Msbi SQL Queries

SQL SELECT Statement
 The SELECT statement retrieves data from a database.
 The data is returned in a table-like structure called a result-set.
 SELECT is the most frequently used action on a database.
The definitive guide

for data professionals
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The SQL SELECT syntax

The general syntax is:
1. SELECT column-names
2. FROM table-name
To select all columns use *
1. SELECT *
2. FROM table-name
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL SELECT Examples
Problem: List all customers
1. SELECT *
2. FROM Customer
Results: 91 records
Id FirstName LastName City Country Phone
1 Maria Anders Berlin Germany 030-0074321
2 Ana Trujillo México D.F. Mexico (5) 555-4729
3 Antonio Moreno México D.F. Mexico (5) 555-3932
4 Thomas Hardy London UK (171) 555-7788
5 Christina Berglund Luleå Sweden 0921-12 34 65
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: List the first name, last name, and city of all customers
1. SELECT FirstName, LastName, City

2. FROM Customer
Results: 91 records
FirstName LastName City
Maria Anders Berlin
Ana Trujillo México D.F.
Antonio Moreno México D.F.

Thomas Hardy London
Christina Berglund Luleå
SQL WHERE Clause
 To limit the number of rows use the WHERE clause.
 The WHERE clause filters for rows that meet certain criteria.
 WHERE is followed by a condition that returns either true or false.
 WHERE is used with SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

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The SQL WHERE syntax

A WHERE clause with a SELECT statement:
2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE condition
A WHERE clause with an UPDATE statement:
1. UPDATE table-name
2. SET column-name = value
3. WHERE condition
A WHERE clause with a DELETE statement:
1. DELETE table-name
2. WHERE condition
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL WHERE Clause Examples
Problem: List the customers in Sweden
1. SELECT Id, FirstName, LastName, City, Country, Phone

2. FROM Customer
3. WHERE Country = 'Sweden'
Results: 2 records
Id FirstName LastName City Country Phone
5 Christina Berglund Luleå Sweden 0921-12 34 65
24 Maria Larsson Bräcke Sweden 0695-34 67 21
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
Problem: Update the city to Sydney for supplier Pavlova, Ltd.
1. UPDATE Supplier
2. SET City = 'Sydney'
3. WHERE Name = 'Pavlova, Ltd.'
Results: 1 record updated.

PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: Delete all products with unit price higher than $50.
1. DELETE FROM Product

2. WHERE UnitPrice > 50
Results: 7 records deleted.
Note: Referential integrity may prevent this deletion.

A better approach may be to discontinue the product, that is, set IsDiscontinued to true.
SQL INSERT INTO Statement
 The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new data to a database.
 The INSERT INTO statement adds a new record to a table.
 INSERT INTO can contain values for some or all of its columns.
 INSERT INTO can be combined with a SELECT to insert records.

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The SQL INSERT INTO syntax

1. INSERT INTO table-name (column-names)

2. VALUES (values)
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL INSERT INTO Examples
Problem: Add a record for a new customer
1. INSERT INTO Customer (FirstName, LastName, City, Country, Phone)

2. VALUES ('Craig', 'Smith', 'New York', 'USA', 1-01-993 2800)
Results: 1 new record inserted
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: Add a new customer named Anita Coats to the database
1. INSERT INTO Customer (FirstName, LastName)

2. VALUES ('Anita', 'Coats')
The SQL INSERT combined with a SELECT


3. FROM table-name
4. WHERE condition
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL INSERT INTO with SELECT Example
Problem: The Bigfoot Brewery supplier is also a customer.

Add a customer record with values from the supplier table.

2. SELECT LEFT(ContactName, CHARINDEX(' ',ContactName) - 1),
3. SUBSTRING(ContactName, CHARINDEX(' ',ContactName) + 1, 100),
4. City, Country, Phone
5. FROM Supplier
6. WHERE CompanyName = 'Bigfoot Breweries'
Note: ContactName is parsed into FirstName and LastName.

Parsing takes place with built-in functions: LEFT, SUBSTRING, and CHARINDEX.
SQL UPDATE Statement
 The UPDATE statement updates data values in a database.
 UPDATE can update one or more records in a table.
 Use the WHERE clause to UPDATE only specific records.

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The SQL UPDATE syntax

2. SET column-name = value, column-name = value, ...
To limit the number of records to UPDATE append a WHERE clause:
2. SET column-name = value, column-name = value, ...
3. WHERE condition
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
SQL UPDATE Examples
Problem: discontinue all products in the database
1. UPDATE Product
2. SET IsDiscontinued = 1
Note: the value 1 denotes true.
Results: 77 records updated.
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: Discontinue products over $50.
1. UPDATE Product
Results: 7 records updated.
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: Discontinue product with Id = 46.
1. UPDATE Product
3. WHERE Id = 46
This is a more common scenario in which a single record is updated.

SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
Problem: Supplier Norske Meierier (Id = 15) has moved: update their city, phone and fax.
1. UPDATE Supplier
2. SET City = 'Oslo', Phone = '(0)1-953530', Fax = '(0)1-953555'
3. WHERE Id = 15
This is a common scenario in which a single record is updated.
SQL DELETE Statement
 DELETE permanently removes records from a table.
 DELETE can delete one or more records in a table.
 Use the WHERE clause to DELETE only specific records.

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The SQL DELETE syntax

To delete specific records append a WHERE clause:
2. WHERE condition
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
SQL DELETE Examples
Problem: Delete all products.
1. DELETE Product
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: Delete products over $50.
1. DELETE Product
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: Delete customer with Id = 21.
1. DELETE Customer
2. WHERE Id = 21
This is a more common scenario in which a single record is deleted.
Results: 1 record deleted.
QL ORDER BY Clause
 SELECT returns records in no particular order.
 To ensure a specific order use the ORDER BY clause.
 ORDER BY allows sorting by one or more columns.
 Records can be returned in ascending or descending order.

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The SQL ORDER BY syntax

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE condition
4. ORDER BY column-names
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL ORDER BY Examples
Problem: List all suppliers in alphabetical order
1. SELECT CompanyName, ContactName, City, Country

2. FROM Supplier
3. ORDER BY CompanyName
The default sort order is ascending, that is, low-high or a-z.
Results: 29 records
Id CompanyName ContactName City Country
18 Aux joyeux ecclésiastiques Guylène Nodier Paris France
16 Bigfoot Breweries Cheryl Saylor Bend USA
5 Cooperativa de Quesos 'Las Antonio del Valle Oviedo Spain

Cabras' Saavedra
27 Escargots Nouveaux Marie Delamare Montceau France
1 Exotic Liquids Charlotte Cooper London UK
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: List all suppliers in reverse alphabetical order
1. SELECT CompanyName, ContactName, City, Country

2. FROM Supplier
3. ORDER BY CompanyName DESC
The keyword DESC denotes descending, i.e., reverse order.
Results: 29 records
Id CompanyName ContactName City Country
22 Zaanse Snoepfabriek Dirk Luchte Zaandam Netherlands
4 Tokyo Traders Yoshi Nagase Tokyo Japan
17 Svensk Sjöföda AB Michael Björn Stockholm Sweden
8 Specialty Biscuits, Ltd. Peter Wilson Manchester UK
10 Refrescos Americanas LTDA Carlos Diaz Sao Paulo Brazil
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: List all customers ordered by country, then by city within each country
Ordering by one or more columns is possible.
1. SELECT FirstName, LastName, City, Country

2. FROM Customer
3. ORDER BY Country, City
Results: 91 records
Id FirstName LastName City Country
12 Patricio Simpson Buenos Aires Argentina
54 Yvonne Moncada Buenos Aires Argentina
64 Sergio Gutiérrez Buenos Aires Argentina
20 Roland Mendel Graz Austria
59 Georg Pipps Salzburg Austria
50 Catherine Dewey Bruxelles Belgium
76 Pascale Cartrain Charleroi Belgium

SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
Problem: List all suppliers in the USA, Japan, and Germany, ordered by city,
then by company name in reverse order
1. SELECT Id, CompanyName, City, Country

2. FROM Supplier
3. WHERE Country IN ('USA', 'Japan', 'Germany')
4. ORDER BY Country ASC, CompanyName DESC
This shows that you can order by more than one column.
ASC denotes ascending, but is optional as it is the default sort order.
Results: 9 records
Id CompanyName City Country
12 Plutzer Lebensmittelgroßmärkte AG Frankfurt Germany
13 Nord-Ost-Fisch Handelsgesellschaft mbH Cuxhaven Germany
11 Heli Süßwaren GmbH & Co. KG Berlin Germany
4 Tokyo Traders Tokyo Japan
6 Mayumi's Osaka Japan
2 New Orleans Cajun Delights New Orleans USA
19 New England Seafood Cannery Boston USA
3 Grandma Kelly's Homestead Ann Arbor USA
16 Bigfoot Breweries Bend USA
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
Problem: Show all orders, sorted by total amount, the largest first, within each year
1. SELECT Id, OrderDate, CustomerId, TotalAmount

2. FROM [Order]
3. ORDER BY YEAR(OrderDate) ASC, TotalAmount DESC
Note: DESC means descending, but is optional as it is the default sort order.
[Order] must be bracketed because it also is a keywork in SQL.
Results: 830 records.
Id OrderDate CustomerId TotalAmount
125 2012-12-04 00:00:00.000 62 12281.20
106 2012-11-13 00:00:00.000 59 10741.60
113 2012-11-22 00:00:00.000 7 7390.20
144 2012-12-23 00:00:00.000 17 86.40
24 2012-08-01 00:00:00.000 75 48.00
177 2013-01-23 00:00:00.000 51 11493.20
170 2013-01-16 00:00:00.000 73 11283.20
560 2013-12-31 00:00:00.000 27 18.40
535 2013-12-17 00:00:00.000 12 12.50
618 2014-02-02 00:00:00.000 63 17250.00
783 2014-04-17 00:00:00.000 71 16321.90
Notice the year breakpoints: 2012 - 2013 and 2013 - 2014. Each year starts with the highest TotalAmounts.
This shows that other data types, such as numbers, dates, and bits can also be sorted.
Note: YEAR is a built-in function which returns the year from a date.
SQL SELECT TOP Statement
 The SELECT TOP statement returns a specified number of records.
 SELECT TOP is useful when working with very large datasets.
 Non SQL Server databases use keywords like LIMIT, OFFSET, and ROWNUM.
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The SQL SELECT TOP syntax

1. SELECT TOP n column-names

2. FROM table-name
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
SQL SELECT TOP
Problem: List top 10 most expensive products
1. SELECT TOP 10 Id, ProductName, UnitPrice, Package

2. FROM Product
3. ORDER BY UnitPrice DESC
Id ProductName UnitPrice Package
38 Côte de Blaye 263.50 12 - 75 cl bottles
29 Thüringer Rostbratwurst 123.79 50 bags x 30 sausgs.
9 Mishi Kobe Niku 97.00 18 - 500 g pkgs.
20 Sir Rodney's Marmalade 81.00 30 gift boxes
18 Carnarvon Tigers 62.50 16 kg pkg.
59 Raclette Courdavault 55.00 5 kg pkg.
51 Manjimup Dried Apples 53.00 50 - 300 g pkgs.
62 Tarte au sucre 49.30 48 pies
43 Ipoh Coffee 46.00 16 - 500 g tins
28 Rössle Sauerkraut 45.60 25 - 825 g cans
SQL OFFSET-FETCH Clause
 OFFSET excludes the first set of records.
 OFFSET can only be used with an ORDER BY clause.
 OFFSET with FETCH NEXT returns a defined window of records.
 OFFSET with FETCH NEXT is great for building pagination support.

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The SQL ORDER BY OFFSET syntax

The general syntax to exclude first n records is:
2. FROM table-name
4. OFFSET n ROWS
To exclude first n records and return only the next m records:
2. FROM table-name
4. OFFSET n ROWS
5. FETCH NEXT m ROWS ONLY
This will return only record (n + 1) to (n + 1 + m). See example below.
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
SQL OFFSET-FETCH Examples
Problem: Get all but the 10 most expensive products sorted by price
1. SELECT Id, ProductName, UnitPrice, Package

2. FROM Product
4. OFFSET 10 ROWS
27 Schoggi Schokolade 43.90 100 - 100 g pieces
63 Vegie-spread 43.90 15 - 625 g jars
8 Northwoods Cranberry Sauce 40.00 12 - 12 oz jars
17 Alice Mutton 39.00 20 - 1 kg tins

12 Queso Manchego La Pastora 38.00 10 - 500 g pkgs.
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: Get the 10th to 15th most expensive products sorted by price

2. FROM Product
4. OFFSET 10 ROWS
5. FETCH NEXT 5 ROWS ONLY
Results: 5 records
27 Schoggi Schokolade 43.90 100 - 100 g pieces
63 Vegie-spread 43.90 15 - 625 g jars
8 Northwoods Cranberry Sauce 40.00 12 - 12 oz jars
17 Alice Mutton 39.00 20 - 1 kg tins
12 Queso Manchego La Pastora 38.00 10 - 500 g pkgs.
SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement
 SELECT DISTINCT returns only distinct (different) values.
 SELECT DISTINCT eliminates duplicate records from the results.
 DISTINCT can be used with aggregates: COUNT, AVG, MAX, etc.
 DISTINCT operates on a single column. DISTINCT for multiple columns is not supported.

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The SQL SELECT DISTINCT syntax

1. SELECT DISTINCT column-name

2. FROM table-name
Can be used with COUNT and other aggregates
1. SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT column-name)

2. FROM table-name
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
SQL SELECT Examples
Problem: List all supplier countries in alphabetical order.
1. SELECT DISTINCT Country

2. FROM Supplier
3. ORDER BY COUNTRY
Results: 16 rows
Country
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Denmark
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
Problem: List the number of supplier countries
1. SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT Country)

2. FROM Supplier
Results:
Count
16
QL SELECT MIN, MAX Statement
 SELECT MIN returns the minimum value for a column.
 SELECT MAX returns the maximum value for a column.

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The SQL SELECT MIN and MAX syntax

The general MIN syntax is:
1. SELECT MIN(column-name)
2. FROM table-name
The general MAX syntax is:
1. SELECT MAX(column-name)
2. FROM table-name
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: Find the cheapest product
1. SELECT MIN(UnitPrice)
2. FROM Product
Results:
UnitPrice
2.50
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
SQL SELECT MAX and MIN Examples
Problem: Find the largest order placed in 2014
1. SELECT MAX(TotalAmount)
2. FROM [Order]
3. WHERE YEAR(OrderDate) = 2014
Results:
TotalAmount
17250.00
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
Problem: Find the last order date in 2013
1. SELECT MAX(OrderDate)
2. FROM [Order]
MIN and MAX can also be used with numeric and date types.
Results:
OrderDate
2013-12-31
00:00:00.000
SQL SELECT COUNT, SUM, AVG
 SELECT COUNT returns a count of the number of data values.
 SELECT SUM returns the sum of the data values.
 SELECT AVG returns the average of the data values.

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The SQL SELECT COUNT, SUM, and AVG syntax

The general COUNT syntax is:
1. SELECT COUNT(column-name)
2. FROM table-name
The general SUM syntax is:
1. SELECT SUM(column-name)
2. FROM table-name
The general AVG syntax is:
1. SELECT AVG(column-name)
2. FROM table-name
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL SELECT COUNT, SUM, and AVG Examples
Problem: Find the number of customers
1. SELECT COUNT(Id)
2. FROM Customer
Results:
Count
91
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
Problem: Compute the total amount sold in 2013
1. SELECT SUM(TotalAmount)
2. FROM [Order]
Results:
Sum
658388.75
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
Problem: Compute the average size of all orders
1. SELECT AVG(TotalAmount)
2. FROM [Order]
Results:
Average
1631.877819
SQL WHERE AND, OR, NOT Clause
 WHERE conditions can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT.
 A WHERE clause with AND requires that two conditions are true.
 A WHERE clause with OR requires that one of two conditions is true.
 A WHERE clause with NOT negates the specified condition.

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The WHERE with AND, OR, NOT syntax

A WHERE clause with AND:
2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE condition1 AND condition2
A WHERE clause with OR:
2. SET column-name = value
3. WHERE condition1 OR condition2
A WHERE clause with NOT:
2. WHERE NOT condition
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL WHERE with AND, OR, and NOT Examples
Problem: Get customer named Thomas Hardy
1. SELECT Id, FirstName, LastName, City, Country

2. FROM Customer
3. WHERE FirstName = 'Thomas' AND LastName = 'Hardy'
Results: 1 record.
4 Thomas Hardy London UK
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: List all customers from Spain or France

2. FROM Customer
3. WHERE Country = 'Spain' OR Country = 'France'
7 Frédérique Citeaux Strasbourg France
8 Martín Sommer Madrid Spain
9 Laurence Lebihan Marseille France
18 Janine Labrune Nantes France
22 Diego Roel Madrid Spain
23 Martine Rancé Lille France
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: List all customers that are not from the USA

2. FROM Customer
3. WHERE NOT Country = 'USA'
1 Maria Anders Berlin Germany
2 Ana Trujillo México D.F. Mexico
3 Antonio Moreno México D.F. Mexico
4 Thomas Hardy London UK

5 Christina Berglund Luleå Sweden
6 Hanna Moos Mannheim Germany
7 Frédérique Citeaux Strasbourg France
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
Problem: List all orders that not between $50 and $15000
1. SELECT Id, OrderDate, CustomerId, TotalAmount

2. FROM [Order]
3. WHERE NOT (TotalAmount >= 50 AND TotalAmount <= 15000)
4. ORDER BY TotalAmount DESC
Id OrderDate CustomerId TotalAmount
618 2/2/2014 12:00:00 AM 63 17250.00
783 4/17/2014 12:00:00 AM 71 16321.90
734 3/27/2014 12:00:00 AM 34 15810.00
175 1/22/2013 12:00:00 AM 27 49.80
24 8/1/2012 12:00:00 AM 75 48.00
SQL WHERE BETWEEN Clause
 WHERE BETWEEN returns values that fall within a given range.
 WHERE BETWEEN is a shorthand for >= AND <=.
 BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values are included.

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The SQL WHERE BETWEEN syntax

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE column-name BETWEEN value1 AND value2
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
SQL WHERE BETWEEN Examples
Problem: List all products between $10 and $20
1. SELECT Id, ProductName, UnitPrice

2. FROM Product
3. WHERE UnitPrice BETWEEN 10 AND 20
4. ORDER BY UnitPrice
Id ProductName UnitPrice
3 Aniseed Syrup 10.00
21 Sir Rodney's Scones 10.00
74 Longlife Tofu 10.00
46 Spegesild 12.00
31 Gorgonzola Telino 12.50
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: List all products not between $10 and $100 sorted by price.

2. FROM Product
3. WHERE UnitPrice NOT BETWEEN 5 AND 100
4. ORDER BY UnitPrice
Results: 4 records.
33 Geitost 2.50
24 Guaraná Fantástica 4.50
29 Thüringer Rostbratwurst 123.79
38 Côte de Blaye 263.50
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: Get the number of orders and amount sold between Jan 1, 2013 and Jan 31, 2013.
1. SELECT COUNT(Id), SUM(TotalAmount)

2. FROM [Order]
3. WHERE OrderDate BETWEEN '1/1/2013' AND '1/31/2013'
Results:
Count TotalAmount
33 66692.80
SQL WHERE IN Clause
 WHERE IN returns values that matches values in a list or subquery.
 WHERE IN is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.

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The SQL WHERE IN syntax

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE column-name IN (values)
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
SQL WHERE IN Examples
Problem: List all suppliers from the USA, UK, OR Japan
1. SELECT Id, CompanyName, City, Country

2. FROM Supplier
3. WHERE Country IN ('USA', 'UK', 'Japan')
Results: 8 records.
Id CompanyName City Country
1 Exotic Liquids London UK
2 New Orleans Cajun Delights New Orleans USA
3 Grandma Kelly's Homestead Ann Arbor USA
4 Tokyo Traders Tokyo Japan
6 Mayumi's Osaka Japan
8 Specialty Biscuits, Ltd. Manchester UK
16 Bigfoot Breweries Bend USA
19 New England Seafood Cannery Boston USA
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: List all products that are not exactly $10, $20, $30, $40, or $50

2. FROM Product
3. WHERE UnitPrice NOT IN (10,20,30,40,50)
1 Chai 18.00
2 Chang 19.00
4 Chef Anton's Cajun Seasoning 22.00
5 Chef Anton's Gumbo Mix 21.35
6 Grandma's Boysenberry Spread 25.00
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: List all customers that are from

the same countries as the suppliers.
1. SELECT Id, FirstName, LastName, Country

2. FROM Customer
3. WHERE Country IN
4. (SELECT Country
5. FROM Supplier)
Id FirstName LastName Country
1 Maria Anders Germany
4 Thomas Hardy UK
5 Christina Berglund Sweden
6 Hanna Moos Germany
7 Frédérique Citeaux France
SQL WHERE LIKE Statement
 WHERE LIKE determines if a character string matches a pattern.
 Use WHERE LIKE when only a fragment of a text value is known.
 WHERE LIKE supports two wildcard match options: % and _.

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The SQL WHERE LIKE syntax

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE column-name LIKE value
Optional Wildcard characters allowed in 'value' are % (percent) and _ (underscore).

A % matches any string with zero or more characters.
An _ matches any single character.
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
SQL WHERE LIKE Examples
Problem: List all products with names that start with 'Ca'

2. FROM Product
3. WHERE ProductName LIKE 'Ca%'
Results: 2 records.
18 Carnarvon Tigers 62.50 16 kg pkg.
60 Camembert Pierrot 34.00 15-300 g rounds
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
Problem: List all products that start with 'Cha' or 'Chan' and have one more character.

2. FROM Product
3. WHERE ProductName LIKE 'Cha_' OR ProductName LIKE 'Chan_'
Results: 2 records.
1 Chai 18.00 10 boxes x 20 bags
2 Chang 19.00 24 - 12 oz bottles
SQL IS NULL Clause
 NULL is a special value that signifies 'no value'.
 Comparing a column to NULL using the = operator is undefined.
 Instead, use WHERE IS NULL or WHERE IS NOT NULL.

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The SQL WHERE IS NULL syntax

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE column-name IS NULL
The general not null syntax is:

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE column-name IS NOT NULL
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
SQL WHERE IS NULL Examples
Problem: List all suppliers that have no fax number
1. SELECT Id, CompanyName, Phone, Fax

2. FROM Supplier
3. WHERE Fax IS NULL
Results: 16 records
Id CompanyName Phone Fax
1 Exotic Liquids (171) 555-2222 NULL
2 New Orleans Cajun Delights (100) 555-4822 NULL
4 Tokyo Traders (03) 3555-5011 NULL
5 Cooperativa de Quesos 'Las Cabras' (98) 598 76 54 NULL
6 Mayumi's (06) 431-7877 NULL
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
Problem: List all suppliers that do have a fax number
1. SELECT Id, CompanyName, Phone, Fax

2. FROM Supplier
3. WHERE Fax IS NOT NULL
Results: 13 records
Id CompanyName Phone Fax
3 Grandma Kelly's Homestead (313) 555- (313) 555-

5735 3349
7 Pavlova, Ltd. (03) 444- (03) 444-

2343 6588
9 PB Knäckebröd AB 031-987 65 031-987 65

43 91
13 Nord-Ost-Fisch (04721) 8713 (04721) 8714

Handelsgesellschaft mbH
14 Formaggi Fortini s.r.l. (0544) 60323 (0544) 60603
18 Aux joyeux ecclésiastiques (1) (1)

03.83.00.68 03.83.00.62
19 New England Seafood Cannery (617) 555- (617) 555-

3267 3389
21 Lyngbysild 43844108 43844115
22 Zaanse Snoepfabriek (12345) 1212 (12345) 1210
24 G'day, Mate (02) 555- (02) 555-

5914 4873
26 Pasta Buttini s.r.l. (089) (089)

6547665 6547667
28 Gai pâturage 38.76.98.06 38.76.98.58
29 Forêts d'érables (514) 555- (514) 555-

2955 2921
SQL GROUP BY Clause
 The GROUP BY clause groups records into summary rows.
 GROUP BY returns one records for each group.
 GROUP BY typically also involves aggregates: COUNT, MAX, SUM, AVG, etc.
 GROUP BY can group by one or more columns.

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The SQL GROUP BY syntax

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE condition
4. GROUP BY column-names
The general syntax with ORDER BY is:
2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE condition
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL GROUP BY Examples
Problem: List the number of customers in each country
1. SELECT COUNT(Id), Country

2. FROM Customer
3. GROUP BY Country
Count Country
3 Argentina
2 Austria
2 Belgium
9 Brazil
3 Canada
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: List the number of customers in each country sorted high to low

2. FROM Customer
3. GROUP BY Country
4. ORDER BY COUNT(Id) DESC
Count Country
13 USA
11 France
11 Germany
9 Brazil
7 UK
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
Problem: List the total amount ordered for each customer
1. SELECT SUM(O.TotalPrice), C.FirstName, C.LastName

2. FROM [Order] O JOIN Customer C
3. ON O.CustomerId = C.Id
4. GROUP BY C.FirstName, C.LastName
5. ORDER BY SUM(O.TotalPrice) DESC
This query uses a JOIN with Customer to obtain customer names
Sum FirstName LastName
117483.39 Horst Kloss
115673.39 Jose Pavarotti
113236.68 Roland Mendel
57317.39 Patricia McKenna
52245.90 Paula Wilson
34101.15 Mario Pontes

32555.55 Maria Larsson
SQL HAVING Clause
 HAVING filters records that work on summarized GROUP BY results.
 HAVING applies to summarized group records, whereas WHERE applies to individual records.
 Only the groups that meet the HAVING criteria will be returned.
 HAVING requires that a GROUP BY clause is present.
 WHERE and HAVING can be in the same query.

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The SQL HAVING syntax

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE condition
5. HAVING condition
The general syntax with ORDER BY is:
2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE condition
5. HAVING condition
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL GROUP BY Examples
Problem: List the number of customers in each country. Only include countries with more than 10 customers.

2. FROM Customer
3. GROUP BY Country
4. HAVING COUNT(Id) > 10
Results: 3 records
Count Country
11 France
11 Germany
13 USA
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
Problem: List the number of customers in each country, except the USA, sorted high to low.
Only include countries with 9 or more customers.

2. FROM Customer
3. WHERE Country <> 'USA'
4. GROUP BY Country
5. HAVING COUNT(Id) >= 9
6. ORDER BY COUNT(Id) DESC
Results: 3 records
Count Country
11 France
11 Germany
9 Brazil
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
Problem: List all customer with average orders between $1000 and $1200.
1. SELECT AVG(TotalAmount), FirstName, LastName

2. FROM [Order] O JOIN Customer C ON O.CustomerId = C.Id
3. GROUP BY FirstName, LastName
4. HAVING AVG(TotalAmount) BETWEEN 1000 AND 1200
Results: 10 records
Average FirstName LastName
1081.215000 Miguel Angel

Paolino
1063.420000 Isabel de Castro
1008.440000 Alexander Feuer
1062.038461 Thomas Hardy
1107.806666 Pirkko Koskitalo
1174.945454 Janete Limeira
1073.621428 Antonio Moreno
1065.385000 Rita Müller
1183.010000 José Pedro

Freyre
1057.386666 Carine Schmitt
SQL Alias
 An Alias is a shorthand for a table or column name.
 Aliases reduce the amount of typing required to enter a query.
 Complex queries with aliases are generally easier to read.
 Aliases are useful with JOINs and aggregates: SUM, COUNT, etc.
 An Alias only exists for the duration of the query.

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The SQL Alias syntax

1. SELECT column-name AS alias-name

2. FROM table-name alias-name
3. WHERE condition
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL Alias Examples
Problem: List total customers in each country.

Display results with easy to understand column headers.
1. SELECT COUNT(C.Id) AS TotalCustomers, C.Country AS Nation

2. FROM Customer C
3. GROUP BY C.Country
TotalCustomers and Nation are column aliases.

The table alias (C) in this example is not particularly useful.
Results: 21 records
TotalCustomers Nation
3 Argentina
2 Austria
2 Belgium
9 Brazil
3 Canada
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
Problem: List the total amount ordered by customer

with easy to read column headers
1. SELECT C.Id AS Identifier, C.LastName + ', ' + C.FirstName AS CustomerName,
2. SUM(O.TotalAmount) AS TotalSpent
3. FROM [Order] O JOIN Customer C ON O.CustomerId = C.Id
4. GROUP BY C.Id, C.LastName + ', ' + C.FirstName
5. ORDER BY TotalSpent DESC
The aliases significantly simplify writing the JOIN and ORDER BY clauses.
The C alias in C.Id helps identify the Customer Id rather then the Order Id.
Results: 89 records
Identifier CustomerName TotalSpent
63 Kloss, Horst 117483.39
71 Pavarotti, Jose 115673.39
20 Mendel, Roland 113236.68
37 McKenna, Patricia 57317.39
65 Wilson, Paula 52245.90
SQL JOIN
 A SQL JOIN combines records from two tables.
 A JOIN locates related column values in the two tables.
 A query can contain zero, one, or multiple JOIN operations.
 INNER JOIN is the same as JOIN; the keyword INNER is optional.

See 2 min video
Different types of JOINs
 (INNER) JOIN: Select records that have matching values in both tables.
 LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Select records from the first (left-most) table with matching right table records.
 RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Select records from the second (right-most) table with matching left table records.
 FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Selects all records that match either left or right table records.
All INNER and OUTER keywords are optional.

Details about the differences between these JOINs are available in subsequent tutorial pages.
SQL JOIN
 A SQL JOIN combines records from two tables.
 A JOIN locates related column values in the two tables.
 A query can contain zero, one, or multiple JOIN operations.
 INNER JOIN is the same as JOIN; the keyword INNER is optional.

See 2 min video
Different types of JOINs
 (INNER) JOIN: Select records that have matching values in both tables.
 LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Select records from the first (left-most) table with matching right table records.
 RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Select records from the second (right-most) table with matching left table records.
 FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Selects all records that match either left or right table records.
All INNER and OUTER keywords are optional.
Details about the differences between these JOINs are available in subsequent tutorial pages.
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The SQL JOIN syntax

2. FROM table-name1 JOIN table-name2
3. ON column-name1 = column-name2
4. WHERE condition
The general syntax with INNER is:
2. FROM table-name1 INNER JOIN table-name2
4. WHERE condition
Note: The INNER keyword is optional: it is the default as well as the most commmonly used JOIN operation.
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
SQL JOIN Examples
Problem: List all orders with customer information
1. SELECT OrderNumber, TotalAmount, FirstName, LastName, City, Country

2. FROM [Order] JOIN Customer
3. ON [Order].CustomerId = Customer.Id
In this example using table aliases for [Order] and Customer might have been useful.
OrderNumber TotalAmount FirstName LastName City Country
542378 440.00 Paul Henriot Reims France
542379 1863.40 Karin Josephs Münster Germany
542380 1813.00 Mario Pontes Rio de Brazil

Janeiro
542381 670.80 Mary Saveley Lyon France
542382 3730.00 Pascale Cartrain Charleroi Belgium
542383 1444.80 Mario Pontes Rio de Brazil

Janeiro
542384 625.20 Yang Wang Bern Switzerland
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
ORDERITEM
Id
OrderId
ProductId
UnitPrice
Quantity
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
Problem: List all orders with

product names, quantities, and prices
1. SELECT O.OrderNumber, CONVERT(date,O.OrderDate) AS Date,

2. P.ProductName, I.Quantity, I.UnitPrice
3. FROM [Order] O
4. JOIN OrderItem I ON O.Id = I.OrderId
5. JOIN Product P ON P.Id = I.ProductId
6. ORDER BY O.OrderNumber
This query performs two JOIN operations with 3 tables.

The O, I, and P are table aliases. Date is a column alias.
Results: 2155 records
OrderNumber Date ProductName Quantity UnitPrice
542378 7/4/2012 Queso Cabrales 12 14.00

12:00:00 AM
542378 7/4/2012 Singaporean Hokkien 10 9.80

12:00:00 AM Fried Mee
542378 7/4/2012 Mozzarella di Giovanni 5 34.80

12:00:00 AM
542379 7/5/2012 Tofu 9 18.60

12:00:00 AM
542379 7/5/2012 Manjimup Dried 40 42.40

12:00:00 AM Apples
542380 7/8/2012 Jack's New England 10 7.70

12:00:00 AM Clam Chowder
542380 7/8/2012 Manjimup Dried 35 42.40

12:00:00 AM Apples
542380 7/8/2012 Louisiana Fiery Hot 15 16.80

12:00:00 AM Pepper Sauce
542381 7/8/2012 Gustaf's Knäckebröd 6 16.80
12:00:00 AM
542381 7/8/2012 Ravioli Angelo 15 15.60

12:00:00 AM
542381 7/8/2012 Louisiana Fiery Hot 20 16.80

12:00:00 AM Pepper Sauce
542382 7/9/2012 Sir Rodney's 40 64.80

12:00:00 AM Marmalade
542382 7/9/2012 Geitost 25 2.00

12:00:00 AM
SQL LEFT JOIN
 LEFT JOIN performs a join starting with the first (left-most) table and then any matching second (right-most) table records.
 LEFT JOIN and LEFT OUTER JOIN are the same.

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The SQL LEFT JOIN syntax

2. FROM table-name1 LEFT JOIN table-name2
4. WHERE condition
The general LEFT OUTER JOIN syntax is:
1. SELECT OrderNumber, TotalAmount, FirstName, LastName, City, Country

2. FROM Customer C LEFT JOIN [Order] O
4. ORDER BY TotalAmount
This will list all customers, whether they placed any order or not.
The ORDER BY TotalAmount shows the customers without orders first (i.e. TotalMount is NULL).
OrderNumber TotalAmount FirstName LastName City Country
NULL NULL Diego Roel Madrid Spain
NULL NULL Marie Bertrand Paris France
542912 12.50 Patricio Simpson Buenos Argentina

Aires
542937 18.40 Paolo Accorti Torino Italy

542897 28.00 Pascale Cartrain Charleroi Belgium
542716 28.00 Maurizio Moroni Reggio Italy

Emilia
543028 30.00 Yvonne Moncada Buenos Argentina

Aires
543013 36.00 Fran Wilson Portland USA
SQL RIGHT JOIN
 RIGHT JOIN performs a join starting with the second (right-most) table and then any matching first (left-most) table records.
 RIGHT JOIN and RIGHT OUTER JOIN are the same.

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The SQL RIGHT JOIN syntax
2. FROM table-name1 RIGHT JOIN table-name2
4. WHERE condition
The general RIGHT OUTER JOIN syntax is:
2. FROM table-name1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN table-name2
4. WHERE condition
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
SQL RIGHT JOIN Example
Problem: List customers that have not placed orders
1. SELECT TotalAmount, FirstName, LastName, City, Country

2. FROM [Order] O RIGHT JOIN Customer C
4. WHERE TotalAmount IS NULL
This returns customers that, when joined, have no matching order.
Results: 2 records
TotalAmount FirstName LastName City Country
NULL Diego Roel Madrid Spain
NULL Marie Bertrand Paris France

SQL FULL JOIN Statement
 FULL JOIN returns all matching records from both tables whether the other table matches or not.
 FULL JOIN can potentially return very large datasets.
 FULL JOIN and FULL OUTER JOIN are the same.

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The SQL FULL JOIN syntax

2. FROM table-name1 FULL JOIN table-name2
4. WHERE condition
The general FULL OUTER JOIN syntax is:

2. FROM table-name1 FULL OUTER JOIN table-name2
4. WHERE condition
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL FULL JOIN Examples
Problem: Match all customers and suppliers by country
1. SELECT C.FirstName, C.LastName, C.Country AS CustomerCountry,

2. S.Country AS SupplierCountry, S.CompanyName
3. FROM Customer C FULL JOIN Supplier S
4. ON C.Country = S.Country
5. ORDER BY C.Country, S.Country
This returns suppliers that have no customers in their country,

and customers that have no suppliers in their country,
and customers and suppliers that are from the same country.
FirstName LastName CustomerCountry SupplierCountry CompanyName
NULL NULL NULL Australia Pavlova, Ltd.
NULL NULL NULL Australia G'day, Mate
NULL NULL NULL Japan Tokyo Traders
NULL NULL NULL Japan Mayumi's
NULL NULL NULL Netherlands Zaanse

Snoepfabriek
NULL NULL NULL Singapore Leka Trading
Patricio Simpson Argentina NULL NULL
Yvonne Moncada Argentina NULL NULL
Sergio Gutiérrez Argentina NULL NULL
Georg Pipps Austria NULL NULL
Roland Mendel Austria NULL NULL
Pascale Cartrain Belgium NULL NULL
Catherine Dewey Belgium NULL NULL
Bernardo Batista Brazil Brazil Refrescos

Americanas
LTDA
Lúcia Carvalho Brazil Brazil Refrescos

Americanas
LTDA
Janete Limeira Brazil Brazil Refrescos

Americanas
LTDA
Aria Cruz Brazil Brazil Refrescos

Americanas
LTDA
André Fonseca Brazil Brazil Refrescos

Americanas
LTDA
Mario Pontes Brazil Brazil Refrescos

Americanas
LTDA
Pedro Afonso Brazil Brazil Refrescos

Americanas
LTDA
Paula Parente Brazil Brazil Refrescos

Americanas
LTDA
Anabela Domingues Brazil Brazil Refrescos
Americanas
LTDA
Elizabeth Lincoln Canada Canada Ma Maison
Elizabeth Lincoln Canada Canada Forêts d'érables
Yoshi Tannamuri Canada Canada Ma Maison
Yoshi Tannamuri Canada Canada Forêts d'érables
Jean Fresnière Canada Canada Ma Maison
SQL Self JOIN
 A self JOIN occurs when a table takes a 'selfie'.
 A self JOIN is a regular join but the table is joined with itself.
 This can be useful when modeling hierarchies.
 They are also useful for comparisons within a table.

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The SQL Self JOIN syntax

2. FROM table-name T1 JOIN table-name T2
3. WHERE condition
T1 and T2 are different table aliases for the same table
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL Self JOIN Examples
Problem: Match customers that are from the same city and country
1. SELECT B.FirstName AS FirstName1, B.LastName AS LastName1,

2. A.FirstName AS FirstName2, A.LastName AS LastName2,
3. B.City, B.Country
4. FROM Customer A, Customer B
5. WHERE A.Id <> B.Id
6. AND A.City = B.City
7. AND A.Country = B.Country
8. ORDER BY A.Country
A and B are aliases for the same Customer table.
Results: 88 records
FirstName1 LastName1 FirstName2 LastName2 City Country
Patricio Simpson Yvonne Moncada Buenos Aires Argentina
Patricio Simpson Sergio Gutiérrez Buenos Aires Argentina
Yvonne Moncada Patricio Simpson Buenos Aires Argentina
Yvonne Moncada Sergio Gutiérrez Buenos Aires Argentina
Sergio Gutiérrez Patricio Simpson Buenos Aires Argentina
Sergio Gutiérrez Yvonne Moncada Buenos Aires Argentina

Anabela Domingues Lúcia Carvalho Sao Paulo Brazil
Anabela Domingues Aria Cruz Sao Paulo Brazil
Anabela Domingues Pedro Afonso Sao Paulo Brazil
Bernardo Batista Janete Limeira Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Bernardo Batista Mario Pontes Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Lúcia Carvalho Anabela Domingues Sao Paulo Brazil
Lúcia Carvalho Aria Cruz Sao Paulo Brazil
Lúcia Carvalho Pedro Afonso Sao Paulo Brazil
Janete Limeira Bernardo Batista Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Janete Limeira Mario Pontes Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Aria Cruz Anabela Domingues Sao Paulo Brazil
Aria Cruz Lúcia Carvalho Sao Paulo Brazil
Aria Cruz Pedro Afonso Sao Paulo Brazil
Mario Pontes Bernardo Batista Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Mario Pontes Janete Limeira Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Pedro Afonso Anabela Domingues Sao Paulo Brazil
Pedro Afonso Lúcia Carvalho Sao Paulo Brazil
Pedro Afonso Aria Cruz Sao Paulo Brazil
Dominique Perrier Marie Bertrand Paris France
Marie Bertrand Dominique Perrier Paris France
Janine Labrune Carine Schmitt Nantes France
Carine Schmitt Janine Labrune Nantes France
SQL UNION Clause
 UNION combines the result sets of two queries.
 Column data types in the two queries must match.

 UNION combines by column position rather than column name.

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The SQL UNION syntax

2. FROM table-name
3. UNION
5. FROM table-name
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SQL UNION Examples
Problem: List all contacts, i.e., suppliers and customers.
1. SELECT 'Customer' As Type,

2. FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS ContactName,
4. FROM Customer
5. UNION
6. SELECT 'Supplier',
7. ContactName, City, Country, Phone
8. FROM Supplier
This is a simple example in which the table alias would be useful
Results:
Type ContactName City Country Phone
Customer Alejandra Camino Madrid Spain (91) 745

6200
Customer Alexander Feuer Leipzig Germany 0342-023176
Customer Ana Trujillo México D.F. Mexico (5) 555-4729
Customer Anabela Domingues Sao Paulo Brazil (11) 555-

2167
Supplier Anne Heikkonen Lappeenranta Finland (953) 10956
Supplier Antonio del Valle Oviedo Spain (98) 598 76

Saavedra 54
Supplier Beate Vileid Sandvika Norway (0)2-953010

Supplier Carlos Diaz Sao Paulo Brazil (11) 555
4640
Supplier Chandra Leka Singapore Singapore 555-8787
Supplier Chantal Goulet Ste- Canada (514) 555-

Hyacinthe 2955
Supplier Charlotte Cooper London UK (171) 555-

2222
SQL Subqueries
 A subquery is a SQL query within a query.
 Subqueries are nested queries that provide data to the enclosing query.
 Subqueries can return individual values or a list of records
 Subqueries must be enclosed with parenthesis

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The SQL subquery syntax

There is no general syntax; subqueries are regular queries placed inside parenthesis.
Subqueries can be used in different ways and at different locations inside a query:
Here is an subquery with the IN operator
2. FROM table-name1
3. WHERE value IN (SELECT column-name
4. FROM table-name2
5. WHERE condition)
Subqueries can also assign column values for each record:
1. SELECT column1 = (SELECT column-name FROM table-name WHERE condition),

2. column-names
3. FROM table-name
4. WEHRE condition
ORDERITEM
Id
OrderId
ProductId
UnitPrice
Quantity
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
SQL Subquery Examples
Problem: List products with order quantities greater than 100.
1. SELECT ProductName
2. FROM Product
3. WHERE Id IN (SELECT ProductId
4. FROM OrderItem
5. WHERE Quantity > 100)
Results: 12 records
PoductName
Guaraná Fantástica
Schoggi Schokolade
Chartreuse verte
Jack's New England Clam

Chowder
Rogede sild
Manjimup Dried Apples
Perth Pasties
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
SQL Subquery Examples
Problem: List all customers with their total number of orders
1. SELECT FirstName, LastName,

2. OrderCount = (SELECT COUNT(O.Id) FROM [Order] O WHERE O.CustomerId = C.Id)
3. FROM Customer C
This is a correlated subquery because the subquery references the enclosing query (i.e. the C.Id in the WHERE clause).
Results: 91 records
FirstName LastName OrderCount
Maria Anders 6
Ana Trujillo 4
Antonio Moreno 7
Thomas Hardy 13
Christina Berglund 18
Hanna Moos 7
Frédérique Citeaux 11
Martín Sommer 3
SQL WHERE ANY, ALL Clause
 ANY and ALL keywords are used with a WHERE or HAVING clause.
 ANY and ALL operate on subqueries that return multiple values.
 ANY returns true if any of the subquery values meet the condition.
 ALL returns true if all of the subquery values meet the condition.

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The SQL WHERE ANY and ALL syntax

The general ANY syntax is:
2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE column-name operator ANY
4. (SELECT column-name
5. FROM table-name
6. WHERE condition)
The general ALL syntax is:

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE column-name operator ALL
5. FROM table-name
6. WHERE condition)
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
ORDERITEM
Id
OrderId
ProductId
UnitPrice
Quantity
SQL ANY Example
Problem: Which products were sold by the unit (i.e. quantity = 1)
1. SELECT ProductName
2. FROM Product
3. WHERE Id = ANY
4. (SELECT ProductId
5. FROM OrderItem
6. WHERE Quantity = 1)
Results: 17 records
ProductName
Chef Anton's Cajun Seasoning
Grandma's Boysenberry Spread
Uncle Bob's Organic Dried Pears
Ikura
Konbu
Tofu
Teatime Chocolate Biscuits

Sir Rodney's Marmalade
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
ORDER
Id
OrderDate
OrderNumber
CustomerId
TotalAmount
SQL ALL Example
Problem: List customers who placed orders that are

larger than the average of each customer order
1. SELECT DISTINCT FirstName + ' ' + LastName as CustomerName

2. FROM Customer, [Order]
3. WHERE Customer.Id = [Order].CustomerId
4. AND TotalAmount > ALL
5. (SELECT AVG(TotalAmount)
6. FROM [Order]
7. GROUP BY CustomerId)
Results: 22 records
CustomerName
Art Braunschweiger
Christina Berglund
Elizabeth Lincoln
Frédérique Citeaux
Georg Pipps
Horst Kloss
Howard Snyder
SQL WHERE EXISTS Statement
 WHERE EXISTS tests for the existence of any records in a subquery.
 EXISTS returns true if the subquery returns one or more records.
 EXISTS is commonly used with correlated subqueries.

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The SQL EXISTS syntax

2. FROM table-name
3. WHERE EXISTS
5. FROM table-name
6. WHERE condition)
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
PRODUCT
Id
ProductName
SupplierId
UnitPrice
Package
IsDiscontinued
SQL EXISTS Example
Problem: Find suppliers with products over $100.
1. SELECT CompanyName
2. FROM Supplier
3. WHERE EXISTS
4. (SELECT ProductName
5. FROM Product
6. WHERE SupplierId = Supplier.Id
7. AND UnitPrice > 100)
This is a correlated subquery because the subquery references the enclosing query (with Supplier.Id).
Results: 2 records
CompanyName
Plutzer Lebensmittelgroßmärkte AG
Aux joyeux ecclésiastiques
SQL SELECT INTO Statement
 SELECT INTO copies data from one table into a new table.
 SELECT INTO creates a new table located in the default filegroup.

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The SQL SELECT INTO syntax

2. INTO new-table-name
3. FROM table-name
4. WHERE EXISTS
6. FROM table-name
7. WHERE condition)
The new table will have column names as specified in the query.
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
SQL SELECT INTO Example
Problem: Copy all suppliers from USA to a new SupplierUSA table.
1. SELECT * INTO SupplierUSA

2. FROM Supplier
3. WHERE Country = 'USA'
Results: 4 rows affected
Here are the records in the newly created table SupplierUSA:
Id CompanyName ContactName City Country Phone Fax
2 New Orleans Shelley New USA (100) NULL

Cajun Delights Burke Orleans 555-
4822
3 Grandma Kelly's Regina Ann USA (313) (313)

Homestead Murphy Arbor 555- 555-
5735 3349
16 Bigfoot Breweries Cheryl Saylor Bend USA (100) NULL

555-
4822
19 New England Robb Boston USA (617) (617)

Seafood Cannery Merchant 555- 555-
3267 3389
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement
 INSERT INTO SELECT copies data from one table to another table.
 INSERT INTO SELECT requires that data types in source and target tables match.

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The SQL INSERT INTO SELECT syntax

3. FROM table-name
4. WHERE condition
CUSTOMER
Id
FirstName
LastName
City
Country
Phone
SUPPLIER
Id
CompanyName
ContactName
City
Country
Phone
Fax
SQL INSERT SELECT INTO
Problem: Copy all Canadian suppliers into the Customer table

2. SELECT LEFT(ContactName, CHARINDEX(' ',ContactName) - 1) AS FirstName,
3. SUBSTRING(ContactName, CHARINDEX(' ',ContactName) + 1, 100) AS LastName,
5. FROM Supplier
6. WHERE Country = 'Canada'
LEFT, CHARINDEX, and SUBSTRING are built-in functions.
Results: 2 rows affected.
These are the two new Customer records
FirstName LastName City Country Phone
Jean-Guy Lauzon Montréal Canada (514) 555-9022
Chantal Goulet Ste-Hyacinthe Canada (514) 555-2955

tored Procedure: Stored Procedure in SQL Server can be defined as the set of logical group of SQL statements which are grouped to perform a specific task. There are many benefits of using a
stored procedure. The main benefit of using a stored procedure is that it increases the performance of the database.The other benefits of using the Stored Procedure are given below.
Benefits of Using the Stored Procedure

1. One of the main benefits of using the Stored procedure is that it reduces the amount of information sent to the database server. It can become a more important benefit when the bandwidth of
the network is less. Since if we send the SQL query (statement) which is executing in a loop to the server through network and the network gets disconnected, then the execution of the SQL
statement doesn't return the expected results, if the SQL query is not used between Transaction statement and rollback statement is not used.
2. Compilation step is required only once when the stored procedure is created. Then after it does not require recompilation before executing unless it is modified and reutilizes the same
execution plan whereas the SQL statements need to be compiled every time whenever it is sent for execution even if we send the same SQL statement every time.
3. It helps in re usability of the SQL code because it can be used by multiple users and by multiple clients since we need to just call the stored procedure instead of writing the same SQL statement
every time. It helps in reducing the development time.
4. Stored procedure is helpful in enhancing the security since we can grant permission to the user for executing the Stored procedure instead of giving permission on the tables used in the Stored
procedure.
5. Sometimes, it is useful to use the database for storing the business logic in the form of stored procedure since it makes it secure and if any change is needed in the business logic, then we may
only need to make changes in the stored procedure and not in the files contained on the web server.
How to Write a Stored Procedure in SQL Server
Suppose there is a table called tbl_Students whose structure is given below:
Hide Copy Code
CREATE TABLE tbl_Students
(
[Studentid] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[Firstname] [nvarchar](200) NOT NULL,
[Lastname] [nvarchar](200) NULL,
[Email] [nvarchar](100) NULL
)
Support we insert the following data into the above table:
Hide Copy Code
Insert into tbl_Students (Firstname, lastname, Email)

Values('Vivek', 'Johari', 'vivek@abc.com')

Values('Pankaj', 'Kumar', 'pankaj@abc.com')

Values('Amit', 'Singh', 'amit@abc.com')

Values('Manish', 'Kumar', 'manish@abc.comm')

Values('Abhishek', 'Singh', 'abhishek@abc.com')
Now, while writing a Stored Procedure, the first step will be to write the Create Procedure statement as the first statement:
Hide Copy Code
Create Procedure Procedure-name

(
Input parameters ,
Output Parameters (If required)
)
As
Begin
Sql statement used in the stored procedure
End
Now, suppose we need to create a Stored Procedure which will return a student name whose studentid is given as the input parameter to the stored procedure. Then,
the Stored Procedure will be:
Hide Copy Code
/* Getstudentname is the name of the stored procedure*/
Create PROCEDURE Getstudentname(
@studentid INT --Input parameter , Studentid of the student
)
AS
BEGIN
SELECT Firstname+' '+Lastname FROM tbl_Students WHERE studentid=@studentid
END
We can also collect the student name in the output parameter of the Stored Procedure. For example:
Hide Copy Code
/*
GetstudentnameInOutputVariable is the name of the stored procedure which
uses output variable @Studentname to collect the student name returns by the
stored procedure
*/
Create PROCEDURE GetstudentnameInOutputVariable

(
@studentid INT, --Input parameter , Studentid of the student

@studentname VARCHAR(200) OUT -- Out parameter declared with the help of OUT keyword
)
AS
BEGIN
SELECT @studentname= Firstname+' '+Lastname FROM tbl_Students WHERE studentid=@studentid
END
Note:-/* */ is used to write comments in one or multiple lines
-- is used to write a comment in a single line
How to Alter a Stored Procedure in a SQL Server
Alter keyword. Now if we want to getstudent email address through the same
In SQL Server, a stored procedure can be modified with the help of the
procedure GetstudentnameInOutputVariable . So we need to modify it by adding one more output parameter " @StudentEmail "
which is shown below:
Hide Copy Code
/*
Stored Procedure GetstudentnameInOutputVariable is modified to collect the
email address of the student with the help of the Alert Keyword
*/
Alter PROCEDURE GetstudentnameInOutputVariable

(
@studentid INT, --Input parameter , Studentid of the student

@studentname VARCHAR (200) OUT, -- Output parameter to collect the student name
@StudentEmail VARCHAR (200)OUT -- Output Parameter to collect the student email
)
AS
BEGIN
SELECT @studentname= Firstname+' '+Lastname,
@StudentEmail=email FROM tbl_Students WHERE studentid=@studentid
END
Note: It is not necessary that a stored procedure will have to return. There can be a case when a stored procedure doesn't returns anything. For example, a stored procedure can be used
to Insert, delete orupdate a SQL statement. For example, the below stored procedure is used to insert value into the table tbl_students.
Hide Copy Code
/*
This Stored procedure is used to Insert value into the table tbl_students.
*/
Create Procedure InsertStudentrecord

(
@StudentFirstName Varchar(200),
@StudentLastName Varchar(200),
@StudentEmail Varchar(50)
)
As
Begin
Values(@StudentFirstName, @StudentLastName,@StudentEmail)
End
Execution of the Stored Procedure in SQL Server

Execution of the Stored Procedure which doesn't have an Output Parameter
Execute" or "Exec" Keyword. For example, if we want to execute the stored procedure
A stored procedure is used in the SQL Server with the help of the "
Getstudentname", then we will use the following statement.

"
Hide Copy Code
Execute Getstudentname 1
Exec Getstudentname 1
Execution of the Stored Procedure using the Output Parameter
If we want to execute the Stored procedure " GetstudentnameInOutputVariable " , then we first need to declare the variable to collect the output values.
For example:
Hide Copy Code
Declare @Studentname as nvarchar(200) -- Declaring the variable to collect the Studentname

Declare @Studentemail as nvarchar(50) -- Declaring the variable to collect the
Studentemail
Execute GetstudentnameInOutputVariable 1 , @Studentname output, @Studentemail output
select @Studentname,@Studentemail -- "Select" Statement is used to show the output from
Procedure
Summary
In the end, we can say that a Stored procedure not only enhances the possibility of reusing the code and execution plan, but it also increases the performance of the database by reducing the
traffic of the network by reducing the amount of information sent over the network.
Here, we will see how to create select, insert, update, delete statements using stored procedure. Let's take a look at a practical example. We create a table.
Creating Table
1. CREATE TABLE employee(

2.
3. id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
4.
5. first_name VARCHAR(10),
6.
7. last_name VARCHAR(10),
8.
9. salary DECIMAL(10,2),
10.
11. city VARCHAR(20),
12.
13. )
Now insert some values in the table and using select statement to select a table.
1. INSERT INTO employee VALUES (2, 'Monu', 'Rathor',4789,'Agra');

2.
3. GO
4.
5. INSERT INTO employee VALUES (4, 'Rahul' , 'Saxena', 5567,'London');
6.
7. GO
8.
9. INSERT INTO employee VALUES (5, 'prabhat', 'kumar', 4467,'Bombay');
10.
11. go
12.
13. INSERT INTO employee VALUES (6, 'ramu', 'kksingh', 3456, 'jk');
14.
15. go
16.
17. select * from employee
Table looks like this.
Figure 1
Stored procedure for Select, insert, update, delete
Here, we create a stored procedure for select,insert,update,delete statements to select the data from the table.
1. Alter PROCEDURE MasterInsertUpdateDelete

2. (
3. @id INTEGER,
4. @first_name VARCHAR(10),
5. @last_name VARCHAR(10),
6. @salary DECIMAL(10,2),
7. @city VARCHAR(20),
8. @StatementType nvarchar(20) = ''
9. )
10. AS
11. BEGIN
12. IF @StatementType = 'Insert'
13. BEGIN
14. insert into employee (id,first_name,last_name,salary,city) values( @id, @first_name, @last_name, @salary, @city)
15. END
16. IF @StatementType = 'Select'
17. BEGIN
18. select * from employee
19. END
20. IF @StatementType = 'Update'
21. BEGIN
22. UPDATE employee SET
23. First_name = @first_name, last_name = @last_name, salary = @salary,
24. city = @city
25. WHERE id = @id
26. END
27. else IF @StatementType = 'Delete'
28. BEGIN
29. DELETE FROM employee WHERE id = @id
30. END
31. end
Now press F5 to execute the stored procedure.
Now open object explorer and select storeprocedure MasterInsertUpdateDelete.
Stored Procedure to Check Insert
StatementType = 'Insert'
MasterInsertUpdateDelete -> right click select execute stored procedure...

Figure2
Execute procedure window will be open.

Figure3
Now for insert we fill the data in required field.
StatementType=insert
Figure4
Click on the ok Button. and check in the employee table with following inserted data.
Figure5
Stored Procedure to Check update
StatementType = 'Update'
Figure6
Click on the ok Button. and check in the employee table with following updated data where id is 7.
Figure7
Stored Procedure to Check Delete
StatementType = 'Delete'
Figure8
we delete record from table which has id=2
Click on the ok Button. and check in the employee table with following deleted data where id is 2.
Figure9

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SQL SELECT Statement

 The SELECT statement retrieves data from a database.

 The data is returned in a table-like structure called a result-set.

 SELECT is the most frequently used action on a database.

The definitive guide

See 2 min video

The SQL SELECT syntax

To select all columns use *

Problem: List all customers

Id FirstName LastName City Country Phone

1 Maria Anders Berlin Germany 030-0074321

2 Ana Trujillo México D.F. Mexico (5) 555-4729

3 Antonio Moreno México D.F. Mexico (5) 555-3932

4 Thomas Hardy London UK (171) 555-7788

5 Christina Berglund Luleå Sweden 0921-12 34 65

1. SELECT FirstName, LastName, City

FirstName LastName City

Maria Anders Berlin

Ana Trujillo México D.F.

Antonio Moreno México D.F.

Christina Berglund Luleå

SQL WHERE Clause

 To limit the number of rows use the WHERE clause.

 WHERE is followed by a condition that returns either true or false.

 WHERE is used with SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

The definitive guide

See 2 min video

The SQL WHERE syntax

A WHERE clause with an UPDATE statement:

SQL WHERE Clause Examples

Problem: List the customers in Sweden

1. SELECT Id, FirstName, LastName, City, Country, Phone

Id FirstName LastName City Country Phone

5 Christina Berglund Luleå Sweden 0921-12 34 65

24 Maria Larsson Bräcke Sweden 0695-34 67 21

Problem: Update the city to Sydney for supplier Pavlova, Ltd.

Results: 1 record updated.

1. DELETE FROM Product

Results: 7 records deleted.

Note: Referential integrity may prevent this deletion.

SQL INSERT INTO Statement

 The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new data to a database.

 The INSERT INTO statement adds a new record to a table.

 INSERT INTO can be combined with a SELECT to insert records.

The definitive guide

See 2 min video

The SQL INSERT INTO syntax

1. INSERT INTO table-name (column-names)

SQL INSERT INTO Examples

Problem: Add a record for a new customer

1. INSERT INTO Customer (FirstName, LastName, City, Country, Phone)

Results: 1 new record inserted

Problem: Add a new customer named Anita Coats to the database

1. INSERT INTO Customer (FirstName, LastName)

Results: 1 new record inserted

The SQL INSERT combined with a SELECT

1. INSERT INTO table-name (column-names)

SQL INSERT INTO with SELECT Example

Problem: The Bigfoot Brewery supplier is also a customer.

1. INSERT INTO Customer (FirstName, LastName, City, Country, Phone)

Note: ContactName is parsed into FirstName and LastName.

Results: 1 new record inserted

SQL UPDATE Statement