Hindawi Publishing Corporation

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Volume 2015, Article ID 107148, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/107148

Research Article
A Horizontally Polarized Omnidirectional Antenna Using
Stacked Curve Dipoles for DTV Reception

Chuwong Phongcharoenpanich,1 Weerayuth Polkaew,1

Bancha Luadang,1 and Prayoot Akkaraekthalin2
1
Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
2
Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand

Correspondence should be addressed to Chuwong Phongcharoenpanich; pchuwong@gmail.com

Received 31 August 2015; Revised 20 September 2015; Accepted 28 September 2015

Academic Editor: Xiulong Bao

Copyright © 2015 Chuwong Phongcharoenpanich et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

This paper presents an omnidirectional antenna using stacked curve dipoles radiating horizontal polarization for digital television
(DTV) reception. The proposed antenna consists of stacked curve dipoles designed on brass sheet. The parametric study is carried
out for various dimensions of curve dipoles to improve the impedance bandwidth. The results show good impedance matching for
|𝑆11 | of less than −10 dB along the frequency range from 404 MHz to 871 MHz. The antenna gain is between −10 dBi and 0.67 dBi
along the frequency range from 470 to 862 MHz.

1. Introduction
Nowadays, television broadcasting services have switched
from analog system to digital television (DTV) system.
The DTV technology enables TV broadcasters to transmit
high-definition (HD) image and audio signals [1, 2]. The
technology also makes the introduction of multimedia and
interactive services possible. A second-generation terrestrial
transmission system for digital television broadcasting, the
so-called DVB-T2, is the most efficient DTV technology
which is widely adopted in the European zone and operates
on a frequency band of 470–862 MHz [3–5]. In the DTV
system, a receiving antenna is an essential device to receive
signals from a transmitting antenna. In literature, a stub-
and capacitor-loaded folded dipole antenna has been pro-
posed [1] for digital terrestrial TV reception. The numerical
investigation clarified the effects of the stub and capacitor
on bandwidth enhancement. In [2], a compact broadband
microstrip-line-fed sleeve monopole antenna was presented.
The design of meandering the monopole into a compact
structure is applied for size reduction. A broadband printed
dipole antenna with a step-shaped feed gap [3] has been
proposed for 470–806 MHz band. The wide operating band is
formed by two excited resonant modes: one 0.5-wavelength
mode controlled by the antenna length L and one 1.0-
wavelength mode controlled by the total effective length
(about 1.25 L) of two radiating arms. A J-shaped monopole
antenna array with matching circuits of a slot transmission
line was considered in [4] for the purpose of compact size
and thin structure. Reference [5] presented a miniaturized
internal spiral multimode antenna for 470–862-MHz band.
This antenna uses seven spiral lines on the ground plane
of microstrip line for multimode resonance. In combination
with the multimode operational band, the entire DTV band
of 470–862 MHz is achieved. A dual-band 3D PIFA for DVB-
T (470–862 MHz) and WiMAX (3300–3800 MHz) applica-
tions was presented [6]. This antenna is suitable to be inte-
grated in a monitor. Additional resonant path was presented
in this configuration. The thickness can be reduced by 43%
(in terms of electrical length). An internal antenna was also
developed for indoor reception of UHF terrestrial digital
TV broadcasting system [7]. The new antenna can cover a
bandwidth of larger than 60%. It can resonate from 470 MHz
to higher than 900 MHz. A wideband microstrip slot antenna
2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

h
𝛼
H

r1
r2
W
r3
r4 Feed point
75 Ω
𝛽 72∘

z z

x y
y x
(a) (b)

Figure 1: Configuration of the proposed antenna: (a) top view and (b) side view.

𝛼 H
r1
r2

W
r3 Feed point
75 Ω

72∘

z z

x y
y x
(a) (b)

Figure 2: Configuration of the stacked curve dipoles (5 elements): (a) top view and (b) side view.

[8] was proposed for DTV (496 MHz to 862 MHz) band
along with fully planar frequency reconfigurable microstrip
loop structure with MIMO implementation for wireless LTE
compatibility. The PIN diode switches had been used as
the switching element between the LTE bands 3 and 7.
Additionally, there are some researches about the anten-
nas radiating horizontal polarization with omnidirectional
pattern. A broadband vertically/horizontally dual-polarized
omnidirectional antenna with high isolation was proposed
[9]. The element for vertical polarization is a modified low-
profile monopole, whereas the element for horizontal polar-
ization is a planar circular loop antenna that contains four arc
dipoles. In [10], a new compact omnidirectional antenna with
horizontal polarization was proposed. The antenna etched
on two sides of a circular substrate is characterized with
low profile and light weight. An ultrahigh frequency (UHF)
low-profile antenna was proposed [11] based on the discone
geometry with addition of a back cavity, a short-circuiting
structure, and a two-plate top structure to achieve both
low-profile and wideband characteristics. A novel wideband
planar omnidirectional horizontally polarized antenna for
4G LTE wireless systems and networks was presented [12].
From the mentioned references, the research about the flat
antenna radiating horizontally polarized omnidirectional
pattern is necessary for the DTV reception that is suitable for
installing on the mobile station or vehicular applications. This
paper deals with the optimal design of a receiving antenna
suitable for DTV reception. Generally, a receiving antenna
for DVB-T2 system requires horizontal polarization with
omnidirectional beam and wide impedance bandwidth. The
proposed antenna uses stacked curve dipoles designed on
brass sheet. The structure of the antenna yields horizontal
polarization and omnidirectional pattern. The rest of the
paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the initial
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

200 100

175 75

150 50
Resistance (Ω)

Reactance (Ω)
125 25

100 0

75 −25

50 −50

25 −75

0 −100
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz)

r3 = 0 mm r3 = 24 mm r3 = 0 mm r3 = 24 mm
r3 = 8 mm r3 = 32 mm r3 = 8 mm r3 = 32 mm
r3 = 16 mm r3 = 16 mm
(a) (b)
0

−10

−20
|S11 | (dB)

−30

−40

−50

−60
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (MHz)

r3 = 0 mm r3 = 24 mm
r3 = 8 mm r3 = 32 mm
r3 = 16 mm
(c)

Figure 3: Simulated results for different radii of feeding structure (𝑟3 ) of the initial antenna (5 elements): (a) input resistance, (b) input
reactance, and (c) |𝑆11 |.

design of antenna and subsequently the proposed antenna
structure. Section 3 discusses simulated and measured results
of the antenna. Section 4 is the concluding remarks.
2. Antenna Structure
This paper proposes a horizontally polarized antenna for
DTV reception, as shown in Figure 1. The antenna structure
is made from a thin brass sheet that consists of a number of
curve dipoles. Each curve dipole is made of two overlapped
arms located on two horizontal planes separated by an air gap.
The structure of stacked curve dipoles is fed by a 75 Ω coaxial
transmission line. This proposed antenna uses a technique to
enlarge dimension of stacked curve dipoles to improve the
impedance bandwidth of antenna.
2.1. The Five-Element Stacked Curve Dipoles with Extended
Feeding Structure (Initial Antenna). The initial antenna struc-
ture consists of the five elements of curve dipoles arranged
to form the circular configuration. Two curved dipoles are
stacked between each other in opposite directions with an
air gap in between them. The feeding structure is located
between the top and bottom layers as shown in Figure 2.
The antenna is designed to operate in the UHF band
at the frequency range from 470 MHz to 862 MHz. The
radiation pattern is omnidirectional beam. The polarization
is horizontal direction. The antenna structure is made of
thin brass with thickness ℎ of 1 mm and the feeding point
is at the middle between two layers. The CST Microwave
Studio [13] is used as the simulation tool for this antenna
investigation.
4 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

200 100

175 75

150 50
Resistance (Ω)

Reactance (Ω)
125 25

100 0

75 −25

50 −50

25 −75

0 −100
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz)

H = 2 mm H = 8 mm H = 2 mm H = 8 mm
H = 4 mm H = 10 mm H = 4 mm H = 10 mm
H = 6 mm H = 6 mm
(a) (b)
0

−10

−20
|S11 | (dB)

−30

−40

−50

−60
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (MHz)

H = 2 mm H = 8 mm
H = 4 mm H = 10 mm
H = 6 mm
(c)

Figure 4: Simulated results for different spacing between stacked curve dipoles (𝐻) of the initial antenna (5 elements): (a) input resistance,
(b) input reactance, and (c) |𝑆11 |.

The initial antenna parameter is the outer radius of curve
dipole 𝑟1 with the dimension of the half wavelength of the
center frequency (666 MHz) of 22.5 cm. The inner radius
of curve dipole 𝑟2 is 𝜆/2.25 or 20 cm in the initial stage.
The width of dipole arm (𝑊) is 2 mm. The thickness of the
brass sheet ℎ is 1 mm. The suitable angle of curve dipole 𝛼
is around 40∘ . The antenna parameters that will be varied
to determine the suitable condition are the radius of feeding
structure 𝑟3 and spacing between stacked curve dipoles 𝐻.
Subsequently, the outer and inner radii of curve dipole, 𝑟1
and 𝑟2 , will be considered to study the effect on the resistance
and reactance. The criteria of |𝑆11 | < −10 dB along the
frequency range will be considered to cover the UHF band
of the entire DTV system from 470 MHz to 862 MHz. The
radiation characteristics of omnidirectional beam will also be
inspected.
From Figure 2, the antenna structure of 5 elements will
be studied. The feeding structure is the circular geometry
of radius of 𝑟3 . The antenna structure becomes completely
overlapped between the curve dipoles in the opposite sides
with the circular feeding structure.
From Figure 3, the radius of the feeding structure 𝑟3 is
varied. It is obvious that the radius of the feeding structure
𝑟3 of 24 mm is the appropriated size. The reason is that the
resistance is near 75 Ω and the reactance approaches zero.
However, the bandwidth becomes narrower when 𝑟3 is wider
because the electrical size of the antenna is reduced. The
increase of 𝑟3 has also influenced spacing between stacked
curve dipoles 𝐻. Thus, the parameter 𝐻 will be varied again
as shown in Figure 4.
When the radius of the feeding structure 𝑟3 is 24 mm, the
spacing between stacked curve dipoles 𝐻 is varied. When
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 5

200 100

175 75

150 50
Resistance (Ω)

Reactance (Ω)
125 25

100 0

75 −25

50 −50

25 −75

0 −100
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz)

r1 = 150 mm, r2 = 160 mm
r1 = 170 mm, r2 = 160 mm
r1 = 180 mm, r2 = 170 mm
(a)
r1 = 190 mm, r2 = 180 mm r1 = 150 mm, r2 = 160 mm r1 = 190 mm, r2 = 180 mm
r1 = 200 mm, r2 = 190 mm r1 = 170 mm, r2 = 160 mm r1 = 200 mm, r2 = 190 mm
r1 = 180 mm, r2 = 170 mm
(b)
0

−10

−20
|S11 | (dB)

−30

−40

−50

−60
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (MHz)

r1 = 150 mm, r2 = 160 mm r1 = 190 mm, r2 = 180 mm

r1 = 170 mm, r2 = 160 mm r1 = 200 mm, r2 = 190 mm
r1 = 180 mm, r2 = 170 mm
(c)

Figure 5: Simulated results for different outer and inner radii of curve dipoles (𝑟1 and 𝑟2 ) of the initial antenna (5 elements).

the spacing between the circular stacked curve dipoles is
changed from 8 mm to 6 mm, the bandwidth of the antenna
can be enhanced as illustrated in Figure 4. However, it is
found that the bandwidth cannot cover the frequency from
470 MHz to 862 MHz. The area of the feeding structure will
be influenced to the length of dipole or the outer radius of the
curve dipole, 𝑟1 , and the inner radius of the curve dipole, 𝑟2 .
When the length of dipole arm is shortened, the difference
between 𝑟1 and 𝑟3 is decreased. These parameters will be
adjusted to determine the appropriated parameters.
From Figure 5, the suitable parameters of the outer and
inner radii of curve dipoles (𝑟1 and 𝑟2 ) are 190 mm and
180 mm, respectively. The reason is that the resistance and
reactance are close to 75 Ω and 0 Ω, respectively, along
the frequency range between 470 MHz and 862 MHz. The
|𝑆11 | is less than −10 dB at this frequency band. However,
the simulated results show that the initial antenna with five
elements still has relatively high |𝑆11 | along the frequency
band.
2.2. The Five-Element Stacked Curve Dipoles with Extended
Feeding Structure and Additional Branch Curve (Final Pro-
posed Antenna). From Figure 2, the initial antenna is started
with the antenna consisting of 5 elements and area exten-
sion of the feeding point to improve the |𝑆11 |. The addi-
tional branch curved to the curve dipole can improve the
impedance characteristics. There are two parameters to be
varied, that is, the radius of branch curve, 𝑟4 , and the angle
of branch curve 𝛽. The CST Microwave Studio [13] is used
as the simulation tool. Figure 6 shows the input impedance
and |𝑆11 | of the antenna versus the frequency for different
𝑟4 and 𝛽. From the simulated results, the antenna can
6 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

200 100

175 75

150 50
Resistance (Ω)

Reactance (Ω)
125 25

100 0

75 −25

50 −50

25 −75

0 −100
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz)

No branch curved r4 = 184 mm, 𝛽 = 24 deg No branch curved r4 = 184 mm, 𝛽 = 24 deg
r4 = 186 mm, 𝛽 = 8 deg r4 = 187 mm, 𝛽 = 26 deg r4 = 186 mm, 𝛽 = 8 deg r4 = 187 mm, 𝛽 = 26 deg
r4 = 182 mm, 𝛽 = 20 deg r4 = 187 mm, 𝛽 = 32 deg r4 = 182 mm, 𝛽 = 20 deg r4 = 187 mm, 𝛽 = 32 deg
(a) (b)
0

−5

−10
|S11 | (dB)

−15

−20

−25

−30
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Frequency (MHz)

No branch curved r4 = 184 mm, 𝛽 = 24 deg

r4 = 186 mm, 𝛽 = 8 deg r4 = 187 mm, 𝛽 = 26 deg
r4 = 182 mm, 𝛽 = 20 deg r4 = 187 mm, 𝛽 = 32 deg
(c)

Figure 6: Simulated results for different radii of the branch curve 𝑟4 and angles of the branch curve 𝛽 of the proposed antenna.

achieve the impedance close to 75 + 𝑗0 Ω corresponding to Table 1: Designed parameters of the proposed antenna.
|𝑆11 | ≤ −10 dB.
Parameter Description Size
From the parametric study of the antenna with five ele-
𝑟1 Outer radius of curve dipole 190 mm
ments and branch curve structure, the |𝑆11 | can be improved
𝑟2 Inner radius of curve dipole 180 mm
to cover the UHF range of the entire DTV system. The
𝑊 Width of dipole arm 2 mm
parameters of the antenna with five elements and branch
𝐻 Spacing between stacked curve dipoles 6 mm
curve structure are tabulated in Table 1.
ℎ Thickness of brass sheet 1 mm
𝛼 Angle of curve dipole 37 deg
3. Simulated and Measured Results 𝑟3 Radius of feeding structure 24 mm
𝑟4 Radius of branch curve 186 mm
To validate the simulated results, the prototype antenna
𝛽 Angle of branch curve 24 deg
was fabricated as depicted in Figure 7. The measurement
of |𝑆11 |, radiation pattern, and gain are carried out. It is
obvious that the prototype antenna possesses |𝑆11 | ≤ −10 dB the simulated and measured gains of the antenna. It is
covering the frequency range between 404 MHz and 871 MHz apparent that the measured maximum and minimum gains
(467 MHz bandwidth) as shown in Figure 8. Figure 9 shows are −10 dBi and 0.67 dBi, respectively.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 7

y y

x x
z z

(a) (b)

Figure 7: Photograph of the proposed prototype antenna: (a) top view and (b) bottom view.

0 2
−5
0
−10
−2
−15
|S11 | (dB)

Gain (dBi)

−20 −4

−25 −6
−30
−8
−35
−40 −10
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (MHz) −12
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Simulated Frequency (MHz)
Measured
Simulated
Figure 8: Simulated and measured |𝑆11 | versus frequency of the Measured
proposed antenna.
Figure 9: Simulated and measured gains of the proposed antenna.

Figure 10 shows the comparison between the simulated

and measured results of the radiation patterns at the fre-
quency of 470 MHz, 666 MHz, and 862 MHz. The prototype
antenna radiates omnidirectional beam. The results include
the radiation pattern in azimuth plane (vary 𝜙 and fix 𝜃 =
90∘ ) and elevation plane (vary 𝜃 and fix 𝜙 = 0∘ ). It is noted
that the cross-polarization levels in azimuth plane along the
operating frequency band from simulation and measurement
are lower than −20 dB and −15 dB, respectively. In the ele-
vation plane, the simulated and measured cross-polarization
levels are lower than −20 dB, and −9 dB, respectively. The
simulated half-power beamwidths in the elevation plane, at
the frequencies of 470 MHz, 666 MHz, and 862 MHz, are
121.8∘ , 140∘ , and 38.9∘ , whereas those of the measured results
are 100∘ , 70∘ , and 40∘ , respectively.
4. Conclusion
An omnidirectional antenna using stacked curve dipoles
radiating horizontal polarization has been proposed for
digital terrestrial TV reception. The measured results show
that good impedance matching for |𝑆11 | less than −10 dB
covers the frequency range from 404 MHz to 801 MHz. The
antenna radiates omnidirectional patterns from 470 MHz
to 862 MHz. The measured gain of the proposed antenna
8 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

𝜃 = 90∘ 𝜙 = 0∘
𝜙 𝜃 𝜃
0∘ 0∘ 0 dB
0 dB
330∘ 30∘ 30∘ 30∘
−10 dB −10 dB

300∘ −20 dB 60∘ 60∘ −20 dB 60∘

−30 dB −30 dB

270∘ 90∘ 90∘ 90∘

240∘ 120∘ 120∘ 120∘

210∘ 150∘ 150∘ 150∘

180∘ 180∘
Simulated copolar Simulated cross-polar Simulated copolar Simulated cross-polar
Measured copolar Measured cross-polar Measured copolar Measured cross-polar
(a)
∘
𝜃 = 90 𝜙 = 0∘
𝜙 𝜃 𝜃
0∘ 0∘ 0 dB
0 dB
330∘ 30∘ 30∘ 30∘
−10 dB −10 dB

300∘ −20 dB 60∘ 60∘ −20 dB 60∘

−30 dB −30 dB

270∘ 90∘ 90∘ 90∘

240∘ 120∘ 120∘ 120∘

210∘ 150∘ 150∘ 150∘

180∘ 180∘
Simulated copolar Simulated cross-polar Simulated copolar Simulated cross-polar
Measured copolar Measured cross-polar Measured copolar Measured cross-polar
(b)
∘
𝜃 = 90 𝜙 = 0∘
𝜙 𝜃 𝜃
∘ ∘
0 0 0 dB
0 dB
330∘ 30∘ 30∘ 30∘
−10 dB −10 dB

300∘ −20 dB 60∘ 60∘ −20 dB 60∘

−30 dB −30 dB

270∘ 90∘ 90∘ 90∘

240∘ 120∘ 120∘ 120∘

210∘ 150∘ 150∘ 150∘

180∘ 180∘
Simulated copolar Simulated cross-polar Simulated copolar Simulated cross-polar
Measured copolar Measured cross-polar Measured copolar Measured cross-polar
(c)

Figure 10: Simulated and measured radiation patterns (a) 470 MHz, (b) 666 MHz, and (c) 862 MHz.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 9

along the operating frequency from 470 MHz to 862 MHz is
between −10 dBi and 0.67 dBi.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
[12] Y. Yu, F. Jolani, and Z. Chen, “A wideband omnidirectional
horizontally polarized antenna for 4G LTE applications,” IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 12, pp. 686–689,
2013.
[13] CST-Microwave Studio, User’s Manual, CST-Microwave Studio,
2006.

Acknowledgment
This work has been supported by the Thailand Research Fund
through the TRF Senior Research Scholar Program under
Grant no. RTA5780010.

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