Engendering Democracy in Brazil WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS IN TRANSITION POLITICS, Sonia E. Alvarez ‘sao.FrLcHUSP witprec soy mee Ove Pes ‘se rc ey Se Ine nied King Pima ety Pm, hte Me See wy oC natin De ‘mtn Sy Bt wom ven in (eae pe ‘isbn enon Lr Ta Ro mi Pon nis rng be mt iny Rome ‘Exgenaing Demecrary. te emecrane Bra: Probes ef rsa anf Coen, Sse conse mtonme ere em Bemcoutenioa ate eo, 8 Cog EE Sin Alas as Se cere oe iichereennicartaeamamen creamy, ie bereceee ee SoS eae DEDALUS - Acorvo- FFLCHFIL, Contents, Aclnowiedgmenss vi ABbrevarions & rrotction 3 Cserex One “Theoretical nd Coopratve Perspectives on Women's Movements she Sate 0 Conerea Two ‘Women inthe New Social Movenents of Urban Bail a Cuapren Tans Mita Motes and srgetDaughts: Women in the Oppostion a Authortarin Role eT Cunrrex Four “The Genesis of Womens Movements in Autoritran Beal, W697 os Cuaron Five ‘The Re nd Fal of Uniod, Mass Based Benin Women's Movemeat uo cuseren Sx Thing Ske: Women’s Movements and Pita Parties, 1974 1982 ww Cgrren Seve Diou Alsi the Stags for Womens Rights: Pres and (Geer Strategies inthe 1982 Campaign v1 Conarsex Bose ‘Approaching the Authoritarian St: Women's Movements and Population Poly la Transtoal Brazlin Poliies vs “Taking Fenn note State: Ger Policy sa the PME Councils on the Sts of Women 98‘Woren's Movemests, Gener Policy, an the Polis of Democratic Consolidation 1985-198) ‘Coechislon:Engenerog Plc Change Selec Bibgraphy Inder ma 260 as a Acknowledgments “Tas woo owes ie existent the bounds seers of az of Bri lan women's movement acviss, who, over the course of the ist decade, ‘ard thelr political experiences and exprise wih me and gave gacos) ‘thei tne tts projet. Tam especialy indebted fo he cous Wome tensive in movements for vocal change whose vst ney and ata Iya samen contbued rmansur to my wndesanding of Bazan {tor pole. To refer to such fos a "ievieees” of formas ™ ‘rou rly do juste to the lense scope of thet contbutons to this reject. Many women ped uncover bscre documents or maga ino ‘ton exten 1 is sd openo ter homes thie meetings hei pe lonal archives oe, came tomy rexeb nine of es a en ie ‘eserves of wisdom ud paenc omy ffs understand dhe dja of| the wome’s movement and polis na cour undergois api clans. “Though my debt of pratiade extends to all tbe movemcat sts and scolar worked witht Bra the following pope in parler made hy research in Brail toth perenally an sllecaly rewarding Miia Bo fans, Maria Terese Auto, Ver Soares, Blan Feria de Asis, Beat de at, aria Amel Tells de Aleks, Regan Stale Dua, Mari Aga ‘eka Stumacer, Patil els, Sonis Avex Cai, Eaard Meta, SI- ‘in Aracho, Dle Peri, Hamilton Cardwo, Maro Rodsgus Tones, Mi {li Mares, Robeno Roneerl, Ao Leper, Reinaldo Cones Si, the ‘omen of Jari Mira, epealy Palmira Senos Atranes ad a Jess gino Vila, andthe memes of Ceavolfoonsto Mule. Ruth Cros td Tere Caldera of CEBRAP and Caron Buroso of Farias Caos Chagas in Sao Paulo were highly supportive of my research; ter work on Bulan gener power lations and sacl mova Served an isp ion for myo My analyse bneted prety rom he lc init and ace cies of ce nd colleges who lent spate ea To my evolving eas tout gener pole read an commented o alps ofthe mansei in progres {thik ak Meseatovich, Pai Chuck, Marsa Nava, ‘Angela Araujo, ane Haber, Dons Re Plier, and Gwendolyn Mink fr sr wie advice. MY cllenoes in he Staly Group on New Social Move nets in Latin Amer, Arar Esco, Vvinne Bennet, Cithy Scheie, tie! Teresa Carlo ribo w spp sl inating inl ea Toner, shllenging me t ne many of my arguments about Woes ‘movements and gender pics in Bran Iso would ie to expe my deeppatie to Jane , Jago and Sct Msiasing, who reviewed he man ‘ip for Princeton, forthe pasting dtd and wplyally igoous Sigestions fr revisio, Finally, 1am gt to prtesors Alfred Stepan, David Cameron, and James C. Sct who povided ell comet os hom to reise my Yale Universty doctoral dseatic, theater aration of ‘histo ‘Ove the years, Lhuve had the good fortune of working with igen, sovrcefu, an fem research asa tthe Univeaty of Caria a ‘Sint Cruz. eonifer Tey lp with copyedig the nal ay prepared the inde and mae many insightlsngestoce fr subatie evn, Wiliam Vpn assed with eeence check nd graphy searches geoerlly hoped Keep me sane and eranzed while | wrote the fl da. Patcia Pangan, Sasana Wappen, la Swe. Roger Fak, and Pe iia Bea ao proved invaluable research asset eer singe of this project. Mist Bots, te members of Ceo lneragio Mule a SioPuto an, roe rece, Ane Bla collected vil dt and documents ‘a Br in etneen my Bld re, ping me sey caret develope in gender police and pole. A competent, eal, and ends Pe ‘Ea of folks assed me inh aac of preparing a elestron man Sip at vais alays ciel sages My taps a Set Brooke, Sean Sno, Liss Seivers, and Pat Sener. Ante Mal sad Wiliam Von ‘rooted the manag. “Tomy friends and aiy who supported me inet and erin through tb many ups and downs of wing his book, ome he mont rofound thank. My parent, Aramis and Soin Alvar, ny ors, Ara Maria, my hens, Gvendoiyn Mink, Arturo Escobar, Lett Berle, Beaty Alvrvih, Labeth Hass, Rachel Mina, Hila Gute Baldo ‘ul, Jenifer Ten, and ost especialy Jat Movchkovichy all ours ‘ny hiad, boosted my spi, povided house editorial aeiance, coupled ‘th chicken soup and cfeiaos ina pitch, nd kept me rom song a ‘scanned protssr one and eal. ‘My ay flaork in Bali 1981 mas spp bya smmer each gan fom the Yale Univesity Coal on Latin Ameren Stn. Research forthe dseation, couced in 1982 aed 1983, wa fund by rn fo Fallightas, the Inter-American Foundation, andthe Social Seence Re- seach Coup. The Univesity of Calon a Santa Cra generat sp prefer resewch for his book. Varios UCSC Seeste Commitee on Reseuch gran, Social Science Divisions grants, std the Univer of Ca. ifmia Regents Snir Faculty Reseach Felowshp Progam pode re seach and ler sane and tel bis for el eset onic ie the summer of 1985 sa 985, an ranted me ees tne ror aching ‘Ragone a crcl monet ine preparation of this book Abbreviations ARENA. Allce for Nationa Renovation BEMFAM ——Socity forthe Wife of he Faris Braxl BNDES” Nina Bak for Secs Developme NH ‘Naor Howsing Bak CAMDE Women's Campaign fr Democacy COMB. Gener fr the Development of Briton Women cos. ‘Council on Soil Developnent CEB: Cristi Base Communities CECE ‘Ste Coun onthe Femine Condon CELAM General Colerene of Latin America Bishops CCELADEC Latin American Evangel! Cormmsson of Crsian Ba ar Cconasiaon of sain Labor Laws cus Branian Wonea's Center ENBB——_‘Natinal Conference of Brin Bisons EXDM National Coun on Women’s Rigs CCOHAB ational Heating Company om Parliamentary Ingiry Commision cur Cental Union of Workers FARES Bursa ofthe Family and Social Welfare FIESP Federation of Init of he Sat of GALE Lesbian Feminist Acton Grp car Paria nd Airy Group iM Interational Monetary Fund wD. Internationa! Women't Day TIMDE ——_Destocae Women's League of Minas Gris Ma enunie Movere fr Repimeaton Mee ‘Moremeat Azan the Rising Cost of Living MCV Cato Living Movement MDB arian Democrat Movement MA Teminine Ames Movement MLC Stal or Day Care Movement MDS Movemeat of Democrat Social Women MNU- United Black Movement M6 ——_Hiphtof October Revolutionary Movenest Xs ‘New Social Movement ons: Organization of American States+ Abe PASM Pee Ped pbs por Pr PMB Psba rr Pre SAB SEBES SN vcr UDR UDR Mater UNICEE Program fer negra Assistance to Ware's He ‘Brallan Crna Paty CCoasnais Pay of Baa emaeratc Soil Pty DemeertcLabor Paty ary of he Literal Frat ary of he Brian Demos Movement Popa Pay Insttiona Revolution Pay (Mexia) Balan Soil Daneerate Pay ‘Worker Puy Bralian Labor Pay Socey of Friends of the Nelghorhocd Bare of Soil Welfare [Nao eeligence Service Feminine Cie Unee Democrat Reais sion Democrat Rast Urion-Womess Department ‘Uned Nations Cie’ Fond Engendering Democracy in BrazilIntroduction Braz asthe igi distnctio of having ended the ones miitacy a= thorsan pine n South America, The epime ile y the conservative "evolution of 1964 weat through numerous insitsional changes ine sponse wo susalaedoppoton and presided over the mos poate ad {ply consol proces of wanstion to pla democracy i he ree "Yet Brae diincive for nah reason he 1970s and 198 Bris wines the emergence and developneat of what i arpably the Tart Ios diverse, mst radial, und ost sees weme’smoveent incom {emporry Latin Arerc, By the mid-1980s, tes of thousands of women had con plied by the women’s movement apd core ems of the Lerinst ‘genda d made ir way the ptflonas sd pops ll sje po- Teal pies and io the pute pais ofthe New Bazan Republic ‘Unaveling this aparent paradox ithe cena i of his ty. My theo recalpals ae het. Fst, ths sly ecksoexpin th emergence abd ‘evelopment of rogesive wenen’s overeat ami the lia of potted "epestion and economic ri eaveloping Brain the 1970s it deve pa tua tention tothe gender polio of the final ages of pine wanston Inte 19805. Bu his sot jst story about Bri. The book also sayz the relationship between rooevlutionsy polical chuage and changes i ‘romen'semscusaess and mobilization I ropose concep ramework for understanding bow regime change patlly might aller he sins of| ‘women in Lai Ameria. Fly hs 1s ot jut a sory abet women. By ‘mining the ariclaton of geaderbsedpolical cms and women's ‘soreness win he razah taston, thi sty enances oor une: andiag of democratization processes still underway a Bri nd her South “Ameican natn. This took clsey examines one sch process rom the an- tape pint of women wh, though agey excluded fom the intact negt soos that shred ia Bess clin reine ia 1985, made important cont- tutions to danerang Brain Sct and plicl laos. "Art fina scolar and atvst, twas comment 0 expanding the sao cla pd geogrptclounding of contemporary Wester feminist ‘hey ttre my ing nto te ender ois of Bris transition. A wie vr of fini problematic rosea ational bound ‘ies, When I int ered of Brain fen, 1 was lnsgued bythe fact that many of the sues raed and problems coated by women’s move ‘Bets in Bra, dough emerging in sci flats iinet fam ov Om, ‘onethlee esate incur own diver feminist rast‘Yet Noth American fein hs pal sere tention to he burgeoning women's movements of Brazil an fer South American mio. Few te ‘ten aware of thf hat ody, fr Meni to Arson, momes moe ‘moms re Nouri and ae expanding the prnmeters of the stl gant ‘oppression nd exponen ttn Amerie. A thi dy wl eve sch ‘select not oa has amon ternational fei arty but alin lined the seers of Weve feminist politcal theory and plc Feminist sebum the West ton often have ase ht el sie ‘evant o Latin American women's ves nitigly ex the erptions ‘fates political fren Latin America. The Right bas conse “ordinay" women, wh are sppoedy enenced ination ler 0 be ‘atlgial spoil or acapabeofatnomots pli haupt ss tion. And the Left hs insisted ht, ven the context of poverty, unde ‘elope and inperalis, econo ue ancl confi dont po hes n Latin America nd eanze he dal tives a poi concoosess ‘oft peopl,incding its women It tardy my inenton beet comes thiscent spect of Latin American pola ie, But Lain American women fave aways lived ow ender nual’ wel rae enptaon ithe ‘es, in te" private” and "pubes, Pola nd econ er {auton brought hem ew sdvanaps. eft, esearch on women a ‘ional developmeat hws, depend epi development ten reste decreased stats and incened neu for poe an weeing cas women {main Aner ater inthe Third Word ‘Capital developaet or even sii tanforaton, in any ae, wll ot eolve mny of he problems tat women confor yo-day ver Probleme mich lack of aces fo coven, soul base ne ome, or rea lence nthe reste wl tp fae aya the proces tf epitai devlopment unos orf women se sacs osxprated into the pblc worl of werk and ols. Ad whe Lata Antica women the poplar classes, ike tet men explo by he ela le, hey have het owe, "gendecill dint amt and conor swell” “Pe ie re ih tho a ei i ‘Rotey eta Chg oo rr oot A ayo es ‘Buh epy nsf ar ol Ce ws, Dee acti is cir ey en Pe awh financing nt Hs nn hes ag neyo Seren yer =e espe emmy ABA ep, he wd ei sieeecerne nutes in at 1 commonly held astmpions stout the inlevance of genie Latin ‘Anerian woes Ives te, hw thn ean we aseount fo the massive ‘mobilation of women as omen i Bra and ter Latin Amicon mations Inecem year? Ths took atalyacs ho gender interests were shaped by ad stculted inthe Brin pital estem over the ano decals, ropes lng resnceptualztion of th dynamies of ender police Latin Amer- let region a4 wine examine the fctors th acount for he relive sseret of women's moveneats ding Baxi’stanstion fom astern Tle, eaciog the sales and tics of mie-ls feminist orgnizatons tc popula women's grops and fossng on tee ineracton with pita ptr and Slt sutions ones sno Misra AvTomania Stas SOUTH AERC. “The ise ffi tiv in Latin America rng the 1970 il pais ‘any plc ebservers. How cold sch movements formate snd advance tender based politcal lainsin arepon where machismo sanetiond bythe Sate an sant y the Cable chrc? Why. fer decades of doraney, ‘ald Feminism reverie preiely ding oe he most pica reyes Five and economically repressive periods ia Latin Americ’ istry. aise ‘when most ours inthe repon ved under he yoke of military rule? "Theis of proressve women's ovement the 1970 seems even more rpesing if we conser theft that Lin American miliary rime, ike ther conservative counters inthe Wes, maniplated fy ales and ‘enforced ada anceps of women’s “proper spere” Thee Who Flged the Braiian rightwing coup of pl 196, for example tune 2 ‘omen an he symbol o the fy salen nd justo iegal se are of State power. Appling women's "innate" commienent 1 emi, ‘morality, and social er, te Bruian Right enjoined the "women of Bre [io erganize apis the dency elect gover=t of Fo Go Tar, Thousands of women bode hi call parting inthe now nanos ‘marches of "the Family, with God, for Liberty" Goua's akal populist ‘efoms, clsined right-wing feces, healed the very mri of Br ‘inn society. Milly mn and tc reactionary Gia alles convinced thousands of Drailan women tthe populist "communist menace” must teevalcued ithe Bran fy was abe saved” (ener pe ay Or, he Pts geo to Ra od EGS RToe le i dei sesh Sracimpeire ml cnmeting oe anf wen at esInspired by the ideologues of the conservative sevaltion and guided by ‘male coup conprton, the wies and dah of ality en, od ‘its, and landowner founded the Women's Capig oe Denney (Com- ‘ona da Mulher pels Denocraca ot CAMDE) in 1962, Along with oes Fighting women's groupe, sic he Democae Wome Lng of Mi ‘nt Gers (Liga da Muher Democrica or LIMP, he Feminine Move" ‘Bent lor Regimenttion (Movant de Aregmentpia Feminina oe MAB), {nd the Feninine Civic Union (Unido Chica Femina or UCF), CAMDE (anzed massive demonstrators sx he Govt government dag Be ‘mons preceding the Al 1964 coup. Trational yn of enn pty tnd spiral superior, moral asd motherhood were manipltd by the Pola Right egiiize tee epressive pola oj. Armed wit re ‘ies and oars, ound of per: and midle-cas mone pared {rob he sues of Ban's jor ete, poring the mit o pfs is tanly duty" and ese edad abit the aon, The ast wom en's mach apis the populist reine occured in Rio de ania onthe dy ‘efor the coup ‘Conservative mide and upper-class women ths served handmaiens in the insalltion of Brazian ators Om Ape 1, altar ans tse economic pose thst milloor of women ito the work face ‘hie patina ideology eld women ccly Gt oa fancy acount ‘he forte fais sural, workings women ster eien 0 Ing. Ard hough te mils exaled heron and fein, women tree bay spared the ravage of St epession ad fem poll pi ‘os and waren rin of Safe enor wee offen sbjoed wo sexta bse "Chars 2a aay the dramatic changes in Bris ola econ: ‘ony, cll ple, nd pital and curve paces at provide the Ickop to wome’s pola! mobiltio I wil show that reese social polices ew women al saa clase i the weling rank ofthe pole Kel opositon. However, the expansion and divesieaton of epitaist po ‘con during Ban's "Eoooml Mile” of 1967-1973 ad markedly feat effect onthe role of women of aioe aia gop and soca ‘lacs, The tage thus wa torte diferent arson of ender sed Incest among mide as and woekng class women ‘On the oe hand, economic growth andthe expansion of higher education rented new jb and edratonl opps fr white, mill-lss Wome, ‘hut rian onthe bao ex connie vate. A seis severely ‘reunsrted he poesionalopprtuntis und peromlopton avaible tren of the new mile clams, te mpi entry af aie, mie clase Mromen ito academia an the poferions soon fueled an Inco debate shout women’s equality among Brailan ntllocuas. On he ber had, ‘sive wage pices imulaneoosl pushed milions of por and working ‘ase worm no wefan, lows ob inthe leat progressive, most ‘exposes of the exon. Eeonomic cies undermined working ‘las survival satel, poeling hanes of tousands of women to ecksolutions ots ams’ needs by papain inthe community setlp ‘rganzations and passes social movement rang op oghot Be ‘iin the 1960s and 1970 ‘These rp changes in women's oes eed spk “cond wave of| the women's movement in Bria elsewhere lathe Southern Cone The mail contains experienced by women ative ia al- doin soil ‘movement oppose pares, bl agus incase 3, led wore onseiouses, fiat te formulation of gender band pois demande ‘nd salted the formation of eutononous women's ae (Chapters and 5 track the changing pital dynamics and gene ours of workings eminine soup nthe periphery of Bras jor ies an middle cise te feminist eganzatons ring the 1970 and 1980s. Bot movement paripants and socal sets fn Lain America commonly dtinguih een feminine” and femnst™ poaps and de- ‘mands. Pal Singer lifes te casomary wage of hese ere "The #0 ‘es against the sing eat of living for seb, day er eters ee ‘ell as pci measres to protect women who work ret woe lose) {nd iis pssible teu to conser tem fonne dens. Bu hy are not Feminist ote exe hat they donot quention he way a which women te fmmered ino the ail context. Jn Bra, nies of feminine groups emeped in the perio of aor cis and over four hundred sel grofesed feminit rgniaons ete Formed dung te 1870 a 1980s. Chapter 4 and eucdat the point of convergence and divergence between feminine and feminist nization, “Women’s raps of bot ps fst aie bndreds of thon to pts ‘he dimen effects of atotaran developrent on wore’ ives, Buy the eal 1980s, many mdeclass and ppulr womea's soaps abo had ‘mounted plz calenge to stutonlzd sexism. My sala centers (on the pall paliiciaton snd raion of gear oes, as wore ‘Scisencoutred ete dserminition within the popesve oppo ‘iow and sa tet concems reg othe sats fcr contac tone” ‘Over te coune ofthe Brn tanston, women formed tr own on zations, elite inthe opposition in unprecedeted austen ree ics Men ne ar et antec et ‘eo Forecast on we Shere Sa are ei ee Si Lom nero ce te Go 1 ne ban ep, 6 sh oston partes and nions to ppt the cate of gener equity. Bu the ‘eliasip between women’s movements sd the male doriaa oposon ‘wa lays uneasy, tbo. The sraple sai autora wasps Iowa and dead for women's ually were too oe dered dvsve or frivolous by mae opposition eats "Yet inthe content of «mia autoraran replete ate of women's ‘movement orpnzaton emi closly wed oh of thle ol Cal opposon. And opposition strength gew dma inthe mi-1970s, ‘emit athrarani Ban began Ws slow bt inexorable decie Popular rer rm blo combed wih ceservaieIivealiaion fom shove opie rie toa procs free Weak an anion f vin ‘Mle, commonly feed oar or pola liberation. That process ‘mined in 1985 wit th talinion of the New Brazilian Repl, se ‘ian reine tat italy ein an of he wappings of miliary autor ‘etna bat resublished basic noms of procedural democracy theca hich hse appings, in theory, might be overone 'A the obertra process enflde, the growing pital lout ofthe opp ston n Bre couple wits the reine’ tempt to coma dough co ‘erative pita berzation gradually expand the poi spce wal tice women and allowed forth action of enderspeci claims. In ‘laplers Gand 7 show bow plical pares gradual ae view women’s Imotenents at vas and untapped sore of pil curency. The, Sng herwra, the opeston ately courted women's sport. And womes| Imovement organtons overabeiingy suppor th oponien, mb ing thousands of women forletorlprerpuion and promote sbiregime tne rales, Tough opostion prs pote renin othe noveneas noe radial cris, women acts hoped» new, democrat reps Wold ‘more opporive of ender specie ed for equality ad tice. Some of thr hopes wer realized dng the 1980s. As demons in tatere 8 and 9, nt Bran partes ao ene many core ses fhe ‘women's movement polial ageads and Women cooqutedSgnicat po Tite space within partes athe Sate pps. Most pasties Formed Wo ‘rs divison, and couse the sts of Women wee eae a th ipl, stat, and federal levels afer 198, However, te incorporation of women ad womens ses into Bruan ‘easton polis also ae ied with tenons andcontaticton. Atha rn a ae os Me al Soran e- tse Halas Boy Ce We rete organized seco fi soley retort tk poli ites. During te decndes of excsonnry an eresve seria polis, fom. inst in Breil andeowhere in South Arsh completly dismissed Stat eter olicl tape and peers rouptatc need ding the to ecades when mite auoriaranst demnated South Anise ylitn, the State astray was viewed as women's and ter oppress ros) worst enemy” But the cpfoston poi paris who courted the female letra ad sppealed wo erganze Tonal consitences dating te inl igo he a lose demoericy ar now a power As te rcealyebited demwcratc ‘epime seks lepinay in relist police and parca bed our, women’s clans peowy hve ade the way info male domm inant potieyaking ree. Tad, fern in Brel a eer South Ame ican nations ar confonted wih 2 new conjnteingende poles" The Ste, hertofore widely perceived ote women's wort enn, i suey pontine a6 "women's best end.” Whether te Ste he ple Pry system, andthe bureucacy canbe viable ara for promoting i Proveseats inthe contin of women’s nese therfoe an expel es Ing question fr Laia American feiss olay. How women movereets in Braz mt this challenge inh nreasnlyconervave plc climate ‘fh te 19805 the sj of ear 10 “Through acae sy of wore’s movements nd gente pits in Bra’ ‘easton fom auostrian ule, his bok dre il estos cone ing alematve fins taepes viv the dependent cpa Stat in South America. To be sue, 1 cse-secie monograph cans yi! esl theoretical explanations no elbeate peste hype, Btw theoretically infed ant coneptally exacting ali of gender plies in Bra will nevertiles allow met preset esearch Uadiags tht wil provide foe ion for fare compre analy a te ple of pnt Latin America ‘ody “The total apd consul framework tha noes this ing ino Brailangeder pti spreente in cpr I. The Bok cones wih ‘honed efectos on how he Brain fading ght conute t fte copra eseuch te Hl of Latin Ane dst polis. The Sina chapter ieniies the macrosrctral and mip vals hining te ise of women's movements mthorata ene, anlyes the poitical arulation of gender interes, ad proposes «gegen framewerk for udersandig Latin Amina pits! chang. ‘Oerthe paso decades, feist staents of Latin Amoi hve devoted ee ce tied by Fa i eee snot of eaten oss he np of depen capitis deve “Sneath le of wore inh epon. Yt we we ao fae dc ‘Tend extemsively he fle of wc lcm change wonen's {othe nt eve om wren td velop shde te it on “ely pol deem of chang snd lant to eo ‘Maiow noes Urn Ame "few rect studs nls the ener pol of pop nd anit sfc" An oe oes he tmnt ir ne IMfonay sail pole see women's rsa Cab an Nesrgu The Ctl Aer pelos npr cpre th magnon of Noh ‘Ameria fist, nd acai. We now hve seo sts Gtomen's ste price Ciban od Cental. Aeron ‘rola and lar an atv eee hae debate pl ‘Stor of evolutionary scl change fr mproving ttt of women Llanes china eh Wo ‘ote yams proves of politcal chang: nd aberdifeat, hoosh cy dai fame of wil rope chartered Soth Amer pl il recut ales i of pp once othe iiay aa then gins Grn thei and 17Orend te now enowned "sos {Sumoercy ofthe 198 How hve rose of nomeolatoneypt {Ea Sge atten gender ios, omens mo ‘etn, al gender oly ovtomes, however, as ced conser ‘eval tif set. ‘Sean ror nt Doe aan Bec, Now on Chang ins om SiS Poly Pom Pre aac et Dc as Ca Canes Sara Nao fA oe (Stes th getFirst e Sera ow bt ein Cas Sy 8 ton, sia ena’ ara rrp Pn Ce ‘heute‘The dereratzton proses till underway ia rai nd other Sou “American nates al far shot of eve the ton sted conse of “revo Iona" They neveticles sigan tesformed wane’ sail Bat whee conte onthe atalin of women's politica claims in “Tid World counties tances change ovr Une, refeting the varying ‘ees of internal capitalist poarch aed the shifting alances mong ‘cial orcs wid The Wedd ston. Changing aco and microeconomic ‘and plitical variables determine the degree of priptralntons’ dependence ‘niet ad shape and esape) publi pcs and donut ielo- (les wah Thi Woe ations. AB, 8 hs wil bow, such changes ve prof consequences for woneas moerens and gender plies in ie cotext of dependent soles ‘On the srtace,a feminist iw ofthe Sn a the wimaepatiarch—the ‘quimessental instal expession of male domination—woud appear © te consistent wih the dynamic of gender ois inthe itary motrin States of Bri andthe Souter Cone Ihe Sat, epi the pend iia Sto, aways the late ari, then fers, expecially {tin Amevcan and lr Tied Wodd Temi, soul ceraily eich Sate entered suategis or lvanclg the sats of women. "t,t mentioned above, State cts ae hay ac mate ‘The Latin American State i parla higly polled, conta i ‘ha even th powerful mitary reps fe 19605 and 19705 proved vl > nt sh me Un Nei ad ir oy ad xe, ‘ave gtd cones br pepe ay ae de Person py wee ng yn = Se Bena ‘wes fy Rac a Rona ein as Pe ‘om rasp Ronse oh sa Ro er Pet 8 ‘he Bros ee: ne Ph nce nt ine me yeh, Pen UeM+ Chapter One scrable 1 Inauloeal economic pressures and dome oppoons. The ect of domination reeset inthe Ste changes peril in eponse To changes athe weed stm ad concomitant eigen ariong domestic social groups and clases. Thee realignment reuemly re manifest i ‘hanes in poli regime in te insttaonal sangeet tht cee ‘eltonshipbeteen Ste and sci). Andi he Sat itonnlizes male ominion, then reine change might also ar the relionsip Between ‘women and the allman Sua. This nigh scout forthe appre complimentary beween th proces of denaraaton a the proces of lielaton of ender conteraporcy Brian pits, Tne erly yer ofthe cent wave of shoarin rl Lain Ames, soos women's groups, ike other opposition orpanzatioes fa cil sci, ngage exclsly i he plies of protest and in pometng cea oo. Selosness and aiding graroots survival efforts, Aso attncmny fs ‘egime-sanclod pares and Stat conrold labor anions was see f be secesary fr advancing alcl sol change: working fr ehangeouse {stabbed instiuos was equated with "reedom’" yaoi movers tmecping in military atrtrian context Any Sie concession ove™ ‘et demands tended be viewed a co-opivé a ny ttuentation {Ft movemzats er ssartion of thei demands bythe Shae wa ed ‘it “inom, ‘Buta aut bega to ramble in he te 97 nthe mlltsey ushered in plc Ieralzatn stems of various yes and dation, the terms ofthis pitcal equation began toe alte. Women's movement be {an making gendered lum on the Sn nd pica wcey. The rete ‘cian rae ant politcal eos to consid precaraus democracies in ‘Sout Arca i the I980e pow new cage i fin try aed race in the region.™ The democratization proces, bowever fest a ‘bear open op em posible fornone- ote instal edition of ‘movenet demands, unaels rough which women’s memes ad tet ‘moveneats seeking Soil eage cold snpact exiting str of don ‘tion. As Renato Raul Bosh persuasively gues (Ahatpes ones conengrny toil movement xg in sem dc ‘eek wi he po the dents ton gb onan snd oni, nr esa sh dea omy fae om fobecve ann th care weld pry os Witt npn ning (scala patil ontin, Yt al maven, noe use Sc ang se ha the ng, ell oly eid Hee eos of non mint, emetic of aig ce eld fr ee ‘ite meet eave pon» See the installation of evan, nominally democratic regime in Bra ‘woes avements sets he ad o weigh the cos and beets of ‘ching sh intonation rom al boargene and male dominant Even before the aenfcivan ule, women's movements hd to cone wih advancing thir claims inte comple and yoamiccomext of tanston pois: AS Jane SJagute sages, Polis or ul eon sew opatuiier mn et flew conan [Sli mnvnene inching te rome’ smovament tee sen sng ‘he enim bce hey enon floes ig pol ee tee “Tritis a plie!“opeings ne Won ete Wa poe ig {her oc ovement an extra ae ne hss © ‘Beal, asthe ensuing capers wil evel, women’s movements took fll tdaatage of thse expanding opporniis a avance a latvely acces ‘ole agen, even sth tion wa ll ender. From a socialist fein pretiv, regi tnson lo epee Site acts tetctrng clans and ender ions. Tha polis eines have offensive and detensive policy syns hat reorder soca lations of ration nd ception, eorgaisng lato between ci a sor, State and family, the pbc nd the private, women and men. Thi cen evidet in military athrtarian reins the National Security State deli ated sharpened separation betwee he public word fries liar men tnd the pte word of selt-acreing, mother women. “Today the emoratzing regimes of Brevi lhe Southern Cone ae oe ain in the process of estratrng eas and gener relations If women's ‘movements succes adap thi sates tothe more derocraie Pea context, they oud make inert ortrbatons oe conslaon [democracy by ubderniing the praia funaons tht steed Braz- lan stort. However, the dst setes on the ew democracies and the social onsen bit rod th defeat ofthe miltary becomes a hing of | the ps, the retro pies seul could well code same fhe ase ty women during the talon, Ateratively, the new democabi regimes,36+ Caper One Itishoped, might provide incensed oli pace fr he articulation of gn (e-bsed aims bth within and oui th State. Thi crea besa he tale dominant Sat willy promot rel ths sic alert cor freteconions of womet's ves when pushed doo by erase, bendenconsciws social moveneats that ete pois presse bth thin tnd cute the Ste. Thos, people concerned about rdresing pede t- ‘uly mus seis te changing oppor provided by leet pic ‘egimes—or ee rk allowing the Sat to velorm gender flats throagh ois hat wil merely “meriae™ exiting eaptaircit, pait ‘al eatin f power a expotatca ‘A Teminist theory of he Stein Lat America, ten, mes eral with veo of srtey. The gender srg perspective onthe relate ton ‘myo the State propoed here sugges that ileret pola gins, which represent varying scberes of clas, genderic, nd rail domino Provide diferent opornny spaces or wenea’s moverets ts th ‘thin and ouside the State ad hus impact Sate pices" Ine face of ‘eaiely equal epee chang, ow tn fess basta sdveniage of ‘hing polite oppouiies™ bore the patria, eptat Stae 1e- ormlizes” gener power tlsions once a ew plier ad new ‘rap of dependent sccumulation fe ely in place “The following wo chaps examine how the consolidation fit thorran re in Brasil Remetcal seed the State of fom cv ciety ad clove ofall instionalchamel forthe stcuition of eizen demands. ‘ea willbe ee in chaps 2 th malas plist profound inp Caton fer women's oes ad indetly st the sae Tor the emerge of ‘ew gender based demands unong working: and middle-is women, sey a erin yao, seb pn ‘ea erty enn ee “eas nse i ‘test a Sa mrs ef Sin ey psp, ‘Stn inne sen png "Cnpray te a nao Sven erate Say eon ao tye ‘eR ea ano a Pay Ce rg Cte Ps Cae Ihe een Sencar ie 9 a Uae ‘Sy Newer emeptanns yep Meas Ps Pan ‘Belmar a nares nd eel ay cer 3 ‘Women in the New Social Movements of Urban Brazil Beazs silty rulers lune fll offesive agin the 1964 Situs quo an offensive that ho inadvertent rnafrmed teres of women in Brann soit. Fest, the mitary regime sgaresivey pusued plea ‘cl ecomomi sabia, gulag democrat oes, inpleneaing dsc erty measures, and sqecngestve ster nbs. a pasa move ‘mens, This ronal tack onthe popaliepay was one afer 1968 by torts polices timed toa revamping Braz’ pil econ ‘my, social elton, pola! Me The miltary's development katy food on an scelesedinesilization dive faced by mula! td trneatoaizel deme capa investment and deb inaced Sate vet meatal speedy regressive wae policies and ight onl on aor. A Philcy of deliberate income concentration coupled wi he senate plical {tclaron and represioe af hoe most ively affected by these ples ‘tere the lynch the itary eps development mol "Yet prot snd eisance remaied negra dean Teates of the ‘alan plcl landscape despite the mila regime's lees temps todematize the ppaltio trough he Slew of insittina como nts repression iil sett was a easy subjugated ed esse ‘oon ase sng workers, student, ben somivele, were, ab er Social sectors. This chapter explores bow the may’ development mde Inadsenenty foment pte and nents examine why women int ‘cua joined bration and srl rggles in unprecedented mambes My ‘ook ere wil eon te sutra fares coals the se of srs tiesto movement nthe 190s sd 197, ging soll gles in which women tearm inprantpariipans. The dsusve, miropoli Cal ad conjunc factor ta tated the ie of socal movement mization in satortaran Bra wil be explored tenth ape 3 “This chapter conus on aw he lr egies econo an socal police ndety lensed he mbliatinof women. Seer] mays of “hora polis fn rai have called or steton to how the aoa set Dep Te fo agai ‘Se ra ps Pa one ven nn Ye ney 19 6d ie Pe cr Cp en Cane ‘Rewy Boo et Pot Do fir Wot Pa38+ Chaput wo fan Sue's “offensive and “defensive” projet “deo the options and fel ofthe pli! opposition In exlaining the ef dependent Inbor overeat a Braz for example, alfed Stepan minis that: Braaian State's concen wth romoing cap accuuaion di more than simply leave more pace in wich te opposition cul move without repres- Son, I fad the unnended cosequene of geneting cositon tha peo toed the develope ofthe sural at fhe oposton, mos ean In effes onthe growth ofthe working class ia Sto Pal." Tht, the Sate capitalist economic sateny adopted bythe Brn autorarian re fine inreased the aol nize ofthe nial workforce. ts pole of Industral concentration else the new working sla nthe cy of 0 Pl, sting be stage for he is fs mito ae ion mover the te 1970s “The suthorarin State's fesive project simity generated new sine tual foundations forthe emergence of gender-based pola elaims among ‘workingelss and micas wonen in Br. The char explore the Imacroacura orgie of Brian women's ple! iilatin i he ‘riytomid 197s. Agendr-sensitve analy the poles ofthe rain ‘tary regime wil poviée a paral answer woo of the cena teorecal urls that inspired this soy how progresive gender-based pola ims {ld surface in the cutest «regime in which uadtieeal Eons of "Tani, God, and Lier served she comertnes of reese al ese pois designed to prom dependet caps, uaa “ar {er and progres.” The epme's own pls, I wll ee, belgheneé the radonr i women ales and idea elo spa women's oo ‘Tue Rise or Unnan PoruLan Moveses I AUHORTARAN Bawz: "Tutonsmcat Consnexanons Bras feminine movemens—wome’s stages gat he sing cos of | living, for ay cre, ath eae, fr exarpe-form part ofthe massive wate sf urban popular lization hat sept Latin Ameren pls the 197s ‘Theoughat Bra andthe Souther Cone, niphborinad wp Kishen, om munity health al coasumptic collectives, and sundaes ssciatons sn nbngg tesa et Ren ere Srp eta p. 3 bret sprang fom the prasstots of soitsbeseged by State tenor and ravaged ‘yacte economic ees. These rset sugles bore witess tb women't fd men's unyielding resistance atboritaren pois, even ate Site ‘en eel repressed more insite form of pion “he nganiational foi of grasrot survival supe emerged pias in poor utunaighborinos, notin th fais the Bel. Though ae ‘guests bas ben seced ior activi in Latin Amerie (ad expe ‘ally in Drei) ver hep decades, most ofthe aw overents ae Bat ‘eles on ol laos production Buta fcosumpio and ep ‘ction. People ete peripheral neighborioos of Lain Aoi’ ever prning cies cae togeberto dtd improverrns inten social services nd nasroctre fom state andlocl goveranets. When he Sate proved Impervious wo those demands, communes organized seep eft i rove de quality of ie tenous urban existe ‘Orgatzatonl efforts foused 90 mobilizing people in their pneso es sence atl day-care centers, publi schoo, eth care comer, rng eater, sdoqaesewes, beter ansperation and ther sevice. Inch tb reat ofthe urban periphery demanded be servies tht he wari cof urbanization an persist goverment inlifernce hd eed he, “Te new urban social movements were not nally "oppostion move mets, ch. Moblin cece ss eneton of perce community reds or carl bt it ot neers inte equ of he erp Tia sytem, However, in the proceso resi het demanis on hat sy ‘em, the malay aueraran regimes exclusionary and repressive characte ‘was inevitably ave Ths, pticpans of past movement eraniz tins sometimes developed an oppositional coscousess ala combative Dia practice, ay th eines ent cokadcons a far eS ‘harcter wer i bare ins ack of responsees to poplar dans. "Though greote socal movements have sien hogphout moc of Lain Ame in een yer, in Bra they ty have profes and expands ‘wall eplons ofthe county. They ae mos mumerous sd mos Tally evel- ‘oped in the county's nds angle~in Ri de Jone, Belo Hoi, nd specially, Sto Palo Many scholars point the worsening living conditions of Brei's working cass responsible forthe emergene of grastons organizational effets ‘song the popu sass, Anaya urbe note ithe closure of ste ‘ional chnnets of polite! participation under may authori et People to devie the ow colesive sluts communityprobiens. Faced Ith epime aad development model premised upon the pla and oo omic exeanon ofthe working lasses, Brain clea erganized a the Community level, outside repne-snctoed ple pares and covportst ‘taut, to este ter med survival neds Vino Cale Brant serves for example, ht fly, Kinship, ad edehp networks provided20 + OnperToo the pica bases for he arclaon of hese wan poplar gains He gget ta [Aspe pron of te omengerary pur meant ws xi in en ‘ie fnhion. Aermotemet aig ie 196twr deoeder coint| "he cing feel asl of pl preston pice are, eines, osm mas cpanel ewe may sf sty be yy sv ote ppl, Relat ge pegs, compte pie ne prt ‘ae confronting scl lato fn pu te Seve ‘of thoe pay de among ool wl oe nt ch at ie oe (Otter asia privilege sutra ft, explaining the rv of pour movements inte of he "og of (pend) capita Nara da Gk ‘i Gohn, one of the rincpl exponent of hs ine af analy, apes tht the proses of deformed uanzatoncirctesiste of Brain cpt de> ‘elopmeatgeoetted "wow un conan" tht eve ie a {ll movenents among the popula ler: "The madel of calif fare ted ot nly on he sapeexpoation of the working masses of the siya countysie ut abo ecssanly pees a growlng superpopuiion ‘whos cea function operat tha th reprdcton of he be forse be Completed withthe aditional wvk teled sm amy moles within the oneal axis of reqrosvton" Depaying come rae eae om the ely work of Mantel Castel, Ala Torin, snd ober ‘Westen European sci thei,” Goin anges tt he sesh cons fie inthe piper of Braise grow diety ot ofthat ‘tecssry “unto” eapta ecumelton ad repo, ‘The wy the ‘Sate responds to popular dentands for ban serves n this stuctaras ‘mal inberes ins chaned rol nthe process of apa accomulton "Theol ofthe Sate bcos more sce bene mt respond to poplar pac SaaS Pane Prem or PS a a tain hi oe 9 Ser oon "re SES cet nn i sitchin, Pon Prin lr Mn hn re Po¢Tr S> tr Um Enns cing Mes eas Ge sto Pa ee ms 9 oer Sac None Gv Minne Sie amr a Si Xe Be uth nt MTL nS presses anda the sme tne crete ental coatons, fundamentally for rotons in this mover, in tend vo both the dominant and the ‘ominated that pacer te pened or popu sugges. ‘Sl ote sta of social movements combine macros exlana- ios with miropoliialorconjontaralanalyaes and ses the deta ‘elitonsip between Sate polis tthe obiaation of ei sce daring {he aberturs roses in Bri The hora approach oscil ever ‘ynamics doped inthe reset stay ised othe work of schol sch 15 Alves, R. Caos, Sean, Boschi, nh Sato? who insist tat eth ‘egime tnsformatons no changes win organ civil society cn be lly Undersoad witha comprehending thal event dle. Ax Mrs Helena Moris Alves scene pts it "ie chute the National Seely Sat ‘anon be understod in elation othe dynamic proses of i inerction tri for dsc of opporion movements wit cl sce. Both the sects ofthe Sate andthe foes of opposition are oatiowsly tans formed in ongoing efors ofeach to con, check, ora the the, Hence, th reltionsip ir exenialyadletal one" In une veie, RUS Coa Lee Cardon argu tha the pant expan sion ofthe Brian Sate ill doring the inte 1960 sl early 1970, ‘Sorted urban scil movements in the midI9TO "The popular cates ‘tes demanded decent Rowing and bun Series bu the pessie met sm was diferent. The exsenceof publ plies with socal ends wakes ‘ontmpory sae, 20 mater how anpoplar they may be al equal tr), plement loll social plcs which emselves creat dead expe. {eons Analysts suchas Caos, Pero Rabe Jcc andthe futher inst thar while suuctral variables provie te bekdp ote rise urban popular movenens these variables alone canto explain bow cards she de Pes 6 Fs i te ni ne ie se an "ris seo Pee ‘chon oy 2 Sa hve gage Sa ot ‘ou Gos oe Ae Ses Asn, Moms, Pay De ‘ca Minas Sa tins Ba Saati Ba ‘set ema Tee ona ss Ramone en Cn, “hoime Seca am "9.282+ Ghapertw0 (seed were tant ino pola demands tht were in tum cand ‘hrogh soll movement organization, Organizations ate ceed by people, ‘byconscious plical sts, a sb stra change Ts iy sa ‘es examine the micropoliiea acters tft or ake posible the ce toe of soil movement orgaizaton among the poplar cass. Among those ost equal cited re (1) thereof progres set ofthe Br ln Cable church wbi provide an oration! ume aod ost ‘community palpation: (2) te ifuence of exneminiy poll tr ‘cha ier professional ores party lita who promote organi tons among the popular ens an provide mater, sop and ham resares for mobilization, and, (the oe of Sate agent (sch soi Worker) themselves wh often encourage heir lent toate et Imus in the fos pltcl syste. = “The extent 9 wich socalled "new" urban movement rs ender a= ortran rl, broke with hse! ptemsof lian corpo {0 fomeat new ways of "doing police” and for ne socipoiit ent ‘isis le ube of bested dette in Brian soil sen.” aly ana Iystsmainained tht urban popula svermentschalnge the very Tou ‘ios ofthe Sin's economic and polical models and ald ino question tthoiaran and hiercicl ways doing pies. Today heir novela coal couibaon io usta plieshavebecasubjeted treater eri ‘El serutny and few alts ate ws Suge about he dean impact Sf popu slew they wee ner da: sta, any shay tow fond ht urban movements were ephemeral phenomena charac of tris ple, that heir erncratzng impact yond the community evel a een inl “The pct of arn movements on Braz politics policlele wl estened in roger chapters. But forges the pst nal {sone aly nove, if seliom noted, spect of ban movements ands ot sein oer ee “ cons ‘pom Ba ety Fath Cal ee Ents Meo Rca etn in were a Saini Raho om Pa: Caring ewe SLES, esol shine Scene an ey SE Sciam lon! Omri nr ae pr rns son ‘en SR mn Che Be Sou | | ss lnconsoveribe community movements brought hundeds of housed of | oor and worklg-lss women into locl poll sugges. Tat, many of {heparin in ew urban movement ie fom hei prsthriai reece i apically new" way many re females poor work Ings, an often Black. Much of he sci seieacelirtze onthe = _rnwoots movements ignores one garing eli ebservaton: he et that {be overwhelming ajntyof he paricpnts of uur social movenon = {anzaton are women. Moenat Vere, or example, eit at ery ‘ne hundred paris sn Bral's wan movement hy or more are ‘omen As Teresa Cldeta nots, urban mavens a Sto Palo re decd ‘lly the danas of women who take up th major of partes, let ‘bot eoomaniy sugges, end pressure eal utes fr improved Seal ‘Cras Bs Commune (CEB) fer dean movement ch ae for uy cae, or bah eve, se ft oe bon). ie ‘mee sto coo por igi seh of spares nape themch Wich newer hy. dept fo some Pepa! mehr then ore Pelee epee den eve pcr ih sod nich ty Ine, women bo en he tie real inane oper td nce efor er pros.” Despite the indisputably majrarian presence of women in tban poplar ‘tras, mon tale of ben movement do nt fford mach saat ‘Spnicance to gender deve th sox of puricpats ooacure y peneic ‘eernce lo teghbnood residents” of Sex-bladasons of the popula lasers." The eto tha follows proposes theoreti explana er why ‘women are represeated dspopotontly among urban Poplar overeat parents Wun ano Survvas Stace: The (Danes) Pores. Bcowony ‘or rte Porutax Cuasts aso Tt Potscexron Or Momtexsoo0 each ofthe above teorcticl perspectives were to conceive of gener, ‘long with cus nd "bun conraicins,” a acne eatery of analy 1 re in, it i rn ini i inodis hic eplnatory power woul undue benched, An analyse of the mle of gender a pla oblicatoncompleents thst sd ‘junc analyse of saci movement energeace al deveopaet, ‘ich ofthe above ound theoreteal apres oun socal move ‘nets highlight oil coon, nd pola reaons in which eer lays ‘fundamental rl. Given mom's inet it so lain in Brian foci, for example, te play fundamen ole ne tion ot a Sy, inp, snd neighborhood nwa (Bra he she primary pole tev and eras i te “oerapialia ai of erection” and hk do tec Inbue serves neceny "font ogi of capital” (Got: and sven women's stocally and srucurly determined absence fro fora poi intone, one woo expect th th traction ith the Sat dng the proces of ola berlin would hve sme ge especie coment. tis these fen elaed dimensions of popular mobi tatlon o which we now tur oar atenton. (Gener permeates social reltions in werkt cos fai snd comma ie and bates priclar sell responses to women Women oi ommanity mover far preter umber thas men tease il art fen percha Holos ld wones response fr ncalaing kisi, {enship, and commnty’ networks and renizing false es A dicuse sbve, tate of urban movement fav sown tha Sch Primary networks were een inthe eclaton of ban movements and the apd erosion of working ls Tiving sans prove the strc ‘kp to poplar milton, ‘The economic a ail policies of ras iia rales pony a serine terial tpi of por apd worn cas ne st com ‘munities This tenth dost pola econo of he opal class, tal ze, propelled some women to eck collective and iia ot ‘neo fle inmedne rival oe. ‘Whe he Brian GNP sored an aerge of 7 percent per year roughoat the 197s, the poorest eto ofthe option saw eat eroion in thei Standard of ving anda sharp drop ine real wages. The peremage of GNP ‘cring othe pores 80 percent ofthe population fl fm 1771 percent in 1960, t 14.91 percent in 1970, to 1.6 percent in 1975, hie te icant S| erent ofthe population reaped the bance ofthe may’ pic a frie income conan: by 1976 he conga 39 perce of the ou {y's wealth compute 0 27.69 prent n 1960." “The paid dubted he Bralian Economic Mil," fo 1961 101973, dos than mircuous consequences fr Bras wage camer. The rel ‘luc fhe nin wage dropped stn, allo appoint 0 pe * mB p19». a Mr Mit Ae Ea pon Ba, at, ete es 1 ceotft196 vale y 1971. ""Te purchasing owe of workers ral wages ths fll prepay. Wheres in 1959, 2 Bratan worker abured po itely 65 hour to secre x meager governmen-dfined minimum fod bs et, by 19% te equilent naiona ration reed oer 157 hour of ‘ror By 1974, 30 preat ofl Brains ved in soit por “Te mila’: deshpmental offensive si ha dire consesuences for Br 2s skyoketing numbers of wan esis. Therap premio of pial laeoive agricul, teexpnion obs ine wats mapa Sector, andthe egine-snctioned wstpatin of ral peasant ands nd wan land specalon combined oprosice paso! population growth i rs 2's urban cers. Berween 1960 and 197, Breil’ urtan grow rat aver Saud 4.3 perce per yar 461 percent of he popula led ia is in 1940; by 197, tht peeertage bd er 063.1 Masta he urat-rsan ‘migra setledin what were ntl suburban eins, gions without oul ‘oc ban services, plot of land fen sel egy by speculates: these ‘eghns rng lof Brrr and re eter the peeve wr tenn prigbery > Urton growth especialy ine pecpery ws not econ ated by an aeqbte expan furan dd sail eves, howeve, a Ing many srr rise wat rutlng water, lcci, sewage, healt fn econ ies, and ther ase Serves. StI in 19RD, jst $8.1 Tere! ofall uban hous had adegote sewage: only 71 pee ha ped water, and 224 percent ofall urban resets over the ago fee fined eat. ‘Allo hs actors severely undermined the domestic political ecaeomy of ej unatttetT d ep.8 "Da reps sc uate wt eet ea ta a ve Oe i "Dent, i ot Maa ta icra Sporn ney ibe, en Garey es Fest eran Pte oir a. ih "Simic ne 90 Cm, ce a in, “Rey al Pry a Ba ent fs Ch to Tec: rn,46 + Chapert¥ Bras potest communis. And women’s svi scbed esponsibility ‘or securing Tam and comma welfare smong frais ban Poor ede thom especial sense to rade socoeconomic and pois change in ‘raion society ht Ie the progressive inpovetmen ofthe papel clases, As Ana Maia Q. Fast Neto agus: {Woman's concen, een win th tae ote he cons ‘hjeve tintin aly sempton demand) dts th bee ‘Ge experenes ena o gt ndwere) ale rai e conditions of tt class, within the conten of ager sia eto. Therefore, yb a won i aay th i sin Semin’ and son 6 ot ke wp ao ht ste eee the comin of predation ie erkoution fe babnde hen, Low sage ocr ihe mrp, etn tn ey execs “ning wary Beyond thr fpr te wre {Seed vey mck teow” andi hugh ing ce oe ‘The lak of adage soil services nd the defen inate found in peripheral nelgbochons sect afecs women adh sbi fo perform tet ascribed fie rls If eghorood oct ba ing water, is women who are expected op fom commaniy wells ‘efancet in rr to wash he family's cating o dah if neighborhood foes noha aunt seage i wemen who ste fo faily me ‘es who fll prey to fection deme contracted fom open sewer. Ia comunity as publics faite, rly women who must el Jing distances to sek medi tention forth chien. My seer among ‘eae resides of Sto Paulo's bn periphery gps tht iti though he "wold frerodction” iat poor se werking tats women undead the objective historia codons of thir gender, ar well thee clase. Kt ‘women who ald penal response forte day ody planning oth fale subsistence, even i mena bel wal Tepontle fo "pe “Thos, socistcturl changes which undermine family subsistence, and efor threaten womens aly perform thr vocally asibed rls ws ‘nse mother a artres,” ma lea some wom ake whatever a ons re win th aco nomalz te stato ofthe hosel. This ‘ometines mens engaging in waged work usd he bone on spplne 5 am a tN Fi Cpr a de Fog Pb ei ent hp. mp me larftome proction of goods ad services. And, indeed, women's lor Fore paripation increased dramatically in he 19605 and 1970 tn 198, ‘women costed 774 percent ofthe labor foe in Bra compares 1013s pectin 1950, end 208 erent in 1970. While only 18.2 perce of allwomen over dhe ae of ten pated inthe formal labor make in 1970, that percentage had sea 0 38.6 by 1983" "Women made sigan lara into secondary sector production inthe 1070s, andthe overall partition nthe pinay sete declined se 1y ove the past hee decades” However, aso 1980 ally 70 percent ofall women workers eid employed in steeotypial eae obs, primary Inthe terry sectors which een represented etenson of eit roles as motes, purus, and pts i he pvt sphere In al se tos ofthe esoomy, women cossey occupied te Fowest rags of the “pyramid of scipmtonal prestige” They Relé the lowest payin, est le, a lowes sts ot nl ecupaoal epi Stas contin hat he cease neal Ibo fore paicipton in ecat dzcdes ean be explained mach moras futon ofthe inverse of | the population tan as «conegtenes ofthe expansion of enpoment oppor tuner” for women" The docesing eel purcusag power of Brathan Storer” wager often secssisted the induction of eter member ofthe ay uit to the formal labor make acre secure the wits basic subsistence. Neos sy of fu orgunzato na pip eghboood Jn Beto Hovizont ound that working-class fms bat js thei sr ‘ial sates © changing markt contions by adg On or mor o its ‘ems to the sland abr fre. Cal's stay sifu tht in ‘8-2 percent fall alesis ina ax Cat, wives nor tn ‘Secor iliren wee working 0 splement the declining el income ofthe primary reading." Per eer ard Saeco someone aoe ares eae aetna mee eee skeen$8 + cognet¥0 Sle sex iseiation i the work fread he ig sexul divisions of ‘alan labor mares keep women's Wages uit loncome from wo spi employment canna ful fit he rt incre by working le famls when female hwsebold members eter he labor forse, bower." Workinglas fale py a signcant price when wowien eter the pid ork force, not aly a ems the req hgh cst of privat ay ct ce ter ld ae arangement, tals Decne the work tht women perform ‘hore is eset ofa survival sates. Wheres thi contin to fail income can only be supplementary.” given teaver abr ma ‘st coton faced by wonen, thle x rose anreproces within the family remains cena Poo and wocigclass women perfor th as ‘majority of stir linked othe production of onde mn evi for he Intel consumption of fami memes, Eveo wh they perform pi bor foubide the home, ti women who cea, cok, oa shay career the hi tro, the lk, and he elders, nd peo dass far ss every for falysuaistence. Ths, working-ls women who wrk oui the ome as py a nv! prc forthe partgton inte lator force they week a "double si," peroning bah extant abr ad tei ing responsible forthe majnty of domestic sks. ‘Given those conions af Wee, i at sepisng tht the macy of eoncsive of th work "Wome workin the ‘i abo market, ase fom proving fer ony inna incenes in the Fay’ vel soda of ving low pid ad owed and thee cones ite stuts up women workers: "Tha, he referee for woes ‘wok ot the Isor market, a er mo valued profes eh within he ae ‘Women who work excsively witha the home se not “merely Bouse vives"™—they ae the pila architec of family sue eles and thet oles as mothers ad mart re imbued wth god del of symbole ‘alue2* Women's wok isthe home abo geertr est we vale ht ontibute to family subsistence, Men may in most eae, be the principe age eames, but women are el primary respesie fer pling i= ‘Plementing survival sei sed on at wage and the wags of ther totking family members Ax one of ales nervcweer neal pat Mostly, take cae af th howe Herings iin bat ee ere of" “The hame is womea'ssdminseative domain, and fry sari, given ‘be precious economic cdo of he poplar clases, ti nial oe occupation nd epost. Ciel pets to deme» opt ‘ang consumer pies ir has consonant with th faliiment of wom’ i ‘lll ebligaioes. tempting fo secoe adequate eal ser fron a ‘Shoes snr canbe een oon exerci of womens espns for cating faily Welle, “Aoobe actor explaining why women hae been athe forefront of com not sugges tat i most of Sho Paulo's pepe neiphoroode, rile te men often rave long stances th os and ret ne the vening the woren ule the dy-o-y Iie of the communi.” Thos, hey or ony administer aly survival, they also aca the fasion hip to inmate neighborhood community. Women rpsi= sch of ‘he social ieterction in th nighbortoods ad the kasi an enship et treks hey mnt Const oe of the or form of communication Information among resides ofthe ulus periphery. Perceived Heats 1 family survival may lad women o mole oe very networks, network that sues hve sown o be a the cre of urban mobitions of various Import, such mobilizations typically understood tobe in keeping wih women's enn oles. As Tema Kaplan persuasively egos inasty of Female collostive action in Barslona inthe ety went eury, magnon of wt» pic cee, an ped eget ‘Tome cates ae iis an ips ha roves th meee | ‘ton iter om he Maus ei ery general 2 oc F ‘tl comnts cmon won he igh of goer on oil cancers on. ‘Sr Thowe wh fora consonant ye of ty Inde uch coneiuntonegs tom be vison of abby sx, whch ag ‘tone he moma oe evi if. Bu eptig ths swore eh Fealeconssoases onribtes to women's massive prtcipaton a wrtan "gees atin the ring cot of ving, aie oman ibis abe, for ‘gu prt mont ae Rs we gaye hee ets nepal mien me Some © Sina Nun un yp St 1 en uc Sr a pig te fa wae ect cen menial if aa pun es Schr ty heirs he Moo wo ae Sg NTS50 + Cone too bet community health and eduction fries, fr beter ran infest fre and sei sevice i commie. ‘Women's majoarianparpaton in bn poplar movements sme tines ivi; ote wold ii tht women petite mee ply be se. unlike en, hy Inve sting Beto do or bers hey pen me “tee ine” intel immediate community, whereas men Spend so the ayo werk of nant and from the workplace. Yet ene prelpaton In an socal movement canbe more adequately understood someting into what Charles Til, Lois Tilly, ané Richard Tilly ave eed Feacve mobic ia defense af eutralyssebed feminine rhs. © ‘Thousands of women in Braz rgniol to confom the reps mack 08 the survival of wring fais. ‘Calei's study of he vesiens of Jardin das Calin Sp Pal is ns cs in poi. Eventhough br fal interviewers ke ile aout ‘oles (conceived ola the activites tat take place wii foal po elisa), mest often ad yrtpted in ocl organizations that ‘dmandad a dace cater and snighortod health en rm he S50 Palo aicpl ovement. ‘The women eden of an a Can i ot hes pole ‘emading dt tes cl cei, or nse mings ode ‘execs hey ire alo aig wel of ‘hen Har at epole motes at ny ere ae sano ees mde th myer ote, ee wh ig meta pea he eve thir Homer moe ea and "eott” he weld of eee an ‘wrk ns, cco hich wae imine wtling womens erp wasnt pais csi, bt her ster wie end el “Msbetood," 2a izeaship, povided be principal mablzaona refer ‘ntfor women’s paripato in urban social movement organztions nig ‘St perceived contacts in wt ifsc aod the genre del the Star ofiving of the popular clases, women mobilized wo defend he we: Tar oftheir fais, ter eilen, hei communtes. Sutra changes a Brainy society, sclera by the mila regime's developmental of ‘ve thus provide an importa bas fot polation of motherhood, 5 ‘women organize o secu an adeqat stand fig fort ai ‘omen conretly fk he economic crunch experienced by ub opal clases in atemping against ll ids to efor thease les within {amis and communis. And, swe shale in he ensuing chaps, ml. “Coe Ty Lin Ty nd Ri ly he Reels Cony, 0120 Cate ‘gM Ga 7 tT | {ant motherhood provided the bats for verre moves ergaized to pe ‘the practic! gender interests of Bea's poor and working. won, Tp Teansromuamon o¢ Wonten’s Rots 8 Baaziin MbocE ‘Cuases either securing fait survival oe filing radon fnine oes were of parmount encen tothe idles women wo mtd pe oo the ‘user Brzian feminist movenet i the 1710s. The rpm's suey of literate income concentration, aed expanding the dameic met or rable consumer goods, beefed the mile stot of Brian acy. ‘Women of ile cases sa tee fame’ standard of vig inset, 8 east during the years of the Economie Mince. And whe he mot of idles women sill worked in the domestic sere, ay | realms of ev became aalble to hem with he expansion of scunty ‘nd higher edetion and echoed profesional ovaptrs tht cca Pied he prow ofthe Bruzlan Siac nthe cverefeton of doped plait production, “he reaowoed “techocrizaton” of te Brin poi ecoamy dur Ing te 1960 aot ery 187s romped he tte apy exp tec, ‘clea, an rofesonal eden Women wee tng the beeline of this expanse. Bu because univers esto onic be the pu ‘ew o white, upper-and dene Brainy, wes midlle-clss Women| ‘who were tae to become de white collar and profesional wrt ine "pal growing Ste bureaucracy aoe he Mirce's omc, hl, til scenic etablahet Beowcen 1969 and 1975 alone, fr example the aumber of women ten ing Brian universities nereased fivefold, whe the mate of ren erly —swecping te flooring the hese he ‘ments, engaging in stereotypy feral work, A we gpd eps he he Open = 69 curch's new eqaliaiandacouse fe he ely of wone's experince in ‘io Paulo's created connty opinions, study of dozens of meters cbs in to Paulo's Soutien Zone, any Circ and Solange Pain found that these pefomed island ctaic- tory role among moreno the popula clase "I—the postive rol lye bythe cae o chanel wich phe prtcipatn of horewives com ‘unity; ane iit ofthe cub ss antes of Crain eno ‘ihc infdnce the proces of women’s concenogao is «predetermined Circo "™ They cole tht wheres the progreive church promors formal equltytecween tun and wotca Ces new Christan perpectve this perspective ited to encouraging both women and men opis (ieentaly) i eommunty ace, (heey slime edu ian in practi ino 2 fom fee bcp diet fam tht of mem Worn sees pens et Mother clubs anton pimsiy a “aes” sxiires” to parish ng suuos ano way creed wih women's ender specie non orden in mind, Hil ot seo nr bea of ingle lab tat wat crested ith he Inne of helping women gin consioanes, ea pial, a women, Furbemore, th stay of conlentzaga, so cea “mise” groupe, such the CEB, s seldom employed to promot ciel cmscsoumess shout gender power eations among paripant of chunked mothers ‘hs. Relaonsbetwecm men and women within aag aoe fray are chap Tee Feralerevolionais, however, wee often “encunbersd by ei hi eating and chiang resposblies, reposts which mary women ‘ompited, were neither acknowledged nor shared ty ter male comrades in Sule. Ooe woman ld me, fr expe hat when ele ede i ae polical organisation became pega. the cen commie alld a emer ency eating o Yeon whether o ot she shoul ave he child Others fctaly had heir chien ad ass them in he uerround and received Ite o 0 supp (eter mail or moa) frm ht mule collegues foe ings. Foes geri and densi led ts comps boat the fact that wore were ely given postions of sthory Wiha tbe tat Let. Asin editona poten parties, male militants wee instead ented ‘vt mach of he nasser work of he sian La—women nse ues, worked as messages, cooked mes cred forthe sick apd the wounded, and were Sometimes ale upon use he “Tein ars" xtc ifoematon fom the eben. Many ofthese women resem ‘pation to sbordnat postions within he tral power rte of milan [Poupe Dat, as one woman mggested he ace angage a asst fiat woul cable ten to undestod ter eset in pola tre ‘ple pou. Tay, tered ht hat epresion exte n a i 95 ‘ery sh te yh tp a per sane. owe els exe {ein pnp of omer cna, hs rc tame no hy rowed Nr, sre tte wre ioe oes td eres ‘hee ae ao Wht ape wa hat woe sat ag inane postion wii hat reste ‘The economic arthoony of may Leis organizations prec he ev Inton oferty or dscouse on gender ower ration othe Iecicl fons of egunzatonetratrste of the Lat also proved women from sung te deco of revauiony ten) al pate Tn the mi 1970s, folowing a eel veraluato of reg of social ‘ange pursued during he late 1960s, the mits opposion died ‘ree i egunzatonaleffots among the popula clases. The new pa *oa8 moillational stateges pre by he Lf stemned rm Fat tht Falowing abr ied perio of plc! iseazaio une Present Cost Silva (known the poly ofl opi de lo) dn Med ami istration (1970-1974) frac repressed all sen and aor movements tr ih int oer ter kre aS Pn Mc 28, chai et, “Pan Reine Ami” ‘ors anti of ps bt Rar an Ae, Sn nd Option i Womenlahe Opava = 73 voting rice socil change And by 1973, Sate sci forces also fad cased all oposton denis created in armed wrote In 96H, igtwng coop entroned ir brine who opposed ny oncstons tthe pponiion an esol he National Seca Decne the repme's informing ideology. A spcch by MDB (Brailan Democratic Movement) Deputy Miseio Mork Ales, ling the population to boyeo the Septem 7, 1968, itary day para, provided a pretext orth coup Ina ipasioosd peal the “women of Bri” ded Operation Ly. ‘Se Alber offended the military's manhood, at well professional ‘ie, by eateating the wives and gireds of mity men to wild "etal avr unl demneracy wa reso. The lia) responded sw to thi aon 1 hie corporat inept and vile cased Conges ‘nd tod had sie abit ule, promulgating astral At No, Stats). ‘Widely repsded ae ukimate expression of Bean aortas, [ALS pam uninted powers wo tbe presi, edi lt onl de ‘pposton wii both vi an poll soley nd to sage constutiona francesa wil The Congres was closed adetintely he oll sage ‘asst for oe af th mos epee psa of Bazin plea story TAS clos off al chants of psf poten arable to Brann en. his repressive context, many sector of he oposion ted to ray of medal. As gua eder Carlos Mangels woul put, "the only solutions what we ar doing now: to employ violence against hove wh re no lence to stack the people she county." Aro es Tene in Bail, then, wan arate’ nt recourse agi he excesses of therexine ‘Marghel's ALN (Nato iteration Acton) was oe of twenty oe moe ‘raion pera organist tht ela waron mia) ahaa in the Inte 19608 and esl 1970 Most of the orazatons fous hit herent rons dens, wher and church acs who were ocd us Segroun du tothe wipes epson at flowed AVS. Some were ‘a a ni ery eT eo dee RB “Sfcsconpehonr sn riser pret rio rl anchor a Be ua he AS Se aM At, Sn pin ny14 Cape Te spline groups from te ro-SovetBrsaian Cosi Pay, which op- Posed armed resistance. A ew thee npn foe Can eolaon nd the doce of reveaionay action th emerged fom various ner tons of he Catan revatio prooess—mot notably, te guia joc ‘aepy developed by Che Guevara an itereted by Reps Da i hi ‘Revolton the Revoon?, txt tht became Kind of handbok for {in American revoaionanes "he bac ie behind the oguta eottonsry sty as ht sal group of conunited revolutionaries could create the "jective cmt’ fora socialist revohton, a the “objoive contin,” akeay were aly ‘developed tought Latin Ate, The view tendo play down ale ‘of mas oxpniation, epecily urur-tased rganations, sessing rather the impacto the presence of «small group of ral gurls who would be ‘he ‘all motor which woul move the age nto of eatton “The resounding defeat of epposton forces advocating emed resistance ronpted the malta Lat to evant it rae for combing author aise. The fluro vanguard nd fogumo le many forme ere ‘oo rein the aproch to revelunary tneormation and privilege he ‘ol of mass organization. May wohl emphasize diet io ve pi ‘eal work anions the mases now shunned angi ogee sd en ‘wha many of interviewees refered tata’ labor” rato de or. Inigua) among te poplar cases (who ad afr all, been ngaiing oa ‘hee owa sce the ear 196). Guerila props tt a steed mse or flea even inthe te 194s, also ted tthe popu cles in serch for suppor fortis own revolutionary visions. Vangtardsm was not aan done by these groups, ut rather was edness belonged 0 the people, ta the revolotnary cadre wou stupa along wih the people nude ker stugpe on the proper revltonary cae "Toop the tna flere, he esas were sila shose formed 2 vein uta gurls organzatons and unarmed milan oranztons tepan ‘erking among the peopl nthe poplar eighiorood organizations fat {ned Seng in Bra dng the 1960s. They worked withering church linked and secular groups such as youth ergalaions, th chic pastor ups, or other righboriood asovains. “he chur’ sieling of he poll opositon drew middleclass, seu. sat ic Yok wy hoses Pts eos a ‘moana Ae Sra bd Clee" a en ae Sp Seat Carr, 2000 aaa etl tn ihren ar scat an inlets, mary ofthe women, nto Bras prgheral ‘ban cightorboode andr ses. And wen fhe Let red tae mizing amass te" for te revoation n Bras tn periphery inthe ‘i 1970s, many former guerirar sad see mavernent evi diet "hr effort at women of the popula clases. These calc were cil 0 Inter feminist efforts wo bul rstlss, mass usl wone’s woven, sS wllbe see in tapes 4 ands. ‘While wasnt feminist contcousnes sic tat prompted many of ‘hese middecoss,university-edveated women fo work withthe neighbor ood mothe clos and howewivessnocaone dss ave, sme of the women Finerviewed siggetd tat, almost consul tet expe aces women ith Left eth in his paral pola esto. Many began werking 2s assesoas of coma o church inked mates his oF youth groups, They elped poor and working-class women "lear te ‘ope of lca politcal insta they coal beter arcuate tet Je ‘mands or improved urban infact, bol, heath cae, ands on “The experience of young, middle-class Nomen inthe Le als had moe lect inpleatons forte enerzece of feminist movement organizations a fontemporary Bra. Forme lndesie esos ad networks esblised Song eedent movement stra were emai soad eminit iaern the mine 1970s Former female "comrades" inthe woul-be Brian revolton berae commer inane Kind of revelation) sug one at ‘rcomparsed the wanformaton of bot clas snd pend elatos of power Many ofthe worn avlved inthe mitt oppostion ls fd ‘works wile in politcal eile in Europe andthe Une Sas inh easly Imi 197s. And many became Lavell the feminist movements hich by ‘hen were tte mobatina ek in th West Tote extent tha fii ‘var mort to Brazil nthe 1970, twas tah he ved experience of there eld women, within "mised" oppoiion eranizaton in ele std ‘win th age font movement the bos cous. xh un 173 hd in France and Hay ul the Int 1970s, for example, Braun women ‘Seated withthe Lf formed their own women's eros, fen joining fr ‘mer montneras, paar, nd ber Spanish Arian serieras son fle Thoogh many of hese women's groups began fons ote ‘uizations nex, some, tke tbe Cr de Muheres Brasilia (Br Ziln Women’s Cire in Pai, developed an etoomovs feminist theory {nd prac tht hey boapt bk to Bal aie otal amet was con ese nthe lt 97D Mt te rt tin one i oh nae Shere a tenia evens hal tug enon tyne pn a TREES poo mye arr insect atotic Linenaszaviow aN CHARGES TE STRUCTURE oF PORTIA ‘Orrorrontr Mirman Baaz “Tae reriuliton ofthe Brian Left ander cposton sectors inthe i 1970s was srapcally feasible det the vegine's a top-down poy of politcal iealiznton, initiated by Preset Eres Geis in 19742 hind facto coating tthe developent of emit nd ean activism. The ‘oly, known a dita o "decompression," ley stemmed from te ‘egine’s seach for anew lpia Tomul, sober frmuls Wee Taste by the id97, ro 1964 1968, the ene rei inary on wath be termed negative lgitimation. The "Revoition” of 1964 was atid a = troggl ‘galas inca eonies—resive hbo and passat movemeas, he rel ‘opis of oS0 Gea, and the leis sympatie of ome fh follower. ‘Tat sggle was wagd in the nae of pial ore and economic cve ‘pment, Which vila polis were parry Icaabic of inplemen ine Seven tora, President Cote Siva ponte the ft tert ‘libration tat we sa above, end abe 1963-1955 With he ery an ineligence spares stegthened by ALS and the ‘redominance of mtr hale In tb Sate, he reine embarked ona [foam of ecconede growth ta lt on increed Se iver {ition apa, masive foreign nani, and, mos eal, on ere Sve wage policies and srt goverment oto of abr. The resaing o- ‘mie Mia, deserted in chage 2 above, served as te rege’ ppl ew source of leitimation. With prov race averaping over 10 pert er {earberven 1967 a 1973, th rege could eon the unwavering soport ‘of age sets of te upper ant mile clases. Propoualing a soe of ‘Brasil Gronde The Gres Bri, ofl Scouse conn reasired he Brian masses thatthe beets of economic developmen woud gradually tckle down tall Balan lize. However, by the ine Gen. Eresto ciel cae to power in 1974, the in tel enemy ap the eoaomle growth eine) formulas were wo longer inl. Te populist bad been hashed or spped of tepals the gure staat movement an he abr opostion ba been eo tated by goverment repression ander Mic andthe ozone Mice Seemed ess miracles ae was evel shaken bythe 1973 less and {sje ep eine Se may of em need ‘Sete pel fr er ce el no ye a hy irom it soso geo Sir “bn Nona aT Qt any da aca Pope inert Nine 5. omen in ie Opporkine + 77 the excessive expansion of be money supply ue Minster of Planning Del fim Neto” ‘By 1973, the eliniation of he persia movements and mich ofthe ra «aloppostion bythe Ste security mars od dsl mi-ls fesrs fof an imminent "communis teat” cena atonal ofthe State's de Fensve pot during previous admiitatons, Te etn inthe eet othe egime's defensive poet apis the itera enemy and the growing stato fis offensive esenomie project many ofthe regime's previous bourgeois ales ia civil society tla Frces wih popular secon of he op panes) Disfecte entgeners, teal professionals, und academics became ‘mae vibe within th ink ofthe opposon othr epme plies ‘Mer 194-1975, Professional srocintion sich a the Balan Bar Asso ton, te Bazan Soi forthe Pogess of Since, and te Bean Press Association, publ clzd aura economic polices and de ‘id the cutalmen of cl nd pola ight. ‘Thovgh analy dea to he eases of Geils policy of pits pen lng, mest age at 2 earch fr» ne leitmacy forma an ne Bese mene suaegy premised on ssttaionzation were key termina” [egitimation would now be pred trugh he “roemalizatinn’™ a poi ai a aC p52 Mag rec ets ta ay" nar le Seine ncn rn scm ing est Pe aD acne an enn oar «es ar itn, "canon asc Seca raaneee ieee eee et ‘Ba Pein of ron nd ayo he Sapna Yrs Os ‘Srey ye ret ee Pee nono se oda eine emg ‘Srp ms te cir ee Ein nay Seemea a8 {Goo ta Waa Shy a Red Fon Pm Ac78 + Chae Te adhe promise of pli pening” which would be“ sow nd gradual fd secure". and which basally woud consst of sbsiaing te ds ‘nary powers ad ekrpona acts pial ofa darship wid ‘ffecive [Baranes within x conitnal one "In sm he tay ao {arian repine now sought Ieplimary in he promise of own demise—a promi of edemocratzaon, retro pacer damcray, whet ah i {he miliary dees the Braiiancizenry“weny” for ie-benc, the pro t's and prada” nae, “This proc of pial decompression served a scl for he polit cation of poplr end iberton movements, the contlating ote msc Bourges opesiton. the remaliznton of th mint Le he erytaliza- ‘on ofthe ea oll opesion, ad he expansion ofthe uch’ ew ostorl mission. For without the more exible pital imate of dco resin, the cite of fear that reigned under Mi might ave preva oe isipated many of the mobilization itive of mace Seal move- Ie, plein bt emi feist movement In short, pois eral eset what McAdam cal ange nthe “sauce of plc oppornies” valle ro sete of evil and political society exelidd from the yas of domination represented inte mi- ary suthoriarian regime. According to McAdam, “Injovemess donot ‘emege ina vactum. Ratt, they ae profoundly shaped by a wide ange of ‘rvronment factor th condition bs th bjecive posites for suc esl rts aswell as th popular perception of insrgent rset." To bere, he objective posbls for pola! petest lcs making wee indeed ered under Gisela the repressive apparatus othe Ste was curbed ‘of excess and avenue for 8 woulé-e dog batveen Sate ad ci tocity mee opened for tnt tne since 1968, Pour perepion ofthe Prosbles for socestul rts abo changed daily wih Gals tonso, a the patton of asorariansm banished new democratic tincoure, Thar, hough dstnado dil ot gener poplar mobilization, unguestinabiy fc. “Tur Pencerrin or Woxen’s Moves As ArLIIEAL A further consideration i ey tour understating of how conjunc fa ter contd tothe energense of ein rope sd eighborood based Feminine moins, Win dense sod watin te proen o poltel Uberiaon in gear, sean soil tector werecomiered more pli + mn inh ig Pri En pan 9, brs, Woon inte Oposion 79 cally problema than thers Tus, whl he rege increasingly egos Bed with ete sectors ofthe postion (IDB plc, tbe Balan Bar ‘Asociaton, and soon, I coued to repress milla Let, stden, and lak organizations, which wee sens more theteing ai [Stet an aged ereoype rome thane worked women "Te ingrained tie at women re inieent a pls may hee he sity rulers of Bra o belts tht anything wore dois ininscaly syliical"" Ts, even when, os Wl beseen below women wee organi. Ing campign against the ring cot of Tiving ox for homie Be, ‘heii seems to fa alowed womer's atornos gets pltcal le trey tha we gated to many her soil movement groope” Te 1975 ‘lero of Inernatlonal Women's Day wer thus among the ft pic ‘Ssembles permite sine the muse moblations of 1967-1968. The Fea in Armerty Movement wa allowed o organize inthe mi-1970s when 3 “mule” movement of tat so night hve been actively repressed. Ln sm, the intone separon betwen th pic and te pia ay have, nan one historical twist, beped propel women othe fereiot a the op poston in Bra _beemariowa Feast Nerwonks, IVERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT "Aarseres, sx rt Gist Govensae ‘The Perey Amendment the U.S. Foreign Assitance Act, ested by Con resin 1973, and the UN prolamin oe ltertina Wonen's Decale {01973 ho indety egiimated demands for ender equality and genes reer maneoerng room for women win eis’ pol of dito ‘Prosted by prominginersional ferns networks andes ply a- Sen tee Moin Ae, Eta Opin Bl (6-198) 240 es patina eat 3 yp ening ene’ pa pan ity ht omen ae a options nat Anion meron (in, ol ante et Pes esp ey se {Es ym ta he am ar nan ig aye are, The eta te ue a ey oCom e {Sy yn hen nr Pt chs eee serpy ahs ca ters ‘ee chee ra Cb, Pt ono ite Te meee ot ‘im ny DanC mt Donen: "erty tr weve yr ely te nt ar he ity yn ar wc Tera An Wao and hg na0 + Chaput vaca I the Tied Wo, he neato lad development extbish- nents began isso then graton of women nto developmen,” Pa ing to women's inequaliy tad "dona! values” = “obstacles” 1 ‘eceafa captalist pot nd development” “This ew itgrtoni nso on women ad development ws ety lnguencod by growing font scholarship ud by networks ing etabisbed tmeng wome’sergaztons ona woe scale, Libera emit ses of ‘women n development, condi te esl 1570s, ate tht wore were ot reaping th bene of epi develpmen nda, ned che ‘elope fen apived women ftom! rand power Remaiing ‘quar win the developmental paradigm, mot erly fein ines {dno qustion the prevaing asempion fat development a sch at 2 progres proses overl. They mer cal for women be inerated Ino te developent ress Lier emis poy advocates in th Fist Word aunt his itp tons ell within develope Fondation and irra and ater id iy sewers. As Arne Fae onto tirlobiyng effets ee Trgely success. {he Pc Ament] writen by lied Marya it iteration (nt Sof Woman, Hwa eid teu snpresinal corte by ‘in theft th women neon come ny ira al in ronson ah reopen pce an ee la tne pals prope, posts dase which weld epson no ‘hema canis oe oes, as ipo te Ss wt ating ‘elroal devloment lo ‘Feat lobbying and extnstona press for inne ateaton 1 ‘sender loqultyon alten scl ao influenced the 1967 Dela ‘ton on he Elimination of Discrimination guint Were and the 1970 Pro- [gramme of Concertos InerationaAcon for the Advancement of Wore, {oth advanced by the UN Commission on he Stas of Women imately Tending tthe Fiat Women's Wold Coference, hel i Mexia Cy in 1975 amin Amy ma iin mr diei SEEN van inne wa sree no pnd meh ef er cS eo ee ‘eigen srgeng de epent SEAS Td ne xs ot a An atonal consibuing factor ws the reeoniton ofa tn Beceem women's fertiy and women" aus, Dung 19%8, UN Population Yer, ‘ome in he dvelpmetestabshen begat to aguc at ereting edict ‘on nd employment ond to decreased fealty. Hence the new em Dak on women in evlopment in th 1970 was informed more hy he de Fie b overcome “oiuaci™ wo naioal develo ano check to lege population explosion” nthe Ted Wed an by a nomad com ‘ment ender equality ints ‘Nevertheless, tes ew international pressures proved women i Bri andelewhre inthe Thi Weld with wo key poll esoicee, New fs ued note Third Wo for women's poets and ow developmental ‘Sscouselepimaed emerging clans for incase pende uty. Thu, dhe Interstooal pois lima wa fh factor ont ote grt women's moemens, even a Beal's aubortian cote Concession (Changes in Brann elatns of production and rerdtion were nerve Ing rater than causal variates nthe plication of ged in Bazin Society Instead, cojuncralYarables sch asthe eden of he cbc Plc oe, the reaculaton of fe Bezian Lethe emergence of ou {ois oposon, andthe regine's pola liberalization pte ll ontb- ted diety othe reson of sabato! ifaactar pon which vt- oor ype of womens movement could ld an velop daring te 197, Daring the 1970s, mereorer the new negro sparen ie ‘ours ofthe church, the Lt, a the erin interaiona i tl developmen elie poviad new elogia ilonales fr wore ‘e's pring paticgation ia public il. Interatonal pressures on Lain ‘American goverment to pay rete tention terol of women deel ‘opment alo served a cat for womens mabizton, intel Te- ting te incpet generic ais of ery Brian fis, "Ar weave tern, the now sociation contexts in which woren psn 0 rps were themelvesniledoizat and gendertiatd. Ths, wie tech he progr chch and the mitt Lf encouraped women's pare: Ipnlon sed provided now, extaestiulonal sewn for women's pia rip, tay sdciopellypredeied the parmctes of hat pais: “Te church dhe Left reproduced pean ates of gender nequaliy ‘oth ideology and ceanzaionly. The progressive circ caine 9 ‘hereto dcrinae precision about worn s productive mision,ce Sted moter lbs tat in no way alesed women's specie gender ae ‘ts and orpanizationally segregated woren om te puto teal com ‘munity irs. And the iat Let lel ignoed the gelespciic22+ Cage Te specs of revolutionary stg sao releatdferlerevlutoouies 0 'Subordinne postion within milan oeunatons The cotraton ie. tin womens pactipation in thes set econ contexts veal Ulggeed the development of pende-comslus pli incon td at tples—proviing mbilzatonl referents frend od working cas ‘women who foried the cre of the Brian feminine ad fet move. Peas ding th later pr ofthe 1970 a iy 19604, 8 wl see a the folowing two chap. Finally, else's dead provided the police oppo pace within which ht ascent feminist ad feminine concious cold give eo fal scale soci movements In 175, Gl decd py pservie othe UN's cal fr concerted. goverment acon toward eradicating pene sed in sulity, an allowed Braian wore wo ezanize meetings, conferees, ‘td demonstratns in coreoration of Inertial Women's Day Those amemeains, held in Ri and Sto Paso in March 1975, spat he ce toe of atonoesous women's oganiatins and spared fem activins ‘hrooghout utan Brain the ening years Chap 4 examines the ell ea of fens and feminine organizing in ato sil, ‘The Genesis of Women’s Movements in Authoritarian Brazil, 1964-1978 Wouns’s organization orth inthe mor exile oll cite ht ‘preva in Bra ater he i197, The proving involemet af women fn vary of opposition sual soo aves to new, gender-based pol ‘lclaims ary organizational forts among women nS Paolo wee Ise and ctf, The miliary seine deliberate demobiation fhe pop ton placed severe coastuins on their further development. However, Poltical decompression an the polanstin of Intraoral Women's Year fn 1975 ciel praly 2 response to the rowing iteration wore ‘movement abroply expanded the oppor space avalible for women's Ioan even when other Forms pois rots were sl signal ‘srt by goverment repression and censorship, Inthe eny-omid 1970, when the pli space avalible the oppo tio whole was narrow, the demands of bth feminine an feminine ‘non organizations were noes qui oad deine. Tats, women's ‘movesents nt only aataned wore’ pede ineres, they ao potest ‘he nia inti and pots reresin 0 pervasive instore Bae 2 As plea liberalation made wider rage of opposional actives nd dour pouie, te women's movements” detands ab actives ‘raul naowed—incesngly focsing on those soe hat specially "The changing yeni of Bez trnson police dhs deeply flected he ways in wich women aru hel gender res. Ihave toed that racic and suatese gender tress ae profoundly shaped by css, ae, fale, and ee soil chastritics How ome’soveteats cose ‘usa and pursue gender interes, bowever, isnt exchsvely determined by theca, ls, ocala ats of overeat artim. Rather | ‘hall emonstie a this caper, the atclaton of gener ees se ily shaped by the specie plticak economic evironment in which wexn- favs movements ase Women's gender nets ae nt ten Suc the competing clas and ender seloges and dscursive paces prevaling Ina ven political sjtem ataspelc hist conunctre alvays shape the ‘onen an politica srcation of ender lain. Tn the 19M, State epesion, excasonary pics, and coro cise led Bazan Wooten wo frmalte seatgic and practical gender eres QeH+ chapueour isnt rom hse advanced by seconde wones movements in cent ‘apis ations And, spicy, endl wer coured inthe a puge of Mass ad cls stg. he revaent among the adel etore {tthe opostion fom which many womens orginal ‘Thischapter toes th carly cnc developed and sate puso by women of diferent social elses n Bran and earings bw the content sa

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