ASCE 7 Wind Loading Provisions

CE 6999c
Lecture 2
Wind Loads
• When structures block the flow of wind,
the wind’s kinetic energy is converted
into potential energy of pressure.
Wind Loads
• The effect of wind on structure
depends:
– Density of the air
– Velocity of the air
– Angle of incidence of the wind
– Shape and stiffness of the structure
– Roughness of its surface.
Wind Loads
• For design purposes, wind loading can
be treated using:
– Static Approach: Most common
approach.

– Dynamic Approach: Building or other

structures not meeting requirements of
section 6.5.1 (ASCE 7-05), or having
unusual shapes or response characteristic .
Wind Loads: Static Approach
• The fluctuating pressure of constantly
blowing wind is approximated by a
mean velocity pressure:
1
q = ρV 2
2
− ρ is air density
- V is air velocity
Wind load: Static Approach
• Previous equation is modified to
account for:
• Structure Importance (I)
• Structure Height (Kz)
• Structure Location (terrain)
• Considering the factors previously
mentioned, the mean velocity pressure
becomes:
q z = 0.00256 K z K zt K d V I
2 2
(lb/ft )
Wind load: ASCE 7-05 (cont.)
– Where:
• V = Velocity in mi/h of a 3-second gust of wind measured
at 33 ft above the ground during a 50-year recurrence
period.
• I = The importance factor that depends upon the nature
of the building occupancy.
– Buildings with low hazard to human life, in a non-hurricane
prone region:
– Agriculture facilities have I = 0.87
– Hospital facilities have I = 1.15
• Kz = The velocity pressure exposure coefficient, which is
a function of height and depends upon the ground
terrain.
• Kzt = A factor that accounts for wind speed increases due
to hills and escarpments. Flat ground Kzt = 1.
• Kd = factor that accounts for the direction of the wind. It
is used only when the structure is subjected to
combinations of loads. If wind alone is to be consider, Kd
=1
Figures and images
Table for KD and I
Table 6-4: KD Table 6-1: I
Table 1-1: Occupancy Category of building and other structures
Table 1-1: Occupancy Category of building and other structures
(cont.)
Topographic Factor, Kzt
Exposure B: Example
Exposure B: Example
 Exposure B and C: Example

Exposure
C
Exposure C: Example
Exposure C: Example
Exposure D: Example
ASCE/SEI 7-05
• Method 1 – Simplified Procedure (permitted
for regular shaped low-rise buildings)
• Method 2 – Analytical Procedure (permitted
for regular shaped buildings and structures
not susceptible to across wind loading or
other special considerations due to location)
• Method 3 – Wind Tunnel Procedure (for all
structures)
Method 1 – Simplified Procedure
• Main Wind-Force Resisting System
(MWFRS): An assemblage of structural
elements assigned to provide support
and stability for the overall structure.
The system generally receives wind
loading from more than one surface.
• Components and Cladding: Elements of
the building envelope that do not
qualify as part of the MWFRS.
Mean Roof Height

θ
h2
h1

h1 + h2
If θ > 10 , then h =
o

If θ ≤ 10o , then h = h1
Example
Method 2 – Analytical Procedure
Example