India’s Nuclear Ambition - A Requiem for

Jadugoda?
Abstract (around 330 words)

Jadugoda is a small census town in the East Singhbhum district in the state of Jharkhand in

India, which was once dotted with lush tribal forests. It is around 35 km by road and 20 km by

train from the city of Jamshedpur. Jadugoda also happens to host a small township of Uranium

Corporation of India (UCIL). This was the first mines where Uranium was produced in India.

The UCIL is a public sector undertaking under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE),

Government of India for uranium mining and uranium processing. The corporation, founded in

1967, is responsible for the mining and milling of uranium ore in India, and it operates mines at

Jadugora, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih and Banduhurang. UCIL's Jadugoda process plant is

located in the vicinity of the mine and is used for the processing of the uranium ore. Uranium ore

mined at Bhatin and Narwapahar mines is also processed at the Jadugoda process plant.

The paper attempts to highlight how the local people in the catchment area of UCIL facilities

in Jadugoda have suffered from radiation hazards, and how callous the corporation has been in

disposing of uranium waste and how these wastes have seeped into the local groundwater system

and the crop/food chain.

The paper brings to light how UCIL was allowed to carry out the mining operations without

approval of the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The paper nevertheless mentions the point

of view of the UCIL and the DAE - that both have however consistently refuted such claims and

maintained that operations at Jaduguda are safe.

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
 The paper quotes and refers to various independent studies carired out by eminent

personalities/scientists and non-state agencies and observes that physical deformities are

prevalent in the age group born after mining started at Jadugoda, besides mentioning the hidden

vulnerabilities of uranium.

The author also looks at around the world to explore and understand how the developed

nations are looking at nuclear energy as a source to meet their energy needs.

Main Article

It's a hot summer afternoon in a small settlement in eastern India. Four womenfolk wearing

saris sit in a loop in front of a mud house, with smooth white walls and pink borders adorned

with small shards of mirror. Close by, a woman pumps up water from a tube well. She then

washes a miner's uniform that belongs to her husband, who works in the nearby uranium mines.

Suddenly a gust of wind blows black dust from the mines into the courtyard. The women cover

their faces and rush to cover the pots of water so these do not get contaminated.

Not too far from where the women were sitting Sanjay Gope crawls across a dusty courtyard

of the low-slung, mud-walled house he shares with 10 members of his family. Heaps of cow

dung dry in the heat and chickens rest in the shade. His grandfather, Debnandan Gope, watches

solemnly as the boy struggles, face lined with sweat, one thin forearm, then another, digging into

the dirt, his legs and feet carving a meandering trail behind him. About 10 years old, Sanjay

could move normally as a toddler until seizures began to squeeze life from his arms and legs.

Now, when no family member can assist him, he is left to crawl around the ground like a snake.

An older sister, Sunita, too had experienced a similar collapse. Her limbs had grown so deformed

that she couldn’t feed or bathe herself before she died few years ago at 13.
Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
 Across the path that runs by Sanjay’s house, Rakesh Gope, another member of Sanjay’s tribe,

sits on a dirt floor under the rusting corrugated roof of an open-air room where his grandfather is

sleeping. A small and puny boy with light brown eyes, he attempts to wave but his hands only

flap in a spastic bout. He is another 10-year-old unable to walk on his own.

No one exactly knows how many children like this live here and in nearby villages—only

that they are all too easy to find.

Welcome to Jadugoda - home to happenings which in the name of

self-sufficiency are crimes against humanity
Sanjay and Rakesh live near Jadugoda, a town of 19,500 people about 1,370 kilometres from

New Delhi, in East Singhbhum in district in Jharkhand. Once dotted with lush tribal forests,

Jadugoda is today a troubling portrait of modern India - its outskirts a postcard of pastel-painted

mud houses scattered amid tidy rice fields, and its center the hub of India’s uranium mining

industry that is fueling a nuclear power boom never seen before. It is here that the state-run

Uranium Corporation of India Limited's (UCIL) is licensed by the Government of India to gouge

hundreds of thousands of tonnes of uranium ore out of the ground each year, while just over a

hill, an easy walk from the village, 193 acres of ponds holding mildly radioactive waste stand

largely unguarded save for no-trespassing signs. The UCIL is a public-sector enterprise under the

Department of Atomic Energy and is responsible for mining uranium ore that is processed and

fed to the country's nuclear power plants.

Sanjay’s 70-year-old grandfather, a bare-chested, barefoot man rendered lean by hard work

and a sparse diet, offers an observation shared by many here—that before the mines came,

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
children did not crawl around in the dirt and die. He might be dismissed as an illiterate, grieving

relative of a crippled boy and a dead girl except that outsiders, including the Jharkhand High

Court and environmental activist groups, suggest that he may be right. The High Court, in

February 2014, had noted after filing a petition against the UCIL that children living near the

mines (UCIL mining site in Jadugoda) are born with swollen heads, blood disorders and skeletal

distortions.

The Regional Chief Conservator of Forest, Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), had submitted on record

that in 2014, that UCIL had continued to operate the mines even after the expiry of mining lease

in violation of the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, and therefore had directed UCIL to stop all

work on forest land. Accordingly, the Divisional Forest Officer, Jamshedpur had directed UCIL

to stop mining on forest land.

As per UCIL's website it is currently operating six underground mines in Bagjata, Jaduguda,

Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih and Mohuldih and one open pit mine Banduhurang in Jharkhand.

Ore from these mines is processed in two plants at Jaduguda and Turamdih.

Subsequently, an expert forest panel of the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) too

had sought a detailed report on alleged violation of forest conservation Act and mining lease at

India's oldest uranium mine in Jaduguda, operating since 1967. It has also deferred the Uranium

Corporation of India Limited's (UCIL) application for renewal of forest clearance that is required

to operate the mine on 135 hectares of forest land, with 100 hectares of underground mining and

the rest over-ground. The panel noted that mining lease was granted for a period of twenty years

between 1997 and 2007 but later, it could not get the lease renewed. UCIL though has claimed

that Department of Mines and Geology, Jharkhand, has granted mining lease renewal up to 2027.

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
The expert panel while deferring recommendation for forest clearance has asked the state

government to submit a report on violation of lease within two weeks along with present status

of forest land in the proposed area. The panel has also asked the state authorities to clarify on the

discrepancy in the dates of lease renewal and specify the period for which the mine was

operating without a valid lease in violation of the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. In addition to

this, the state government has to also examine and submit a detailed report on under what

authority UCIL was allowed to carry out the mining operations without approval of the MoEF.

The Poisoning of the People

The process used for uranium extraction involves conversion into a slurry from which the

precious metal is extracted. The rest of the sludge is sent into to the “tailing ponds” which are

supposed to hold the highly radioactive slurry. The tailing ponds are often unable to hold all the

slurry and frequently overflow, especially during the monsoons. More radioactive uranium seeps

into the ground and contaminates the groundwater and rivers. The river, which runs past

Jaduguda, is reportedly met by the murky outflow from the UCIL mine workings. Here, people

wash vegetables, sow and bathe in this extremely poisonous water. The locals are forced to use

the downstream river waters for everything ranging from washing, bathing, sowing and

irrigation. Nowhere in the region does one see warning boards. It is an open invitation to use the

resources here and get poisoned.

It is from here that the whole uranium contamination/ poisoning cycle takes a massive leap

into the food chain spreading far and wide via crops, fruits, and animals. The grass growing here

is highly radioactive and when animals graze, it enters their bodies and contaminates the milk

and meat. In short, uranium enters every part of the ecosystem and continues to spread further

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
and further via the rivers, fish, the vegetables and fruits grown there and thus, what starts as a

local mine affects a vast region.

A report authored by the journalist Adrian Levy for the United States (U.S) based 'The

Center for Public Integrity' (TCPI), released in December 2015, claims radioactive and toxic

waste have been leaking out of the uranium mine in Jaduguda, affecting people, livestock, rivers,

forests and agricultural produce in the area. The said report, accuses India's nuclear

establishment of systematically overlooking evidence that points to a radiation hazard at the

Jaduguda uranium mine. It relies on accounts of locals and activists, studies that have come out

since the 1990s and claims filed in court to say that mining has exposed workers and villagers to

radiation, heavy metals and other carcinogens, including arsenic. Toxins leaching into

underground aquifers and the Subarnarekha river could be contaminating the food chain, from

fish to vegetables, the report mentions. The case files include epidemiological and medical

surveys warning of a high incidence of infertility, birth defects and congenital illnesses among

women living near the industry's facilities. These files also detail levels of radiation that in some

places reach almost 60 times the safe levels. One of the "hard evidence of the toxic footprint" the

report cites is a 2009 paper authored by a team lead by physicist Dipak Ghosh from Kolkata's

Jadavpur University. The study had collected water from Subarnarekha and adjacent wells, and

found some of the samples had levels of radioactive alpha particles that were 160% higher than

safe World Health Organization's safe limits. The World Health Organization (WHO), it may be

recalled, is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public

health. The report also details tests done by a Hiroaki Koide, a Japanese nuclear engineer who

carried back samples from the area to Japan. Koide said radiation levels in villages close to the

mines and in residential areas near the tailing ponds exceeded international safe limits by a factor

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
of 10. The report says Koide also confirmed that uranium rock and finely ground mine tailings

had been used as ballast for road leveling and house building. The report also documents

incidents of 'radioactive leaks', such as the bursting of a pipe carrying toxic slurry on December

24, 2006. The report says that the slurry eventually kept pouring into a tributary of the

Subarnarekha for nine hours, causing shoals of dead fish to float on the surface, and no

government investigation was ever undertaken.

The TCPI isn’t alone in its concerns. Back in 2007, an Indian physicians group too had

published survey results showing villagers near the UCIL mines in Jadugoda reported levels of

congenital deformities and deaths from such deformities far higher than those 20 miles away. In

2008, the Jharkhandi Organization Against Radiation, a local activist group, collected water

samples from 10 Jadugoda- area locations, including wells and streams. Seven were shown to

have unsafe levels of heavy metals—including lead, a byproduct of uranium mining, and

mercury. Even Bloomberg News reporters, in June 2014, had collected water samples at two

sites in Jadugoda. Results from an independent testing laboratory did find a potentially

problematic reading for uranium in water that could make its way into local wells.

Another recent study of about 9,000 people in villages near the mines has documented cases

of congenital deformities, infertility, cancer, respiratory problems and miscarriages. Nuclear

scientist Sanghmitra Gadekar, who was responsible for conducting the survey on radioactive

pollution in villages near the mines, says there was a higher incidence of miscarriages and still

births. "Also, laborers were given only one uniform a week. They had to keep on wearing it and

then take it home. There, the wives or daughters wash it in a contaminated pond, exposing them

to radiation. It's a vicious circle of radioactive pollution in Jadugoda," he said.

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
 NHRC Member Justice D. Murugesan has observed that the contents of the report of the U.S.

based news organisation, if true, raise a serious issue of violation of the right to health of the

workers and local residents, besides damage to the environment, flora and fauna.

In February 2014, the Honourable High Court in the State of Jharkhand had filed a petition (a

petition is a request to do something, most commonly addressed to a government official or

public entity) that pointed to the mines operated by UCIL since 1967. Shocked by photographs

of the area’s sick and deformed children in the Indian press and elsewhere, the court ordered the

company and relevant government agencies to explain what measures they were taking to protect

the health of those living in villages around the mines. The UCIL and India's Atomic Energy

Commission have however consistently refuted such claims and maintained that operations at

Jaduguda are safe. The story however doesn't end here. Radioactive waste from Nuclear Fuel

Complex at Hyderabad too is transported back to Jadugoda by road and dumped in tailing ponds.

Just four decades back, Jadugoda was a quiet and lush green locality with no dust or radiation

pollution. The people here lived a quiet rural life. But things changed when the Indian

government started mining operations here in 1967.

“Deformities are prevalent in the age group born after mining started there,” said M.V.

Ramana, a physicist and India nuclear-energy specialist at Princeton University’s Nuclear

Futures Laboratory, in Princeton, New Jersey, who has written extensively about Jadugoda. “It’s

not so among older people. That something is affecting them is very clear. It may be radiation, it

may be some other heavy metals that contaminate the water. We don’t know for sure.”

That’s the issue for residents. Neither the company nor any government agency in their

memory has conducted the kind of comprehensive study that could get to the bottom of what’s
Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
sickening and killing their kids. That would include counting the number of sick and the dead,

and systematically testing for root causes—assembling genetic and medical histories, collating

the results of any previous doctors’ exams and testing for environmental factors like water and

soil contamination at their homes and villages.

Few people in Jadugoda actually want the uranium mine to go away. Like so many people

around the world who live near a nuclear facility, their livelihoods are now dependent on it. All

they want is better protection, and compensation for those of them who have been damaged.

Instead what they get is secrecy and intimidation. Many people are even afraid to talk.

Ideally and ethically, the whole land which was acquired for mining, blasting, processing

should have been out of bounds for people and the tailing ponds made in such a manner that

there is no seepage into the ground. It was the legal, moral and ethical duty of UCIL to warn the

locals about what was about to hit them – uranium.

Uranium – its Known but Hidden Vulnerabilities

Uranium is the heaviest naturally occurring element on earth. During mining of uranium,

naturally occurring radioactive substances are released, which are among the most harmful

materials known to science.

When uranium break down it turns into another radioactive element called protactinium.

When protactinium disintegrates it turns into a likewise radioactive element called thorium.

When thorium breaks down it then turns into radium; and when radium disintegrates it turns into

radon gas. When radon gas atoms break down, they turn into about half a dozen radioactive

materials, including polonium. In this progression, uranium finally ends up into a stable

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
substance, which is however highly toxic: lead. Incidentally, all the radioactive decay products of

uranium linger on in the crushed rock when uranium is separated from the ore.

During the extract uranium from the ground, miners dig up the rock, crush it and then leave

behind a finely powdered material – a radioactive waste called uranium tailings. It has been

reported that 85 percent of the radioactivity in the ore remains behind in the uranium tailings.

Unfortunately, the effective half-life of this radioactivity is 80,000 years. This implies that in

80,000 years there will be half as much radioactivity in these tailings as there is today.

As these tailings are typically left behind on the surface of the earth, these get blown away by

the wind, washed by the rain into the water systems – underground and terrestrial. How does

anyone or any organization forever guard millions of tons of radioactive tailings safely, and keep

it from contaminating the environment?

Besides, as the tailings remain there on the surface, these continually generate radon gas.

Radon being about eight times heavier than air, stays close to the ground, but can drift along over

1,000 kilometers in just a few days in a light wind. As it drifts along, the gas deposits on the

vegetation, thus contaminating the very base of the food chain. Study indicates that radon

daughters can be found in animals, fish and plants thousands of kilometers away from the site of

uranium mining.

Circa 2014
Jadugoda mine has been out of production since 8th Sept. 2014, after Honorable Supreme

Court of India's observation on “deemed extension” on mining leases as illegal. The UCIL

management has since then been building consensus for reopening of the mines in popular

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
media. Media has been awash with statements of senior DAE officials claiming that the closure

of operations of uranium mines has so far led to losses of over 19 tonnes of nuclear fuel, having a

potential to produce about 860 million units of electricity. The closure of Jadugoda mine of

UCIL is likely to impact nuclear power generation in the country, the media reports say.

India’s Energy Needs and Nuclear Ambitions...

An energy hungry India is heavily dependent on imports to meet its oil and gas needs and is

hungry to secure more of its own supplies, besides building capacities in nuclear power

generation.

India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power programme and expects to have

14.6 gigawatts of nuclear capacity on line by 2024 and 63 gigawatts by 2032. It aims to supply

25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050.

UCIL, not surprisingly, is constructing a new underground mine and process plant at

Tummalapalle in Andhra Pradesh and as part of its expansion is setting up new mines and in

Karnataka, Telanagana and Meghalaya.

Elsewhere in the World…

France
France is actively looking to undo decades of nuclear power growth and instead boost energy

sources like wind, solar, and small hydro projects. French President Francois Hollande has

promised to limit the growth of the country’s nuclear power, many older reactors have been

targeted for decommissioning. On October 10, 2014 France’s parliament voted to begin moving

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
to undo decades of nuclear growth and to reduce its importance to the country’s energy mix.

Over the next 11 years, France will reduce the amount of electricity coming from nuclear by one-

quarter — from 75 percent to 50 percent. To do that, estimates are that as many as 20 of France’s

58 reactors would have to be closed, and the French are willing to risk that.

Denmark
Denmark is a frontrunner when it comes to generating energy from renewable sources. As of

May 2014, renewable energy sources accounted for around 25 percent of Denmark's total energy

consumption, and by 2020, the country targets to produce 70 percent of its energy from

renewable sources. By 2050, the country plans to meet 100 percent of its energy needs with

renewables, creating more jobs, increasing exports and reducing its energy dependence.

According to a spokesperson of the Danish energy agency Energistyrelsen, which manages

Denmark's energy policy, the country's resolve to completely resign from coal, oil and gas by

2050 is realistic. With about 7,300 kilometers of coastline, the settings for wind power in

Denmark are significant. But offshore wind farms alone are not adequate to meet Denmark’s

energy demands, and therefore wind power projects have also been extended on land. However

in past, local resistance to growing wind power plants has often prevented newer development.

The Danish government therefore, since 2008, has introduced new requirements that have

brought about greater acceptance of wind power in the country. Residents are now compensated

for any loss. If a Danish house loses its value because of a wind turbine that has come up in its

vicinity, the operator of the wind turbine is not only required to compensate homeowners for that

loss but also offer at least 20 percent of the shares in the project to the affected local resident

community, thereby giving them a direct stake in the investment. Besides, the local resident

community also receives a direct allocation per megawatt of power generated. All these
Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
measures have greatly increased acceptance of wind farms among the local community in the

country as they bring direct benefits to the community and its citizens, provided they extend their

support. Denmark is also looking into using heat pumps for storage, so that when wind farms are

generating excess capacity, the extra electricity can be stored in the form of heat and later be

used to heat homes and businesses. Besides, harnessing wind energy, Denmark has also

progressively invested in solar energy systems. To meet rest of Denmark's energy needs, the

country also makes extensive use of biomass, augmented by energy savings and efficiency.

Germany
Germans have long been known as environmentally aware people. In 2011, Germany brought

in a new era of energy production, shifting from fossil and nuclear fuel to largely wind and sun.

In a opinion poll done in 2012, 61 percent of Germans had said that they would be willing to pay

more for electricity if it were to be generated from renewable resources. Germany is fast

switching off its nuclear plants t. Renewables now generate around 27 percent of the country’s

electricity, up from 9 percent just about a decade ago.

The United States of America

Back in In 1987, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the

USA had recognized that prevailing occupational standards at that time for radon exposure in the

USA did not provide sufficient protection for workers and miners at risk of lung cancer from

prolonged radon decay exposure. The NIOSH had therefore recommended that the occupational

exposure limit for radon decay products should be reduced considerably. To this date however,

this recommendation by NIOSH has not been incorporated into an enforceable standard by the

Department of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health Administration or the Occupational Safety and

Health Administration.
Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
Occupational Hazards in Uranium Mining and Safety Measures
For workers involved in mining (uranium and other ores) there is potential exposure to

naturally occurring radioactive materials. As occupational health hazards, monitoring and then

controlling the risks is necessary.

Australian and Canadian radiation safety regulations today are among the most

comprehensive and stringent in the world, and as a result radiation doses at Australian and

Canadian uranium mines are well within regulatory limits. Most uranium mines in Australia and

Canada have ISO 14001 certification.

In Australia, mining operations are undertaken under the country's Code of Practice and

Safety Guide for Radiation Protection and Radioactive Waste Management in Mining and

Mineral Processing, administered by state governments, which sets strict health standards for

radiation and radon gas exposure, for both workers and members of the public. Australian

uranium mines have mostly been open cut and therefore naturally well ventilated.

Similarly, in Canada, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission is responsible for regulating

uranium mining as well as other aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle. Besides, provincial regulations

also apply concurrently, and set strict health standards for both miners and local people.

Canadian underground mines are ventilated with powerful fans. Radon levels are kept at a very

low and certainly safe level in uranium mines.

Safety measures
Precautions prescribed by the World Nuclear Association to be exercised during the mining

and milling of uranium ores to protect the health of the workers include:

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
  Good forced ventilation systems in underground mines to ensure that exposure to radon

gas and its radioactive daughter products is as low as possible and does not exceed

established safety levels.

 Efficient dust control, because the dust may contain radioactive constituents and emit

radon gas.

 Limiting the radiation exposure of workers in mine, mill and tailings areas so that it is as

low as possible, and in any event does not exceed the allowable dose limits set by the

authorities. This may imply that while mining of very high-grade ore, it is to be

undertaken solely by remote control techniques and by fully containing the high-grade

ore where practicable.

 The use of radiation detection equipment in all mines and plants.

 Imposition of strict personal hygiene standards for workers handling uranium oxide

concentrate.

 Designated employees (those likely to be exposed to radiation or radioactive materials)

are to be monitored for alpha radiation contamination and personal dosimeters are to be

worn to measure exposure to gamma radiation.

 Routine monitoring of air, dust and surface contamination is undertaken.

Hope and Power for Humanity

There is a growing realization among the global communities that nuclear power may not be

a viable solution to our energy problems. Humanity doesn't really need it for electricity

generation. For electricity generation all that is required is to spin a wheel, and there are many

ways of doing it - water power, wind power, geothermal power, and the likes. There are also

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
other methods for producing electricity directly: solar photovoltaics, fuel cells, and so on. Human

communities in India and elsewhere need to come to a consensus over the need to permanently

decrease the radiation levels on the planet which they call their home. This is one problem that

humans do not need, they have enough already.

Requiem for Jadugoda

Jadugoda, the small township in Jharkhand, where the UCIL has been mining uranium for

decades, may still be paying the price for India’s energy ambition. Therefore, in the courtyard of

a house in Jadugoda, two teenaged brother and sister with crumpled limbs squat on the dirt floor

and scoop rice with their hands from bowls. But they cannot sing, they cannot even talk. In the

village main street, the torso of another boy mends bicycles; bicycles which he will never be able

to ride because when he was nine his legs suddenly began to bend and break, until they look now

as if they have been melted.

Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
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Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
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Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata
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Case authored by Uddipan Nath, Faculty Member at IBS Business School, Kolkata