nos.
3. Miniature circuit breaker 1 no.
(MCB),16A
4. IN5408 4 nos.
5. 0-20A digital ammeter 1 no.
6. 0-200V digital Voltmeter 1 no.
7. BT115 terminals 22 nos.
8. MF20 fuse holder 2 nos.
9. SCR heat sink 2 nos.
10. Diode heat sink 3 nos.
11. Capacitor,0.01uF/1000Vdc 5 nos.
12. Resistor,25E/5 watt,WWR 5 nos
13. 1 sq.mm
1200V/16A,connecting
wires
FIRING UNIT:
1. Toggle switch,3A/240V 1 no.
2. 3MM Pitch LED 1 no.
178
3. RS 2 terminals 5 nos.
4. 1 watt potentiometer 1 no.
5. BTI 15 terminals 4 nos.
6. FM 14 power 1 no.
adopter/fuse holder
7. Transformer:0- 1no.
230V/15V-0-15v
8. PCB with all components
assembled
9. 2/3 pin power mains cord 1 no.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR PCB ASSEMBLING:
1. IN4007 10 nos.
2. IN4148 12 nos.
3. 5V Zener 2 nos.
4. 10K 12 nos.
5. 15K 8 nos.
6. 1K 3 nos.
7. 8.2K 1 no.
8. 4.7K 2 nos.
9. 33K 2 nos.
10. 100K 5 nos.
11. 1 M Ohm 1 no.
12. IC Base-14 pin 3 nos.
13. 330E 6 no.
179
14. 4.7K 2 nos.

15. IN4007 4 nos.
16. IN4148 2 nos.
17. 8 V Zener 4 nos.
18. 100E/0.5W 2 nos
19. 10nK63 box capacitor 4 nos.
20. 0.1K63 box capacitor 1 no.
21. 0.22UF box capacitor 1 no.
22. SL 100 1 no.
23. 470UF/25V 1 no.
24. 10UF/25V 3 nos.
25. 1000UF/25V 2 nos.
26. Regulator,7912 1 no.
27. Regulator,7812 1 no.
28. IC TL084 2 nos.
29. IC556 1 no.
30. Berg strips 2 rows.
31. SL 100 2 nos.
32. 2N2222A 2 nos.
33. 100E/5W WWR 2 nos.
34. 1:1:1 pulse transformer 2 nos.
35 Berg strips 1 row.
180
181
182
EXPERIMENT 9
V/F CONTROL OF AC DRIVE CONNECTED TO AC
MOTOR SYSTEM ON LABVIEW
AIM: To obtain V/F control of AC drive connected to AC motor system on
LabView.
APPARATUS:
i. NI LabView Software, DAQ

ii. V/F AC drive
iii. Induction motor
iv. Proximity Sensor
SPECIFICATIONS :
AC Drive Induction motor
Armature
Three phase Inverter: 0-415V AC voltage: 415V AC
Current: 0.9Amps
Speed: 1500 RPM
Power: 0.5 HP
183
THEORY:
The Principle of Constant V/Hz for AC Induction Motor is explained as
follows:
Applied voltage to armature is proportional to frequency and air gap flux of
induction motor. i.e. V/F=Constant
If we maintain voltage to frequency ratio constant than flux in machine is constant.
And torque is independent of supply frequency. The ratio between the magnitude
and frequency of the stator voltage is usually based on the rated values of these
variables, or motor ratings. However, when the frequency and hence also the
voltage are low, the voltage drop across the stator resistance cannot be neglected
and must be compensated. At frequencies higher than the rated value, the constant
V/Hz principle also have to be violated because, to avoid insulation break down,
the stator voltage must not exceed its rated value.
The figure 9.1 shows an AC drive with V/F control concept inbuilt in the drive. By
varying controlled voltage to the drive from 0-10V speed of induction motor
connected to AC drive varies from 0 to 1500 rpm.
Fig.9.1 circuit diagram of V/F control of AC motor
184
Fig.9.2 front panel diagram of V/F control of AC motor
Fig.9.3 block diagram of V/F control of induction motor
185
Procedure:
1. Connect circuit as per circuit diagram
a.Connect supply to AC drive
b.Connect output of AC drive to armature and field supplies of
Induction motor
c.Connect speed sensor & AC drive variable point to DAQ
assistant
2.Develop LabView diagram in back panel consists of V/F nobe and
speed feedback.
3.Obtain the speed response by adjusting V/F nobe and plot the speed
response
.
Fig 9.4speed response of V/F control of induction motor
Result:
186
EXPERIMENT 10
CLOSED LOOP SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
USING PI, PD AND PID CONTROLLERS
Aim: To design and tune proper PI, PD & PID controllers for speed control of
DC motor drive
Apparatus:
i NI LabView Software, DAQ
ii Control design and simulation tool kit
iii Thyristorised DC drive
iv DC motor
v Proximity Sensor
Specifications:
DC Drive DC motor
Thyristorized Bridge
Rectifier: 0-220V DC Armature voltage: 220V DC
Diode Bridge Rectifier : 220V DC Current: 2Amps
Speed: 1500 RPM
Power: 0.5 HP
187
Theory:
Motion control is required in large number of industrial and domestic applications
like transportation systems, rolling mills, fans, pumps & robots etc. systems
employed for motion control are called drives. Drives employing electric motors
are called electrical drives.
Fig.10.1 Block diagram of electric drive
Fig.10.2 Circuit diagram for closed loop speed control of DC motor
188
Fig10.3 LabView front panel diagram of closed loop speed control of DC motor
Load is usually machinery designed to accomplish a given task. Usually load
requirements can be specified in terms of speed control and torque demands. A
motor having speed-torque characteristics and capabilities compatible with load
demands. Power modulator modulates flow of power from the source to the motor
in such a manner that motor is imparted speed-torque characteristics required by
load. Controls for power modulator built in control unit which usually operates at
much lower voltage and power levels.
Closed loop speed control of DC motor it consists of same elements control unit is
a computer in which control concept is implemented using LabView where auto
tuning of PID control is done to get the motor speed to reference speed or set
speed. Thyristor drive gives the required DC voltage to drive motor at desired
speed according to output voltage variable from PID controller. PID controller
adjusts the output voltage variable till the motor speed reaches desired speed.
Procedure:
1.Connect circuit as per circuit diagram
i.Connect supply to DC drive
ii.Connect output of DC drive to armature and field supplies of
DC motor.
iii.Connect speed sensor & DC drive variable point to DAQ
189
assistant.
2.Develop LabView diagram in back panel consists of reference speed,
PID controller design and speed feedback.
3.Set the reference speed to some value say 1000 RPM
4.Tune the PID controller using auto-tune block till we get desired P, I , D values.
5.Ensure that motor speed follows the set speed or reference speed.
6.Take the data to excel file from LabView, draw the set speed and actual speed on
a single plot
7.Observe the response of speed control loop using plot
8.Vary the P, I, D gains around the tune values and see the response.
9.Design the PI, PD controllers and repeat the step 3 to 8.
Fig.10.4 LabView Back panel diagram of closed loop speed control of DC

motor
190
Fig.10.5 Model graph of closed loop speed control of DC motor
Table:
Reference Speed PI gains PD gains
Table 1: Different set speeds & P, I, D gains
Result:
191
EXPERIMENT 11
CLOSEDLOOP SPEED CONTROL OF AC MOTOR-
GENERATOR SET WITH LOAD USING PI, PID
CONTROLLERS
Aim:To design and tune proper PI, PID controllers for speed control of
DC motor-generator set with load.
Apparatus:
i. NI LabView Software, DAQ
ii. Control design and simulation tool kit
iii.V/F AC drive
iv. Induction motor
v. Proximity Sensor
Specifications:
Armature
Current: 0.9Amps
Speed: 1500 RPM
Power: 0.5 HP
192
Theory:
Closed loop speed control of AC motor –DC generator system.It consists
of same elements present in block diagram 8.1, power modulator control
power flow from source to motor. Power modulator is a AC drive
consists of inverter where output voltage is varied based on controlled
voltage given as input to gating circuit, as input voltage varies from 0 to
10VDC drive output varies from 0-440V. Controlled voltage is
generated from closed loop with PID control implemented in LabView
based on reference speed set value. Actual speed is sensed using
proximity speed sensor and compared with reference speed an speed
error is generated, if error is positive PID controller increases controlled
voltage and if error is negative it decreases the controlled voltage till the
motor speed attains set reference speed. Saturation limiter is limits the
output voltage always in between 0 -5V even though PID controller
output varies -100 to +100. PID controller is tuned using auto tune
blocks available in control design & simulation tool boxDC generator is
connected to AC motor, which generates DC voltage according field
supply voltage to generator and motor actual speed. Loading of DC
generator is done by using lamp load, as load on generator increases
which indirectly loads the motor there by motor speed reduces.
193
Fig 11.1 Circuit diagram of closed loop speed control of AC

motor–DC generator set with load
PID control always sees the motor speed following set speed or not. As
motor speed reduces due to loading speed error becomes positive then
PID controller increases the controller voltage till motor reaches set
speed. A graph is plotted between set speed and actual speed of motor
by getting data from LabView using LVM file and drawn in Excel sheet,
we can observe variation in speed from the plot very easily. This
experimental setup can be used as constant speed drive system in
industry even load varies on the system
194
Fig 11.2. LabVIEW front panel diagram of closed loop speed control of
AC motor – DC generator set with load
195
Fig 11.3 LabVIEW block diagram of closed loop speed control of AC

motor-DC gen.set with load
Procedure:
i.Connect supply to AC drive
ii.Connect output of AC drive to armature and field supplies of
Inuction
motor.
iii.Connect field supply to DC generator
iv.Connect speed sensor & AC drive variable point to DAQ assistant
2.Develop LabView diagram in back panel consists of reference speed,
PID controller design and speed feedback.
3.Set the reference speed to some value say 1000 RPM
4.Tune the PID controller using auto-tune block till we get desired P, I ,
D values.
5.Ensure that motor speed follows the set speed or reference speed.
6.Add load on DC generator in steps
7.Take the data to excel file from LabView, draw the set speed and
actual speed on a single plot
8.Observe the response of speed control loop using plot.
10.Design the PI controller and repeat the step 3 to 9.
196
Graph:
Fig 11.4 . speed response of closed loop AC motor –DC gen. set with load
Table:
Reference Speed PI gains PD gains
P= I= P= D=
P= I= P= D=
Table 1: Different set speeds & P, I, D gain
Result:
197
EXPERIMENT 12
INDIRECT SPEED CONTROL OF AC MOTOR USING
ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL WITH PI,PID
CONTROLLERS
Aim: To design and tune proper PI, PID controllers for indirect speed
control of AC motor Drive using armature V/F control method.
Apparatus:
i.NI LabView Software, DAQ
ii.Control design and simulation tool kit
iii.V/F AC drive
iv.Induction motor
v.Voltage sensor
vi.Proximity Sensor
Specifications:
Armature
Current: 0.9Amps
Speed: 1500 RPM
Power: 0.5 HP
198
Theory:
Speed of AC motor can be controlled by armature voltage control
method. The speed of AC motor is directly proportional to armature
voltage and inversely proportional to flux. In armature controlled AC
motor the desired speed is obtained by varying the armature voltage.
This speed control system is an electromechanical control system. The
electrical system consists of the armature. Armature circuit is taken for
analysis and the mechanical system consists of the rotating part of the
motor and load connected to theshaft of the motor.
Fig 12.1. circuit diagram of indirect speed control of AC motor with

voltage control
199
Fig.12.2 LabVIEW front panel diagram of indirect speed control with

armature voltage control
Fig1
2.3. LabVIEW block diagram of indirect speed control of AC motor
with armature voltage control
200
Procedure:
i.Connect supply to AC drive
ii.Connect output of AC drive to armature and field supplies of
Induction motor.
iii.Connect voltage sensor & AC drive variable point to DAQ
assistant 2.Develop LabView diagram in back panel consists of
reference voltage, PID controller design and voltage feedback.
3.Set the reference voltage to some value say 2 volts.
4.Run the LabView diagram Tune the PID controller using auto-tune
block till we get desired P, I , D values.
5.Ensure that motor voltage follows the set voltage or reference voltage.
6.Take the data to excel file, draw the set voltage and actual voltage on a
single plot
7.Observe the response of voltage control loop using plot
Graph:
Fig 12.4. voltage response of indirect speed control of AC motor
201
Table:
Reference
Speed PI gains PID gains
P= I= P= I= D=
P= I= P= I= D=
Table 1: Different set speeds & P, I, D gains

Result:
202

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MTECH POWER ELECTRONICS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering & Technology

Institute Of Engineering and Technology

Power Electronics Lab Record

This is to certify that it is a Bonafide Record of practical work done in the

SIGNATURE OF STAFF MEMBER

PROGRAM OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES

1. To simulate and design various gate firing circuits.

1. Ability to design and conduct simulation and experiments.

SI.NO: DATE EXPERIMENT SIGNATURE

STEP RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

RAMP RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

The step signal is a signal whose values changes from zero to A at

A signal of very large amplitude which is available for very short

7.View the results in scope.

MODEL WAVEFORMS (RAMP RESPONSE) :

MODEL WAVEFORMS (SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE) :

SL.NO INPUTVOLTAGE OUTPUT OUTPUT

Half Wave Rectifier With R-Load

Half Wave Rectifier With RL-Load

Full Wave Rectifier With R-Load

Full Wave Rectifier With RL-Load

A single phase full wave diode converter shown in fig with

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

5.Type and save the program in the editor window.

The average output volage for halfwave rectifier with RL load,

The average output voltage for fullwave rectifier with R load,

MODEL WAVEFORMS (HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH R

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH RL LOAD :

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH R LOAD :

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH RL LOAD :

SL.NO INPUTVOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUTCURRENT

Three phase bridge Rectifier With Source Inductance

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

SL.NO INPUTVOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT CURRENT

Single phase full wave Rectifier With Load Filter

SL.NO INPUTVOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT CURRENT

Half Wave Rectifier With R-Load

Half Wave Rectifier With RL-Load

Full wave rectifier with R-load

Full wave rectifier with RL-load

Gating Sequence. The gating sequence for the thyristor is as follows:

1. Generate a pulse-signal at positive zero crossing of the supply voltage Vs.

A single phase full wave converter shown in fig (1) with

During the period α to ∏, the input voltage Vs and input current

This converter extensively used in industrial applications up to 15 kW.

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

MODEL WAVE FORMS: R- LOAD

MODEL WAVEFORMS(RL LOAD):

MODEL WAVEFORMS(RL LOAD):

SL.NO INPUTVOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OUTPUT CURRENT

AIM: To study the performance of a single phase AC Voltage controller with

APPARATUS: 1.Matlab Software

Single Phase AC Voltage Controller Using R Load

Single Phase AC Voltage Controller Using RL Load

The AC regulators are used to obtain a variable AC output voltage from a

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

The average output voltage for AC voltage controller is given as,

The RMS output voltage for AC voltage controller is given as,

MODEL WAVEFORMS: R-LOAD

MODEL WAVEFORMS (RL- LOAD):