Department of Computer Science Institute for System Architecture, Chair for Computer Networks

Mobile Communication and

Mobile Computing

Prof. Dr. Alexander Schill

http://www.rn.inf.tu-dresden.de
Structure of the Lecture
Part I: Mobile Communication
- Introduction and Principles
- GSM and Extensions
- UMTS
- LTE and beyond
- WLAN
- Satellite and Broadcast Systems

Part II: Mobile Computing

- Mobile IP and TCP
- Location Based Services
- Context Awareness and Adaptation
- Service Based Architecture
- Mobile File Systems, Databases, Information Services
- Mobile Applications

Reference:
- Jochen Schiller: Mobile Communications, Addison-Wesley 2
Introduction and Principles

3
Application Example:
Civil Engineering, Field Service

Drafts,
Large archives, urgent
Videoconferences modification

Gigabit Ethernet Fast Ethernet

Enterprise A
(main office) Enterprise A
(branch office) Architect

Gigabit Selected drafts,

Ethernet Videoconferences

UMTS, LTE GSM, UMTS

Construction
supervisor
Material data, Building site
status data,
dates
Enterprise B
4
Example: Consumer Application

8:56PM
http://www.bike-rental...

Rent-A-Bike
Service Login

Login: Alexander Schill

Password: **********

URL LOGIN

5
Mobile Multimedia

Local Resources,
Test Protocols

Product Data Client

Maintenance LAN-Access
Main office technician
Caching Mobile Access

Very different performances and costs:

radio networks versus fixed networks

Software-controlled, automatic adaptation to

concrete system environments
Example: Access to picture data / compressed
picture data / graphics / text
6
Traffic Telematics Systems
Content Provider
Main Office
Content Provider
Gigabit
Ethernet

Internet

GSM
Point-to-Point Radio,
Internet

Radio/Infrared DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting

RDS/TMC: Radio Data System/
Traffic Message Channel
Infrastructure 7
Mobile Communication: Development

Mobile E (GSM1800)
C D (GSM900)
Phone
Networks HSCSD EDGE
GPRS
Packet Networks Modacom

Circuit Mobitex IMT/

Switched UMTS LTE
Tetra
Networks
4G
(LTE -
Satellite Inmarsat
Iridium/ advanced,
Networks Globalstar
WiMAX)

Cordless CT DECT
Telephony

Radio-LAN
Local IEEE 802.11
Networks Bluetooth
IR-LAN

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8
 Used Acronyms
C: C: Analog “C” Network (1st Generation)
CT: CT: Cordless Telephone
DECT: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
DECT:
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications (2nd Generation)
GSM:
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
GPRS:
HSDPA+:
HSCSD:High Speed Downlink Packet Access (advanced)
HSUPA+: High Speed Uplink Packet Access (advanced)
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
EDGE:
IMT: International Mobile Telecommunications
IMT:
LTE: Long Term Evolution
LTE:
TETRA:
TETRA: Terrestrial Trunked Radio (Multicast Communication System)
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (3rd Generation)
UMTS:
4G:4G: 4th Generation Networks
WiMAX:
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
9
Correspondent data rates
LTE (downlink)
300 Mbit/s
200 Mbit/s

100 Mbit/s LTE (uplink) / HSDPA+

50 Mbit/s
HSUPA+
10 Mbit/s UMTS
(pico cell)
WLAN
1 Mbit/s DECT
EDGE
HSCSD/
100 kbit/s UMTS
GPRS
(macro cell)

10kbit/s GSM Satellites

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 10

 Frequency Assignment
Circuit Switched Radio Mobile Phones Cordless Phones Wireless LANs

TETRA NMT TETRA LTE 800 CT2 CT1+ GSM900 CT1+ GSM900

380-400 453-457 450-470 500Mhz 790-862 864-868 885-887 890-915 930-932 935-960 1GHz
410-430 463-467 (nationally different)

TFTS (Pager, aircraft phones) GSM1800 TFTS GSM1800 DECT UMTS

1670-1675 1710-1785 1800-1805 1805-1880 1880-1900 (1885-2025

2110-2200)
WLAN IEEE 802.11a: 5,15-5,25; 5,25-5,35; 5,725-5,825
IEEE 802.11b/g/n Bluetooth LTE 2600 WIMAX HIPERLAN1 HIPERLAN2 HIPER-Link

MHz
2400-2483 2402-2480 2500-2690 3500 5176-5270 (~5200-5600) (~17000)
2412-2472
HomeRF...(approx.2400) - 2,4 GHz and higher: often license free, nationally different
-> interesting for high data rates
TFTS - Terrestrial Flight Telephone System
11
NMT – Nordic Mobile Telephone
Principles of Mobile Communication
Based on electro-magnetic radio transmission

radio transmission

terrestrial orbital (satellite)

point-to-point Broadcast radio equatorial non-equatorial

orbit orbit

cellular non-cellular

Principles:
– Propagation and reception of electro-magnetic waves
– Modulation and multiplex methods; focusing on cellular networks

12
Cellular networks
• well known from mobile networks (GSM, UMTS)
• base station (BS) covers at least one cell; a combination
of multiple cells is also called a cellular structure
• provides different kinds of handovers between the cells
• higher capacity and better coverage than non-cellular
networks
• bidirectional* antennas instead of omni-directional** can
better serve the selected sectors

along highways
or train lines

for covering
of larger areas
* ** 13
Cellular networks: handover (1)

A procedure inside a cellular network, which controls the

switching process between the cells and end devices

Reasons for handovers are:

 leaving the transmission range of a cell
 overloading or breakdown of the used cell
 loss of connection quality

14
Cellular networks: handover (2)

Handover classes
 Intra-cell: switch-over inside the cell onto other
frequency or other timeslot
 Inter-cell: switch-over to a neighboring cell
 Inter-system: switch-over between different
technologies (e.g. GSM and UMTS); roaming

Handover types
 Hard handover: active connection gets disconnected
before the connection to a new cell is established
 Soft handover: active connection gets disconnected
after the connection to a new cell is established

15
Structure of a cellular network
• Major problems:
 limited frequency
1 resources
 interference
2 4
• reuse of frequency
1 3 channels in remote cells
• cluster of N cell types
4 1
N  i2  i  j  j2
3 2
i, j  0,1,2,
1
• reuse distance

D  3N  R
• where R – cell radius

16
D/R Ratios versus Reuse Patterns

R D 3N  R

D/R-Ratio Cluster size, N

3,46 4

4,6 7

6 12

7,55 19

3 3
Cluster of N cells with
R – cell radius;
D – reuse distance
with the use of sectorized antennas
17
Frequency Distribution: Examples

D/R=3 with N=3

• Frequency distribution according to IEEE
802.11b/g/n
D/R=4.6 with N=7
• Frequency distribution according to IEEE 802.11a
18
Multiplex Methods: Principles

Multiplex
 Concurrent usage of the medium without interference
 4 multiplex methods:
 Space
 Time
 Frequency
 Code

Medium Access
 controls user access to medium
 implemented by combining and exploiting multiplex
methods

19
SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
Communication channel relates to definite regional area or
physical infrastructure

Space Multiplex for instance in the Analog Phone Systems

(for each participant one line), for Broadcasting Stations,
and in Cellular Networks

Problem: secure distance (interferences) between

transmitting stations is required (using one frequency),
and by pure Space Multiplex each communication channel
would require an own transmitting station

Therefore space Multiplex is only reasonable in combination

with other multiplex methods

20
SDMA: Example

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

f1
s

SDMA selects cell

s – secure distance

21
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• frequencies are permanently assigned to transmission
channels (known from broadcast radio)

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 f

k6

k5
f1 f4 k4
FDMA selects
f2 frequency f5
k3
f3 s f6
k2

k1
t

s – secure distance
22
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
• transmission medium is slot-assigned to channels for
certain time, is often used in LANs
• Synchronization (timing, static or dynamic) between
transmitting and receiving stations is required

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

TDMA selects f
slot f1

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 k1
t

23
 Combination: FDMA and TDMA, (e.g. in GSM)
• GSM uses combination of FDMA and TDMA for better use of
narrow resources
• the used bandwidth for each carrier is
200 kHz => approx. 124 * 8 = 992 channels
f in MHz

960 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
downlink
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0

25 MHz
935,2 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0

915 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
200 kHz uplink
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0

25 MHz 45 MHz
890,2 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
24
t
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

CDMA
decoded f1

• definite Codes are assigned to transmission channels, these

can be on the same Frequency for the same Time
• uses cost-efficient VLSI components
• high security level using spread spectrum techniques
• but: exact synchronization is required, code of transmitting
station must be known to receiving station, complex receivers
for signal separation are required;
noise should not be very high
25
CDMA illustrated by example
• The principle of CDMA can be illustrated by the example of
some party:
• communication partners stand close to each other, each
transmission station (Sender) is only so loud that it does not
interfere to neighbored groups
• transmission stations (Senders) use certain Codes (for
instance, just different languages)
• receiving station (Listener) tunes to a specific language
(Code) in order to decode the content
• if other receiving station (Listener) cannot understand this
language (Code), then it can recognize the data (as a kind of
background noise), but it cannot do anything with them
• if two communication partners would like to have some secure
communication line, then they should simply use a secret
language (Code)

Potential Problems:
 security distance is sometimes too small: interferences
(i.e. Polish und Russian)

26
CDMA example technically
Sender A
• Sends Ad =1, Key Ak = 010011 (set: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
• Transmit signal As =Ad *Ak = (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1)
Sender B
• sends Bd =0, Key Bk = 110101 (set: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
• Transmit signal Bs =Bd *Bk = (-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1)

Both signals overlay on the air

• Faults are ignored here (noises etc.)
• C = As+ Bs =(-2,0,0,-2,+2,0)

Receiver will listen to Sender A

• uses Key Ak bitwise (internal product)
 Ae = C * Ak =2 +0+0 +2 +2+0 = 6
 Result is greater than 0, so sent bit was „1“
• likewise B
 Be = C * Bk =-2 +0 +0 -2 -2 +0 = -6, i.e. „0“
27
Spread Spectrum Techniques
dP dP dP dP dP
df df df df df

f f f f f
• Signal is spread by the Sender before the transmission
• Small-bandwidth faults are spread by de-spreading in receiving
station; especially important for CDMA (highly sensitive to
faults)
• band-pass deletes redundant frequency parts
• dP/df value corresponds to called Power Density, Energy is
constant (in the Figure: the filled areas)
Objective:
• Increase of robustness against small-bandwidth faults
• Protection against unauthorized receivers: power density of
spread-spectrum signals can be lower than that of background
noise 28