eh Bae 2 amnuacmmnenaia’ iia atu 2 unnen— figuneu 2047 anvaxvainuniadusula The Characte tics of Esperanto ua. aatla agryleat MLL. Jaralvilai Charunrochana unfineia prnwansuladsdsedugau lag as. aon ania muon dunwnsediuy AuAjinuasii{linniga yowusowmuoadiulofornudeusouarlisiouncuves Ags] NwnasWivlelyonwslad ud denuaoonaaemmanoynusems wire adlumwiusenaudaundrmdesndqyaus 23 wide wiosdesasy 5 wide laste warsduuy (CKCKOVICKC) oanusutuniniwendriaudaravasdy Useianma Lhennsafuaamnnidilumunaanisulelsuiway anwar wywari) uaenrsn (nssqman Assman) Ussinnmylawinselvasdingentdun sna (imaanan vafauane ardiéanar Wazannanan) ma (adam teyiuma awiannia) masidnwms (masiinwuadiiued monfanyneauysal msaldnworrhdaaeciagu wasnsalamensiihunans) wasoren (9959 aran nssaman downan uaz maraen) afeaadumenadlsuloisdad iota thiniiicndudluuseloadululdadadautdase ~ munaaiulaiimsanaduvy mwvhiasia sndwitissanadoaa: 90 tanonmwiehaqluaseqadulaglai msi sndamsnownnlunmneadivlennsatuldiamiaaddauaesind mbimwiea Wiulaaansaaimlésnmnennmieddwaubinndn Abstract Esperanto, created by Dr. Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof, is the best known and most used artificial language. ‘The advantages of Esperanto are its simplicity and free exception rules. Esperanto uses Roman alphabets and has phonetic spelling system. Esperanto sound inventory contains 23 consonants and 5 vowels. The syllable structure is (CXCMC)V(CAC). The stress always falls on the second last syllable of each word. The nominal grammatical categories in Esperanto are numbers (singular, plural), and cases (nominative, accusative). The verbal grammatical categories are moods (indicative mood, subjunctive mood, imparative mood, infinitive mood), tenses (past tense, present tense, future tense) , aspects (progressive aspect, perfective aspect, prospective aspect, neutral aspect) and voices (active voice, passive voice, middle voice, casative voice). Parts of speech in Esperanto are clearly marked by suffix and that makes the word order quitemrnuasnenand Tha aiiull 2 unnew - fiquneu 2547 free. Esperanto is an agglutinative language. About 90% of its roots come from many Indo-European languages. Unlimited number of word can be created from a fairly small number of morpheme because many morphemes in Esperanto can be both affix and root. tum meniuiunnnlulandiounnmenduiousssuiaunaamuansnuw whi mainsammaoulsinivewh mmnundhiltrdiatuanuitelauaslaisnansanauldthiflasaula auniiadmwundiludazamntanvsalal usa iownuramenllantiiaduanmsl 4 acto eT a ars ace aulanunivedlaussdugau mud iGantwhmunuscdug (auxiliary language! artificial lanquage/ planed language) meraasule (Esperanto) Lildumwusedvgnwusnvadlanudtlunw Usvdusailuiiginuaciidlsnniiqa wilada The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2000 (1999) Uszanalthiidgmwnoedidivladssana 2 ueu dhwnenanzawmwnaaisula aamensaugauqlilimsuhnunufimwssamé usiihanchunwnnasdwsums domsaewhadeululan dosvninanseaugadstuioinglseadidsraugmuds wnmunibimwvauvsdugauiingunatgeuhalittasndy wialvqautitaugaums munuactonusrmsunarnveemansacieugldarnanadia Jaquseardusnsosunanwidaussmnaieiudnvazeasnnnaaniiulaluds mvrdlassindgmwnaasulosinusunsdarssnvacnoimwndlavusseneludnvm: paanrsiuarubiaulodnwaniduderduiauaula vasinussenudnaswuay hinnsahaamendu pnaniasusinedviesiomunmenmany Jaquavardiaoworunenmifmariouurtharwrieadiuloliduagsnanndulu dhemalna oneninidisusadnaqwuhannadsulebiiungiminuuouade uaclulseinelnefiuty eulnnfasnuininnuhlulaniiimwnidaniwhmenseteg wludhuneaiammnmaaionlnsiinaennudoyaiiniumeneaniuladinndnias doulimudotomudioushs qin iumnoadiuleidoudemwlnas lout Sehr nuanutouduibananeddeudemmehalssina Handiaviugiiay wachae ind undlugusananansdiann ie 2. avauiuannasnwiadiliuta ilecibede % sig “ fel . dihsedusgmyriadlsulotutudnyunndsrhiuaudidah 3, Qoin arma m1 tawaarl (Or. Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof) i#inadludose.q. 1859 #3 a. 1917 arsd st ¥ els 5 (Large 1987) nénawUss4évoxnMEAW Th mususavithdigrmnannn unlinwnecitiin ett Mwnuaemwmans Ui22 alun 2 unsew - figway 2547 Jaduthhu Goumwuwesiiu mnasdu annngn taeamdongululsaeu Gounen dugluluadia dianniedis (Yiddish) indaumwunaroun wazyonrslas (Polish) Wothandaauads usinrwrfimuuaaniseiuleanniqafifaneidengy dayne Senquiumwriiienabisudovlumslennsal daay 157 munsowdadinnaanias Usedugmeniiianudouhudsulddumunnan ilodomnsiusenamuuulan user nommanaedaediugewiiaednlusamuilarnneunsendayfainiam biiunsaewin wd lunwinenaasadler Muousaradugmunoalsuladiolud 1887 anldauwiteatunwniltous (8 #049 Lingvo internacia (‘international language’) ‘unriwrdaidaludadasi Mexhbunarodny yazyk: predisiovie ipolny uchebnik (‘An internaional language: introduction and complete manual’) wuuhnnriauusawlsluassuda Doktoro Esperanto (‘One who hooes’) elasni*ihtotindanthudonnn whSawuilldsunrsudatunrnn glu Qadainbtinuin lui) 1989 LéSunrséWavitlumwdangeluiiagans New York Gas *An attempt towards an international language" uaelunaumwesuneny didadqeyradgeny faulacnansansaniaanuta fag uaedinauandamuusadls lumaygndlanrh “hah dion Aquanfardunnnunnmafsedvglag Or. Esperanto i wining hfidew 10 duaulidqyqnududeriudoditaus” (|, the undersigned, promise to learn the international language proposed by Dr. Esperanto, if it appears that ten million people have publicly given the same promise) Unnghitdauladsnduniishuautimald wu sowliladfiuvineunstatadaamneutbi¢dugriedeumend usllutidemahues uniild@unGofiaguasausruaw 1000 audseransouvadasdu qitumnaansulelduda uavaumihdilddunedowhilugiawnedulsulandausn Worsiinuusoewldihtvh (ihadAinqaaia uneiumsilastudgimd dgyiniotunnuseavganudinn yam Ao Dqnith Guuluudraiarldyatulas: msiaxgslodeulvandnwimunisvaugaatiuld sina mambiensofuusefurumnnenlahseileaudu yauladnnmnihudety Tndagtudarwraaisulod Universala Esperanto Asocio (Universal Esperanto Association) Hafadalutl 1908 Ausemenuisosuaud uardnsvoayommnaadiulan ‘nnifiqalucianil Sasnfnasaunqy 117 Useina uanainiludrsaiioadnsens yAeaiosy menaawsuloannanelilseinada qialan fidwdanudeunnnalasresihusine 4 umn’ unavas Maitimemnan MafudannnmmduuacideoutudumenealtilaIMuazMMenaad Di22 avuil 2 sinsaw — fiquieu 2547 3. nglornnsnl 16 delumunesliuta foufaendnixanyacmnieddivia — qieusernglnnanl 16 ge wes aaniiulmnuaestlondasy wihnguddiaeatiamenninnpmesmeadlémennnanh seithupmassastinannmany ustiawnang 16 dadihuailoutalevaamunvealnlat duilallandusduynnetuddy gandadehdiseuiangniumwnedsulaeds sovhenudindungudriidas gio 1 818 hungiisatusiienasA (part of speech) daungdafi 9 Hs 16 ungiialu (general rules) nate 16 dailnselandunldatl 4. Lididinliidiawie (indefinite article) fudléninmbnatiawreeiaada deni le dhudunnded ynwor! uaennnrsn 2. nwadeannradin -o nnd dsunynad Win | Héumnonnad Gi tina 2 nyanfans3qnNIIN (nominative) UaeNssuNISN (accusative) Mam litthunsswnsn anlélaamsia -n Hémnanssamsn — msnduquanviniuaesdaanrainywunanusenau 3. qudwiathannmadaileds -aAnndy woiuaemsnvorqndwitulvend ss we gdh “ x e sae ee < wan QudwrsuiiAwal (comparative degree) afalanan pli qudwituadiaval (superative degree) ainslauiin ple| ah “Ah” (than) ‘lth ol 4, duandumwiuinaeuudasguiladtumsnsheiu ¢uandniuléud unu (1) du (2) ti (3) kvar (4)_kvin (6) ses (6) sep (7) ok (8) nati (9) dek(10) cent (100) wae mil (1000) dwauiudosuaeHuseylaunahdvandwaudashanuseauiy Awdudhitilenwmnnielassumuanauiududwandiaun éuenedy 794 ahedunnmaimnbodudvern pnvaenouiudwaninnalundd 5. yyuasswunaldurl mi‘ vi'thou’,'you' lithe’ gi‘she’ gi‘ si‘self ni‘we' ili ‘they’ oni ‘one’ dauenilasswurw (possessive pronouns) ahalaunrsiau -a ld fyquasswuaudandn 6. nieliuangdlumayquuaewad nieniimsdatladusin qiavanma wm nan 7. etiavalahamnmadaileds © find msnldeuiteutuedudeniuqa iwi 8. ywunmndilénunssamsn 9. dynshaaniaesmamdena a erasing y 10. Hhaduminiwendsaraamnuaaseyanuasmnmaad TA22 atiull 2 unsiew - Squaw 2647 11, auseauademamshsindandedaiu Taudwanodnds 12. Lifimaufuasvau mnaylselseladiduananamneufiatsdu qua Alidasd eh ne ‘not! 13, Wauansenamanunrsitugananesomaadaul dadastludmnunssy min 14. ywunyndriienanmnamada driienadiiutaedasléywun udliiywunle fionnvaulumseanannne Mlvldywun je wialdenwainssunsnlashitostdunun 15. diivdannindy ynwannldouty munsosudanldlumwnaandsulaldian Tauiimsuldeucraznausemaaandeaiteadndoaieldunfuscuusasnwn 16. dows aludninhwandiawie uae -o Hhudnnwansnacldudaldietowane " (apostrophe) wu 4. dnwnusiasmwniadsula dnunemnymwniaanliulataznsndsluumendlduriémvnucludrusin qdaluil 1. datiiau 2. seuss 3 Tassatrawened 4. sfawasdy 5. Useunmmsloennsalsesdw 6. Useiammalannsaivasdinian 7. dur uae 8. madd denwasduadalud 4.1 waviiaw meiaaiulalginuslaiusiuay 22 9 uanvinildsidnushiia a awnNie ah Reh aed be eerecietenteal circumflex (*) Usenavagdawuwdn 5 fa é gh I § wavdid dnwsAiesawae breve (~) Ussnouagthsuudn 1 data o dedudaSawslummnunanlfulasashisdusa 28 fa abcédefgghhijikimnopqrsStuavz ‘unsdiflliaemonlunrsvinriedounny circumfiex waz breve wissen (Zamenhot 1905) tasldtaualdlwniieaa Fundermento de Esperanto lv idanws h unuataenane circumflex wax idoue3aaninn breve aon galulussuumsléetowanounvadwuilu mamsilé 9 R98 Sadeuunudaw ch gh hhjhsh maddy uaa Wowunudae u acdtmoreictd Nu aaie * in ea gore ade Piudhaeiuisidvsedugmwnusuddualvld usiiidadovawndsnws hue Snvst@lummnaasulanduds mtd h unuadoamnndtanrlidgudrdaudumaiida sm Bi Ta eangin lca Wiad dpws h mamavdnws cg hj was Madwduerh ekshibicio ‘exhibitionism’ Hueriasna de . : tiuila3a 7 Lilsanvine seksidicioMwusem means Tile aifuh 2 unnaw - fiquiew 2547 SnsvuunilasoanrslddadnysUsndunuatoaurs circumflex uae breve Hanis @odnws x unumtundasmanertaaas wuld cx, gx, hx, esx wae uxunu é 9 AD § uae & muddy Ai wIsAbidumemsuddusdexunduaenarh dewnndadnws x Lifilummnaavdiula mlibiiaanwidoutugdeaniidria Alummnaaiulnaandemumddoushldasna ddnvsniladumadusnils dusosnmrads uachiddrdnuslaludiliaondes diudainwslaunudesladues nandalvluvatassuudies 4.2 suuldes iS gaat ee deta ‘Tumis Fundamento de Esperanto sNGINGeUMUVaAUSuledu [MaewIy pirating ese 7. pai ay ete eee navwinulaildi@dusafioriudesuarmiadustinnin deviuwashdasnwsusiasd penned ssn o peat ip iS unudesiasiiudenwuluclolumumltiieudin wuluchsbmnnsalmwiaadsula fioudaemndanquedinadawasdnws a buaycch Aa, aasin'iast’ Bb, basin‘be’ Ce, ts.as in ‘wits’ mudhau Lud>ausawhasinunmnduy ou Wmsviouteuaesiud a z grppelingicarus : REN Sesrisg dnwslummnuy TasunasaAlindathed wuludussensduitiuawnuwsesay naa clummnaaiuloaanauuniouwdqysuy tsch waar Armmsannusenaudundah a hatesdunes ulus ilulvitiadaunsilalduasseuunesmiredeslu mw uachihinvaduavasmseandasiidan wifi biqGoumynveasulads srumannbidanadmsdnmaniuacdinnannsomhea nud ladelumynediulals asain) dduuldnushmdnusis 23 slumeanisulounumiandasle Taeiiivy nmsanidewowMaddmdangeAlily wavaansoaqleh mioedemdqrusly munveaiulad 23 maw miouausdsedi 5 midipending ‘ mytuamnnenatad DA2e atu 2 uneven — Signew 2547 amit nhaadawndyaus 2 € = $s |¢ 38] 3 2 z 2 = |Z eZ 2) 2 = bc iS a Se eee é 3 e g & |S E| & = s wo a fin alawe Pp i kK ed Taue b d 9 P fiavdo | alawe ts[c] | tf [2] tn Tare 3 [3] | Sara, lee | taua alawe t s Jt] x{A] fis wmsn Taye | v z | 301 E wan m n or 1 nau 1 aA | . | Zz tT frase | w(t) J ai mms 2: mhodusasy wh naw waa = « umasiiidy daslofiicrdnysaduannauiinvadhadeavanstiehmynasilin Taiudndnusenaliguideniu wu dusndiqyouctinbaitesgrumarudowimwnasulsu Touaedndnusennaldgudadnes k iui dautinslaiiiadnwsindawiivaylinudumne amarhanaausulaldanwseuargiudndnusaina TunsdilguamunaanliuleliAa qua nngloady wiv miamdusmiqusuciadaounsnlaweg uywoiton-mouaisly mniaaiulaunudawanus ¢ Tuandandnusennaumaduadertiudday dy Tusa Guumwnaa3ulaursdin (Cresswell and Hartley 1988) Indah oa auladassuseaufluduay 4 wiaaies Geumetiennasnwrits (oi /uil /aiJei/ ie desl sriteemrnsel arta waaate Tawitiiguithy oj uj aj uae ej mudadu usiunsdiaifindrrhd 6 mdaades (Kellerman 1910)mnuaemynenaed ti22 atu 2 unnaw - fiquisy 2547 @oaviin /au/ /eu/ wan 2 wow figliluad waz eG muddiu warldliehasineh mune itiaadions jun // wae & unu /u/ ludszuszenfiwnetosiulalliderudiwascuca: sausnwnay wiudagawh kaj ‘and’ ynauasdrutuwenadaenAs /kair ued death kai arafigarudriiithy 2 wenad Modmucthy ska dwiuddemawdatninetanetbimwiaanlsuloiudassderdnu 5 aes eratndy uacttanevbiaetunenadanwhiuascuseauns 6 Andvandiuasedend i y/ via pw lundiqyusrhnfia /oj/ fu /ai/ fej! faw! few! chemaeadiallil 1. munsanatwlihiddnwslumyaciuleleaandadwouiy daiuvluile nwa i wae u unwasy // uae /u/ aguda filshieebianws | way Ganeandasdrauiu dnusi uaz u an 2. uansinaxbiddadnusdalodioutuuds snwsudasdrifimandeslduunnien Gutudnws juay d frhavaandeslduuuderfaaanduntundqysus // wae Aw mracndy tdilueh juna /juna/ ‘young’ wae tiato, /wato/ watt’ wavullusedudnmaasuda (i) avtihy detente fi) way (ul fhudeadeatu fy) udddummnaadsulaudaabiaasa ab naeslMluswdudnmand wesuwldowelussdudwinnuinu lowinnwewed Wiuladumniusiugsudatuanndusematlstumenarndwiudeuuulan’ Srhumanaidrlads bail dituaadavorounduntandalalaiay: msaandsanrntaa uiuledsienuuandwiuluanwuudemenuivasiya wumisudies /p/ aaewiidean \deailu [0] w3a (ph) ld anhuuanainbianniviiensHaeamuiamuiulaluscdy Anendasuda Adalaimanamiamsaanassaaslasaulaquntantondalendundantiu inanidaduamugndawaimsaonaenlelugusdwasmede 3. msbidhoiuiwhidusuhihduasedssas usildj uae G unudusassinmeios Aulvifoandusunnwenadiluilagliaunquaniilotin lunsdveamwsssumifiioiuan inulignaunnyaudaityfUsedugdadeuntotusevudadioumesnwndunchenandes yolumondeduansaethildlshdosiineéinsemsludnasisine leds maanaes asiiudeayolununidadiaumh ularnaalivladumwnuseduy aawosditu amnaaulsulafumsaenadniu nhesfietulingen qu usinuausarterndhdwrien MnossuTMioaeQadulaglteunldlumnnoedisuladudnaunn weeuusowii Aaswiaedouvanduouardrundniuuacidasefiovatadile afilddulval mafnasuaow Gantz | uae o favatusundqsusdsngnaaseiihaswsnsanuadwarsldarwh j ee 2 bile ae aie ay 4 uaz o Gandvaihudendqausrheliiuaseiu idoorlunradas allen i was uemnuazmwmand Vi22 aut 2 unsiau — fquoieu 2547 taatumsaandeuannensd dniunwsvaugudabiiinnadiuiluftesdosastudy saat 2 Py _ fai tu lithmnunaawaruseavglih kal ‘and’ aantdeath [ka-i] w3o [kal] Haifa nwuen 4 agate y ied os ghafuudadndla iwaemiuuaandssdugmemramen lildasdegseuun sean Baca Nanaewaamemnyanianusiaas . Fete ides fete sori teireieyDlEN hi a aaa 4. mmuanewbideansrihdhuaseideniiindymuerheverbisevulassahanensd Sienautussifiouacidounonh 4.3 Tassat nen Tnnsathinendlumenaaiuladuld 12 wu dauaasluarnsl s alld (c vanuds Meswiiqaus V nansiy des: ernst 3: Tesatonmadlumenodiliutn main maha Vv wendusnty u nu ‘one’ cve dek ‘ten" ve al ‘to’ ecve krom ‘beside’ vec wuradusnlu ark” ta ‘arctic’ cceve | weneusnlu stran“do ‘beach’ [ov ne ‘not’ | cvcc post ‘after | cov pli ‘more’ CCvCC trans ‘across’ cccv | wensdisnlu stro ‘stripe’ ceccvcc wenausnly trump“ kai~so“no ‘tights’ duuntraguleilasvahawendlummnoausulate (c)(c)(c)v(C)(C) Tan {6 ‘medaamnersumnedeh duwiqausiulateumsunng Alofusenoudwendnonthniawend wenadfavdesminiaeludasify WeNAauWeNAdaMuaadd wuluri strumpkaisono ‘tights’ {1 4 weradAa Stump "kei “so “no werdfanaeaminilgoludriiiiaa soMeruarmeredes VA22 adult 2 unsiaw — fiqineu 2547 44 sfinnasay diimasdavdn lummnosulSuloust dadhetorudaateds dunanisddaailade - o erqatwisdeautlete -2 Aantavieunhivddaatlede -c daudinaeniulaiievedwdy dadamauntenlontayns usifiilasevanissianmelasinsalsin yaesdanserininlyiie novulethneniiy thudinaen aadhudassindnlummiaaiulatsenansoinnamatumaielamld wu sina 1 san ‘heath’ cnannsaldihinusdeiinvardandalinaredtiudndonteduld wu chy fun sano ‘heath’ wlavisdtanilaty -o udiqu sana ‘healthy’ dlavsteauileda -a Ududan3evietuol sane ‘healthily’ tilatistidaatada -e udinaentaqiunna sanas ‘be healthy diavsddaeiesuvantayiuma -as amnsali¢ehniiamansnsnmaury dideahathlseluntuandisfuuddannaldadnmenmy udu sinmné san ‘heath! on aansnahatituddrsadatumaindynnuds uasinenarselsuselee 1) 2) 3) wie 4) Uselunlaflavdadannumnaiteniu 1) li hevas bonan sanon. ‘he has good health.” 2) liestas sana. ‘he is healthy.’ 3) li sanas. ‘he is-healthy." 4) li sane vivas. ‘he lives healthily." 4.5 Usssnnmslasinaninaadawi munadiiuladuseuanmslannselivesinnaad 2 Ussinn a wart (umber) way nan (case) 4.5.1 wail mrniaaiuled 2 wail fa wonwal uaewywa canwovlaiiguudas dounynani apees. Bi erp ceasieurnedt eae Sian | Usiennwusehaudwl sairocaalud 5) domo (a) house" 6) bela domo ‘(a) beautiful house’ 7) domo estas bela ‘(a) house is beautiful. 8) domoj houses’ 9) belaj domoj ‘beautiful houses’ 10) domoj estas bela) ‘houses are beautiful." 10geo a Ee DP WuaeMWiedos W122 ATU 2 wns ew — Hqwu 2547 A duyquassunwlunwaailiula wathisddaunrsfasswumennavua: Penne emer . a oe A amynariiigUiuonsraiuadiauite ‘Lilé tiles 5 vstlwywarlarslunsduasdanauasc ee eet a age e, . ¢ quid unducssmnwygut 2 vi Bilsgdenfuranwaluaswynad ugwasswunilu mrenaduivlaudestiluernet 4 4 " mine 4 t ypemnalunnsnadaliule aqui 3 vit wail 2 ry : ine. uweiney Liseyine wanna mi li 3i 4i _+— vi a wywau ni ili wy re 4 7 he tool REE PF) rer uth mmniadilivleituniussdugiu udmwnilidenuadanasiuny 6 . ae el 4 . sssunrdoseqadulagisaunar qarwufluadiann wy msfasswuryyuA 3 anwar ‘ at 4 od ig ace d des shuunmadad (wow) lususimywallidinsuun wiamsfasswwnnyqea 2 Lisuun mawarl 46.2 man nrinlunrwieauiuladag 2 n1anfa nv3qnIsN (nominative) WaeNsINNISA a aetagy -n visit ee (accusative) NsaqMSNLadigUudes daunssaNrsnililede -n UssMduruasdrqadwd Hd adnedaluil 11) birdo vidas katon ‘a bird sees a cat" 12) kato vidas birdon ‘a cat sees a bird.’ 13) branca birdo vidas brancan katon. ‘a white bird sees a white cat.' sHasaMnuf siete -n lumsuaasnssunysneduiy PaTuaosly 14.) uae 15.) 14) mi vidas vin ‘I see you! 16) vi vidas min. "you see me! Tummdanqudiwnid 2 mandanssqnisnuasnssunrsnidunu (assmuiud 3 aranfaiandinasn (genitive case) efimutran) usidlamauandresewhansiqmaniunssy manlummdinguiumenadiiula assumsnlummansuleldinmhfdunssuass Girect object) witha Lanananvnwihfitlunssusas (indirect object) uaenvaamasywun llsMNuazwenaey 122 aus 2 wane - Hqunen 2547 Ps ¥ Gla z umloblique) dé daulummndangunssumaninythathulennsavass nasa wasnass varynun inaanaaglaBauiieusuumsnlélumsrad 5 oi 5: aNsUANEIEWNseVUATINUMUAMUTUlaAtUMNdange usvavu ATINGW NTINGDY ] ATWIaYIWUN mw nssqnian v v v | vaaule | pssunisn v | mn Assqnian v | danqu naaunian v ool v aindrathulselundalud avdanaldtinssasowanselen (uiideassmnman wariyguil 1) asdasaglugunssqmanuathunssweosysmunidulu 16) wintu laisnansnag Tugunssumanidulu 17) uachinsnsoarluginssumsnfidhunsswwanywunsaeuiily 18) 16.)li donis al mi du_bildojn ‘He gave me two pictures.’ he gave to | two pictures 17.) "i donis min du bildojn. he gave me two pictures 18.) “li donis al min du bildojn. he gave to me two pictures yannnssamsnlummnaaiiulaw Wenamnaainsiuesudise anne ithammnesaimsndauiidas dialafdnmtasssmnale aenamnaifugannenos maadoul ¢nsvfadssmnniufeadluginssunisn Guudhihywunttlfenamans naa “msiadaulg’ thihdrunantuaduda anananudindraaeudestinynun laidos uso wilénnwiuedluginssqmsn dadaadseioluit 19) la kato saltis sur la ito ‘the cat jumped around on the bed." the cat jumped on the bed (NOM) 20) la kato saltis sur la liton. ‘the cat jumped on to the bed.’ the cat jumped on the bed (ACC) 21) Wi iris al la ito. ‘he went to the bed" he went to the bed (NOM) 12aii Be 1 myuazanmand YH22 aul 2 unsiaw - fiqnneu 2547 sonnel aural, iii 19) wnaguurdauarnsslaaluanuudenui tari tito Lilstisenamne digo « wag ddugamnewarmaadanfiuasithunssqmsn dou 20) wannssantusnuudasyiiy ton # nee 2, pees * amumnaiuyannsvaamiedauTiuacaylunssumsn daulu 21) Wu with lito wituqa shied cid oietting 4 ; wanemaimadautl udtarsinsyswun al seyanumnuvainraiadaululugganncad Pere ie 4 4 uaa dh arunw lito istosuamemamnenatyannesasnandaul uacaglugunsse man assumanlummniaaniulediddu ianie udesenamnevesiunia iunuacusos geaviaa) salu 22) 23) Way 24) dali 22) ludon ‘on Monday’ Monday(ACC) 23) la unuan de januaro ‘the first of January’ the first (ACC) of January 24) li restis tri horojn. he stayed three hours’ he stayed three hours(ACC) wndinunfoqaduMladonivininywatuarnssumantunandertiy daduisd wynad avagdadudnumfoqudwiiu uasmaandaadadudsdnssansn -n alu brancajn katojn (white-PLU-ACC cat-PLU-ACC) ‘white cats’ 4.6 Ussuammalaensaivaadanten ninlumwneasuladussianmsbennsal 4 useiunnldurd wan (mood) nva (tense) msalanuauy (aspect) uaz NAN (voice) 4.6.1 n7Aa7 mniwatsulad 4 sada fineanan (indicative mood) U3fiauw1e (subjunctive mood) araldianan (imperative mood) waz 417931747 (infinitive mood) Aimee umsvandrunqmael ‘itylistannnd wonadunhiguduquedl (zero form) dindentudinmnadomnadenniniutaedosstima (tense) dumawyh ntuiladidadonivdmausieclinlngiladoisitinmranvitiy Annulehnteniutiunten fimeana du sins ir ‘to go! Wiuiladtuaiima -as (Jaqiuma) -is (afianra) uae -os (awmnanra) stil |i iras.'he goes' |i iris "he went." li iros ‘he will go."amnusemwnmnand Tiz2 aifuil 2 unsven - Ziqunow 2547 iU3fatwnar vannseraasiunioauyd veddrwideae -us du se li irus, li estus ric”a_ ‘fhe went, he would be rich." andifna vanmrwaiawionads vatdawldy -u wu iru ‘Go! amanar vandananseiile qloslsiniisiamuacynseyh wsedaeilada - ou fi devas iri ‘he must go." 46.20 mealumynadilsulaiiey 3 mafatlagtiuma (present tense) a@anra (past tense) war aunAania (future tense) Taqdumausddaateds as adamaivddauilede -is ainnamausdeuiledy os FaWzothawioluil 25) mi trinkas kafon. ‘I drink coffee." 26) mi trinkis kafon. ‘I drank coffee.’ 27) mi trinkos kafon. ‘Iwill drink coffee.’ < . ne wes gartihy ynthiselandoedavogluuseleanan dunnhuselaadweanasyanasnauninan namerucduuMyouadicias Maven luusluAdanwludassanmananiselun wan’ oavaadis 28) li diris, ke $i ris. ‘He said that she went.’ 29) lidiris, ke Si iras. ‘He said that she went.’ 30) lidiris, ke $i iros. ‘He said that she would go." lafarsanshuvanmndanquactivdintewanissluniagia ‘go' ayluguadianra ‘went’ W30 ‘would go" asain aenvassluanan “said” Huadama uclumenaaliu Toiitinien ir hulditvodiomea deqduma uacowanma Taslisiendumudiunienaes Usleanda duagiuhldnwmumamanilugdaaymala vadedrwindu “li” lene 4h “iris” ‘she went’ “8i ras” ‘she goes’ ax “Zi ros” ‘she will go.’ *lvnFengaaszlaa dawilw 28) 29) uae 30) ivagiama taqiuma uasawnaamamuddu 14ead oa MmMuasmwmnaad Hhi22 aun 2 unnew - dquiwy 2547 4.6.3 nizalanwnus aiwrusdiulsulainrsalanume (espect) 4uuusa nisoldnumeduiuad (progressive aspect) msaldnumvanysal (perfect aspect) nsafnwazsvasiiadu (prospective aspect) ua manianwnzithunans (neutral aspect) msafdnvarduduag Wumsvanhmanrseiniishdadiiuerlususnemile df indy -a oust onsdldnwowauysol umsvenenudiniudiimanrsalniisldmuiuagsiownhsn momsainily iiady -i oust masidnvatidsaciindy Wumsuananuduiushingnraninivasdiundean Anmamsoluiia Tiled -o oust fanwnus dumsuanhiimgmsefniahedulonlalldatiouievtudu arfungnrsaldun maolinenustilaistguisd (Waudouivugunierlunrsefanwnena 4 dhiviudacu nevluulselaa 31) fa 34) aglumaderfiudeagana usiaciinmsafanvaiehaiude msaldnvasduiuad arse dnyazawysol mslinwatrdeaciiadu uae msofdnwucifunan mwdidu div tau -nt luvselua 31) 32) uae 33) uiladeusdnssanondsarndraiadelvlurate 4.6.4 31) mi vendantis.* "|wes buying." 32) mi vendintis ‘Thad bought.’ 33) mi vendontis. ‘lwas about to bought / | would buy." 34) mi vendis. ‘I bought.” 46490 Mynadiusulad 4 nan (voice) 4ans3q779N (active voice) NsHTIAN (passive voice) Hisu79n (middle voice) uae ign (causative voice) naaqzan mnetadavsemumslennsalugideriugnseinin naniluann waauldulariséle 2 guuuuto dtguuisdithuquduacusdeaetede -nt manaeledinseal Swasifuuuy neutral nssqrannasntenuahifguusingiiuly 35) widanawladinsel Snunvdua nsiqmenaasntemiuartsadaetlade -nt wulu 36) 36) li vendis la librojn. ‘he sold the books.’ 36) li vendantis Ia librojn. ‘he was selling the books.’ 15mynuasnenenaes 1122 aiiuh 2 wnvew - figuiew 2547 AsaMNEN MaAneiesesuMslennsatugsunavoanseningasy nsswnanved saeilade -t iuluusslea 37) 37) Ia libroj vendatis. ‘the books was sold.’ Heenan mnvteUssonmslennsalvaalselaadluvdnssiuasdiusanasnaen isu namistdaetleda ag wvluuselan 38) 38) la librojn vendigis bone ‘the books sold well oignan wretadlasemuaaseluedsbinsmaasseleansemnien eaqaen Aumwiaauliulosidanthsy -ig atu 39) 39.) li vendigis min. ‘he made me sell.’ Juanndanquuiaebidinusdimenanidiniendemisedida usifitilassainad Ldasanamnandiaaiud envuansressrhauseldamerrenluanniaasuladu Uselunudlunwadanquiide winusesweasuseluadsbinssasosseluaniem anasunien (transitive verb) uaxd3umannamansemniiulddumsseylhuselandae (dy Usesumaselundsbinssamonselanmaudh uarnseyeh Audy halselsa) lun Sanquiadgnvhinsevinaenuaedsunawasniuduuslaglugunssainran iu He made me sell them Hadgndslinssinndenuardsunavaandarduusoglugunassinaan Aa me way them maididu usilummniadnduladuauqnelitdaunaiitlunssumsneiissniedavn dhe maseytsuitesdgndsbinsernnten hiseydtunauasnimn dgndshinntenivetanthy assumsinasUaelsauszaglugunssumsn wulu 39) dagndslinnamaglugunsaaimsn Aa min ‘me’ usidthalselaaaeyradgnasbinssinieuardsunavawnaer Gsuwawas niuractiatunssuasauazodlugdaainssunran doudgnéalansevanseneefarthunssasos uavaglugvaasnsaqmanmmasyswun duly 40) 40) li vendigis al mi la tibrojn. ‘he made me sell the books.’ Yu 40) efFunaaean4e7 Ia librojn ‘the books’ agluguassunisn daudgnsslyinseviy Nnaglugduasnssqaan mi"! eMaYyTWUN al ‘to! auSeuiuutiussimmslwinsoivesinnw uavusstanmalannsolvesdinaen udrazmutusetanmslaninsalsassanjerluanniasuliuladanududaund lun aang dasarnituseinnmslaurnsaluasdantentomuats 4ussinn msteduseuanma Tpernsefuaan3uni 4 Useianfe ana ma wavnrsofanumr lumnvadiuladénmuvas mbadwaantseianmslaninsoasdninduaastumwl 1 16scypuaseropman dtp inshut a apoam fiom, asa7, tated | | detmnisd Tete | | sad | | dagened ] a ade | an sal nan Se | A man ma (1) anwme (2) i u | > > ont > | Wa us is t ann Fig ° i as ig Los . > 1+$— > a Oe 9 | | | | ee. ee aed waawseonunioutuqadwiinld déusasmiaedilunien participle Hast 17mnuacmnnened DH22 aul 2 annen — Agnew 2547 m m man nset man qu wat on a (1) anvay: (2) aw wm ¥ i) est u us q © i h a is = > a pcs < a P mw 2: érdunasmiasdtudinen esti ousranFe7 participle Moshnarguaelaniiinaen esti § nen participle Huntnuvuiden uaasltly 41) 8: 46) 41) $i estas edukinta. $i eduintas. 'she has educated’ 42) ili estis edukontaj. ili edukontis. ‘they were about to educate.” 43) Si estos edukanta. $i edukantos. ‘she will be educating.’ 44) ili estas edukotaj. ili edukotas. ‘they are about to be educated.’ 45) ili estis edukataj. ili edukatis. 'they were being educated.’ 46) Si estos edukotas. §i edukotos. ‘she will be about to be educated." 47 dauar munediiuladanudaselududidudigs Tostamnsedsiaddunaadaeou - nie -nasw nslumenadusulaiisdoiwuaerwdnioawhdénnaladmnhilely uselun dadiudh@uvasdszoqu - nie - assy halsluadsdiendu aduiiiuadlsild a srathalsluafidenumanwh ‘The father sees the dog." lu 47) ds 52) Guthuulselaaitdou gndaamslinnsaluasienumneieaiu wihaviidisuehuaneaAy 47) la patro vidas la hundon. ‘The father sees the dog.’ 48) 2 patro la hundo vidas. 49) la hundon la patro vidas. 18mwuaemwmmand Wee aut 2 annem — Aqunsy 2547 §0) la hundon vidas la patro. 51) vidas la patro la hundon. 52) vidas la hundon la patro. aindidudraitulule 6 wuuthadu ddudhilsmusnnfiga@ouuy vacou - n3e - ssa lu 47) anflad (Harlow 1995) audugnwhaungithuduilnneddumuuudseo - nGen - nvantudidud lummnuisasdgmynadiulsuladawnn emudasenard dud umenadivaulndnusemanivfadnumituasqaudnn qa duflumynadusulaamnsounngmhvtandadnnandnild dauntenansaldldtia nuba aero quudwrhhmhdnunw) waz aero nuba (QA WMAMaeAN) wATMNE tiatiufia ‘cloudy air’ atnelsfimumenesilaulafissiiiodiaueshduchagitinywun (preposition) das agmhumndiane agdeit 8 ainda 16 dovosnrenoalsulandnalth “ywunynda ‘stiunssqmsn (All prepositions take the nominative)" miafisiauaanlidrh “preposition* (cyswun") uaa rhasaiGunhywuniidossingminnangiana ‘ildayun (postposition) atlumendhu dud a9 AUnngmandumnd msfyswundovagmiwandiashlimyneddsulaliarsaadniauselon shayswunld shonnlumwdinguduinnnnavtouselamanhadanyswun wu 53) pri Kio. vi parolas ? ‘what are you talking about?’ about what you talk 54) *kio vi parolas pri? what you talk about Useluatiedu 53) dhuselunuavaaiignbernsnilumenadsula uaaet 54) bithulslaafigalamnsal dotriavasdrdudusenridaanAoqanyus:lun (relative clause) wdaradmunaa Anoamdnava dufudnwarderivlumndingy samradwuseluadolud §6) la viro [kiu vidis min], ‘the man who saw me." the man who saw me 19mynuazamnenaed 22 auf 2 unsew - fiquisu 2547 4.8 miosAuazmsaiiam mad lummiaaniiulediuaunmiannnnnney jluosegaduleglieu ann (Hana 1998) névvhawimemnaauliulniasa: 70 thanvnarwiesenalsaiud (Romance) SnJavax 20 Wand nMeaseQAAa7in (Slavic) way Wasiusin (Germanic) uanviniuithu Awifusoamvnoaulsulows wbigiilenugmerosswndaseyadulaglumanso iMeTaMNnaNngUA mw adtUsuladuaunnlsadaAas juadhebiavnwnmenad tl3ulatas wi birdo ‘bird’ elefanto ‘elephant’ bildo ‘picture’ (n1w1LAaszU Bild) akvo ‘water’ (axéiu aqua) paroli ‘to speak’ (tl3ttea parole) mud lumwiadulsulodanwnsitudamiaadnay (affix) fumbudfiusnd inansosuunsiniuldathaiamne cilewinineansmimaedilsnaldthumiaad Gaanldiusindlisos widuPhdasefiumiuedbidaseflicnansavuunsiniuldadr Wiamauduiy dadradncaluid mal idundaadiusnfudatdituauassa (prefix) WWeranmneasssuiy td bela ‘beautiful’ —> malbela ‘ugly’ aansortantetiusindrleidu ii faris the malon. ‘he did the opposite.’ in cfhumvasdfusnalafuilsdauaasmandisudiu patro ‘father’ -> patrino ‘mother’ aunsmhanlsitusndild wu ihanataluqadyfly ta ina instuicio ‘the faminine instuition.’ ig dumbadtisnaldtuilsdeusdinqnan eaniauniunndle wiv wana Futusinie7lu mi igas fa kukon mangata ‘I make the cake be eaten.’ jes ‘yes’ thambudynsnalitumnienddsclanhisimaiagdassedeaalas us fiansoandusinduacdimsauiledald wu mi jesis '| replied in the affirmation.’ antaii ‘before’ yswuntainusingWumieddase aansoinanihusindald wu ahinahatunteviuaval antaiie ‘previously’ mnfNsoNMAUNMIUAIMANT (Comrie 1981) waqUlehmeynaasulatunn useunnshdasia (agglutinating) nawslidresunelthawndhfadatomend luna dsenaudemhud anon vous mbumudaemhesenaiauiana uaequvowniredrudazmuast (invariant) dna himunesulsulaannsoainditiienamncusemhieenvaantd Wddnanmnssininnunndiisaninid vinmsdnvadhathumensadidga wuiri aindvfamalumenciies 9000 Aauviniu (Harlow 2001) 20Gator s amnusemnendad We avull 2 anne —Sigquneu 2547 5. unetyd daft im wniasilFuladanalanwuuondwsinmnsssumasdonginanid Gouhe Unavindasnciy lidludhmdes msaenady wa lennsel usinnsdietuann woaiusulafiflanyavens qadmessiummsssunélanawwednéwmseqadulaglaitay hiadann faukhgawmownnlulanbitanadioiumwnasegaduleglitan weil iutisousuthonwnasgadulagleudmanndunnnigeutligsna anim ity mwmndangwiiid aithumunnan (lingua franca) achauwinas summwildadhadume moluardimaanuarmmaiuau 6 nw fitumerlunseqaduloglaeute 4 nw de imendingy aniined menu uaemmniaide lududrduusarmynoairiladild Spestalu ftivhlussvudadoutluwinaulumlan uluiannalildagluasegadula ghitnanamwiaiy meduaw munnad heelsddouslehuthudadien dahuath Junrsieugorwniasultulad@lildithutasmwinsenadulaglsJountelaigeadnus Iaduasdauteuditudreesnmuacdilsoneslatuadine usisaamghimwnasegadu Taglatnunasdnuslatiudenwuninarenn mbiddeudohluduansomnsauvadd Muiauds myroaUsulaminsalsiumunnwonyyandaldod amas Hlavoulsetugawn athslsfiow msfimeilageltsuenaienléntol Lildduduansasmenwnus civvod adien usidBuagfutsdadu qdhe wu msusunslhuagsn Weruadimsvonyu vasdau ulsuaasuseina tan diiauilerutuhuanninasdanmannussdegluad rasdamenuda Useiumedanniienieunchifsienanhaulednwududienty Visaviiuoriaiis 1, ardla$ (Harlow 2000) dra lusaetsdindnunassavauiaugmwnea wiuloutuamnusn asnnwauacuinaadinndulinwnasnsulaaumuiuludyu Winundrililadiaia 3-4 Dfaedosan id deanmenonficelddeujansroaamnanlsly arauiouarduag uavanaanselumwniideuglmidiecunemhmynedsulaluan danwnetumniiienadhdglutindstrmondimnnnh dalutshideuttnyuin oh 4tevlatyommnosiulaiinmmndeviaianuaansalumslémeyniaauiulad mhmwndu ques 2. luunusflumwndangqumavosszluadaudantulumunanamnseiludsstun waniana 21aminuaemnenand Tze aul 2 unsen - fignnow 2547 3. punfenlu 31) 32) uaz 33) usthargndoulennsoiusilitunienls 3 uuuaesnieniiimsalémvacdudued msaldnunvanysol uay maaldnvasthdvaciindy fieuldlumenesiulausensuda nen esti 'to be! Usenauriy participle wu _miestis vendanta ‘| was selling.’ mi estis vendinta ‘| had bought.’ mi estis vendonta ‘I would buy." ng Addenh guns abiduiientdnudaslutdiosnn gUaindandnaanals UsenaumsaduretAsaAuuseianmslennsalyoadnan ldadrathisevusaaunhgunser vonlselunuvuttionly ursonynsy Comrie, B. 1981. Universals and Linguistic typology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Cresswell, J. and Hartley, J. 1988. Esperanto. 3° ed. Kent : Hodder and Stoughton. Hana, J. 1998. Two-level Morphology of Esperanto. M.A.Th. Department of Computer Science. Faculty of Mathematics and Physics. Charles University Prague Harlow, D. 1995. The Sixteen Rules of Esperanto Grammar. htto:/Awww.webcom.com/ ~donh/Esperanto/rules.html (9 December 2001) Harlow, D. 2001. An Esperanto Overview. http:/www.webcom.com/~donh/efaq. htm! (9 December 2001) Kellerman, |. 1910. A Complete Grammar of Esperanto. New York : D.C Heath and Company. Large, A. 1987. The Artificial Language Movement, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ‘The world almanac and book of facts 2000. 1999. New Jersey : World Almanac Books. Zamenhof, L. L. 1905. Fundamento de Esperanto. Markmande: Esperantaj Francaj Eldonoj. 22